RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Lecture EPGD, 2020 Min

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2020
Dr. Lizzy Okechukwu, Department of Business Administration, ESUT

(08036758414) uzolizzy@yahoo.com updated
Introduction
Research methodology is a system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the
result of a research problem. Investigative studies through research methods have enabled
mankind to know more about his environment; clarify and clearly state facts about the
present, and speculate accurately of the future: virtually all discoveries known to man are the
results of one form of research or the other. The essence of research is to identity problem
and proffer solutions to it.
What is a research problem?

All problems are not researchable. Problems whose solutions are not based on facts and data
are not researchable. The problems come in various dimensions. It could be nonpayment of
school fees by student of a named institution. At the other extreme it could be an
environmental problem like dirty and filthy classroom say at IMT. A researcher may be
interested to know why these problems mentioned above exist. Uzoagulu (1998) states that
researchable problems among other consideration should be those upon which
⮚ Data can be collected

⮚ Data can be organized
⮚ Data can be analyzed
⮚ Reliable and diverse instrument can be used for data collection
⮚ Solution to the problem seem difficult
A problem that appears mystic or are based on guess work cannot be researchable.
Problem Definition
A research problem must be identified without any ambiguity. If a researcher is not in a position to
clearly spell out the problem which is causing such deficiency, it will not be possible to proceed
further to carry out the project. And if a researcher proceeds with ill-defined problems, he/she may
end up with misleading conclusions or aborting the research project in the middle due to poorly
identified problem through interim evaluation of the research. Therefore, the research problem
should be clearly defined. Anything that obstruct or delay progress or the realization of a goal is a
problem.
What is Research?
Research has been variously been defined. Research can be defined as the
- Planned and systematic investigation and collection of relevant facts, the analysis and
interpretation of those facts through objective and verifiable methods, for the purpose of arriving
at solutions to problems.
- In other words, a research is an organized set of activities to study and develop a model and data
such that its objective(s) is (are) optimized and further make recommendations/interference for
implementations.
- As a systematic, self-critical enquiry. The enquiry is aimed at understanding a thing or
phenomenon or solving a problem.
Any effort which is directed to such study for better results is known as a research.
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CLASSES OF RESEARCH
(1) Basic or fundamental research- when an enquiry is aimed at understanding, which
pursues knowledge, and may or may not have practical or commercial use.
(2) Applied Research- when the enquiry is aimed at applying the available knowledge for
practical or commercial use, or for solving a problem faced in practice.
TYPES OF RESEARCH – (see pgs 15- 36)

● Historical Research- in historical research, past trends, attitudes, events and facts are
examined, judged and interpreted for the purpose of gaining a better and clearer
understanding of the present and making more reliable prediction of the future.
● Descriptive Research – In descriptive research, data are usually collected, organized and
analyzed and then described as they exist without interfering with them.
● Experimental Research-
● Ex-Post-defacto – use of statistical data published by organizations. Eg. CBN, IMF,
Bank
RESEARCH PROCESS
The research process involves a sequence of mutually inclusive and- reinforcing steps and
procedures for acquiring reliable knowledge. There are many diverse ways to describe the
research process.
Ebo (2009) gives the order of research process as follows:
1. Formulating the research problem
2. Extensive literature survey
3. Developing the hypotheses
4. Preparing the research design
5. Determining the sample design
6. Collecting the data
7. Execution of the project;
8. Analysis of data;
9. Hypotheses testing;
10. Generalizations and interpretation; and
11. Preparation of the report or presentation of the results.
Let’s look at what the steps are.
Formulating the research problem- this means stating the general research topic as an
analytic object.
Extensive literature survey- this involves reading and studying materials related to the
research subject or problem. These materials can be found in journals, government reports,
books, magazines, conference proceedings, periodicals, monographs, seminar papers and
articles.
Developing the hypotheses- hypothesis is a tentative assumption made for the purpose of
testing its logical validity or empirical manifestations. The role of the hypothesis is to guide
the research to be focused on the specific area of inquiry and keeping him on track.

Preparing the research design - this involves decisions about the units of study, methods of
study and techniques to solve the research problem.
Determining the sample design – the sample designis the plan for selecting the
representative group from the population of study.
Collecting the data – this involves observation, experimentation and field exercises. There
are different types of data, just as there are different method and techniques of data
collection.
Analysis of data- the analysis of data requires several closely related operations involving
data exploration, data tabulation and statistical testing of hypothesis.
Hypotheses testing – this involves the researcher to answer the question “do the facts
support the hypothesis of not?” by using appropriate statistical tools to test the hypotheses.
Generalizations and interpretation – generalizations could involve explaining the result of
the research in the context of existing theories or previous studies.
QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER
Orji (2009) enumerates some qualities a good researcher should possess as thus:
1. Must be trained and possess a mastery a of research methodology.
2. Must be painstaking. Should have the patience to go through all the rigorous processes in
the research work.
3. Must be imaginative.
4. Should be of integrity and must not manipulate information to suit his purpose.
5. Should be objective in his report and reflect his findings as objectivity as possible and
should be bias-free.
6. Should be very careful.
7. Should be capable of matching available resources with the scope and coverage of his
research work.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Research is very importance to participant in the various sector of the economy. Man requires
research in their daily activities for the following reason.
√ Advance of knowledge
√ Objectivity and dependability in problem solving
√ Planning and development
√ valid information to support theories
√ Improvement of professional practices
√ Overall progress
√ Research-oriented jobs

IMPORTANTS PARTS OF A RESEARCH WORK

In the conduct of research work, the researcher is expected to be very conversant with the
essential parts of a research report.
Main Sections of Research
A research project report comprises three main sections namely:
(1) The preliminaries
(2) Main body of the study and
(3) The appendices
The preliminaries
1. cover
2. title
3. Declaration
4. Approval
5. Dedication
6. Acknowledgments
7. Tables of contents
8. Tables of figures
9. Abstract
Research project has a format that should be followed by researchers. The format varies from
discipline to discipline and from institution to institution. For this reason the approved format
in writing project, thesis in the Faculty of Management Sciences (ESUT are outlined below).
Chapter One: Introduction
This section helps to bring attention to the issues around the research problem.
1.1 Background of the study
-It informs the reader the need for the study and sets for its purpose.
-Express clearly the fundamental idea or motive underlying the problem identified.
1.2 Statement of the problem
A problem refers to a perceived or felt need which is capable of being resolved.
The identification and formulation of the research problem is one of the most difficult phases
of research faced by students.
- Identified what is intended to be changed ( improved through research)
- Consist of description of specific aspects of the problem,
- Here also identify the variables/proxies to be used in the objective and explain the
consequences
- Refers to the inevitable consequences arising from lack of a phenomenon.
The problem must be properly identified and presented. This is the main issue under
investigation.

1.3 Objectives of the study (see textbook)

It refers to what the research will directly accomplish when completed. It is derived from the
problem and the proxies which might have been seen and discussed in the statement of the
problems. Objectives are derived/linked to the problem.
-What intended to be achieved
-Connotes the bench march against which the research will be adjudged to be successful.
-Must be stated in a specific term. E.g. i,ii,iii.
1.4 Research Questions

Research questions are short and precise statements of knowledge requirement to be
answered by the investigation. Research questions focus on revealing the critical aspects of
the research problem. It is the objective of the study turn into question form.
1.5 Statement of hypotheses

It is a declarative statement or a proposition that describes the relationship of two or more
variables or the characteristic of a variable. On the other hand, the working hypothesis
expresses the research questions in a manner that can be subjected to empirical test using
methods and data defined by the research. It is a guide to the study.
Objectives, Research Questions and Research hypotheses must be aligned together. That is to
say that they must address the same issue. Hypothesis must have dependent and independent
variables.
Types of hypothesis –
(a) Null hypothesis. The hypothesis to be tested is usually stated as null hypothesis. It is a
hypothesis or no effect, “no relationship”, “no difference”, “no effect” exists between
two variables – it is denoted by Ho.
(b) Alternative hypothesis. Specifies the condition which will hold if the null hypothesis
does not hold. It is denoted by Hi.
Importance of hypotheses
-Guide for investigation
-Pin-pointing the problem
-Sensitizes the researcher
-Establishes relevant facts
-Determines research design
-Frame work for conclusion
-Provides explanations
-Stimulated further research
Guidelines for assessing good hypotheses
A good hypothesis should be assessed based on the following:
● Be testable
● Should be consistent with known facts

● Should obey the law parsimony (should be as simple as possible without the loss
of effect in accounting for known facts).
● Should be stated in clear and unambiguous terms
● Should be based on what is consistent with reason
● Should be a statement of an expected relationship between two or more variables.
1.6 Significance of the study
This section tries to identify how the results can be used and who are to benefit from the
outcome of the study when completed and how they will benefit.
1.7 Scope of the study

This specifies the area of coverage in content but not only geographical area coverage. This
deals with the exact issue the research wants to research to limit the contents. It includes:
(1) Unit scope: this pinpoints the topic of the study. It must refer to be the first sentence
here.
(2) Content scope: this is the variables/proxies used in the research which is evidence in
your objectives/research questions/hypotheses.
(3) Geographical scope: this refers to geographical coverage of the study/organizations to
be studied.
(4) Time scope: this isperiod of the study most especially used when the data is gotten from
an already existing data referred to as statistical data, e.g data from CBN, IMF, companies;
etc. The researcher must specify the period of the study.
(5) Unit of analysis
It is not a must you specify it in your scope sub-heading by sub-heading but all these must be
seen in your scope of the study. It may be in one or two paragraphs.
1.8 Limitations of the Study: this concerns the constraints or problems encountered by
the research in course of conducting the research. You must state or explain how
these constrains were tackled.
1.9 Definition of operational terms

Terms that are prone to many interpretations should be clearly defined in order to pin down
the particular concept which is used in the study. Define the concept which is used in the
study, the meaning it portrays in the study. It is not a must. Nevertheless, it can be explained
under literature review.
CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE – is an attempt by the
researcher to identify, locate, read and appraise previous studies, opinion, comments,
documents and observation related to his intended research (Orji, 2009).
This section is examined, based on variables in the topic, objectives/ hypotheses, and other
necessary frame work taking cognizance of the topic of the study. It must be arranged in sub-
headings and properly numbered. Unnecessary things which are not related to the
topic/variable under investigation should not be introduced.
Advice on literature review
✔ Too much volume of literature review is not necessarily the best, most especially
when unnecessary things were introduced.

✔ Do not introduce words that will compel the reader to go to dictionary before
understanding the work.
✔ Acknowledge the contributions of other authors
✔ Be mindful of tenses, spellings and grammar, and properly proof read your work.
2.1 Conceptual Review

Review in line with the relevant variable in the topic and objectives of the study.
2.2 Theoretical Framework: here theories backing the study must be identified and
analyzed. The research must state the one on which is anchoring the study.
It should be presented in this order
o Name the theory
o Full name(s) of the authors and year
o What the theory portrays
o who it relates to the present study
All these must clearly be shown
2.3 Empirical Review: here empirical study of previous studies relating the present
study would be critically examine to pin point what other authors had studied taking
recognizance of the variables of the study, place of study, method of analysis and
findings. It is done in line with each of the objective of the present study. It is
presented in the following sequence:
● Author(s)’ surname – no initials
● Year of the study
● Topic of study
● Place of the study
● Variables studied
● Design of the study
● Method of data analysis
● Findings
2.4 Summary of the empirical review:
Table 2.4.1: Summary of Empirical Review
S/N Author(s) Year Area of Title Methodology Findings

Study
Note: The number of works to be reviewed in a seminar paper should be a minimum of 10,
while for Phd is 70 and M.Sc is 50.
The table should be arranged in ascending order (e.g 1999, 2000, 2001, 2011, 2012,
2015) etc

Purposes of empirical review: empirical review will tell the reader about the current state
of the field by demonstrating the breadth and depth of work that has been done so far, and
they identify gaps where more research/work is needed. They summarize, analyze, and assess
research/knowledge about a topic. The review allows you to frame your specific interests or
research question and see how related research can help inform your ideas and methods.
A Literature Review is a systematic and comprehensive analysis of books, scholarly articles

and other sources relevant to a specific topic providing a base of knowledge on a topic.
Literature reviews are designed to identify and critique the existing literature on a topic to
justify your research by exposing gaps in current research. This investigation should provide
a description, summary, and critical evaluation of works related to the research problem and
should also add to the overall knowledge of the topic as well as demonstrating how your
research will fit within a larger field of study. A literature review should offer critical
analysis of the current research on a topic and that analysis should direct your research
objective. This should not be confused with a book review or an annotated bibliography both
research tools but very different in purpose and scope. A Literature Review can be a stand
alone element or part of a larger end product, know your assignment.
2.5 Gap in empirical review: A gap is something that remains to be done or learned in
an area of research. Every research project must, in some way, address a gap–that is, attempt
to fill in some piece of information missing in the scientific literature/empirical review.
Otherwise, it is not novel research and is therefore not contributing to the overall goals of
science.
A gap might be a lack of understanding about how well a particular instrument works in a
certain situation. It could be introducing a new method that needs to be tested. Or it could be
that you are studying a whole new organism, system, or part of a process. Your project may
also address multiple gaps, in which case you should be sure to identify each of them clearly.
It could be differences in:
� Topics studies
� Place of study
� Variables studied
� Design of the study
� Method of data analysis,
� Period of the study in case of the use of secondary data, etc
2.6 Profile of the organization(s) under study. (It is placed at the end of chapter two.
This depends on each institution some suggest chapter one).

CHAPTER THREE- METHODOLOGY

A system of models, procedures and techniques used to find the results of a research problem
is called a research methodology. Here the research specifies in a systematic approach how
the research is being carried out.
3.1 Research design

Research design provides complete guidelines for data collection. The essence of research
design is as follows:
- Selection of research approach
- Design the sampling plan
- Design questionnaire
Types of research design:

- Historical design
- descriptive design
- expo-facto design – use of already existing statistical data.
- experimental design
3.2 Sources of data

The data of the study were of two kinds; primary and secondary data. The nature of each of
these types are given briefly below:
3.2.1 Primary Data

Structured questionnaire was the main source of primary data; which was supplemented with
interview. The questionnaire will be structured in line with the variables of the study already
stated in the hypotheses.
3.2.2 Secondary Data

These are documented facts, which have been in existence before the actual study. The
secondary data will be retrieved from textbook, journals, magazines, newspapers, internet and
data base.

3.3 Area of study: Specifies where the study took place and not the content. That is where
the study is being conducted.
3.4 Population – Williams (1986), states that the word population indicates any well-
defined class or people, animals, organizations, etc, that satisfies a study of objectives or
sphere of interest. Thus, population means the totality of all observations with specified
characteristics of interest relevant to a particular sphere of interest.
Classification of Population
-The target population
-The accessible population
-Finite population
-Infinite population
- Sampling - process through which a portion of a population is selected for the study.
- - Sampling frame – a list or map containing all the units from which a sample is
selected
- - Sampling fraction – sample divided by population
- 100/800 = 1/8
3.5 Sample size determination

(i) Taro Yamene (1968)
n = N
1 + N(e)2
Where: n = Sample size (sought)
N = the population
1 = Constant
e = Allowable margin of error. In this
case, we consider 5% (0.05) error margin
(ii) Fruend and Williams (1986)
Z2Npq
n
= Ne2 +
Z2pq
Where,
Z = Probability given under 95% reliability
N = Population of the study
e = Sampling error
p = proportion of success
q = proportion of failure
n = sample size sought
for example lets calculate our sample from the population of 800 students

n = N
1 + N(5%)2
n = 800
1 + 800(0.05)2
n = 800
1 + 800(0.0025)
n = 800
1+2
n = 800
3
n = 266.666 = 267
therefore, 267 becomes our sample size
3.7 Sampling Techniques:
A sampling technique is the name or other identification of the specific process by which
the entities of the sample have been selected.
● It would normally be impractical to study a whole population, for example when

doing a questionnaire survey. Sampling is a method that allows researchers to infer
information about a population based on results from a subset of the population,
without having to investigate every individual.
● Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a subset of the

population to make statistical inferences from them and estimate characteristics of the
whole population.
● Different sampling methods are widely used by researchers in research so that they
do not need to research the entire population to collect actionable insights. It is also a
time-convenient and a cost-effective method and hence forms the basis of
any research design.
Types of sampling: sampling Techniques
Sampling in research is of two types – probability sampling and non-probability sampling.
Let’s take a closer look at these two methods of sampling.

1. Probability sampling: Probability sampling is a sampling technique where a researcher
sets a selection of a few criteria and chooses members of a population randomly. All the
members have an equal opportunity to be a part of the sample with this selection
parameter.
2. Non-probability sampling: In non-probability sampling, the researcher chooses members
for research at random. This sampling method is not a fixed or predefined selection
process. This makes it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities
to be included in a sample.
Classifications
Probability/random sampling
Classification of probability sampling
There are four main types of probability sample.
1. Simple random sampling

In a simple random sample, every member of the population has an equal chance of being
selected. Your sampling frame should include the whole population.
2. Systematic sampling
Every member of the population is listed with a number, but instead of randomly generating
numbers, individuals are chosen at regular intervals.
- 100 from a population of 800

- 100/800 = 1/8
3. Stratified sampling
Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subpopulations that may differ in
important ways. It allows you draw more precise conclusions by ensuring that every
subgroup is properly represented in the sample.
- E.g
Total population is 800

Heterogeneous population in EBS
- PGD - 50
- MBA – 300
- M.Sc - 350
- PhD - 100
Total = 800

4. Cluster sampling or area sampling
Cluster sampling also involves dividing the population into subgroups, but each subgroup
should have similar characteristics to the whole sample. Instead of sampling individuals from
each subgroup, you randomly select entire subgroups.
If it is practically possible, you might include every individual from each sampled cluster. If
the clusters themselves are large, you can also sample individuals from within each cluster
using one of the techniques above. This is called multistage sampling.
This method is good for dealing with large and dispersed populations, but there is more risk
of error in the sample, as there could be substantial differences between clusters. It’s difficult
to guarantee that the sampled clusters are really representative of the whole population.
Determining sample size using formula
(i) Taro Yamene (1968)
n = N
1 + N(e)2
Where: n = Sample size sought ?
N = the population (800)
1 = Constant
e = Allowable margin of error. In this
case, we consider 5% (0.05) error margin
n = 800
1 + 800(0.05)2
n = 800
1 + 800(0.0025)
n = 800
1+2
n = 800
3
n = 266.666
n = 267 = sample size for study
Allocation formular Kumar

nh = n(Nh)
N
nh = sample size from each stratum of the population sought
N = total population - 800
n = sample size of the total population - 267
Nh = population straturm (from each group)
nh = n(Nh)
N
PGD - 50 nh/PGD = 267x 50

800
= 16.678 = 17
MBA – 300 n/hMBA = 267 x300

800 = 100
M.Sc - 350 nh/M/Sc 267 x350

800 = 116.8125 = 117
PhD - 100 = nh/PhD = 267 x 100

800
= 33
Total = 17 + 100 + 117 + 33 = 267
These show the number of questionnaire to be allocated to each
straturm of the population
❖ NON – PROBABILITY OR NON-RANDOM SAMPLING
Classification of probability or non-random sampling
- Quota sampling
1. Convenience sampling
A convenience sample simply includes the individuals who happen to be most accessible to
the researcher.
This is an easy and inexpensive way to gather initial data, but there is no way to tell if the
sample is representative of the population, so it can’t produce generalizable results.

2. Purposive sampling or judgment sampling
This type of sampling, also known as judgement sampling, involves the researcher using their
expertise to select a sample that is most useful to the purposes of the research.
3.7 Instrument for data collection

- Questionnaire
● Structured or close-ended
● Unstructured or open-ended
- Interview
- Observation
- Experiment
3.8 Method of Administration of Research instrument: it could be personal contact or

use of trained assistant in administering the questionnaire.
3.9 Validation of research instrument

Is the extent to which a measuring instrument measures what it tends to measure? Most often
the instrument is given to an expert to validate.
Types of Validity
- Face, content and construct validity
3.10 Reliability of research instrument
The degree to which a given measurement procedure will give the same description of that
phenomenon if the measurement is repeated. Must conduct co-efficient reliability obtained
through test-retest method or other appropriate method. Cronbach Alpha reliability test will
be conducted for all the measures. From 0.7 up is very reliable.
3.11 Method of Analysis of Data: different methods used in the analysis of data will be
stated. Statistical tool(s) used for testing each of the hypotheses will also be stated.
- Descriptive analysis – frequency distribution, measures of central tendency and
measure of dispersion, mean, standard deviation, etc see pgs 93 -127
- Causal analysis – use of test statistics; eg. Pearson product momentum, etc (see pages
128-140) on inferential statistics and measure of association. Study the calculation
We can use some packages like SPSS, Eviews etc to do the analysis.
CHAPTER FOUR – DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Chapter four: is captioned DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
After raw data have been collected, how are going to present it. The data in this form does not
provide sufficient information and meaning. In order to make them comprehensive enough
the data has to be organized, re-arranged, processed and presented in a manner that they
become meaningful to readers/users.
How are we going to arrange and present the data collected?

- Arrange and analyze them according to key research questions and hypotheses
- Use of descriptive analysis (which involves collection, collation and classification of
data computation using appropriate sample characteristics) and inferential analysis
(studies a group of numerical data in order to use result obtained in making
generalization on a larger group of data. i.e use of sample to generalize about the
population
- We also use Frequency distribution, measure of central tendency and measures of
dispersion, mean, standard deviation, tables, graphs, charts, etc as applicable to
analyze and present our data.
- We use appropriate test statistics to text our hypotheses.
Techniques in data presentation
There many methods used to present data: They are
i. The text method. Data are presented in form of written report
ii. The semi-text method: it has the features of combining text and tabular form of
data presentation.
iii. The tabular method: it involves a systematic arrangement of facts and figures
in a table of boxes made of rows and columns.
Components of a statistical table. The table must contain the following:
a. It must has a Table number, which is place before the table
b. It must has aTitle e.g questionnaire distribution of the respondents, place before the
table
c. Caption or box head: classification of the items on the table along the vertical
columns
d. The stab: it provides classification of the table along horizontal rows
e. The source and year: it explains the origin of the information in the table. i.e where
the information is gotten. Usually placed below the table.
The are other methods used in data analysis which include

● Diagrams and chart, here we will see the use of the following where applicable.
⮚ Bar charts
⮚ Histograms
⮚ Pie chart
⮚ Line graphs etc
Sequence in presenting our data

In chapter four the first item we are going to present and analyze is:
4.1 Analysis of response rate of questionnaire: i.e table 4.1 present the response rate of
questionnaire distribution and clearly state number retrieved and not retrieved properly stated
on the table, the percentages and state your source.
4.2 Analysis of personal characteristics of respondents (e.g age, sex, education etc if
necessary)
4.3 Data analysis – Each of the key research questions will be presented and analyzed.
The key questions will be taken from your research questions in chapter one.
After this we present and text our hypotheses.

4.4 Hypotheses: It is a declarative statement or a proposition that describes the
relationship between two or more variables or the characteristic of a variable.
- appropriate statistical tools should be applied to text each of the stated hypothesis.,
may be by the use of e.g. co-efficient correlation, regression analysis, chi-square,
z- test, Anova, etc.
Correlation: Correlation is a technique in statistics that shows whether and how
strongly pairs of variables are related. It denotes association between two quantitative
variables.There are several different correlation techniques. The most common type
is called the Pearson or product-moment correlation.
Correlation coefficient: It is a measure of linear association (magnitude and

direction of the association between the dependent and independent variables). It
measures the strength of a linear relationship between two sets of numbers.
4.5 Discussion of findings – discuss the result of each hypothesis supporting it with
previous studies.
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of findings: each of the research questions must have at least a finding
traceable to it with statistical evidence supporting your statement. The number of your
findings must tally with the number of your research questions.
5.2 Conclusions: this should be based on the findings. It should not be more than one
page.
5.3 Recommendations: Recommendations should be made based on each of the

findings of the study addressing each of the research questions. The
recommendations must be measurable and attainable. It should address each of the
research questions.
5.4 Contribution to study- What contribution has the study made? Every research work
must have a contribution traceable to it. It must be different from the facts from
literature review. It can be from the gaps studied.
5.5 Research for further studies: suggestion on areas for further research should be
made.
List of references: all materials consulted/used must be arranged alphabetically.

Referencing
- What is referencing
- Types of referencing/ referencing styles (pg. 250)
Download APA style 6th edition
What is referencing: references are made to works, sources or materials of others usually
researchers are expected to document and provide adequate citation to such sources which
were referred to and provide useful information in writing their own works.
- The relevance of citation is that it acts as acknowledgement to the original source of
information as well as providing information that should assist in identifying and
retrieving the source of information. Standard format exist for making such citations.
- Types of referencing/ referencing styles. Mostly in use is APA style 6 th edition. We
now have 7th edition. Download it to see examples of different citation with regard to
books, journals, magazines etc.
Appendix I- e.g Questionnaire

A set of printed or written questions with a choice of answers, devised for the purposes of a
survey or statistical study. A questionnaire can also be referred to as is a research instrument
consisting of a series of questions for the purpose of gathering information from respondents.
This should be attached.
Proposal writing
A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you
will do the research. The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most
proposals should contain at least these elements:
● Cover page
● Content page
● Introduction – chapter one
● review of relevant Literature – chapter two
● Methodology chapter three -
● Reference list
● questionnaire
Therefore, it is from chapter 1 – chapter 3 including your questionnaire and references.
ABSTRACT
An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a dissertation or seminar paper).
The abstract concisely reports the objectives and outcomes of your research so that readers
know exactly what the paper is about.
Abstract are written at the very end but it appears at the preliminary pages, when you have
completed the rest of the study. The following are things you need to include:
1. Topic and place of study
2. Main research problem and objectives
3. Your methodology – research design, sources of data, population/sample size, method of
data analysis
4. Your key results in line with each of the research questions or objectives supported by
statistical evidence.
5. Your conclusion
6. Recommendations
7. Implication of the study
A dissertation abstract is usually around 300-500 words, but there’s often a strict word limit,
so make sure to check the requirements of the university or journal. In a dissertation or thesis,
the abstract is included on a separate page, before the table of contents.
When to write an abstract
You will almost always have to include an abstract when writing a thesis, dissertation,
seminar paper, or submitting an article to an academic journal.
In all cases, the abstract is the very last thing you write. It should be a completely
independent, self-contained text, not an excerpt copied from your paper or dissertation. An
abstract should be fully understandable on its own to someone who hasn’t read your full
paper or related sources
Dr. LizzyOkechukwu
08036758414
Department of Business Administration, ESUT
Assignment
1. Differentiate between conceptual Review and Theoretical Review
2. Why does empirical Review done in project writing
3. Identification of gaps in literature are very imperative. Discuss?
Submission - Exam date
EFFECT OF EMPLOYEES attitude ON ORGANIZATIONAL performance IN

IKEMBA MANUFACTURING COMPANY
Independent variable proxies of attitude, commitment, morale
Dependent - proxies of attitude performance - quality, output
Objectives of the study
The broad objective of the study is to examine effect of employee attitude on organizational
performance in ikemba manufacturing company; while the specific objectives are:
i. To determine the effect of employee commitment on quality in Ikemba

manufacturing company.
ii. To examine the extent employees’ morale affect output in Ikemba manufacturing
company
Research questions
i. What is the effect of lack of commitment on quality of employee performance?

ii. To what extent does employees’ morale affect output in Ikemba manufacturing
company?
Statement of hypotheses
i. There is no significance effect of lack of commitment on quality of employee in

Ikemba manufacturing company.

ii. Employees’ morale to an extent does affect output in Ikemba manufacturing

company?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Lecture EPGD, 2020 Min

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2020

Dr. Lizzy Okechukwu, Department of Business Administration, ESUT

What is a research problem?

⮚ Data can be collected

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TYPES OF RESEARCH – (see pgs 15- 36)

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IMPORTANTS PARTS OF A RESEARCH WORK

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1.3 Objectives of the study (see textbook)

1.4 Research Questions

1.5 Statement of hypotheses

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1.7 Scope of the study

1.9 Definition of operational terms

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2.1 Conceptual Review

Table 2.4.1: Summary of Empirical Review

S/N Author(s) Year Area of Title Methodology Findings

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A Literature Review is a systematic and comprehensive analysis of books, scholarly articles

� Design of the study

� Method of data analysis,

� Period of the study in case of the use of secondary data, etc

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CHAPTER THREE- METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research design

Types of research design:

3.2 Sources of data

3.2.1 Primary Data

3.2.2 Secondary Data

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3.5 Sample size determination

(ii) Fruend and Williams (1986)

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● It would normally be impractical to study a whole population, for example when

● Sampling is a technique of selecting individual members or a subset of the

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1. Simple random sampling

- 100 from a population of 800

Total population is 800

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Determining sample size using formula

(i) Taro Yamene (1968)

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PGD - 50 nh/PGD = 267x 50

MBA – 300 n/hMBA = 267 x300

M.Sc - 350 nh/M/Sc 267 x350

PhD - 100 = nh/PhD = 267 x 100

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3.7 Instrument for data collection

3.8 Method of Administration of Research instrument: it could be personal contact or

3.9 Validation of research instrument

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The are other methods used in data analysis which include

Sequence in presenting our data

After this we present and text our hypotheses.

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Correlation coefficient: It is a measure of linear association (magnitude and

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

5.3 Recommendations: Recommendations should be made based on each of the

List of references: all materials consulted/used must be arranged alphabetically.