CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background

The Government of Ethiopia is working very strongly to curb the situation of food shortage in
the country. There is a heavy emphasis on more extension services, induction of modern
technologies including the development of irrigated agriculture. The Agricultural Development
Led Industrialization (ADLI) is used as a core development strategy. The Government of
Ethiopia has also established PASDEP (Participatory Accelerated Sustainable Development to
End Poverty. The intention of developing Welmel Irrigation project (a large scale irrigated
agriculture development work) is part of such a huge and pioneering strategy for the country. To
realize its plan the Government of Ethiopia through its Ministry of Water and Energy (MOWE)
has commissioned the feasibility study and detail design works of the aforementioned project.
Under this study project the WELMEL Irrigation Project has been designed in details so as to
undertake construction of the Diversion Weir across Welmel River and Irrigation and Drainage
System for providing irrigation to 11040 ha of CCA for increased food production. The
Inception Report for the Detailed Design Study was submitted in June 2009.The Interim reports
were submitted in October 2009 along with the Detailed Design Criteria for all relevant items of
works. The Draft Feasibility Report had been prepared earlier and submitted in January 2010.

Over view of the company

1.2.1 Vision

To be the best construction corporation in East Africa Within those years,

Mission

The mission statement of the welmel irrigation;

 To create strong irrigation project
 To deliver quality consultancy service in water resource development like irrigation,
water supply and land drainage
  To collect, store, analyze and collate hydro-meteorological data to generate reliable
database which is indispensable for planning and implementation of all water resource
related schemes and programmers.
 Aims to increase production of improved crop
 Supplying adequate portable water
 Soil conservation.
Its overall organization chart and work flow

Figure 1.1 organization structure

A. Contractor - contractor is anyone who directly employs or engages construction workers or

manages construction work.
Responsibility of contractor
 Provide appropriate supervision.
 Information and instruction to workers under their control.
  Ensure they do not start work on site unless reasonable steps have been taken to
prevent unauthorized access.
B. Project manager - A project manager is a person responsible for leading a project from its
inception to execution. This include planning, execution.
Responsibility of project manager
 manages the whole site work
 Approves material request
 Analyzes the work processes
 Issues the grant of higher power of working classes
C. Consultant- Is either a professional engineer, associate engineer, or engineering aide assigned
on site for supervision of building construction projects
Responsibility of consultant
 Maintaining for the duration of contract period.
 Signed copies of contract agreement.
 Technical specifications, bill of quantities.
 Drawings and other referenced standards.
D. Client- A client is legal person for whom a structure is constructed or the person that took the
initiative of the construction.
Responsibility of client
 Ensure that suitable management arrangements are made for the project.
 Select and appoint a competent and resourced principal designer and contractor.
 Notify the relevant enforcing authority of certain projects.
E. Site supervisor – the company has its own supervisor:-
 Corrects and approves any design problems.
 Makes go/no-go decisions in work execution processes.
 Reports the whole activities implemented in a month.
 F) General foreman- A general foreman is a professional in a construction who
maintains constant drive to achieve production outputs in order to meet targets of the
project to be done.
Responsibility of General foreman
  Assigns and controls the gang leaders and carpenter Forman.
 Checks the whole work process
 Quantifies some materials and makes request
G. Site engineer- Is part of site management term, it offers advice in the planning, co-ordination
and supervision of technical aspects of construction project.
Responsibility of site engineer
 The responsibility is for security.
 Safety, organizing.
 Supervising materials and people.
H. Project administrator:- is a non-technology person who administrators the site
Settles administer problems & dispute raised in the site
I. Office engineer-The office engineer providing technical and administrative information to the
other working on a project to ensure that the work complies with all engineering standards,
codes, specifications, and design instruction; trouble-shoots engineering related installation
problems.
Responsibility of office engineer
 Provide assistance to project manager and supervise work site.
 Perform inspection and prepare document for entire contract work project.
 Ensure all contract works in compliance with contract documents.
J. Quantity Surveyor - A person who quantifies all executed tasks
 Preparing takeoff sheet for all type of works
 Preparing bill of quantity (BOQ)
 Checking the level of each floor before concrete is casting
K. Store keeper and/casher
 Controls, manages and registers all materials which are going in and/out From the store
 Balances the materials consumed with the unconsumed one
 Pay salary to all workers
 Pay sub-contractors when they finish their work
L. Time Keeper
 Controls the time of the workers from start to end.
  Registers ordinary time amount and overtime works
 Reports a summary of working times to casher for salary
M. Gang leaders
 Controls a group of daily laborers in a specific activity
 Assigns the laborers to activities when essential
 Reports any difficulties to General Forman
N. Skilled man power
 Those carpenters, masons, mixer operators etc.
O) Daily laborers

 Are unskilled workers, carrying out activities assigned to them

General description of the project area
1 Project Location

The Welmel project is located in the upper part of the Genale sub-basin which is situated
in the south eastern part of the country and drains towards Somalia. The irrigation water
for the project is intended to be drawn from Welmel River using diversion system.

It is located in Delomena administrative Woreda, Oromia Regional state of Bale Zone,

Southern Ethiopia. The selected diversion weir site has a geographic grid reference of
572500-573000 E and 710250-710750 N. The command area has area coverage of about
12500 ha Gross with attitude range of 1400 -1450 m asl.

It is located some 520 Km southeast of Addis Ababa. The road distance from Gobe, the
regional capital, is 125 Km and it is 20 km south of DelloMena town.

Project Components

In brief the Welmel Irrigation Project consists of components as under:

i. A low head river diversion weir on the Welmel River to divert the base flow of the
River to the proposed command area. It is a 50 m long diversion weir on river
Welmel about 20 Km from Dello Mena.

ii. A feeder canal off taking from the weir, crossing the Shawe and Bowicha River and
then flowing up to the Gomgoma town.
iii. The command areas of the irrigation project are some 30 Km downstream of the weir
and starts below Gomgoma village. The net cultivable area now assessed works out to
11040 ha

iv. The network of canals from primary to quaternary and drainages starts from
Gomgoma village to plain depression of Nani-gadera. The details of the canal system
are discussed in subsequent Para.

v. Night storage pond at the head of tertiary canals

vi. A general location map of the project map is shown in figure 1

Wolmel watershed
Welmel

Bale Zone Command area

Figure1.1: General Location Map

Command Area

The command area was studied by the former government, Water Resources
Development Authority. The identified potential irrigable area in command area now
works to 11,040 ha, against 10,000 ha as per TOR and technical proposal, as well as
prefeasibility proposal.
 The pre-feasibility study GDMP-Part-III Prefeasibility Study: Welmel irrigation Project
(July 2007) has stated that the proposed command area is located some 26km south of the
Dello Mena town (capital of Dello Mena Woreda of Bale administrative zone)

The command area lies only on left bank of the Welmel River.

The command area in general situated in the left side of Welmel River and stretches
between UTM 590000 - 620000 East and 687500 - 700000 North. All the command area
falls in dello mena Woreda and the road from Dellomena town to Bidre passes through
on the tip of the upper most end of the command.

The potential command area is bounded to the south by the contour main canal and to the
north by the incised valley of the Helgol and Yadot rivers.

The net command area now assessed works out to 11042 ha

Catchment Area

Geographically, the watershed is located within the Genale Dawa Basin described by 621’
and 730’ North Latitude and 3946’ and 4000’ East Longitude. The altitudes of the
watershed range from 1000 to 4200 meters above sea level. Generally, the elevation increased
from South to North. Mean annual rainfall varies between 700 and 1250 mm. Agro-
ecologically the watershed is classified as hot to warm moist lowland, hot to warm moist
mountains, Tepid to cool moist mountains, cold to very cold sub-humid mountains, Tepid to
cool humid highland mountains and cold to very cold humid highland mountains (SCRP
database, 2000). The topography of the watershed is mountainous, rolling and rugged on the
North and Undulating on the South and central parts of the watershed. The Catchment Area is
about 1600 sqkms
Objective of the project

The objective of this project is to provide adequate, good quality, sustainable development and
efficient management of water and land resources for enhanced productivity of farm sector and
improved livelihood of farming community under different agro-climatic conditions.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 Increasing the agricultural productivity of the region and the country

 To enable formers to produce relatively higher quality of yield per unit area, with
sustainable market outlet.
 To use the excess water properly
 To increase yield from the given land
 To avoid the risk of farmer’s crop failures due to shortage of rainfall
Statement of the problem (issue
 High impurity and low quality of agricultural produce
 ¾ Poor storage facility and lack of post -harvest management
 ¾ Low institutional support and low capacity to improve local market and give
agricultural extension service (such as credit)
 ¾ Lack of knowhow at grass root level and cultural and traditional barriers make farmers
as pastoralists, reluctant or even not willing to try market oriented crops and livestock
production.
 ¾ Low prices of agricultural produce resulting into a situation those farmers have no
incentives to produce surplus.
 ¾ Lack of credit services and financial support for small holder

Meteorology and Hydrology

A brief summary of the monthly evapotranspiration, dependable rain fall and dependable
flow in the Welmel River are given below. Details are available in volume 3 -
Meteorological and Hydrological Investigations of the feasibility report.
 The rainfall of all the nearby stations was considered for analysis. The rainfall stations
considered for catchment are Angetu, Bidre, Dinkit, Goba, Meliyu Burka, MelkaButa,
Robe, Sheneka, Sofomor and Hagre Selam.

Table 1.1: Evapotranspiration and Dependable Rainfall and flow in Welmel River

Monthly Average 80% dependable 80% dependable

Month Monthly ETo
Rainfall Rainfall in mm flow in cumec

Jan 127.56 54.6 0 2.73

Feb 131.76 7.75 0 2.03

Mar 146.17 77.75 6.4 2.04

Apr 123.79 197.95 81.6 5.11

May 129.12 101.52 60.8 7.6

Jun 123.37 26.02 0 4.93

Jul 125.37 16.54 0 7.2

Aug 133.64 48.82 0 9.3

Sep 128.81 123.34 49.7 8.8

Oct 117.47 145.66 64.8 13.57

Nov 14.8 38.76 10 8.6

Dec 122.21 47.04 0 4.97

273.3

Sufficient water is available to meet the irrigation requirements for the crops proposed in the
Agronomical studies.
 Chapter two

INTERNSHIP PROJECT

DESCRI PTI ON OF THE STUDY ARE

LOCATI ON, TOPOGRAPHY AND WATERQUALI TY

LOCATI ON

The Welmel project is located in the upper part of the Genale sub-basin which is situated in the
south eastern part of the country and drains towards Somalia. The irrigation water for the project
is intended to be drawn from Welmel River using diversion system.

It is located in Dello mena administrative Woreda, Oromiya Regional state of Bale Zone,
Southern Ethiopia. The selected diversion weir site has a geographic grid reference of 572500-
573000 E and 710250-710750 N. The command area has area coverage of about 12500 ha Gross
with attitude range of 1400 -1450 m asl.

It is located some 520 Km southeast of Addis Ababa. The road distance from Gobe, the regional
capital, is 125 Km and it is 20 km south of Dello Mena town.

TOPOGRAPHY

Topographical details are one of the basic requirements for planning of water resources
development projects. Accurate topographic maps at such large scale as required for design &
planning a specific structure are important and critical input.

There are big trees, heavy bushes/ forest along the banks of the river, right up to river bed
leaving a narrow margin in the central portion of the river.

Survey details were supplied by WWDSE on which the detailed designs are based

Water Quality
Salinity: The current EC value of Welmel River is 93 dS/cm in the same manner TDS value is
only 64mg/l. According to the FAO Guideline, water with this concentration of TDS and EC is
suitable for irrigation purpose and would not impose salinity effect in most soils
Infiltration: Infiltration problem can be assessed interpreting SAR and EC of water
simultaneously. According to the results of water quality analysis, the SAR value of Welmel
River is by far less than 3me/l, its EC is too low to prevent infiltration problem. This is because
low salt-charged water is corrosive and tends to leach surface soils free of soluble minerals and
salts including Calcium ions, reducing their strong stabilizing influences on soil aggregates and
soil structures.

Bicarbonate effect: Water contains less than 1.25me/l of Residual Sodium Carbonate is considered to be
safe. While those contain more than 2.5 me/l are not suitable, from the water quality analysis for
Prefeasibility Study, the water of Welmel River contains very low concentration of RSC (0.023me/l).

Climate

Climatic station is considered representative for the study area of this project. The station
appears to be 1st class station with all climatic variables measured. The mean monthly
temperature varies between 20.9oC in the months of June-July and 24.1oC in March. The
maximum monthly temperature in March reaches up to 31o C and the minimum in the order of
13oC in the month of December. The relative mean monthly humidity ranges from 44 % to 74 %

. OBJECTI VE OF INTERNSHIP

GENERAL OBJECTI VE

Our general objective is to practice how theoretical knowledge is covered to practical work.

Specific objective

• To develop our practical knowledge of our profession

• To understand the process and step of the project works we considered to know

The organizational and structural flow of the company

• To know material used during the project work

DATAANALYZE, RESULT AND DESI GNWORK

In welmel the construction equipment are selected based on the following f act or s
• The equipment should be standard

• It should give the best service at low cost

• It sun it cost of production should be modern at e

• It should be easily repair able with low shut down period

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Some of the construction material s we used during the construction on of Welmel mega
irrigation project are;

Stone: is naturally available building materials which has been used from the early age

Of civilization .it s available in the form of rock, this is cut to a required size, shape

And used as a building constructions.

Cement: is a product of lime and clay material s which mixed with water forms a

Paste and binds the inert materials like sand, gravel and crushed stones.

Course aggregate: are the inert materials forming the bulk of the cement concrete,

Hard stones are crushed to the required size and used as coarse aggregate.

Water; used for making of concrete would be free from soil, acid, alkalis vegetables or
other organic impurities

Sand: used for making of concrete, mortar, should be well graded that is the particles
should neither all fine nor all coarse.

.If the sand is well graded the finer particles help to occupy the space between the larger
part

Selection of material and ways of checking up there qualities in site

Aggregate

It should have different size (well graded) i.e. 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3.
It should be free from silt and bad materials such as piece of tree, plastic and others. It should be
also manufacture by machines power.
Cement
Cement for use in the permanent works shall be Ordinary Portland Cement of an approved type
complying to approved standards. Cement shall be free flowing and free of lumps. It shall be
supplied in the manufacturer's sealed unbroken bags or in bulk.
It should not be stock above six months in store
It should not be stay above 30min after opening the bags
It should not be stay above 2hrs after mixing
It should stored properly and we have to give space during storing
The cement that we use in this project is Dangote and Derba cement for the purpose of economy
and quality.
Water
As much as possible, that we use for construction should be pure and clean that used for
drinking.
Sand
It should be free from silt, boarder and other bad material
MORTAR;.
Mortar shall be composed of fine aggregate
. Small quantities of mortar may be hand mixed but for amounts over 0.5 m3 a mechanical mixer
shall be used.
The water content of the mortar shall be as low as possible consistent with the use for which it
is required but in any case the water/cement ratio shall not be more than 0.5.
Mortar which is specified as `dry pack' shall be mixed with sufficient water for the mix to
become cohesive but not plastic when squeezed in the hand.
 STONE WORK
STONE;
Stone for all kinds of work shall be of good quality, solid and durable, void less and without soft
weathered or decomposed parts. The stone and quarry where it is excavated shall be approved by
the Engineer
PITCHING’
Pitching is used for paving of horizontal or sloping ground surfaces. It includes one layer of
manually placed stone forming an even smooth surface.
MASONRY WORKS
Masonry shall be constructed from random stones set in cement-mortar and shall be built to the
lines and levels shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer. .

Major Construction equipment

Jackhammer; this machine used to break hard rock for shaping of canal bed and for when we
want stone for dressing.

 Excavator; it is important for the purpose of ;

1. Digging of trenches hole
2. Material handling
3. General grading
4. Heavy lift
5. Excavation
Dump trucks; it use to transport selected soil, sand, cement, aggregate from quarries and daily
labor from their home to the site during night and morning time.
Mixer; it is one type of construction equipment which used to mix and transport concrete from
batching plant to the required site.
Loader; this is major equipment for loading cement, dressing stone, sand, hard core and others.

(i) Dozer

It used to push a hard material and site clearance.

(ii) Vibrator

It used to casing concrete.

 METHODOLOGY USED

Here we used two types of methodologies;

Primary data collection methodology: -After we join the company the manager of

Consultant allocates us in to one of Welmel mega project. Then we start the internship and begin
observing, writing and reporting of ever piratical challenges and problems that face us in every
situation. Collect, analyzed and copy on exercise book that we saw and we did in site .person to
person interview with relevant community members and concerned individuals in site visit

Secondary data collection methodology: -by asking and interview different question from work
site engineer, office engineer, engineer team leader, project manager and farmer around the
project and end user of the project. .

The methodology can be divided in following steps

 Determinations of crops to be grown and the crop calendar.

 Computation of crops water requirement of each individual crops –
 Based on evapotranspiration.
 Estimation or determination of cultivable area
 Determination of various combinations of feasible cropping intensity
 Working out their water requirement and matching with water availability.
 Suitable modifications to be carried out to suit social environmental and cultivable area
aspects.
 CHAPTER THREE

HEAD WORK STRUCTURE

Any hydraulic structure which supplies water to the off-taking canal is called a headwork.

Head work is a civil engineering term used for any structure at the head or diversion point of a
water way.

.It is smaller than barrage and is used to divert water from a river into canal or from large canal
into smaller canals

. It is any hydraulic structure which Supplies water to the off taking canals.

.Generally, head work is structures constructed to raise water level for diversion or for storage
purpose.

To raise water level for diversion or for storage purpose.

TYPES OF HEAD WORK

There are two types of Head work based on their purpose.

 Storage head work

 Diversion head work

1) .Storage head work: is the type of head work, which is used for storage of water for specific
time or period.

Dam constructed on the river for the purpose of creating a large number of storage reservoirs.

Water is supplied to the canal from this reservoir through canal regulator

2) Diversion head work: Diversion head works are structure constructed across a River to
facilitate a regulated and continuous diversion of water into the off taking canal.

Weir or barrage is constructed across a perennial river to raise water level and to divert the water
to canal, is known as diversion head work.

Flow of water in the canal is controlled by canal head regulator

.Whenever the source of water for irrigation is a river; it is hardly possible to divert a regulated
and continuous flow into the main canal without a head.

This is due to the fact that the flow in the river ever uniform form and varies from season to
season. Thus there is a need to regulate the flow into the canal system. in order to ensure a
continuous diversion of water. The purpose is to raise and keep water level more or less constant
at the head of the canal.

FUNCTI ONS OF HEAD WORK

 It is used to raise the water level in the river as a result these is used to increase the
command area.

 To regulate intake off water into the canals.

 To controls silt entry into the canals.

 To store water for small period and to create small ponds.

 To reduce fluctuation the level of supplying river.

Site selection for diversion head work

 The river section at the site should be narrow and well-defined.

 The River should have high, well-defined, in erodible and non-submersible banks so that
the cost of river training works is minimum.

 The canals taking off from the diversion head works should be quite economical and

 Should have a large commanded area.

 There should be suitable arrangement for the diversion of river during construction.

 The site should be such that the weir (or barrage) can be aligned at right angles to the
direction of flow in the river.

 There should be suitable locations for the under sluices, head regulator and other
components of the diversion head works.
 The diversion head works should not submerge costly land and property on its upstream.

 Good foundation should be available at the site.

 The required materials of construction should be available near the site.

 The site should be easily accessible by road or rail.

 The overall cost of the project should

CANAL HEAD REGULATOR (I NTAKESTRUCTURE)

 A structure which is constructed at the head of the canal to regulate flow of water
is known as canal head regulator.

 It consists of a number of piers which divide the total width of the canal into a
number of spans which are known as bays.

 The piers consist of number tiers on which the adjustable gates are placed.

 The gates are operated form the top by suitable mechanical device.

 A platform is provided on the top of the piers for the facility of operating the
gates.

 Again some piers are constructed on the downstream side of the canal head to
support the roadway.

Functions of Canal Head Regulator

 It regulates the supply of water entering the canal

 It controls the entry of silt in the canal

 It prevents the river-floods from entering the canal

Silt regulation works

The entry of silt into a canal, which takes off from a head works, can be reduced by
constructed certain special works, called silt control works.
 These works may be classified into the following two types:

(a) Silt Excluders

(b) Silt Ejectors

Silt Excluders ;Silt excluders are those works which are constructed on the bed of the
river, upstream of the head regulator.

 The clearer water enters the head regulator and silted water enters the silt excluder

 .In this type of works, the silt is, therefore,, removed from the water before in
enters the canal.

Silt Ejectors

 Silt ejectors, also called silt extractors, are those devices which extract the silt
from the canal water after the silted water has travelled a certain distance in the
off-take canal.

 These works are, therefore, constructed on the bed of the canal, and little distance
downstream from the head regulator.

Canal System

A canal can be defined as an open channel excavated & shaped to the required cross section in
natural earth or compacted fill, with or without special treatment (lining) to the wetted surface.
Various components of a canal system can be defined as below.

TYPES OF CANALS

There are different types of canals based on;

• Structural shape.

• Construction material used: based on materials made it can be classified into two

1 lined canal and

2 Unlined canal or earthen canal

Based on structural shape

Based on structural shape, canals may be:

 Circular canal

 Rectangular canals

 Trapezoidal canals.

 Triangular canals.

For the case of welmel irrigation project types of canals under use and under construction are
Trapezoidal canals

. CANALS CONSTRUCTI ONS

Constructions of canals in the Welmel Mega project are following the following steps:

 Site clearance

 Site excavation

 Back ill and

 Plastering.

SITE CLEARANCE

Site clearance is the first steps to construct any hydraulic structures.

It is the step of clearing and cutting bush, trees and etc from the site area at which we are going
to construct the canals. Before any earthwork of Secondary’s & tertiary etc proceed, the routes of
such network

.SITE EXCAVATION

The second steps to construct canals are the excavation of site area
At which structures are going to be constructed with in its design

Parameter s.

BACKFI LL

A backfill soil should be free from rocks, boulder s, and root set c

Depending on the areas to be compacted, the soil for compaction can be used

From the excavated canal soil. For compaction of soil, the thickness of

Compaction should not be more than 15cm at the optimum moisture.

For mechanical f ills at 2% height must be left for settlement

PLASTERI NG

Plastering work has to be done in two phases. The first coat (1. 5 to 2) cm thick

Is in 1: 3 mortar of cements and ratio and the second & finished work is with

Mortar coat of 1 to 1. 5cm thick of mortar. All structures parts where water

Expected to reach including free board should be plastered

CONSTRUCTION OF LINED CANAL

Lined canals are a canal which is made up of concrete and masonry works.

Canal can be lined depends on different factors such as;

• Seepage effect

• Saving canal discharge (reduce loses)

• Duration of the project

• Economy etc

CANAL REGULATION
The discharge which flow to the main canal or the amount of the water

Which can be diverted from the source to the main canal depends upon:

• The water available in the source

• The capacity of the main canal and

• The share off the canal taking off from the source

The flow from the main canal is further diverted to the branch canal s;

And from the branch canal to the distributaries

CANALS NET WORK

Canals net works includes:

• Primary (Main canal)

Secondary canal s

Tertiary canal s

Primary Canal

The primary canal after off taking from the tail of feeder canal is kept as a ridge canal in the
centre with a FSL of El1220 masl at head and runs for a very short distance of 4.4 Km. The gross
command area of this canal is 12,270 ha and out of it 1270 ha is unsuitable / not available for
cultivation. Rest of 11040 ha has been considered suitable for providing irrigation facilities
which has been incorporated. The design discharge at head works out to7.5 m3/s.. After that it is
bifurcated in two secondary canals. . The FSL drops from El 1220m to 1170.5m that is by 50m
in a short length of 4.4 Km. Many of the falls are very close. Therefore lining of stone masonry
has been proposed on this canal. Steepest possible slope of 1in 800 has been adopted to reduce
number of fall. The velocity around1.24m/s has been provided. Two head regulators for the off
take of two secondary canals have been provided at the tail. There is only one major road bridge
on this canal and no other structures except falls have been proposed.

Secondary Canals

In all there are only 2 main secondary canals off taking from primary canal, named as WSc1-P
and WSc-2-P. The second secondary canal WSc-2 has 2 sub secondary canals (sub branches).
Thus in all there are 4 secondary canals including 2 sub branches. The cross regulator of main
canal serves the purpose of its head regulator. Therefore no separate head regulator for it is
required. This secondary canal travels across the contours. Since the canal is laid across the
contours, its alignment is almost straight the canal drops from El.1170.50masl to El. 1051.6masl.
Thus it has total drop of 122m in 24.96Km length. These drops have been negotiated through
small vertical falls of 0.5 to 1.5m each in succession (one after another) depending upon
topography. Summary of drop structures on WSc-1

It irrigates the area on its both sides, i.e. on its left and right side. The area on right side is more
than on the left side. Therefore its alignment is also kept almost with very few curves to avoid
heavy cutting and unsuitable land. Thus it will have low seepage losses. Most of the alignment is
kept in partial cutting /filling to locate the falls in cutting. The gross command area of this canal
is 5125ha. The suitable area of 4571ha is considered for providing irrigation facilities. The
design discharge at head works out to 3.0m3/s. Its bed slope is kept varying from1/2000 to
1/1600 according to topography, to reduce the number of falls and as well as to keep the
velocities with in permissible limits. As there is sufficient slope available, maximum possible
bed slope is provided subject to the limits of velocities. As far as possible, all the earth from
excavation is utilized on the banks of the canal and the road

The services roads is provided on the left side and right side of the canals
. It is connected to the main roads on the tertiary canals. The service road on the right side is
taken to have the following economic advantages.

i) This road connects directly to all other main roads on tertiary canal with bridges.

ii) The road is on higher elevation and requires minimum earthwork and requires generally land
shaping only

iii) Canal and drain excavations are used for the construction of banks of the canal and road
along it.

v) It requires minimum culverts/ bridges to connect the field roads to service road.

Secondary canal WSc-2-P and its Road

This canals after off take from the tailing of primary canals, travel as a contour canals and the
cross ridge and then as a contour canal.

The cross regulator of main canal serves the purpose of its head regulator. Therefore no separate
head regulator for it is required. The canal drops from El.1170.50masl to El. 1095.6masl. Thus it
has only total drop of 80m in a length of 30.68 Km. these drops have been negotiated through
small vertical falls of 0.5 to 1.5m each in Succession depending upon topography. The total
numbers of falls are 67 only.

Tertiary Canals

In all there are 45 tertiary canals, off taking from all secondary and primary canals. Their total
length works out to only 77.9 Km, that means average length is only 1.2 Km. Drops are
negotiated through small vertical falls of 0.5m to 1.5 m depending upon the topography. As far
as possible these do not cross any tributaries/ small rivers to avoid Cross Drainage works. The
service road also caters for transport needs of the farmers and connected to the field roads and
main roads. Thus a good net- work of road has been planned at least cost of land and
excavations.. The road is on higher elevation and requires minimum earthwork and requires
generally land shaping only
All tertiary canals are very small canals except very few. Thus the seepage losses have reduced
considerably. Drops are negotiated through small vertical falls of 0.5m to 1.5 m depending upon
the topography.

ENERGY DI SSI PATERS

 Canal Drops

 Retaining wall

 Footpath

 Flumes

 Division box

Canal Drops

A canal drop is a structure in canal to lower down the water level and the bed level of a canal.
Usually a canal drop consists of a water level lowering structure and an energy dissipating
structure. A canal drop is required when the natural ground slope along the alignment is steeper
than the bed slope of the canal. Water levels in canals need to be lowered in some cases for
topographical reasons..

Canals drop are structures constructed across the canal as energy dissipaters which used In
Welmel irrigation project vertical drop.

i) Vertical drop

ii Glacial drops

 Pipe chute

 Stream crossing

 Cattle crossing

 Road crossing
 vertical drops: vertical drops are the drops constructed across the canals for the purpose of
energy dissipation at a canal bed elevation of short drops or small elevation to drop the water in
the canal at upstream of the canal to downstream of the canals. That means if the water
required to drop is less than 1. 5m then we use Vertical drops because it is economical structure
for shorter drop of water.

RETANI NG WALL

It is the structure which is constructed at the side of the structure

(Weir). It is used to reduce the effect of external load on the structure,

Preventing of flood from the side, prevent collapse of the weir

Preventer of the banks of the river, reduce effect of seepage.

The weir has two retaining wall s. These are:

•Right side retaining wall

•Left side retaining wall

•Right side retaining wall and left side retaining wall

Excavation of foundation for construction of retaining wall is necessary to excavate it s

Foundation to the required depth according to drawing and specification for

Stability. Within the foundation that is a rectangular shape and above that is that

Trapezoidal shape. There as on why they varied is for stability and economic

Purpose. The construction material which is used for retaining wall is masonry work and

With a cement ratio of 1: 2: 3(one cement: two sand: three aggregate) .In side part of the

Structure is plastered with a mix ratio of 1: 2(one cement: two sand) for the purpose of

Reducing seepage effect on the weir.

 FOOT PATH

It is the structure which is used for passing the people cross the

Canal. It is constructed from a concrete and rein for cement .Under it,

There is a pipe which passes a canal discharge to the next.

FLUMES

Flumes are specially designed constrictions in a channel, generally with a

Change in bed level which induce critical flow conditions so that the flow can

Be accurately measured. It can be also designed to operate at high modular

Limit where head loss is to be minimized.

DIVISION BOX/ TURN OUT

The project is provided with turnout rather than division box due to the small

Discharge of the spring and shape of the command area. Enough turn out is

Provided based on the topography and traditions of the area

 CHAPTER FOUR

OVERLL INTERNSHIP EXPERI ENCE

.INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

There are many experience gained from an internship practice. Example:

 We got the experience of how to decide within hosting Company for acceptance.

There are also other experiences gained from some working section after we start the
internship practice.

 We also get the experience of work flows in different section to precede the construction
of project safely.
 We also get the experiences from different work tasks we have per formed.
 We also understand different procedures we have to use while performing different works

Organizational Structure at Site Level

Well-organized and managed manpower development at site level facilitates the project
construction works and helps in proper financial management. Thus depending on the scope of
the work appropriate manpower development shall be made. The project engineer will manage
the overall site level activities of the project including site level communications and
consultation with the client’s representative. Under this management, various crews to be led by
Forman and gang chiefs shall be formed to carry out their respective duties on the day-to-day
works of the project. Some of the screws continue working for the whole project period and
some will participate intermittently depending on the work the program of the project.

General Work Flow in the Section

Project manager: The project manager is the one who manages the whole project through the
project site organization. As a manager, he divides the site in to manageable units and assigns a
Forman or an engineer in charge of the work depending on the type of and volume of work,
giving special attention to avoid wastage off materials and resources while allocating resources.
He is also responsible for motivating individuals and teams in the construction site by
communicating and recognizing their importance in the project and making recognition polices
like certificate, cash award, dinner invitations the project manager should send to the area
division the summary of the meeting at the end of the week or with a weekly progress report. In
general, the project manager acts as a leader (guiding entire resources to an efficient activity), as
a planner (planning within the agreed time), as decision maker (representing the whole site
management).

Site engineer: site engineer controls all activities in the site and is responsible for the whole
construction work. He makes sure the works executed are according to the specifications and
drawings, checks the construction of structural and finishing works, makes necessary report to
the pm all activities on the site, and strictly follows the given time schedule to avoid any delay
on the project completion time.

Office manager: collect data by the supervisor or data collector, from the site, then compile
analyze these data to prepare payments and take offs. He also makes reports to the project
engineer and makes detail drawings to be easy for construction and provide it to surveyor,
Forman or any concerned section. The office engineer should keep the record of every expense
per activity and give a summary at the end of the week and finally at end of the item completion.
General Foreman: we learned from general Forman during our internship practices, even the
professional engineer often learn much from him. At his best, he is an all-round craftsman in the
art of construction, and many of the great past construction in our site owe their quality to the
general Forman who took charge of their construction.

Administrator: Administer the workers (employees), takes care of the employment of new
workers and checks the working performance and punctuality of the workers with the
timekeeper.

Storekeepers: control the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the store.

Section of the Company We Have Been Working In

On the company, there were two general working section, office and site. We were spending
most of the time at the site due to the only place where we can develop and improve our practical
skill
 Work Task We Have Been Executing

To simplify work and to allocate responsibilities the works are grouped into two. These are site
and office work. This division of work is used to facilitate and to share responsibilities. In this
report we would like to write the experience we gained both from the site and office activities.

Office work

Document referring

Under this office there is some document that design and study. During office work we refer this
document in order to develop the theoretical knowledge and also discus with our adviser the
point that we had gone from document in order to make more clearly.

Field Work.

Structural visitation

During this internship we had been visit different project site from this:-

As mention above in this area there is head work, canal and same structure under this side we
had been visit the spring protection, vertical drop and flume site. It had gone to this structure
with the supervisor of the project on this day we saw the excavation part of canal and the form
work of flume structure from this we understand about the way of spring protection of water
from construction site in order to spring is protected from flood and human activity , for instance
there is no chance domestic animal near the source of spring for drinking purpose and the form
work construction of flume site and again with site engineer we revise the main canal alignment
of the site by using total stations. Also we saw construction of vertical drop.

Procedures to Perform Work Tasks

 Obtaining information about the proposed project

 Collecting the obtained data and writing on note book
 Discuss on the obtained data and the information of the proposed project.
 Finally generalize the obtained data in to manageable way
 Objectives of Internship

General Objective The general of objective of my internship is to identifying the d/f b/n
theoretical aspect to practical aspect

Our objectives during the internship were:

 To develop our practical knowledge of our profession

 To understand the process and step of the project works we considered in
 To know the organizational and structural flow of the company
 to know the material used during the project works

Challenges we Faced and Measures Taken

Challenges Faced

Since it was our first time to be in a working environment, we have faced different challenges
such as:

 Lack of available markets and network problems for contact.

 The environmental condition is harsh
 The big challenge in our internship practice is we cannot see more works with in fourth
months because the project structure is not completed in this month.

Measures Taken

 We have asked the site manager to assign our supervisor and telling the responsibility as
they have
 By nearly communicating different service drivers like a truck, site manager service, and
consultant service driver we could solve the problem of service
 We have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each word. As
time progresses we were able to understand and respond to the words
 By making good relation with other worker to know knew things
 Good Things to perform Work Task
 Weathering conformability of the area
 Good treating behavior of the whole project workers
 The performing project during the internship program was much related with the major
course which taken in the previous time at the University

CHAPTER FIVE

OVERALL BENEFITS GET FROM THE INTERNSHIP

Improving practical skills

We started my internship program with no practical skills. We have only theoretical

knowledge. In this internship, we have seen and practiced practically when different
structures are built. We have so interested to see when the structures are built. We have
gained different practical experience and skills. Such as:

 How concrete is mixed

 Form work construction
 Improved the ability of recognizing, understanding, and read architectural and structural
drawings.
 Head work construction
 Pond, drop, out late, canals, and construction.
 Plastering and curing of structural elements made with concrete.
 The ability to face different challenges.

Improving of theoretical knowledge

This knowledge is already that we have in campus. But we upgrade each part or courses as
possible. (This is the process of upgrading the knowledge that we have learnt in previous
consecutive years). Some of the improved knowledge is:

 How concrete could be produced and used. .

 Visualizing structural and reading drawings
 Improving which type of construction material should be used.
 Increasing awareness about the department course

Interpersonal communication skills

Since construction work is teamwork by its nature, we will face different individuals with
different professions and personalities come up together and communication skill will bring
to success. When we started the internship program, we were not able to know how to deal
with people at the work place. That is did not know to communicate with different stake
holder so that we can be involved in the working system. But afterwards we believe that
good relation and communication skill is the key for getting the experience and knowledge
we require for the internship program based on this we tried to change our approach to the
people at the work place and through time we able to see progress on our self. As a
conclusion we can say that we have got good lesson regarding communication skill during
the time of internship program in the company.

Improving team playing skill

Even if tasks are done individually by the respective person at different section of the
construction company, there are times at which different individuals come together to work
for common goals of the company to increase productivity. The most important point in team
playing skill is just reach at an agreement from different points on the work to be done
Furthermore, to have a common understanding on the task that is to be accomplished; we
have always tried to listen carefully those individuals with whom we were working. After
listening others idea, we tried to provide an idea which is constructive for the task and to
increase productivity.

Improving leadership skill

Leadership is a process of leading the careers of the company. Problems in the company
come in different directions at different period of time. In order to overcome these problems,
we learned the following leadership skills:

 Seeking of self-improvement.
 Being technically skillful.
 Taking responsibility for the actions
 Making sound and timely decisions.
 Keeping the workers informed for necessary information.
 Developing a sense of responsibility in all workers.
  Ensuring that tasks are understood, supervise, and accomplished.
 Using the full capacity of the organization.

Work ethics issues

It is concerned with the moral obligation and responsibilities expected from a professional. Some
of the work ethics are:

Punctuality: means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to complete a
given task within the given period. we have tried to be punctual at the work time.

Office disciplines: on work place you we have to disturb the working atmosphere. For example,
abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb others workers
mood.

Reliability: the worker should be qualified for the part he/she must have appropriate skill and
knowledge for the task assigned.

Honesty: regarding these values each worker regardless of its status should abstain from bad
behaviors such as cheating, bias, corruption etc.

Cooperation: each worker should interact cooperate with each other while working. That is
because it is through such system problems could be easily solved.

Generally, the potential benefits to students of participating in the engineering internship

program are immense, and including the following

 Gain meaningful engineering experience to complement academic studies.

 Develop a professional attitude that is reflected in the performance of responsibilities and
tasks, and learn about the importance of professionalism in the real world.
 Obtain more interesting and satisfying jobs because of the internship experience.

Stand out from other graduates in the eyes of employers

 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Conclusion

To conclude, this internship program is proved to be a bridge between the student life and
professional life. The purpose of this internship program was to introduce students with
working condition and mostly it helps student to grasp knowledge from practicing the theory
which they have been learning in the class. This program gave us good practical skills and
made our familiar to the outside real construction world. Most the theoretical things we have
been learned get illustrated here in this program, which develops more of our confidence in
the theoretical knowledge.

Some benefits we gained from the internship program are listed below as:

 Help us to improve our theoretical knowledge and build our confidence

 Team playing skill and seeking for help in case of difficulties without any shame.
 Knowing local construction term
 Help us to develop professional contacts, for searching job in the future.
 Assist us in developing greater understanding of our own strength and weakness,
work ethics

Generally, we can say confidentially, it was wonder full and we understand what we have
learnt.