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XPD IRUPD GH LQGHSHQGrQFLD 2 DPRU LPSOLFD FHUWD GHSHQGrQFLD PDV FRPR HOD p
ELODWHUDOHVLPLODUKiWURFDDTXLWDPEpPGHVRUWHTXHRTXHVHUHFHEH³QHXWUDOL]D´RTXH
VH Gi $V DILQLGDGHV JDUDQWHP D SRXFD QHFHVVLGDGH GH ID]HU FRQFHVV}HV H D YLGD HP
FRPXPpULFDHSURGXWLYD
$ SOHQLWXGH GR DPRU p RXWUD FRQTXLVWD SRVVtYHO SDUD RV TXH FRQVHJXLUDP XPD
UD]RiYHO LQGHSHQGrQFLD ( QmR D LQGHSHQGrQFLD FRP UDQFRU DTXHOD TXH VH FRQVWUXLX
³SRUTXHQmRWHYHRXWURMHLWR´$LQGHSHQGrQFLDGHVHMDGDEXVFDGDSHODUD]mRFRPRVLQDO
GH TXH VH FKHJRX j FRPSRVLomR PtQLPD GD LQGLYLGXDOLGDGH e yEYLR TXH p PXLWR UDUR
TXHDVSHVVRDVHVWHMDPSURQWDVGXUDQWHRVDQRVGDDGROHVFrQFLDPDVpHVVHRREMHWLYR
GHXPDHGXFDomREHPGLULJLGDTXHWHQKDSRUPHWDREHPHVWDUGRVILOKRV²DFLPDGRV
LQWHUHVVHVDIHWLYRVGRVSDLV(pyEYLRTXHDLQGDTXHHVWHMDPRVQRVRFXSDQGRGHIRUPDU
QRVVRVILOKRVDDGROHVFrQFLDpXPSHUtRGRSHULJRVRTXHLQVSLUDDWHQomRHFXLGDGRVSRU
SDUWHGRVSDLVHGDFROHWLYLGDGH
2V DGROHVFHQWHV HVSHFLDOPHQWH RV PHQRV EHP IRUPDGRV FRVWXPDP VHU PHLR
SUHSRWHQWHV$FKDPTXHVHPSUHHVWmRFRPDUD]mRHMiVDEHPRVXILFLHQWHVREUHDYLGD
7HPRV GH HQVLQiORV D VHU XP SRXFR PDLV KXPLOGHV SRLV HOHV DFDEDP SDJDQGR PXLWR
FDURSRUHVVDDOWLYH]WmRSUySULDGRVTXHDLQGDVHVHQWHPIUDFRV3UHFLVDPRVPRVWUDUD
HOHV TXH QmR p FULPH RX YHUJRQKD QmR VDEHU DV FRLVDV H TXH SHUJXQWDU H WHQWDU VH
LQIRUPDUpRPHOKRUFDPLQKR(pHPYLUWXGHGHVVDIUDJLOLGDGHPHLRREULJDWyULD
QHVVH SHUtRGR GLItFLO GD YLGD TXH FDEHP WDPEpP DV DWLWXGHV PDLV
UDGLFDOPHQWH FRQWUiULDV jV GURJDV SRU SDUWH GRV QRVVRV OtGHUHV e XPD KRUD
HP TXH D SURSDJDQGD FRQWUDV DV GURJDV ² LQFOXVLYH LQVLVWR R FLJDUUR H D
EHELGD DOFRyOLFD ² SRGH VHU PXLWR HILFD] 4XDQGR EHPIHLWD HOD GLUHFLRQD D
YDLGDGH QR VHQWLGR GD VD~GH H RV MRYHQV VmR PXLWR VHQVtYHLV D HVVH WLSR GH
DUJXPHQWR²DYDLGDGHpFODUR3DUDDVD~GHOLJDPSRXFRSRLVDLQGDDWrP
VREUDQGR
2 PDLV XUJHQWH p TXH D VRFLHGDGH VH FRORTXH FODUDPHQWH D IDYRU GD H[LVWrQFLD GH
SHVVRDVPDLVEHPLQGLYLGXDOL]DGDVPDLVLQGHSHQGHQWHVPDLVSDUDDIUHQWHSDUDDYLGD
6RFLHGDGHV TXH HVWLPXOHP HVVD FRQGXWD HVWmR HIHWLYDPHQWH FRPEDWHQGR DV GURJDV
,QIHOL]PHQWHSHUFHEHPRVTXHRPDLVLPSRUWDQWHDLQGDQmRHVWiVHQGRIHLWR
'H WRGR PRGR FKHJD GH HVSHFXODo}HV SRLV HODV QRV DIDVWDP FDGD YH] PDLV GD
UHDOLGDGHHGRSUREOHPDTXHOHYRXYRFrDPHDFRPSDQKDUDWpDTXL4XDQWRPDLVIRUPRV
FDSD]HVGHVDEHUVREUHRVYtFLRVPDLVHTXLSDGRVHVWDUHPRVSDUDTXDQGRFKHJDUDKRUD
FRPEDWHUDGHSHQGrQFLDFRPERDVFKDQFHVGHYLWyULD'RSRQWRGHYLVWDGHTXHPTXHU
SDUDU R FLJDUUR p XP YtFLR WHUUtYHO H H[WUHPDPHQWH GLItFLO GH VHU DEDQGRQDGRe XPD
DYHQWXUD FKHLD GH SHUFDOoRV H VRIULPHQWRV PDV ULTXtVVLPD HP FUHVFLPHQWR
LQWHULRU e XP Y{R H[WUHPDPHQWH WXUEXOHQWR PDV TXDQGR R DYLmR SRXVD
VHQWLPRRV SURIXQGDPHQWH RUJXOKRVRV GH QyV PHVPRV 3RUWDQWR DSHUWHP RV
FLQWRVHERDVRUWH

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