Practical Research

Lesson 5

Chapter 2:
Literature Review
Prepared by:
Joselito Grande Jr.
 Literature Review
• A literature review surveys books, scholarly articles, and
any other sources relevant to a particular issue, area of
research, or theory.
Use of Literature Review
Literature
Review

Process Product
 CRAAP Test
The test provides a list of questions to ask
yourself when deciding whether or not a
source is reliable and credible enough to use
in your academic research paper. CRAAP
stands for Currency, Relevance, Authority,
Accuracy, and Purpose.
 Currency
The timeliness of the information
● When was the information published or last
updated?
● Have newer articles been published on your
topic?
● Is your topic in an area that changes rapidly, like
technology, health, science or popular
culture?
 Relevance
the importance of the information for your needs
● Does the information help answer your research
question?
● Does the information meet the requirements of
your assignment?
● Is the information too technical? Too simplified?
● Does the source add something new to your
knowledge of your topic?
 Accuracy
The reliability and correctness of information
● Are there statements you know to be false?
● Was the information reviewed by editors or
subject experts before it was published?
● What citations or references support the
author’s claims?
● What do other people say about the topic?
 Authority
The source of information
● Who is the author/ publisher/ source/ sponsor
of the source?
● What are the author’s credentials or
organizational affiliations?
● Is the author qualified to write on the topic?
 Purpose
The reason the information exists
● Is the purpose of the source to sell, persuade,
entertain or inform?
● Are there political, ideological, cultural,
religious, institutional or personal biases?
● Are alternative points of view presented?
● Does the author use strong or emotional
language?
 Parts of Literature Review
Introduction
• Restate your research question
• Emphasize the timeliness of your topic
• Highlight a gap
 Parts of Literature Review
Introduction
• Restate your research question
• Emphasize the timeliness of your topic
• Highlight a gap
 Parts of Literature Review
Main Body
• Discuss the following:
• Trends and patterns
• Debates, conflicts and
contradictions
• Gaps
 Parts of Literature Review
Main Body
• Four ways to structure
• Chronological
• Thematic
• Methodological
• Theory
 Parts of Literature Review
Conclusion
• Show how your research addresses
gaps
• Show how it contributes new
knowledge
Organize Your Literature Review

1. Begin reading the most recent studies

in the field and then work backward
through earlier volumes.
 Organize Your Literature Review

2. Read the abstract or summary sections

of a report first to determine whether it
is relevant to the question.
Organize Your Literature Review

3. Before taking notes, skim the report

quickly to find those sections that are
related to the question.
Organize Your Literature Review

4. Make notes on file cards, in a word

processing program, or in some format
that can be accessed easily or moved
around to cluster with other notes on
related research.
Organize Your Literature Review

5. Be sure to indicate which parts of the

notes are direct quotations from the
author and which are your own
paraphrases.
Organize Your Literature Review

6. Create draft summaries of the most

relevant articles.
Organize Your Literature Review

7. Assemble the literature review,

structuring it thematically and organizing
it by important concepts.
Organize Your Literature Review

8. End the literature review with a

summary of the major themes and
suggest how your particular study
further adds to the literature and
addresses a gap in the themes.
Ethical Standards
in Writing
Literature Review
 Ethical Standards
Honesty – Researchers must report procedures,
methods used, presentation of data and gathered
result honesty. Do not Fabricate, falsify, or
plagiarized.
 Ethical Standards
Objectivity -Research must be unbiased in data
and must avoid self- deception.
Integrity - Researchers must act with sincerity and
consistency of though and action.
Carefulness - Avoidance of careless actions and
errors may lead to better results.
 Ethical Standards
Openness - Openness to criticisms and new ideas
in an ideal trait of any kind of researcher
Confidentiality – Protect confidential
communication within the duration of your
study.
 Ethical Standards
Responsible Publication- The main goal of
publishing papers is to contribute to the
advancement of research ang knowledge, not to
boost one’s career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
 Ethical Standards
Non-Discrimination- Researchers must respect the
sex, gender, ethnicity, or other
factors that are included in the study.
Legality- Follow and obey the laws in institution
and government policies in writing research.
 Ethical Standards
Respect for Intellectual Property - Honor patents,
copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods,
or results without permission. Give credit where
credit is due. Never plagiarize.
 Ethical Standards
Responsible Mentoring - Help to educate, mentor,
and advise students. Promote their welfare and
allow them to make their own decisions.
Respect for Colleagues - Respect your colleagues
and treat them fairly.
 Ethical Standards
Social Responsibility - Strive to promote social
good and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.
Competence - Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to
promote competence in science.
 Ethical Standards
Animal Care - Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.
 The Three Research Misconduct
Fabrication – making up data or result and
recording or reporting then.
Ex. Altering research results and tampering with
image
 The Three Research Misconduct
Falsification – manipulating research materials,
changing, or omitting data or results such as the
research is not accurately represented in the
research record.
Ex. Presenting false transcript of records and
submitting work which is not your
own or as written by someone else.
 The Three Research Misconduct
Plagiarism – Steal and pass of ideas or words of
another to use another’s production without
crediting the source. Is an act of claiming
another’s work or copying a portion of someone
else’s writing.
Ex. Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear
acknowledgement. Directly copy text from a source and paste
it into your own document without attribution.
Types of Plagiarism