Presented by

Dr. Amrita Sinha

Topics to be covered
Ø External characteristics of Alternators
Ø Power Developed by Cylindrical Synchronous Generators
Ø Power Output of AC Generator
Ø Power Input of AC Generator
Ø Condition for Input & Output Power
Ø Power Equations Neglecting Armature Resistance
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
Cosθ2 lead
V θ1 < θ2
Cosθ1 lead

Cosθ = 1

Cosθ1 lag
Vt = E − j Ia Xs θ1 < θ2
Cosθ2 lag

Ia
External characteristics of synchronous generators under different load conditions
 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS

Ø External characteristics of synchronous generators shows the variation of the terminal

voltage with variation of load current under different load conditions.
Ø E & Xs are constant ∴ Vt depends on magnitude and phase angle of Ia
Ø Magnitude of E is constant but its phase angle (the power angle δ) is free to change.

Ø For unity and lagging pf, Vt ⇓ as Ia ⇑ and Vt ⇓ as pf ⇑ or δ ⇑

Ø While for leading pf, Vt ⇑ as Ia ⇓and Vt ⇓ as pf ⇑ or δ ⇑

 UNITY POWER FACTOR LOAD

E
E
IaXs
IaXs
δ δ
Ia Vt Vt Ia

(a) (b)
 LAGGING POWER FACTOR LOAD

E
E
δ IaXs
δ IaXs
θ Vt
Ia θ Vt
Ia
E
δ IaXs
(a)
θ Vt (b)
Effect of armature current Ia
Ia

(c)

Effect of pf with θ increased

 LEADING POWER FACTOR LOAD
Ia E E
Ia
θ IaXs
δ θ IaXs
δ
Vt
Vt

Ia E
θ IaXs
(a) (b)
δ
Effect of armature current Ia
Vt

(c)
Effect of pf with θ increased
 POWER DEVELOPED BY CYLINDRICAL SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS
The simplified equivalent circuit of a cylindrical rotor synchronous generator, where
V = Terminal voltage (phase value)
E = Excitation voltage (phase value)
I = armature or load current/phase
Ф = pf angle (lagging)
δ = load angle between V and E
From the phasor diagram of the machine for
inductive load
Synchronous impedance, —
GH = IJ + LMH = GH ∠OH ………(i)
where OH = QRSTU MH /IJ
Taking terminal voltage V (phase value) as reference vector,
XW = X ± L0 = X∠0 …(ii)
and [W = E∠\ …(iii)
[W = XW + ^] GH …(iv)
Ẁ Ta
]
or ^=̅ …(v)
bc Phasor diagram with lagging pf
 POWER OUTPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR (IN COMPLEX FORM)
!"# = %"# + '(") = +* - ∗̅ …(vi)
∗ ∗
/* − +* E∠6 − +∠0 E +
!"# *
=+ = +∠0 = +∠0 ∠(6 − 72 ) − ∠(−72 )
12 12 ∠72 12 12
E + VE +;
!"# = +∠0 ∠(72 − 6) − ∠(72 ) = ∠(72 − 6) − ∠(72 )
12 12 12 12

VE +;
%"# + '(") = <=> 72 − 6 + '>?@(72 − 6) − <=>72 + '>?@72
12 12
VE +; VE +;
%"# + '(") = <=> 72 − 6 − <=>72 + ' >?@ 72 − 6 − >?@72 …(vii)
12 12 12 12
 POWER OUTPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR

Real Power Output of an AC Generator

VE /0
!"# = )*+ ,( − . − )*+,(
'( '(
Where, cos,( = 78 /'( & ,( = 90 − 4(

VE / 078
!"# = )*+ 90 − (4( + .) − 0
'( '(
VE /0
!"# = +DE 4( + . − 0 78
'( '(

VE /0
!"# =3 +DE 4( + . − 0 78 For 3-Ф Generator
'( '(
 POWER OUTPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR

Reactive Power Output of an AC Generator

VE /0
!"# = )*+ ,( − . − )*+,(
'( '(
Where, sin,( = 7( /'( & ,( = 90 − 4(

VE / 07(
!"# = )*+ 90 − (4( + .) − 0
'( '(
VE /0
!"# = DE) 4( + . − 0 7(
'( '(

VE /0
!"# =3 DE) 4( + . − 0 7( For 3-Ф Generator
'( '(
 POWER INPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR (IN COMPLEX FORM)
!"# = %"# + '(") = +* - ∗̅
∗ ∗
+* − 0* E∠4 − 0∠0 E 0
!"# *
=+ = +∠4 = +∠4 ∠(4 − 72 ) − ∠(−72 )
12 12 ∠72 12 12
E 0 +: VE
!"# = +∠4 ∠(72 − 4) − ∠72 = ∠72 − ∠ (72 + 4)
12 12 12 12

+: VE
%"# + '(") = <=>72 + '>?@72 − <=> 72 + 4 + '>?@(72 + 4)
12 12
+: VE +: VE
%"# + '(") = <=>72 − <=> 72 + 4 +' >?@72 − >?@ 72 + 4
12 12 12 12
 POWER INPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR

Real Power Input of an AC Generator

%& VE
!"# = )*+,( − )*+ ,( + 1
'( '(
Where, cos,( = 23 /'( & ,( = 90 − 7(

% &23 V E
!"# = & − )*+ 90 − (1 − 7( )
'( '(
%& VE
!"# = & 23 − +DE 1 − 7(
'( '(

%& VE
!N# = 3 & 23 − +DE 1 − 7( For 3-Ф Generator
'( '(
 POWER OUTPUT OF AN AC GENERATOR
Reactive Power Input of an AC Generator
%& VE
!"# = )*+,( − )*+ ,( + 1
'( '(
Where, sin,( = 2( /'( & ,( = 90 − 6(

% &2( V E
!"# = & − )*+ 90 − (6( − 1)
'( '(
% &2( V E
!"# = & − DE) 1 − 6(
'( '(
% &2( V E
!"# = 3 & − ' DE) 1 − 6(
For 3-Ф Generator
'( (

Mech. power input to the AC generator

Pi(mech.) = Pig + friction and windage loss + Core loss
 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT
Output power basically depends upon load (or torque) angle 7. Therefore, condition for
maximum power output is obtained,
?@AB ?G@AB
= 0 EF, G <0
?7 ?7
Differentiating the equation of real power output with respect to 7 and equating it to zero
? VE UG
OPQ RN + 7 − G VW = 0
?7 MN MN
As E, V, Zs and R are constant
VE
[EO RN + 7 = 0 ⇒ [EO RN + 7 = 0 ⇒ RN +7 = 90 ⇒ 7 = 90 − RN = ^N
MN
Thus, the output power will be maximum, when load angle, 7 = impedance angle ^N
The maximum output power can be obtained by substituting this value in the given
equation, i.e.,
VE UG ` a de
@AB = OPQ 90 − RN + RN − G VW = − e fg
MN MN bc bc
 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM POWER INPUT
Therefore, condition for maximum power input is obtained,
6789 6?789
= 0 =>, ? <0
6: 6:
Differentiating the equation of real power output with respect to : and equating it to zero
6 F? VE
? IJ − NOP : − QH = 0
6: GH GH
As E, V, Zs and R are constant
VE
U=N : − QH = 0 ⇒ U=N : − QH = 0 ⇒ : − QH = 90 ⇒ : = 90 + QH
GH
: = 90 + (90 − ZH ) ⇒ 180 − ZH
Thus, the input power will be maximum, when load angle, : = 180° – impedance angle ZH
The maximum input power can be obtained by substituting the value of : in given
equation of power input,
F? VE bc hb
789 = ? IJ − NOP 90 + QH − QH = c fg −
GH GH de de
 POWER EQUATIONS NEGLECTING ARMATURE RESISTANCE
When armature resistance is neglected, R = 0; Zs = Xs; 89 = 0.
Real power output
VE
>?@ = DEFG
C9
Reactive power output
VE MN
I?@ = JKDG −
C9 C9
Real power input
VE
>O@ = DEFG = >P@
C9
Reactive power input
QN V E
IO@ = − JKDG
C9 C9

VW
Also, >?@ STU
= XY
DEFG = >O@ STU
Conclusion
Ø Power Developed by Cylindrical Synchronous Generators

Ø Power Output of AC Generator

Ø Power Input of AC Generator

Ø Condition for Input & Output Power

Ø Power Equations Neglecting Armature Resistance