5.

What are the Disadvantages / Advantages of High

Impedance and Low Impedance Bus-bar Protection Relay
in EHV system: -

High Impedance has more Stability than Low Impedance Relay. But,
CT switching / CT mismatch problems, which is not there in case of
low Impedance Relays.

6. Why it is called High Impedance: -

The high impedance type differential protection is stable for all types of
faults outside the zone of protection. The stabilization is obtained by a
resistor in the differential circuit.
In SPAE 010 and SPAE 011 the stabilizing resistor is included in the
relay and is in series with the measuring transformer. This gives the
name of the protection system, i.e. a high impedance type protection.

It gives High Impedance to External Through Faults, so that it remains

stable during External Through Faults, through Stabilizing Resistors.

What SHELL-DEP specifies for High Impedance/ Low Impedance Relay:-

If there exists CT mismatching in Bus-bar Protection Relay, what is the

best Solution Bus-bar Protection Relay :- Low Impedance Bus-Bur
Protection Relay, CT switching is not there in the system, CT accuracy
Class does not matter.

What is the difference in the Interpretation of FRLS and Fire Resistant Cable?

IEC 331 and IEC-332:- Low Oxygen index

Fire Resistant: - Low Oxygen index may allow having flames, but
will not allow cables to continue with FIRE. This is more Stringent,
used for Major Life Saving Electrically Driven Emergency Loads i.e.
EDG Sets, Fire Water Pumps, LUB –Oil Pumps, etc.

FRLS: - IEC-331 – It will retard the Flames, but may continue to be damaged under fire,
but low smokes – which can be suffocating to choke the operators.