Name:______________________________Class:__________________ Date:__________________

Assessment

Chapter Test B
Teacher Notes and Answers
Circular Motion and Gravitation
CHAPTER TEST B (ADVANCED)
1. b 6. c
2. d Given
3. d
= 40.0 N • m
Given
F = 133 N
F1 = 10.0 N
Solution
r1 = 10.0 cm
 = Fd
r2 = 5.0 cm  40.0 N • m
d= = = 3.01 10
1 m
G = 6.673  10
11 2
N • m /kg 2 F 133 N
Solution = 30.1 cm
7. b
r2 (5.0 cm) 1
= = Given
r1 (10.0 cm) 2
Fin = 4.0
102 N
1
r2 = r1
2 Fout = 6.4
103 N
m1 m2 Solution
F1 = G = 10.0 N
r12 Fout 6.4
103 N
MA = = = 16
Gm1 m2 m1 m2
Fin 4.0
102 N
F2 = 2
=G 2
= 8. The horse farther from the center has a
(r2 )
1  greater tangential speed. Although both
 r1 
2  horses complete one circle in the same time
m1 m2 Gm1 m2 period, the one farther from the center
G =4 2
= 4F1 covers a greater distance during that time
1 2 r1
r1 period.
4
2
F2 = (4)(10.0 N) = 40.0 N v
9. Centripetal acceleration: ac = t
4. c r
Given Newton’s second law: F = ma
r2 = 4r1 mv t 2
Solution Fc = ma c =
r
m m mv t 2
vt 1 = G vt 2 = G Fc =
r1 4r1 r
10. 1.0 N
m
G 11. Kepler’s second law of planetary motion
vt 2 4r1 1 1
= = = (and, implicitly, Kepler’s first law)
vt 1 m 4 2
G
r1
1
vt 2 = v , i.e., speed would decrease
2 t1
by a factor of 2
5. a

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Holt Physics 1 Chapter Tests
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12. Newton used Kepler’s laws to support his Solution
law of universal gravitation. More m1 = m2
specifically, he derived Kepler’s laws from
mm m2
the law of universal gravitation. This helped Fg = G 1 2 2 = G 12
support the law of universal gravitation r r
2
because Kepler’s laws closely matched F g r
m12 =
astronomical observations. G
13. The object will rotate counterclockwise. It Fg r 2
will not move with any translational motion. m1 = =
G
14. A machine can increase or decrease the
force acting on an object at the expense or (6.7  10
4 N)(3.0 m) 2
=
gain of the distance moved. 6.673  10
11 N • m 2 /kg 2
15. 12 m/s2
9.5  103 kg
Given
18. Let m1 be the mass of the central object and
vt = 17 m/s m 2 be the mass of the orbiting object.
r = 24 m mm
Fg = G 1 2 2
Solution r
2 2
vt (17 m/s)2 m2 vt
ac = = = 12 m/s2 Fc =
r 24 m r
16. 2.4
104 N The centripetal force equals the gravitational
force.
Given
Fc = Fg
m = 2.0
103 kg 2
m2 vt mm
vt = 17 m/s = G 12 2
r r
r = 24 m
2 m1
Solution vt = G
r
2 Speed equals the distance traveled in a time
mvt (2.0
103 kg)(17 m/s)2
Fc = = interval, and the distance traveled in one
r 24 m
4
orbital period is 2
r.
= 2.4
10 N 2
r
17. 9.5
103 kg vt =
T
Given
Substituting,
m1 = m2 2
 2
r  m1
r = 3.0 m   =G
 T  r
Fg = 6.7  10
4 N
4
2r 2 m1

11 2 2 =G
G = 6.673  10 N • m /kg T 2 r
4
2r 3  4
2  3
T2 = = r
Gm1  Gm1 
Kepler’s third law states that T 2
r 3 . The
4
2
constant of proportionality is .
Gm1

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Holt Physics 2 Chapter Tests
Name:______________________________Class:__________________ Date:__________________
19. 7.7
10 4 m; 5.2
10 4 s 20. 1.0 N•m
Given Given
F = 4.0 N
m = 1.0  1026 kg
d = 0.30 m
vt = 9.3  103 m/s

= 60.0°
G = 6.673  10
11 N • m2 /kg2 Solution
Solution  = Fdsin
= (4.0 N)(0.30 m)(sin 60.0°)
m = 1.0 N • m
vt = G
r
2 m
vt = G
r
m
r = G 2 = (6.673  10 11 N • m2 /kg2 )
vt
(1.0  1026 kg)
3 2
= 7.7  10 7 m
(9.3 10 m/s)
r3
T = 2
=
Gm
(7.7  10 7 m)3
2

(6.673  10 11 N • m2 /kg2 )(1.0  1026 kg)
= 5.2  10 4 s

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Holt Physics 3 Chapter Tests
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Assessment

Circular Motion and Gravitation

Chapter Test B
MULTIPLE CHOICE
In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes
each statement or best answers each question.

_____ 1. What term describes a change in the speed of an object in circular

motion?
a. tangential speed c. centripetal acceleration
b. tangential acceleration d. centripetal force
_____ 2. When a car makes a sharp left turn, what causes the passengers to
move toward the right side of the car?
a. centripetal acceleration c. centrifugal force
b. centripetal force d. inertia
_____ 3. Two small masses that are 10.0 cm apart attract each other with a force
of 10.0 N. When they are 5.0 cm apart, these masses will attract each
other with what force? (G = 6.673  10
11 N•m2/kg2)
a. 5.0 N c. 20.0 N
b. 2.5 N d. 40.0 N
_____ 4. How would the speed of Earth’s orbit around the sun change if Earth’s
distance from the sun increased by 4 times?
a. It would increase by a factor of 2.
b. It would increase by a factor of 4.
c. It would decrease by a factor of 2.
d. The speed would not change.
_____ 5. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. The farther the force is from the axis of rotation, the more torque is
produced.
b. The closer the force is to the axis of rotation, the more torque is
produced.
c. The closer the force is to the axis of rotation, the easier it is to rotate
the object.
d. The farther the force is from the axis of rotation, the less torque is
produced.
_____ 6. If the torque required to loosen a nut on a wheel has a magnitude of
40.0 N•m and the force exerted by a mechanic is 133 N, how far from
the nut must the mechanic apply the force?
a. 1.20 m c. 30.1 cm
b. 15.0 cm d. 60.2 cm

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Holt Physics 4 Chapter Tests
Name:______________________________Class:__________________ Date:__________________

Chapter Test B continued

_____ 7. An iron bar is used to lift a slab of cement. The force applied to lift the
slab is 4.0
102 N. If the slab weighs 6400 N, what is the mechanical
advantage of the bar?
a. 1.6 c. 6000
b. 16 d. 6.3%

SHORT ANSWER
8. Two horses are side by side on a carousel. Which has a greater tangential
speed—the one closer to the center or the one farther from the center? Explain
your answer.
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
9. Show how the equation for centripetal force can be derived by substituting the
equation for centripetal acceleration into Newton’s second law.

10. Earth exerts a 1.0 N gravitational force on an apple. What is the magnitude of
the gravitational force the apple exerts on Earth?
_________________________________________________________________

11. What law does the diagram shown above illustrate?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

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Holt Physics 5 Chapter Tests
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Chapter Test B continued

12. How did Newton use Kepler’s laws?

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
13. How will an object move if it is acted on by a positive net torque and a net
force of zero?
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________
14. Explain how the operation of a simple machine alters the applied force and the
distance moved.
_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

PROBLEM
15. A car on a roller coaster loaded with passengers has a mass of 2.0
103 kg. At
the lowest point of the track, the radius of curvature of the track is 24 m and
the roller car has a tangential speed of 17 m/s. What is the centripetal
acceleration of the roller car at the lowest point on the track?

16. What force is exerted on the roller car in item 15 by the track at the lowest
point?

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Holt Physics 6 Chapter Tests
Name:______________________________Class:__________________ Date:__________________

Chapter Test B continued

17. Two trucks with equal mass are attracted to each other with a gravitational
force of 6.7  10
4 N. The trucks are separated by a distance of 3.0 m. What is
the mass of one of the trucks? (G = 6.673  10
11 N•m2/kg2)

18. Show how the constant of proportionality in Kepler’s third law can be found
by equating gravitational force and the centripetal force in a circular orbit.

19. A new moon is discovered orbiting Neptune with an orbital speed of

9.3  103 m/s. Neptune’s mass is 1.0  1026 kg. What is the radius of the new
moon’s orbit? What is the orbital period? Assume that the orbit is circular.
(G = 6.673  10
11 N•m2/kg2)

20. A force of 4.0 N is applied to a door at an angle of 60.0° and a distance of

0.30 m from the hinge. What is the torque produced?

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Holt Physics 7 Chapter Tests