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 “Keep away from people
who try to belittle your
ambitions. Small people
always do that, but the
really great make you feel
that you, too, can become
great.”

By Mark Twain

ur English programme has been the result of a

O huge effort among people committed to one

objective: helping you achieve your mastery of the
English language. So, after a lot of years of work and
sacrifice, we come to you with this programme, which will
take you from the very beginning of the basics up to the top
of the advanced level. As our slogan says, this book series is
professional, practical, and lots of fun. Let’s enjoy learning
together and you will know first-hand that English is not
just easy, but fun. Within this book, there is a complete
professional system that connects and integrates every part
of the book to your teacher’s performance. You and your
teacher will interact perfectly with this book and this will
produce the most positive effect on your learning. Also, the
virtual-online aspect of this series will complement your
studies appropriately, giving you more hours of practice.
Well, do not wait any longer!
 “SYNCHRONICITY” Reported Speech (Tenses)

“A LONG AND HEALTHY Reported Speech (Statements)

LIFE?”

“LONG BEACHES” Reported Speech (Place and Time)

Reported Speech (Commands, Requests,

“IRELAND” Suggestions, etc.)

Reported Speech (Questions)

“CANADA”

“THE U.S.A.” Reported Speech (Reporting Verbs)

“ORIGINS OF ENGLISH” Reported Speech (Verb Patterns)

“CHINESE VS. ENGLISH” Reported Speech (Conditionals)

“MODERN ENGLISH” Reported Speech (Modal Verbs)

“SYNCHRONICITY”
Lesson 1A
WARM-UP Have you ever experienced an event that you thought it was mere coincidence but it might
have been destiny? Tell the class.
READING AND SPEAKING Read the text again and discuss the questions at the bottom.

COINCIDENCE OR DESTINY?
Tim wandered along the path thinking
aloud, "If I continue this diet I should lose
twenty pounds by the end of..." when
BOOM! He bumped into another city
dweller out for a day's walk in the park.
"I'm terribly sorry," he apologized, "I was
so caught up in my thoughts, I didn't see
you!" he managed to stammer. Smiling,
Sheila responded, "It's OK. Nothing's
broken... No really, I wasn't watching my
step either." Suddenly they both stopped
making excuses and stared at each other.
”Don't I know you from somewhere?"
inquired Tim while Sheila exclaimed,
"You're Tim, Jack's brother, aren't you?!" They both began to laugh as they had met each other the week
before at a party that Jack had given. Still laughing, Tim suggested, "Why don't we have a cup a coffee and
donut?" to which Sheila replied, "I thought you wanted to continue your diet!" They both were still
laughing by the time they reached the Swimming Donut cafe.
1. What was Tim doing before he bumped into Sheila?
2. What was Sheila doing as well?
3. Where did they meet before?
4. Did they get along well?
5. How did the event end?
Reported Speech (Tenses) We use reported speech when we want to repeat what someone had
previously said. Let's look at the difference between direct speech and reported speech:

Direct Tomie said = 'I am tired.'

Reported Speech 'Tomie said (that) she was tired.'

In reported speech we need to use the past tense form of the verb. In direct speech the present
tense is used. As you can see, in the above sentence 'am' changes to 'was' when we use reported
speech. Here are some of the important verb changes we use when making reported speech.

am becomes was Direct John: 'He has caught a cold.'

Direct John: 'I am going.' Reported: 'John said that he had caught a
Reported: 'John said that he was going.' cold.'

is becomes was go becomes went

Direct John: 'She is tall.' Direct John: 'I go shopping on Sunday.'
Reported: 'John said that she was tall.' Reported: 'John said that he went shopping
on Sunday.'
do becomes did
Direct John: 'I always do my homework.' will becomes would
Reported: 'John said that he always did his Direct John: 'I will call Frank.'
homework.' Reported: 'John said that he would call
Frank.'
does becomes did
Direct John: 'My mother does the cleaning.' can becomes could
Reported: 'John said that his mother did the Direct John: 'I can ride a horse.'
cleaning.' Reported: 'John said that he could ride a
horse.'
have becomes had
Direct John: 'I have your number.' want becomes wanted
Reported: 'John said that he had my Direct John: 'I want a girlfriend.'
number.' Reported: 'John said that he wanted a
girlfriend.'
has becomes had

WARNING: When the direct speech uses the past tense, we do not need to make a change in
colloquial contexts:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he broke his arm.'
It is also correct and more formal to change the past tense to the past perfect:
Direct John: 'I broke my arm.'
Reported: 'John said that he had broken his arm.'
 “A LONG AND HEALTH
Lesson 1B
WARM-UP How many years do people normally live? How old do you think you would be when you
die? How can we enhance our life span?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and try to answer the questions below.
Life Expectancy Nowadays
How long will a baby born today live? A hundred years?
A hundred and twenty years? Scientists are studying
genes that could mean long life for us all. There are
already many, many people who live to more than a
hundred. In fact, there are now so many healthy elderly
people that there's a name for them: the wellderly.
These are people over the age of eighty who have no
major illnesses, such as high blood pressure, heart
disease or diabetes. There are many scientific studies of
communities where a healthy old age is typical. These
include places like Calabria in southern Italy and the
island of Okinawa in Japan. In Calabria, the small village
of Molochio has a population of about 2,000. And of
these 2,000 people, there are at least eight people over a hundred years old. Researchers ask people like
this the secret of their long life. The answer is almost always about food and is almost always the same:
'I eat a lot of fruit and vegetables'; 'I eat a little bit of everything'; 'I never smoke, I don't drink'. So, in the
past, scientists looked at things such as diet and lifestyle for an explanation of long life. But these days
they are also looking at genetic factors. Researcher Eric Topol says that there are probably genes that
protect people from the effects of the ageing process. The new research into long life investigates groups
of people who have a genetic connection. One interesting group lives in Ecuador. In one area of the
country there are a number of people with the same genetic condition. It's called Laron syndrome. These
people don't grow very tall – just over one metre. But Laron syndrome also gives them protection against
cancer and diabetes. As a result, they live longer than other people in their families. On the other side of
the world, on the Hawaiian island of Oahu, there's another group of long-lived men. They are Japanese-
Americans but they have a similar gene to the Laron syndrome group. In Calabria, researchers
constructed the family trees of the 100-year-old people. They looked at family information from the 19th
century to today. They think that there are genetic factors that give health benefits to the men. This is
interesting because generally, in Europe, women live longer than men. So what really makes people live
longer? Probably, it's a combination of genes, the environment and one more thing – luck.
1 What do scientists investigate to try to understand long life?
2 What do diabetes, heart problems and high blood pressure have in common?
3 What do some people from Ecuador and Okinawa have in common?
Y LIFE?”

1 Statements in Reported Speech If you use a statement in Reported Speech, follow the
changing of the person, backshift of tenses, shifting of expressions of time/place, etc.:

He said, "I am sick." He said that he was sick.

When we report a statement, we can say "He said that..." or simply "He said...". Both are possible.
"He said that..." is more formal. When we use our own words to report speech, there are one or
two things that we sometimes change:
Pronouns may need to change to reflect a different perspective.
Tense sometimes has to go back one tense (e.g. present becomes past) - this is called backshift:
He said, "I am sick."
He said (that) he was sick.

2 Practise Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense, although it is
sometimes not necessary.

John: "Mandy is at home." Richard said to me (that)

John said (that) ______________________.
________________________________________. Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the
Max: "Frank often reads a book." windows."
Max told me (that) Stephen and Claire told me (that)
_______________________________________. _______________________.
Susan: "I'm watching TV." Charles: "I didn't have time to do my
Susan said to me (that) homework."
______________________________. Charles remarked (that)
Simon: "David was ill." _______________________________.
Simon said (that) Mrs Jones: "My mother will be 50 years
___________________________________. old."
Peggy: "The girls helped in the house." Mrs Jones told me (that)
Peggy told me (that) _____________________________.
__________________________________. Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."
Richard: "I am going to ride my Jean said (that)
skateboard." ___________________________________________.
 “LONG BEACHES”
Lesson 1C
WARM-UP Do you like going to the beach? What do you normally do there? How can we take care of
them?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text without paying attention to the blanks. Then discuss the questions below.

Biggest Beach in the World

The second longest beach in the world is
located in Bangladesh. It is called the Cox
254
Bazar Beach. It is an incredible (1)_______
kilometres long. Local people call the
beach Panowa. Panowa means (2)‘______ yellow flower
________‘. This beach is one of the main
tourist attractions in Bangladesh. People
three sections.
say that the beach has (3)_______
Each section is good for a different
activity. The first is called Inani Beach.
This section is very good for
(4)________________.
sunbathing The second is called
Humchari. Here there are some beautiful
(5)________________.
waterfalls The final section is
called Laboni Beach. This is the main
section of Cox Bazar Beach because it is
town
located near the (6)______________. The
longest beach in the world is in Brazil. It is called the Praia do Cassino Beach. It is very long. In fact, it
stretches all the way from Rio Grande to the border with Uruguay. At (7)_________ 252 kilometres long, it is
(8)__________ kilometres longer than the Cox Bazar Beach. It is known for its beautiful white sand and the
twelve
warm temperatures of Brazil. Many visitors go there each year. Some people like to swim and sunbathe,
but the more active visitors can play (9)_______beach volleyball
____________. However, the most popular activity is
surfing
(10)____________. People travel from all over the world to surf on this beach.

1. Where is Cox Bazar Beach located?

2. What does the word Panowa mean?
3. Where is the longest beach in the world located?
4. Which is the most popular activity on Praia do Cassino Beach?
5. Why are beaches important for life?
 1 Listen to the recording and try to fill in the blanks from the previous text. Listen again if
necessary.
2 Let’s Talk! Why do we have to protect beaches from pollution? How can we protect them?

1 Time and Place in Reported Speech When we report something, we may need to make
changes to:

time (now, tomorrow)

place (here, this room)

direct speech reported speech

She said, "I saw Mary She said she had seen Mary the day
yesterday." before.

He said: "My mother is He said that his mother was there.

here."

Don't confuse time with tense. "Tense" is the grammatical form of the verb that in the reported
clause we sometimes shift back (backshift). "Time" refers to the actual time that something
happens, such as "today" or "now" or "5 weeks ago". If we report something around the same
time, then we probably do not need to make any changes to time words. But if we report
something at a different time, we need to change time words. Look at these example sentences:

He said: "It was hot yesterday." → He said that it had been hot the day before.
He said: "We are going to swim tomorrow." → He said they were going to swim the next day.

2 Practise Finish the sentences using Reported Speech. Always change the time expressions,
although it is sometimes not necessary.

1 Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig Robert told me (that) __________________.

tomorrow."
Emily said (that) ______________________. 4 Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour
ago."
2 Helen: "I was writing a letter Lisa said (that) ____________________.
yesterday."
Helen told me (that) ____________________.

3 Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last

year."
1 Grammar
Change Rose’s direct speech into reported speech. Use 'She said' at the beginning of each answer. It
is the same day, so you do not need to change the time expressions.
1) "He works in a bank."
__________________________________________
2) "We went out last night."
__________________________________________
3) "I'm coming!"
__________________________________________
4) "I was waiting for the bus when he
arrived."
__________________________________________
5) "I'd never been there before."
__________________________________________
6) "I didn't go to the party."
__________________________________________
7) "Lucy will come later."
__________________________________________
8) "He hasn't eaten breakfast."
2 Key Word Transformation
For Questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence,
using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words,
including the words given.
1) 'What do you think of the college?' she
asked me.
ASKED
She_____________________________ of the college.
2) 'I'll call you later tonight,' Keith promised.
WOULD
Keith promised that
_____________________________ night.
3) 'I didn't break the window,' said the boy.
DENIED
The boy _____________________________ the
window.
4) 'Why don't you come this evening?'
SUGGESTED
She _____________________________ that evening.
5) 'You look really tired,' he told her.
__________________________________________
9) "I can help you tomorrow."
__________________________________________
10) "You should go to bed early."
__________________________________________
11) "I don't like chocolate."
__________________________________________
12) "I won't see you tomorrow."
__________________________________________
13) "She's living in Paris for a few months."
__________________________________________
14) "I visited my parents at the weekend."
__________________________________________
15) "She hasn't eaten sushi before."
__________________________________________
SAID
He _____________________________ really tired.
6) 'You must do your homework tonight.' the
teacher said.
TOLD
The teacher _____________________________ my
homework that night.
7) 'What's your name?' he asked.
KNOW
He _____________________________ what my name
was.
8) 'I might be late for dinner.' he told me.
INFORMED
He _____________________________ might be late
for dinner.
Listen to this song “Norwegian Wood” by the Beatles. Underline all indirect speech and circle direct
speech.

I once had a girl

Or should I say
She once had me

She showed me her room

Isn't it good
Norwegian wood

She asked me to stay

And she told me to sit anywhere
So I looked around
And I noticed there wasn't a chair

I sat on a rug
Biding my time
Drinking her wine

We talked until two

And then she said
"It's time for bed"

She told me she worked in the morning

And started to laugh
I told her I didn't
And crawled off to sleep in the bath

And when I awoke

I was alone
This bird had flown

So I lit a fire
Isn't it good
Norwegian wood
 “IRELAND”
Lesson 2A
WARM-UP Which countries use English as their first official language? Do you know where Ireland is located?
What is the connection between Ireland and the United Kingdom?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and then discuss the questions below.
Dublin in Modern Times
Dublin is the capital city of Ireland. It is also
the country’s largest city. The name of the city
comes from an old Gaelic word, Dublind. This
is said to mean black or dark pool. It is now a
lively and fun city to visit. It is famous for its
many pubs. The famous drink, Guinness, is
sold here too. It is said that there is a pub for
every 100 people in Dublin. However, there is
much more to do in Ireland other than drink
Guinness.

Spring is a great time to visit Ireland. This is

because March 17 is St. Patrick’s Day. There is
a parade in Dublin to celebrate this day. Some
of the best street performers in Europe
perform in the streets. Bands from Ireland,
the UK, USA, and other countries perform at
this festival.

Another popular thing to do is to take a walk around Trinity College. This was founded in 1592 by Queen
Elizabeth I. The campus has many old and new buildings surrounded by beautiful gardens. In the summer,
visitors can get a guide around the campus by a student. In addition, many people like to visit Dublin
Castle. Tourists can walk around the castle grounds for free, or if they want to see the beautiful interior,
they can pay a fee.

1 Dublin is Ireland's largest city. 3 Who founded Trinity College?

True Queen Elizabeth I
False Saint Patrick
Guinness
2 When is St. Patrick's Day?
March 7 4 Tourists can enter Dublin Castle for free.
March 17 True
March 27 False
1 Reported Commands There is no backshift of tenses with commands/requests in Reported Speech.
You only have to change the person and shift expressions of time/place:
Direct Speech → Dad: “Do your homework.”
Reported Speech → Dad told me to do my homework.
Direct Speech → Teacher: “Don't talk to your friend.”
Reported Speech → The teacher told me not to talk to my friend.

2 Reported Requests and Suggestions Requests are when someone asks you to do something in a polite
way.

Form
affirmative request → asked me + to + infinitive verb
negative request → asked me + not + to + infinitive verb

And suggestions are done like this:

Dad: “Let’s go to the match.”

Reported Speech
Dad suggested going to the match.
Dad suggested that we go to the match.

Do not use the infinitive after suggest: Dad suggested to go to the match. (INCORRECT)

3 Practise! Fill in the blanks appropriately.

1 Jake: "Get off the bike!" 6.Matt: "Don’t call me at 8!"

Jake told me _________________________________. Matt asked me _______________________________.

2.Susan: "Send an email" 7.Teacher: "Let’s eat Chifa!"

Susan told me _______________________________. The teacher __________________________________.

3.Mum: "Can you help me?" 8.Monica: "Why don’t we travel to Cusco?"
Mum asked me ________________________________. Monica ________________________________________.

4.Dad: "Wash your hands!" 9.Helena: "Meet Sarah at the bus stop!"
Dad told me __________________________________. Helena told me _____________________________.

5.Petra: "Close the door!" 10.Max: "Read your emails!"

Petra told me ________________________________. Max told me _______________________________.
 “CANADA”
Lesson 2B
WARM-UP Where is Canada? What languages do they speak? Find information on the internet about these
issues.

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions below.

Visiting Canada
A federation of former British colonies, Canada follows the British pattern of
parliamentary democracy. Ties with the US are now vital, especially in terms of trade,
but Canada often goes its own way.
Both English and French enjoy official status, and mainly French-speaking Quebec,
where pressure for full sovereignty has abated in recent years, has wide-ranging
cultural autonomy. Indigenous peoples make up around 4% of the population.
Canada is one of world's top trading nations, and one of its richest. Alongside a
dominant service sector, Canada also has vast oil reserves and is a major exporter of
energy, food and minerals.

LET’S TALK!
1. Which country was Canada a colony of?
2. What kind of political structure does Canada have?
3. What languages are spoken officially here?
4. How do we know Canada is a wealthy country?
1 Questions in Reported Speech Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another
person asked.
direct speech: 'Are you from Canada?' he said.
indirect speech: He asked me if I was from Canada.

direct speech: 'Who did you see in your visit to

Canada?' she asked.
indirect speech: She asked me who I'd seen in my visit
to Canada.

direct speech: 'Could you write that down for me?'

she asked.
indirect speech: She asked me to write it down.

2 Practise Finish the sentences using Reported Speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes
not necessary.
1 Mandy: "Are the boys reading the book?" Yesterday Nancy wanted to know
_______________________________.
Yesterday Mandy asked me_____________.
7 Barbara: "Must I do my homework this
2 Jason: "Who gave you the laptop?"
afternoon?"
Yesterday Jason wanted to know
Yesterday Barbara asked me
___________________.
__________________________________.
3 Robert: "Is Tim leaving on Friday?"
8 Linda: "Did Max fly to London two weeks
Yesterday Robert asked me ago?"
_________________________________.
Yesterday Linda wanted to know
4 Daniel: "Will it rain tomorrow?" _______________________________.

Yesterday Daniel asked me 9 Grandmother: "Where are my glasses?"

______________________________.
Yesterday Grandmother asked me
5 Jennifer: "Where do you play football ________________________________.
today?"
10 A man: "When does the train to Liverpool
Yesterday Jennifer wanted to know leave?"
________________________________.
Yesterday a man asked me
6 Nancy: "Why didn't Nick go to New York __________________________________.
last summer?"
“THE U.S.A.”
Lesson 2C
WARM-UP What is the origin of the USA? Who founded this country?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions below.

The United States of America

The United States of America (USA) is a federal constitutional
republic made up of 50 states (48 continental states, plus Alaska
and Hawaii the two newest states) and one federal district -
Washington, D.C., the capital district. The country is situated in
the central southern part of North America almost entirely in the
western hemisphere. The USA is washed by the Atlantic Ocean
in the east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. The mainland
United States borders Canada to the north and Mexico to the
south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent
with Canada to its east, and the state of Hawaii is in the mid-
Pacific. The largest state is Alaska, the smallest - Rhode Island.
Apart from the political states of the USA, the country also has
territories outside which are "insular areas". Some of these are
U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa and Northern Mariana
Islands. The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, in the Caribbean, is
a dependent of the USA but retains commonwealth status. The
USA is also home to The United Nations Organization or UNO in
New York City.
1. What is a federal republic?
2. Which is the largest state? And which is the smallest one?
3. Why is English its official language?
Listen to this recording and then answer the questions below.
1. What is the UNO?
2. When did it start?
3. What is the objective of the UNO?

Reporting verbs The most common reporting verb for questions is ask, but we can also use verbs
like enquire, want to know or wonder.

Direct: 'Did you bring your passports?'

Reported: She wanted to know if they'd brought their passports.

Direct: 'When could you get this done by?'

Reported: He wondered when we could get it done by.

1) Direct = “How about having a swim?” they said.

Indirect = They _________________________ having a swim.
a) suggested
b) wam
c) refused
d) accused
2) Direct = “Mummy, buy me that toy, please, please,” the kid said.
Indirect = The kid _________________________ her Mum to buy him a toy.
a) advised
b) suggested
c) begged
d) confessed
3) Direct = “It's a pity we didn't meet the president,” they said.
Indirect = They _________________________ not meeting the president.
a) warned
b) promised
c) regretted
d) accused
4) Direct = “Look out! Timber!” the foreman said.
Indirect = The foreman _______________ the other workers against the falling tree.
a) promised
b) insisted
c) suggested
d) warned
5) Direct = “You'd better start learning for the exam, Roger,” the biology teacher said.
Indirect = The biology teacher _______________ Roger to start learning for the exam.
a) promised
b) advised
c) suggested
d) denied
KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given (in capitals). Do not change the word given. You must use between
two and five words, including the word given.
1) 'What do you think of the college?' she asked me.
ASKED
She ................................................ of the college.

2) 'I'll call you later tonight,' Keith promised.

WOULD
Keith promised that …………….... night.

3) 'I didn't break the window,' said the boy.

DENIED
The boy ……………….... the window.

4) 'Why don't you come this evening?'

SUGGESTED
She ………………….... that evening.

5) 'You look really tired,' he told her.

SAID
He …………………………..... really tired.

6) 'You must do your homework tonight.' the teacher said.

TOLD
The teacher …………………………..... my homework that night.

7) 'What's your name?' he asked.

KNOW
He ………………………………..... what my name was.

8) 'I might be late for dinner,' he told me.

INFORMED
He ………………………………... might be late for dinner.
GRAMMAR
Only one option is correct in each question. Find it.

Q1. "Where do you live?"

Miho asked me where do I live.
Miho asked me where I lived.
Miho asked me where did I live.

Q2. "What is the time?"

Can you tell me what is the time?
Can you tell me what the time is?

Q3. "Why did he say that?"

I would like to know why he said that.
I would like to know why did he say that.

Q4. "Do we have a test tomorrow?"

I’ve forgotten do we have a test tomorrow?
I’ve forgotten if we have a test tomorrow.
I’ve forgotten have we a test tomorrow?

Q5. "Don’t talk!"

The teacher told us not to talk.
The teacher told us to not talk.

Q6. "Have you finished with the computer?"

She asked if had I finished with the computer.
She asked if I had finished with the computer.

Q7. "I’ll give you your money back tomorrow."

She promised me to give the money back the next day.
She promised to give me back the money the next day.

Q8. "Can I use your phone?"

I asked her could I use her phone.
I asked her if I could use her phone.

Q9. "When are you going back to New York?"

He asked when I was going back to NY.
He asked when was I going back to NY.

Q10. "Why did you have to wait so long?"

She wanted to know why we had to wait so long.
She wanted to know why did we have to wait so long.
“ORIGINS OF ENGLISH”
Lesson 3A
WARM-UP When did English appear? How did it start? Where did it come from?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the text and discuss the questions below.

History of My English Language

The history of the English language really started with the arrival of
three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea
from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the
inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic
speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what
is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland"
[sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words
"England" and "English" are derived.

The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain

developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound
or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great
difficulty understanding Old English. Nevertheless, about half of the
most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.
The words be, strong and water, for example, derive from Old English.
Old English was spoken until around 1100.

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern

France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors (called
the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the
language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a
period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower
classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th
century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French
words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language
of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for
native English speakers to understand today.

Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and
technology (including the Internet). But there are many other varieties of English around the world, including for example
Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.

1) What is the origin of the English language?

2) Who was William the Conqueror and how is he connected to English?
3) How many variations of English do we have today?
REPORTED SPEECH AND VERB PATTERNS Some
reporting verbs simply report the speaker's word (say,
tell, state, answer, reply). Other reporting verbs tell us
something about the speaker's intention. The choice of
verb sometimes depends on how we interpret what the
person was saying. Example: He persuaded me that he
wanted to give me something.

Other reporting verbs include: admit, advise, claim,

convince, feel, insist, persuade, suggest, think, urge, warn.

1. verb + infinitive: agree, ask, offer, promise, refuse,

threaten
He refused to see her.
2. verb + object + infinitive: tell, advise, ask, invite, order,
persuade, remind
I told her to come. (NOT I told to her to come.)
3. Verb + gerund: admit, deny, report. Also suggest,
recommend (+ doing something)
He denied having been there.
They suggested trying the new Chinese
restaurant.
4. verb + object + that: tell, advise, convince, persuade,
promise, remind
They told me that I should come back later. (NOT
They told to me that...)
5. verb + object + preposition + gerund:
congratulate him on passing the exam
accuse her of cheating
blame us for breaking it
discourage you from going to the concert
But:
I apologised to her for being late.
We insisted on seeing the manager.
6. verb (+ preposition + object) + that: say, admit, complain, explain, mention, suggest
Ann said (to him) that she felt tired. (NOT Ann said him that...)
“CHINESE VS ENGLISH”
Lesson 3B
WARM-UP Why do Chinese people learn English at a great extend? But why do American people not care about
learning Chinese?

READING AND SPEAKING Read the article below. Then discuss the questions.
Major Differences between English and Chinese
There are some basic major differences between English and Chinese. It is important to be aware of the major
differences between the two languages in order to reduce your mistakes in Chinese and also to make your
expression in Chinese much better and fluent. This article discusses 6 of the major differences between English
and Chinese.
1. English emphasizes the structure, while Chinese focuses on the meaning.
2. In English the passive voice is very commonly used. Unlike English, Chinese usually uses the active voice.
3. In Chinese, idioms and short four characters expressions are very widely used to make the expression more
vivid, live and compact.
4. English widely uses abstract nouns while Chinese usually uses concrete nouns.
5. In English words often being omitted to avoid recurrences and to make the sentence shorter and simpler. In
Chinese, in contrast, words are generally not being omitted and instead may be repeated.
6. English puts more emphasis on the first part of the sentence while Chinese put the emphasis on the last part of
the sentence.

 Why is Chinese more difficult to learn than English?

 How is Chinese a recurrent language?
 Where is the emphasis on both languages?
CONDITIONALS IN REPORTED SPEECH When we report conditionals and statements that refer to unreal situations,
some tenses and modals may change if the reported words are no longer true or are out-of-date.

Anne: If John is cursing, it means that he is very angry.

Anne said that if John is cursing, it means that he is very angry. (It is still true)
Anne said that if John was cursing, it meant that he was very angry. (Referring to a past habit)
Jenny: If I got home late, my mom scolded me.
Jenny recalled that if she got home late, her mother used to scold / would scold her.

Note that past tenses in the if-clause do not normally change.

Mark: If we leave now, we can catch the train.

Mark said that if we leave now, we can catch the train. (Reported simultaneously; we can still catch the train)
Mark said that if we left, we could catch the train. (The reported words are out-of-date; the train has already left)
Catherine: If I lost my job, I would be in serious trouble. (Referring to a possible future situation)
Catherine said that if she lost her job, she would be in serious trouble. (The reported words are true; she might still
lose her job)
Catherine said that if she had lost her job, she would have been in serious trouble. (The reported words are out-of-
date; it's not possible that she will lose her job)
Paul: If I knew the answer, I'd tell you. (Referring to an unreal present situation)
Paul said that if he knew the answer, he'd tell us.
Tom: If we had booked our flight earlier, it would have been cheaper. (Referring to an unreal past situation)
Tom remarked that if they had booked their flight earlier, it would have been cheaper.
Susan: I wish I lived in the mountains.
Susan said she wished she lived in the mountains.
Charles: If only we hadn't missed the train.
Charles wished they hadn't missed the train.
Carol: I'd rather go by bike than walk.
Carol said that she would rather go by bike than walk.
Mr Wilkins: I would rather you didn't smoke in here.
Mr Wilkins said he would rather I didn't smoke in his office.
Newspaper article: It's high time the government did something about this problem.
The article said that it was high time the government did something about the problem.
Jane: He looks as if he knew the answer.
Jane said that he looked as if he knew the answer.

Essay Write down an essay of no more than 190 words about the importance of learning English. Try to use
Reported Speech in conditionals. Then share it with the class.
“MODERN ENGLISH”
Lesson 3C
WARM-UP Why do you think English is so popular today in the world? Why is it so adaptable to change?

READING AND SPEAKING Read this text and answer the questions below.

What are the characteristics of modern English Language?

Assuming this question is referring to "late modern English," which is what English speakers and writers use today,
the language has several defining characteristics. These are in some cases unique to English, but, broadly speaking,
that can be said of many other languages as well.

One characteristic is the splintering of the language into distinct but mutually intelligible dialects. This is largely a
function of the influence of Great Britain around the world from the seventeenth to the twentieth century.
American English is quite different from British English (not that either is a monolithic language—each has
different elements of regional slang, pronunciation, and so on) and each is different than the versions of English
spoken in Australia, the Caribbean and other locations. This has been exacerbated by the prevalence of English as
a virtual lingua franca in business and diplomacy, and the widespread nature of American pop culture and
consumer goods, a consequence of ongoing globalization from the post-World War II era to the present.

Another characteristic is the continuous generation of "neologisms," literally "new words," that have made their
way into English. Some languages—notably French, which is curated by a group of scholars known as the Académie
Française, have been resistant to this process, but English is full of jargon and phrases that reflect both
technological change and cultural developments. Some examples of this might include technical terms like e-mail,
tweet, and internet, or words that express related concepts—crowdfunding, cyberattacks, or hacking. Some of
these might be dismissed as technologically derived slang, but the centrality of information technology in daily life
has made them important, and possibly, enduring changes.

Another trend in English is the use of nouns as verbs and vice versa. One source describes this as "verbification"
or "nounification" (terms that are themselves neologisms typical of modern English). Some examples of this would
be to "model," "message," or "post," on the one hand, or an "ask," a "lift," or a "move" on the other. These modern
uses have become very important, to the extent that they represent a distinct characteristic of modern English.

1) What does “splintering of the language” mean here?

2) Which variety of English is the most popular in the world? Why?
3) What influence has French had over modern English?
4) How is English a very practical language?
Listen and complete the blanks. What is the importance of learning English today?

I’m ___ ______ _______ when I have to speak in English. I’m a little worried about ___________ ____________.
I also still _______ confidence. Many of my friends don’t ___________ _________ mistakes. They just talk
and talk. They always ____ their message ____________, even if their grammar is wrong. I think this is
the best thing to do. My teacher always says it’s best to learn by ___________. If I don’t try to speak
English, I’ll never be able to use it when I need it. One thing I started doing recently was talking to
_____________. I have short conversations with myself. I think it works. I also make short stories
about people and say them ____________. I do this in my room, of course. People would think I’m
______________ if I did it in class or on the train.

MODALS AND REPORTED SPEECH There are some modal verbs that change tense in
reported speech.

The most commonly used are:

Modal verbs that do not change:
Modal Verbs Modal Verbs in
Reported Could
Speech Might
Must (obligation) Had to Must (speculation)
Can Could Need
May (possibility) Might Ought
May (permission) Could Should
Will Would Would
Shall Should

Examples:
1 Mario stated that “I can use cold colours instead of warm colours”. > Mario stated that he
could use cold colours instead of warm colours.
2 “I may meet with my sister”, said my mother. > My mother said that she might meet with her
sister.
3 He said “My house must be located in Bordeaux”. > He said that his house had to be located
in Bordeaux.
4 They said “It must be hard to understand the algebra”. > They said that it must be hard to
understand the algebra.
5 He said ” If nuclear energy is used mistakenly, we shall die”. > He said that if nuclear energy
was used mistakenly, we would die.
6 Joe said that “I will fix the plug”. > Joe said that he would fix the plug.
 KEY WORD TRANSFORMATION
Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.

1. They say that the new rollercoaster is absolutely terrifying.

SAID
The new rollercoaster __________________________________ absolutely terrifying.

2. Robert said he would not pay me back.

REPAY
Robert refused _________________________________________________ money.

3. I think it would be a good idea for you to move closer to work. .

SUGGEST
I ________________________________________________________ closer to work.

4. “It was Petra who stole it!” said Martine.

ACCUSED
Martine ______________________________________________________ stealing it.

5. Paula said it had been my fault that we didn’t get their business.
BLAMED
Paula ___________________________________ fact that we didn’t get their business.

6. “What is the weight of the cake?” the customer asked.

HOW
The customer asked _________________________________________________ was.

7. “Would it be possible to borrow your dictionary, please?” said Juanes.

LEND
Juanes asked if I _______________________________________________ dictionary.

8. “Can my son try out this skateboard?” Adam asked the shopkeeper.
COULD
Adam asked the shopkeeper _______________________________ out the skateboard.
SONG
Listen to this song from Keane, called She has no time. Notice the use of indirect speech. Can you elaborate
the meaning of this song and its message? What is it?

You think your days are uneventful

And no one ever thinks about you
She goes her own way
She goes her own way

You think your days are ordinary

And no one ever thinks about you
But we're all the same
And she can hardly breathe without you

She says she has no time for you now

She says she has no time

Think about the lonely people

And think about the day she found you
Or lie to yourself
And see it all dissolve around you

She says she has no time for you now

She says she has no time

Lonely people tumble downwards

My heart opens up to you
When she says she has no time for you now
She says she has no time
LEXICON
Indirect Speech Chart
Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Simple Present Simple Past

Greg said, "I am an English teacher." Greg said that he was an English teacher.

Present Continuous Past Continuous

Edward said, "I am watching the news." Edward said that he was watching the news.

Past Perfect
Simple Past
Silva said that she had gone to school the day
Silva said, "I went to school yesterday."
before.

Present Perfect Past Perfect

Captain said, "I have built a ship." Captain said that he had built a ship.

Future Tense Future in the past

Eli said, "I will buy the book tomorrow" Eli said that she would buy the book tomorrow.

Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Continuous

She said, "I have been waiting for two She said that she had been waiting for two
hours." hours.

Conditional (Future Possible)

Conditional (Present Unreal)
My mom said to her, "If you come
My mother told her that if she came the next
tomorrow, I will introduce you to my
day, she would introduce her to her husband.
husband."

Conditional (Present Unreal) Present Unreal

Lori said to William, "If you loved me, you Lori told William that if he loved her, he would
would say it." tell her.
 DESTINATIONS 7
REAL ENGLISH NOW!
Backshift of tenses in Reported speech. Complete the second sentences correctly.

1 Benjamin: "I often have a big hamburger."

Benjamin says (that) ________________________________________.

2 Hannah: "They live in Boston."

Hannah said (that________________________________________.

3 Tyler: "Ian doesn't invite girls to his parties."

Tyler told me (that) ________________________________________.

4 Dominic: "She understands Japanese."

Dominic remarks (that) ________________________________________.

5 Sophia: "Bella doesn't collect stickers."

Sophia explains (that) ________________________________________.

6 Robert: "Dennis often downloads the latest tunes."

Robert added (that) ________________________________________.

7 Olivia: "Leroy is out riding his new waveboard today."

Olivia explained (that) ________________________________________.

8 Luke: "I don't know what to do."

Luke added (that) ________________________________________.

9 Lily: "Mr Jones is rude to Samantha."

Lily thinks (that) ________________________________________.

10 James and David: "We have to go now."

James and David tell me (that) ________________________________________.

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Put the sentences into reported speech.

1. Mr Brown said, "I was watching TV last night."

Mr Brown said (that) ______________________________________________________.

2. Sandy explained, "I saw the accident at the corner of High Street."
Sandy explained (that) ______________________________________________________.

3. Bob said, "We had a wonderful time at Peter's party."

Bob said (that) ______________________________________________________.

4. The farmer said, "I didn't see her."

The farmer said (that) ______________________________________________________.

5. Will and Tim said, "We were very happy about the present."
Will and Tim said (that) ______________________________________________________.

6. Mr Jones said, "As a young boy I collected stickers."

Mr Jones said (that) ______________________________________________________.

7. Peter reported, "We played a lot of tennis last year."

Peter reported (that) ______________________________________________________.

8. Mother said, "I have a headache."

Mother said (that) ______________________________________________________.

9. The Clarks told us, "We drove right down to Athens last summer."
The Clarks told us (that) ______________________________________________________.

10. Helen said, "I'm watching the late-night show."

Helen said (that) ______________________________________________________.

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Change to Reported Speech.
1 Petra: "Our class will go to the zoo
tomorrow."
Petra said (that)
______________________________________________.
2.Helena: "I was writing an email yesterday."
Helena told me (that)
___________________________________________.
3.Sean: "My brother went to Spain last year."
Sean told me (that)
___________________________________________.
4.Mark: "Tony went to the station an hour
ago."
Mark said (that)
___________________________________________.
5.Martin: "My sister will get married next
weekend."
Martin said (that)
___________________________________________.
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6.Susan: "I am going to see a play this week."
Susan said to me (that)
___________________________________________.
7.Simon and Paul: "We will try our best in
the game tomorrow."
Simon and Paul told me (that)
___________________________________________.
8.Helena: "We didn't arrive until two days
ago."
Helena remarked (that)
___________________________________________.
9.Sarah: "I lost my purse on Monday."
Sarah complained (that)
___________________________________________.
10.Monica: "John had already gone at 3
o'clock."
Monica said (that)
___________________________________________.
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice.

1) "Close the window!" The teacher told him ______________________________________ .

2) "Be quiet!" She told the children ______________________________________ .
3) "Wait for me!" He asked her ______________________________________ .
4) "Ask a police officer." He told me ______________________________________ .
5) "Don't do that again!" She asked him ______________________________________ .
6) "Don't worry." They said ______________________________________ .
7) "Speak up!" I asked him ______________________________________ .
8) "Take care!" He asked her ______________________________________ .
9) "Answer the phone, please." She asked him politely ______________________________________ .
10) "Stop screaming!" She ordered the children ______________________________________ .
11) "Go upstairs." She said ______________________________________ .
12) "Close the door behind you." He told me ______________________________________ .
13) "Don't be late." He advised us ______________________________________ .
14) "Stop staring at me." She told him ______________________________________ .
15) "Don't be angry with me." He asked me ______________________________________ .
16) "Don't leave me alone." You asked me ______________________________________ .
17) "Don't drink and drive." She warned them ______________________________________ .
18) "Stop smoking, John." I asked John ______________________________________ .
19) "Don't worry about us." They told us ______________________________________ .
20) "Meet me at the shopping mall." She told them ______________________________________ .

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Finish the sentences using Reported Speech. Always change the tense, although it is sometimes not
necessary.

1 Simon: "Do you want to drive?"

Simon asked me ________________________________________________.

2.Susan: "When did you arrive?"

Susan wanted to know ________________________________________________.

3.Mark: "Has John left?"

Mark asked me ________________________________________________.

4.Sean: "Where does Petra live?"

Sean asked me ________________________________________________.

5.Jake: "Did you watch the match?"

Jake asked me ________________________________________________.

6.Monica: "Can I help you?"

Monica wanted to know ________________________________________________.

7.Helena: "Will Max join us?"

Helena asked me ________________________________________________.

8.John: "What are you doing?"

John asked me ________________________________________________.

9.Mark: "How much time do you have?"

Mark wanted to know ________________________________________________.

10.Mary: "Must I do the cleaning?"

Mary asked ________________________________________________.

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 1 Complete the sentences with the expressions in the box.

do announced to pay starting me on getting to arrive

of passing that she should
announcedthat we'd quit our jobs to start
1. They were surprised when we _____________
our own company.
2. The teenagers admitted starting
____________ the fire, but said it was an accident.
3. You always promise _____________
to arrive on time, but you never do.
that she should
4. I advised Jane _______________ speak to her parents before making a decision.
5. The other students quickly got tired of Mary boasting of _______________
passing her
exams.
6. Mark was one of the first people to congratulate _____________
me on getting engaged.
7. My doctor has recommended that I ________
do more exercise.
8. Will you remind me _________
to pay the gas bill before the end of the month?

2 Write these sentences in another way using the words at the end of the line.
(Reporting verbs - past simple).

1. “I know you can do it . Take the
exam again”. He / encourage
______________________________________
2. “The accident was all my fault”.
He / admit
______________________________________
3. “Shall we have a quiet evening at
home?” He / suggest
______________________________________
4. “There’s no way I’m going on
holiday with mum and dad”. He /
refuse
______________________________________
5. “Oh please! Let me go to Sharon’s
party, mum”. She / beg
______________________________________
6. “No, it wasn’t me. I didn’t eat the
last chocolate biscuit”. She / deny
______________________________________
7. “Those bags look very heavy. Can
I give you a hand?. She / offer / him
______________________________________
8. “Could you tell me the way to the
city centre?”. She / want to know
______________________________________
9. “Now don’t forget to lock all the
doors and windows” He / remind
/her
______________________________________
10. “Would you like to come for
lunch on Sunday?”. She / invite /me
______________________________________

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Complete the sentences with the correct reporting verbs.
1 She ________________ that the lucky draw winner 6 He ________________ stealing a hundred dollars
was Maggie Leung. from her bag.
? informed ? denied
? announced ? assured
? advised ? said no
2 He _______________ us not to drink the tap water. 7 They _______________ to clear up the mess, saying
it wasn't their job.
? informed
? proposed
? insisted
? refused
? warned
? rejected
3 She _____________ why it wasn't possible to get
there by bus. 8 The company later ______________ that one of
their employees had been arrested.
? advised
? convinced
? explained
? declared
? informed
? confirmed
4 He _____________ taking the train as the traffic
was terrible. 9 The CEO ______________ taking bribes of over a
million dollars.
? invited
? refused
? claimed
? admitted
? suggested
? agreed
5 She ______________ us to arrive early in order to
get a good view. 10 They _______________ that they had been misled
by the advertisement.
? suggested
? proposed
? advised
? complained
? informed
? assure

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 Change the following conditional sentences into reported speech.

1. “ If I had any money, I’d buy you a drink,” she said to me.
→ ………………………………………………………………………………

2. “ If I catch the plane, I’ll be home by five,” said he.

→ ………………………………………………………………………………

3. “ You should stay in bed if you feel unwell,” my mother said.

→ ………………………………………………………………………………

4.“ What would you do if you were having a problem with grammar, Tom?” Anne asked.
→ …………………………………………………………………………………

5. “ If I’d had my mobile yesterday, I could have contacted you,” Matthew said.
→ ………………………………………………………………………………

6. “ If I were you, I’d stop smoking,” she said to her brother.

→ ………………………………………………………………………………

7. “ If you happen to be in our area, drop in and see us,” they said.
→ ………………………………………………………………………………

8. “ If the baby is a girl, what will they call her?” he wondered.

→ …………………………………………………………………………………

9. “ If I don’t practise my English, I won’t get any better,” she said.

→ …………………………………………………………………………………

10. “ If you press this switch, the computer comes on,” he said to his students.
→ ……………………………………………………………………………………

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Choose the best option.

1. She said, “I can easily pass this reported speech practice test”
a) She said that she could easily pass that reported speech practice test.
b) She told that she could easily pass that reported speech practice test.
c) She said that she can easily pass that reported speech practice test.
2. Maria said to me, “I may go to Italy next week”
a) Maria said to me that she might go to Italy next week.
b) Maria told me that she might go to Italy the coming week.
c) Maria told me that she might go Italy the next week.
3. She said, “I must call my brother now”
a) She said that I must call my brother now.
b) She said that she had to call her brother then.
c) She said that she had to call my brother now.
4. He said, “I should start new English coaching classes”
a) He said that he should start new English coaching classes.
b) He said that I should start new English coaching classes.
c) He said that I had to start new English coaching classes.
5. She said, “I might plan a visit to my village tomorrow”
a) She said that she might plan a visit to her village the next day.
b) She said that she might plan a visit to my village tomorrow.
c) She told that she might be planning to visit my village tomorrow.
6. She said, “I could not arrive on the scheduled time”
a) She said that she could not arrive on the scheduled time.
b) She said that I could not arrive on the scheduled time.
c) She said that she could not be arriving on the scheduled time.
7. He said, “I would prefer to talk my father about this issue”
a) He said that I would prefer talking my father about that issue.
b) He said that he would prefer to talk his father about that issue.
c) He said that he would be preferring to talk his father about that issue.
8. Maria said, “I must avoid bad company”
a) Maria said that I had to avoid bad company.
b) Maria said that she had to avoid bad company.
c) Maria said that ought to avoid bad company.
9. “I wish I could meet my son”, she said.
a) She wished that she could meet her son.
b) She said that she wished to meet her son.
c) She said that she wish that she could meet her son.
10. He said, “I might go to the hospital”
a) He said that I might go to the hospital.
b) He said that he might go to the hospital.
c) He told he might go to the hospital.

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