NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROURKELA

Department of Electrical Engineering

Power System Operation and Control (EE3100)
Session: 2021- 2022 (Spring)
B.Tech. 6th Semester

Assignment 1: Per-Unit Representation and Network Equation

AL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ROURKELA Section A

1. Draw the per-unit impedance diagram for the power system shown in Figure 1. Neglect resistance and
use a base of 100 MVA, 220 kV in 50 Ω line. Assume single phase circuit. The ratings of the generator,
motor and transformer are:

G : 40 MVA 25 kV x = 0.20 pu
M : 50 MVA 11 kV x = 0.30 pu
T1 : 40 MVA 33/220 kV x = 0.15 pu
T2 : 30 MVA 11/220 kV x = 0.15 pu

1 2 3 4

G T1 T2
j 50 
M

Figure 1: Network for Q. No. 1

2. The single line diagram of a three-phase power system is shown in Figure 2. Specifications of the
components are the following:

G1 : 100 MVA 25 kV x=9%

G2 : 100 MVA 25 kV x=9%
T1 : 90 MVA 25 kV/220 kV x = 12 %
T2 : 90 MVA 220 kV/25 kV x = 12 %
Line 1 : 200 kV, x = 150 Ω/ph

1 2 3 4

G1 T1 T2 G2
Line 1

Figure 2: Network for Q. No. 2

Choose 25 kV as the line-to-line base voltage at the generator G1 , and 200 MVA as the three phase MVA
base. Draw the impedance diagram.

3. Represent all impedances of the network shown in Figure 3 in per-unit values. The ratings and reactances
of the various components are given below. PU impedances of the generators and transformers are given
in their own ratings. Impedances of the transmission lines are: z̄23 = (10 + j25) Ω, z̄25 = (12 + j28) Ω,
z̄35 = (12 + j30) Ω, z̄67 = (2 + j8) Ω. Reactance of the shunt reactor is 351.384 Ω. Take 30 MVA, 11 kV base
at generator G2 end. Assume single phase.
EE3100 Assignment 1: Per-Unit Representation and Network Equation Page 2 of 5

1 2 3 4
G1 T1 T2 G2

T3
7

Figure 3: Network for Q. No. 3

G1 : 15 MVA 6.6 kV x = 0.200 pu

G2 : 30 MVA 10.5 kV x = 0.435 pu
T1 : 15 MVA 6.2/33 kV x = 0.209 pu
T2 : 15 MVA 11/33 kV x = 0.220 pu
T3 : 30 MVA 11/33 kV x = 0.160 pu

Section B
1. Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of a radial transmission system. The ratings and reactances of the
various components are shown therein. A load of 60 MW at 0.9 power factor lagging is tapped from 66
kV substation which to be maintained at 60 kV. Calculate the terminal voltage (V1 ) of the synchronous
machine. PU impedances of the transformers are given in their own ratings. Assume single phase.

1 2 3 4

j150 

11 / 220 kV 220 / 66 kV
60 MW
100 MVA 100 MVA
0.9 pf (lagging )
x  0.1 pu x  0.08 pu

Figure 4: Network for Q. No. 1

2. The single-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure 5. Impedances are marked
in per-unit on an 100 MVA, 400 kV base. The load at bus 2 is S̄d2 = 15.93 MW - j33.4 MVAR, and at bus 3
is S̄d3 = 77 MW + j14 MVAR. It is required to hold the voltage at bus 3 at 400∠0o kV. Working in per-unit,
determine the voltage at buses 2 and 1.
3. The single-line diagram of a three-phase power system is as shown in Figure 6. The transformer reactance
is 20 percent on a base of 100 MVA, 23/115 kV and the line impedance is Z̄ = j66.125Ω. The load at bus 2
is S̄d2 = 184.8 MW + j6.6 MVAR and at bus 3 is S̄d3 = j22 MVA. It is required to hold the voltage at bus 3
at 115∠0o kV. Working in per-unit determine the voltage at buses 2 and 1.
EE3100 Assignment 1: Per-Unit Representation and Network Equation Page 3 of 5

¯ ¯ ¯
V1 V2 V3

j0.5 pu j0.4 pu

1 2 3

¯ ¯
Sd Sd
2 3

Figure 5: Network for Q. No. 2

2 3
j66.125Ω

¯ ¯
Sd Sd
2 3

Figure 6: Network for Q. No. 3

4. A 3-bus network is shown in the Figure 7 indicating the pu impedance of each element. Determine the
Y -bus matrix of the network.
1 2 3

j 0.2  j 0.08

j 0. 1 j 0. 1

Figure 7: Network for Q. No. 4

5. The single-line diagram of a four bus power system is as shown in Figure 8. Reactances are given in
per-unit on a common MVA base. Obtain the Y-bus matrix.

2 3
1
4
j0.2

j0.25

0.8 : 1 1.25 : 1

xt = j0.0125 xt = j0.016

Figure 8: Network for Q. No. 5

6. Consider the 3-bus network shown in the Figure 9. Per-unit impedance of transformer is j0.1. Each circuit
of the transmission line is having series impedance and full-line charging admittance (0.017 + j0.092) pu
and j0.32 pu, respectively. If the current delivered by the generator is 1.2067∠ − 19.79o pu and that drawn
by the load is 1.3127∠ − 33.02o pu, find voltage of all buses. Also calculate the equivalent admittance of
the load.
EE3100 Assignment 1: Per-Unit Representation and Network Equation Page 4 of 5

2 3
1

Figure 9: Network for Q. No. 6

7. Refer the network shown in Figure 3. If I¯g1 = 0.5104∠5.8078o pu, I¯g2 = 0.1384∠ − 55.9342o pu and
I¯d7 = 0.5971∠3.6167o pu, find voltage of all buses. Also calculate the current drawn by the reactor
connected at bus 3.

8. Consider the 3-bus system shown in the Figure 10. The per-unit line reactances are indicated on the figure.
The line resistances are negligible. Form Y-bus of the network considering:
(a) Regulating transformer connected between bus 1 and 2 is a magnitude regulator having an off-nominal
turns ratio VV1′ = 0.99.
1
o
V̄1
(b) The Regulating transformer is a phase shifter having ratio V̄1′
= ej3 .

1 2
j0.2

′
¯ ¯
V1 V
1

j0.2 j0.2

Figure 10: Network for Q. No. 8

9. A 23/230 kV step-up transformer feeds a three-phase transmission line, which in turn supplies a 150 MVA,
0.8 lagging power factor load through a step-down 230/23 kV transformer, as shown in Figure 11. The
impedance of the line and transformers at 230 kV is (18+j60)Ω. The sending end transformer is energized
from a 23 kV supply.

′ ′
i i j j

z̄ = r + jx

1 : α β : 1
′ ′
¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
Vi V V Vj S 3ϕ = P3ϕ + jQ3ϕ
i j

Figure 11: Network for Q. No. 9

Question 9 continues on the next page…

EE3100 Assignment 1: Per-Unit Representation and Network Equation Page 5 of 5

(a) Assuming the product of off-nominal tap ratios α and β is unity, and neglecting the phase shift
between V̄i′ and V̄j′ as an approximation, prove that
 
 Vj /Vi 
α=
 1 − 1ϕ
rP +xQ 1ϕ 
Vi Vj

where, P1ϕ + jQ1ϕ is the per phase power drawn at bus j. [Hint: Draw phasor diagram.]
(b) Determine the tap settings for each transformer to maintain the voltage at the load at 23 kV.