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Content
• General Introduction of Bihar
• History
• Medieval period
• Colonial era
• Pre-and post-Independence
• Political introduction of Bihar
• Languages
• Birth and death rate
• Religious census
• Public health
• Economy
• Agriculture
• Industry
• Culture
• Geography and climate
• Forests of Bihar
• Irrigation in Bihar
• Major irrigation projects and canals of Bihar
• Economy of Bihar
• State of agriculture in Bihar
• Production of various crops
• Mineral Resources in Bihar
• Some major industries and their location
• Jute Industries in the state
• Public Sector Under Central Government in Bihar
• Transport in Bihar
• Poverty in Bihar
 BIHAR (General Knowledge)

GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF BIHAR

Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the third-largest state by population and
twelfth-largest by territory, with an area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi). It is contiguous
with Uttar Pradesh to its west, Nepal to the north, the northern part of West Bengal to
the east, and with Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is split by the river Ganges,
which flows from west to east.Three main cultural regions converge in the state: Magadh,
Mithila, and Bhojpur. Bihar is also the world’s third-most populous subnational entity.
On 15 November 2000, southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of
Jharkhand.Only 11.3% of the population of Bihar lives in urban areas, which is the
lowest in India after Himachal Pradesh.Additionally, almost 58% of Biharis are below
the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.
The official language is Hindi, although other languages are common, including Maithili,
Magahi, Bhojpuri and other Bihari languages.
In ancient and classical India, the area that is now Bihar was considered a centre of
power, learning, and culture.From Magadha arose India’s first empire, the Maurya empire,
as well as one of the world’s most widely adhered-to religions: Buddhism. Magadha
empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South
Asia under a central rule.Another region of Bihar is Mithila which was an early centre of
learning and the centre of the Videha kingdom.
Since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of
social and economic development.Many economists and social scientists claim that
this is a direct result of the policies of the central government, such as the freight
equalization policy,its apathy towards Bihar,lack of Bihari sub-nationalism, and the
Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.The state government
has, however, made significant strides in developing the state. Improved governance
has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in
infrastructure,better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a
reduction in crime and corruption
• Establishment of Bihar - 22 March 1912
• Capital - Patna
• High Court - Patna
• Official Language - Hindi
• Second state language – Urdu
• State animal - ox
• State Bird –Sparrow
• State flower - marigold
• State tree –Ficus religiosa
• State Emblem - Bodhi Tree
• State fish - Mangur
• State Mahaparva – Chhath

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• Geographical Introduction of Bihar

• Latitude - 24 ° 20 2 50 “to 27 ° 31 2 15” North Latitude
• Longitude - 83 ° 19 2 50 “to 88 ° 17 2 40” east longitude
• Shape - rectangular
• Area - 94163 sq km
• Length (North to South) -345 km
• Width (East to West) - 483 km
• average height - sea shore 52 .73 m
• Borders- Nepal in the north (forms the border with 7 districts) in the south,
Jharkhand (from 9 districts) in the east, West Bengal (from 3 districts) in the west
(from 7 districts)
• Etymology
• The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word vihâra (Devanagari: 5?
9> 0 ), meaning “abode”. The region roughly encompassing the present state had
many Buddhist vihâras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval
periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabaqat-i Nasiri that
in 1198 Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town identified with the word,
later known as Bihar Sharif, about 70 km (43 mi) away from Bodh Gaya
History
Ancient period

Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal
state: “Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after
the Judgement.”

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Magadha, Anga and Vajjian Confederacy of Mithila, c. 600 BCE. Chirand, on the

northern bank of the Ganga River, in Saran district, has an archaeological record from
the Neolithic age (c. 2500–1345 BC).Regions of Bihar – such
as Magadha, Mithila and Anga – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of ancient
India.
Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the Videha Kingdom.During
the late Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and
cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcâla. The kings of the Videha
Kingdom were called Janakas.Sita, a daughter of one of the Janaks of Mithila is
mentioned as the consort of Lord Rama, in the Hindu epic Ramayana, written
by Valmiki.The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the Vajji confederacy
which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, which is also in Mithila.Vajji had a republican
form of government where the king was elected from the rajas. Based on the information
found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic
by the 6th century BCE, before the birth of Gautama Buddha in 563 BCE, making it
the first known republic in India.
The Haryanka dynasty, founded in 684 BC, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha
(modern Rajgir). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were Bimbisara and his
son Ajatashatru, who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded
the city of Pataliputra which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and
conquered the Vajji. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the Shishunaga dynasty.
Later, the Nanda Dynasty ruled a vast tract stretching from Bengal to Punjab.
The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the Maurya Empire, India’s first empire. The
Maurya Empire and the religion of Buddhism arose in the region that now makes up
modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 325 BC, was
founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who was born in Magadha. It had its capital
at Pataliputra (modern Patna). Mauryan emperor Ashoka, who was born in Pataliputra
(Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.
The Gupta Empire, which originated in Magadha in 240 AD, is referred as the Golden
Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and Indian
philosophy.Bihar and Bengal was invaded by Rajendra Chola I of the Chola dynasty in
the 11th century.
Medieval period
Buddhism in Magadha went into decline due to the invasion of Muhammad bin
Bakhtiyar Khalji, during which many of the viharas were destroyed along with the
universities of Nalanda and Vikramashila. Some historians believe that thousands
of Buddhist monks were massacred during the 12th century.D. N. Jha suggests, instead,
that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for
supremacy.After the fall of the Pala Empire, the Chero dynasty ruled some parts of
Bihar from the 12th century until Mughal rule in the 16th century. In 1540, the
great Pathan chieftain, Sher Shah Suri, took northern India from the Mughals and
declared Delhi his capital.
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous
dynasties. The first of these were the Karnatas, followed by the Oiniwar dynasty and Raj
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Darbhanga.It was during this period that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.
The tenth and the last guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh, was born in Patna in
1666. With political instability in the Mughal Empire following Aurangzeb’s death in
1707, Murshid Quli Khan declared Bengal’s independence and named himself Nawab
of Bengal.
Colonial era
After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani
rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, Bengal and Odisha. The
rich resources of fertile land, water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign
imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of
agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.Bihar
remained a part of the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when Bihar and
Orissa was carved out as a separate province.
Pre-and post-Independence
Farmers in Champaran had revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra)
and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, Mahatma Gandhi visited Champaran, where Raj
Kumar Shukla had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European
indigo planters. The Champaran Satyagraha that followed received support from many
Bihari nationalists, such as Rajendra Prasad and Anugrah Narayan Sinha.
In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the Kisan Sabha (peasant movement)
was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under
the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who formed the Bihar Provincial Kisan
Sabha (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their
occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of
India, culminating in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at
the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936, where Saraswati
was elected as its first president.
Following independence, Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice
in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab and Assam.
History of Bihar
• Pataliputra was founded by Udayan
• The Second Buddhist Council was organized under the rule of Classic
• The most famous education center in the Mauryan period was Taxila.
• The language used in Ashoka’s inscription is Prakrit
• The book Indica of Megasthenes provides information about the city administration
and military administration of the capital Pataliputra.
• Bindusara was a follower of Aajeevika sect
• Ashoka’s records were first successfully read by James Prinsep
• Pushpamitra Sunga established the Sunga dynasty.
• Aryabhata composed the Aryabhatiyam and Surya Siddhanta in the Gupta period
Sakandagupta defeated Huno.

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• Sher Shah started confession and leasing system

• The 28th session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bankipur
• The Bihar Socialist Party was founded by Jai Prakash Narayan in 1934.
• The entire revolution was announced by Jai Prakash Narayan on 5 June 1974.
• The Patna Uchhar Nyayalaya was established in 1916.
• The first discussion of the Bihar region merges with the Shatapatha Brahmin.
• Mahavir’s birthplace is in Kundagram
• The third Buddhist association was organized during the reign of Ashoka.
• The rise of Magadha Empire began under Bimbisara.
• 315 AD of Megasthenes E I arrived in Pataliputra
• Megasthenes was sent by Selayakus to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
• The author of Arthashastra was Kautilya
• Dharmapala founded the absurd university in order to bestow education.
• A compilation of letters from the famous Sufi saint Makhdamu Sahib of Bihar is
famous as Maktubate Sadi
• Sufi sect Firdausi was the most popular in Bihar
• Turkic persecution was established in Bihar in 1198
• Simragarh was the capital of the Carnatic rulers of Mithila.
• The last ruler of the Karnat dynasty was Hari Singh.
• Afghan rule was restored by Sher Shah after Kannauj war (1540).
• Guru Gobinad Singh was born in 1666 AD
• Guru Nanak Dev first visited Bihar among Sikh Gurus.
• The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II granted the East India Company the right to the
Addiction of Bengali Bihari and Orissa.
• Syed Ahmed was the founder of the Wahavi movement in India
• Mazharl Haq founded the Sadaqat Ashram 1920.
• The initial capital of Magadha was Rajgir.
• Kalinga was first merged in Magadha Empire by Mahapadmanand
• Aryabhata is related to the city of Pataliputra
• Bakhtiar Khilji founded Ottoman rule in Bihar
• Mohammed Nohani founded the state of Nohani in Bihar
• Sasaram is called Sher Shah’s administrative laboratory.
• Dawood Kha Karni was the last Afghan Sultan of Bihar
• King Shitabaroy was the first Naib Nazim of Bihar
• Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal made Munger his capital
• Golghar was built in Bihar during the time of Governor General Lord Cornwallis.
• Gandhiji first arrived in Bihar in 1917 in Champaran.

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• Swami Sahajanand was the leader of the Kisan movement

• Bihar became a separate province in 1912
• Bihar and Orissa were partitioned in 1936.
• Muhammed Yunus was the first Chief Minister of India in the government formed
in 1937.
• Pir Ali led the 1857 revolution in Patna.
• In Wahhabi leaders Ahmedlulah was sentenced to life imprisonment.
• In 1908, there was an attempted assassination of Kingsford in the Muzaffarra
bombings.
• Muzaffara bombing accused Khudiram boss hanged
• Mazharul Haque was the founder of the Homerul Movement in Bihar
• Member of delegation sent to Mazharul Haque by Congress in 1914 in England
• Was made
• Khilafat movement started in Bihar in 1919
• Non-cooperation movement started in Bihar in 1920
• Rajed Prasad formed the Bihari Shratra Parishad
• Bihar Vidya Peeth was inaugurated on 6 February 1921.
• Savaraj Dal was formed in Bihar in 1923
• In the course of Quit India Movement, the Patna Goli scandal took place on 11
August 1942.
• Kisan Sabha was formed in Bihar in 1929
• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was the founder of the Kisan Sabha in Bihar
• In the medieval period, the new builder of Patna was Sher Shah.
• Buddha attained enlightenment in Bodh Gaya
• The famous Vishnupad temple is established in Bodh Gaya
• Sasaram is famous for Sher Shah’s Tomb
• The remains of Vikramshila University are near Bhagalpur.
• The tomb of Saint Sharafuddin Yena Maneri is in Patna district
Political introduction of Bihar
• Governor - Kesarinath Tripathi
• Chief Minister - Nitish Kumar
• Chief Justice - Iqbal Ahmed Ansari
• Assembly Speaker - Vijay Kumar Choudhary
• Chairman of Legislative Council - Avadhesh Narayan Singh
• Advocate General of Bihar - Rambalak Mahato
• State Chief Election Commissioner - Ajay Nayak
• Chief Information Commissioner - Ashok Kumar Sinha
• Bihar Lokayukat - CM Prasad
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• Chairman of Bihar Public Service Commission - KC Saha

• Chairman of Bihar State Human Rights Commission - Bilal Nazki
• Manju Kumari Gudu Kumari, Chairman of Bihar State Women’s Commission
• Chairman of Bihar State Backward Classes Commission - Dharampal Singh
• Number of members of Lok Sabha – 40
• Scheduled Caste reserved seats in Lok Sabha - 6
• Number of Members in Rajya Sabha-16
• Number of Members in Legislative Assembly - 243
• Seats reserved for Scheduled Castes in the Assembly - 38
• Seats reserved for Scheduled Tribes in the Assembly - 02 (Katoriya and Manihari)
• Number of Members of Legislative Council - 75
• Number of Paramandlo in Bihar - 9 Patna, Magadh, Saran, Tirhut, Kosi, Darbhanga,
Purnia, Bhagalpur and Munger
• Number of districts in Bihar - 38
• Number of subdivisions - 101
• Number of Blocks - 534
• Number of revenue villages - 45098
• Number of cities - 139
• Number of city clusters - 14
• Number of towns with more than one lakh population – 19
• Mahanagar - 1 Patna
• Total number of municipal corporations - 11
• Total number of Nagar Panchayats - 86
• Total number of city councils - 42
• 16th Bihar Assembly Election - 2015
• Election Phase - 5
• Total number of seats in the assembly - 243
• Polling percentage - 56.8%
• Rashtriya Janata Dal - 80
• Janata Dal United-71
• BJP - 53
• Chagas - 27
• Lok Janshakti Party - 2
• Us - 1
• Ralospa - 2
• Male - 3
• Independents - 4

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• Number of elected women for Bihar Legislative Assembly – 19

• Population of Bihar
• Total population –10,40,99,452
• Male Population - 5,42,78,157
• Female Population - 4,98,21,295
• Male share in total population - 52.14%
• Female share in total population - 47.86%
• Rural Population - 7,43,16,709
• Urban population - 86,81,800
• Percentage of rural population in total population - 88.7%
• Percentage of urban population in total population - 11.29%
• Total population of 0-6 income group - 98,87,239
• Scheduled Castes Population - 1,30,48,608
• Percentage of Scheduled Castes Population - 15.72%
• District with highest Scheduled Caste population - Gaya
• District with minimum scheduled caste population – Kishanganj
• Scheduled Tribes Population - 7,58,351
• Percentage of population of Scheduled Tribes - 1.3%
• Katihar district with the highest scheduled tribe population
• District with minimum ST population - Shivhar
• Sex Ratio - 918/1000
• Bihar’s percentage in terms of population in the total population of the country -
Bihar’s third place in the country
• Largest district in terms of population - Patna
• Smallest district by population – Sheikhpura
• population growth rate
• Decade 2001 to 2011 population growth rate - 25.42%
• District with highest population growth rate in decade from 2001 to 2011 - Meghpura
• Golaganj - the lowest population growth rate in the decade 2001 to 2011
• Demographics
• At the 2011 Census, Bihar was the third most populous state of India with total
population of 104,099,452, nearly 89% of it rural. It was also India’s most densely
populated state, with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio was 918
females per 1000 males.Almost 58% of Bihar’s population was below 25 years age,
which is the highest in India. At 11.3%, Bihar has the second-lowest urbanisation
rate in India after Himachal Pradesh.
• Most of Bihar’s population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also
attracted Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947.Bihar

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has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (73.39% for males and 53.33% for females),
recording a growth of 20% in female literacy over the preceding decade. According
to the 2011 census, 82.7% of Bihar’s population practised Hinduism, while 16.9%
followed Islam.
Languages
Maithili language in Tirhuta and Devanagari scripts Languages of Bihar (2011)
– Hindi (25.54%)
– Bhojpuri (24.86%)
– Maithili (12.55%)
– Magahi (10.87%)
– Urdu (8.42%)
– Surjapuri (1.78%)
– Bengali (0.78%)
– Others (15.20%)
Hindi is the official language of the state. Urdu is the second official language in 15
districts of the state. Maithili (including its dialect Bajjika), Bhojpuri, Angika and Magahi
are also widely spoken. Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under
the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.Proponents have called
for Bhojpuri and Magahi to receive the same status.
Birth and death rate
• Birth rate - 30.9 per thousand
• Death rate - 7.9 per thousand
• Infant mortality rate - 61 per thousand live births
• Maternal Mortality Rate - 331 per one lakh live births
• Population density
• Population density - 1106 persons per square kilometer
• Bihar ranks among Indian states in terms of public density - First
• District with highest public density - Shivhar (1880)
• District with minimum population density - Kaimur (488)
Sex ratio
• Sex Ratio - 918/1000
• Sex Ratio of Children - 935/1000
• Ranked in the states of India in terms of sex ratio - 24th
• District with highest sex ratio - Gopalganj
• District with minimum sex ratio - Munger
Literacy
• Bihar’s total literacy rate - 61.80%
• Male Literacy Rate - 71.20%

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• Female Literacy Rate - 51.5%

• Ranked in the states of India in terms of literacy - 28th
• Highest literacy rate force district - Rohtas
• Lowest Literacy Rate District - Purnia
• Highest Male Literacy Rate District - Rohtas
• Highest female literacy rate district - Rohtas
• District with the lowest male literacy rate - Purnia
• Lowest female literacy rate district – Saharsa
Religious census
• Hindu population - 6,90,76,919 (83.2%)
• Muslim population - 1,37,22,048 (16.5%)
• Christian public opinion - 53,137 (0.06%)
• Sikh population - 20,780 (0.03%)
• Buddhist people - 18,818 (0.02%)
• Jain population - 16,085 (0.02%)
• Sex ratio in Hindus - 915 females per 1000 males
• Sex Ratio in Muslims - 943 Women, 1000 Men
• Sex ratio in Christians - 974 women 1000 years
• Sex Ratio in Sikhs - 879 Women, 1000 Men
• Sex Ratio in Buddhism - 841 Women, 1000 Men
• Sex ratio in Jaino - 904 female to 1000 male
• Literacy rate among Hindus - 47.9%
• Muslim literacy rate - 42%
• Literacy rate in Christians - 71.1%
• Literacy rate among Sikhs - 79.8%
• Literacy rate in Jaino - 93.3%
• Bihar was founded on 22 March 1912 after partition from Bengal
• Capital Patna
• Patna is also the largest city of Bihar
• Bihar has 243 assembly seats, 16 seats in Rajya Sabha and 40 seats in Lok Sabha.
• The historical name of Patna, the capital of Bihar, is Pataliputra.
• 38 districts and area 94,163 sq km
• The population is about 10,38,04,637 in Bihar, 5,41,85,347 males and 4,96,19,290
females.
• In Bihar Hindu is 83.2% and Muslim is 16.5%.
• The main languages here ar e Hindi, Urdu, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Angika
etc.

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• It is 12th in the country by area and it is the third largest state in population.
• The major tourist places of Bihar are Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Mahabodhi Temple,
Nalanada University, Visharoopad Temple, Boudhagaya Temple etc.
• Bihar borders with West Bengal to the east, Uttar Pradesh to the south, Jharkhand
to the south and Nepal to the north.
• Major festivals of Bihar include Chhath, Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Mahashivratri,
• There is Nagpanchami, Sri Panchami, Muharram, Eid and Christmas.
• 2600 years ago, Bihar was known as the most peaceful, non-violent land. People
used to come to Bodh Gaya and Pawapuri to make peace and still come today.
• In ancient times, the kingdom of Magadha was one of the most powerful empires in
the country.
• From here the Maurya dynasty, Gupta dynasty and many other dynasties ruled
most of the country.
• The sixth and fifth centuries BC. Buddhism and Jainism emerged here. Later the
Bodh religion reached China and Japan by its way.
• In the 12th century, Bakhtiar Khilji acquired his dominion over Bihar.
• When Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal Emperor Hamayan of Delhi in the 16th
century and took possession of Delhi, Bihar’s name came to light again but it could
not last for long.
• In the ancient times, Bihar was the commercial capital of the country.
• Akbar seized Bihar and merged Bihar with Bengal, after which Bihar’s Nata Nawabs
took over the reins of Bihar, Bihar’s past has been glorious.
• In ancient times, people used to come from all over the world to study about culture
and power.
• The state of Bihar came into existence as a result of the partition of Bengal in 1912.
• Orissa was separated from it in 1936. Of freedom struggle
• During the revolt of Champaran in Bihar, rebellion against the British is counted
as one of the events.
• After independence, Bihar was further partitioned and the state of Jharkhand was
separated from it in the year 2000.
• Geographically, Bihar is divided into three natural divisions - the mountainous
lowlands of the north, the vast plain of the middle and the mountainous edge of the
south.
• The main industries of the state are - Cigarette factory in Munger ITC Other products
of ITC in Munger, manufacture of incense sticks matchm and rice flour etc.
• Gun factory in munger
• Rail Factory in Jamalpur of Munger Asia Famous Rail Karen Factory Jamalpur
• Shilak Industries - Bhagalpur
• The first President of India, Rarajendra Prasad was born in Bihar.
• Nalanda University in Bihar is the oldest university in the world
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• Bihar is the birthplace of Mother Sita, the taphbhoomi of Gautam Buddha.

• Bihar where Ganga, Bagmati, Koshi, Kamla, Gandak, Ghaghra, Son, Punpun, Falgu,
Kiul Nahdan flows.
• Government and administration.
• The constitutional head of the government of Bihar is the governor, who is appointed
by the President of India. Executive power rests with the chief minister and their
cabinet. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the
Legislative Assembly forms the government.
• The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the chief secretary, under whom a
hierarchy of officials is drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police
Service, Indian Forest Service, and different wings of the state civil services.
The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a High Court which has
been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the
state capital, Patna.
• The state is administratively divided into 9 divisions and 38 districts. Bihar has 12
municipal corporations, 49 nagar parishads (city councils), and 80 nagar
panchayats (town councils).
PUBLIC HEALTH
Bihar generally ranks weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian
states.While the National Health Mission, the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010, and
the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)provide federal funds to expand
and improve healthcare services, Bihar’s ability to fully utilize this funding is lacking.
Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatized hospitals to provide healthcare to
the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public
spending and high levels of corruption. These factors are associated with slower
healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks
continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical
Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-
based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns
of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.
When comparing Bihar to Kerala, the number of healthcare professionals (including
registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital
are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in
number in Kerala.[94] According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls
are for physicians and specialists at 75%.Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres,
60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by
the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in
Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.Given the high population density of the state,
Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be
employed.Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement
for female health workers,death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal morality
rates.

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Economy
Year Gross State Domestic Product
(millions of rupees)
1980 73,530
1985 142,950
1990 264,290
1995 244,830
2000 469,430
2005 710,060
2010 2,042,890
2015 3,694,690
Bihar’s gross state domestic product (GSDP)for fiscal year (FY) 2013–14 was around ¹
3,683.37 billion. By sectors, its composition is 22% agriculture, 5% industry and 73%
services.[citation needed] Bihar has the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP,
with a growth rate of 17.06% in FY 2014–15.[99] The economy of Bihar was projected to
grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the
12th Five-Year Plan). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic
product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of
12.91% from 2004–05 to 2014–15. Bihar’s per capita income went up by 40.6% in
FY 2014–15. The state’s debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.
Agriculture
Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and
the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state’s population is employed in
agriculture, which is above the national average.The main agricultural products are
litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady’s finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat,
sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour
agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion. The southern parts of the
state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.
Industry
Hajipur, Dalmianagar and Barauni are the major industrial cities in Bihar.The
capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita
income.
The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial
houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments have taken place in the growth
of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna,
Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border
through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called
the Security and Intelligence Services took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol
services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC).
SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.
Prior to prohibition, Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production

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units.In August 2018, United Breweries Limited announced it would begin production

of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.
CULTURE
Paintings
There are several traditional styles of painting practiced in Bihar. One is Mithila
painting, a style used in the Mithila region of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practiced
mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on
walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.It
was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth,
handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti
Dayal, Mahasundari Devi, the late Ganga Devi, and Sita Devi.
Mithila painting is also called Madhubani art. It mostly depicts human beings and
their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and Saraswati from
ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like Tulsi, and scenes from the
royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.
The Patna School of Painting (Patna Salaam), sometimes called “Company Painting”,
flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of
the Mughal Miniature School of Painting. Those who practiced this art form were
descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal
Emperor, Aurangzeb, these artisans found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during
the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters,
expanded subject matter from court scenes to bazaar scenes, daily life and ceremonies.
They used watercolours on paper and on mica. This school of painting formed the basis
for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan.
The school is an important centre of the fine arts in Bihar.
Performing arts
Bihar has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna, Ustad Bismillah
Khan and dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras
(Bettiah Gharana), along with poets like Vidyapati Thakur who contributed to Maithili
music. The classical music in Bihar is a form of Hindustani classical music.[citation
needed]
Gaya is another centre of classical music, particularly of
the Tappa and Thumri varieties. Pandit Govardhan Mishra – son of the Ram Prasad
Mishra, himself an accomplished singer – is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa
singing in India, according to Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary
of the Sangeet Natak Academi of Bihar[citation needed].
Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, Banaili,
was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of
Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself one
of the finest exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.Singh, in another
book on Indian classical music, wrote that “Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate
had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai
Kerkar acknowledged his ability. After listening to bandishes from Kumar Sahib, Pandit

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Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself.”
During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to
the West Indies, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad plays and songs
called birha became popular in the Bhojpur region, as Bhojpuri Birha. Dramas
incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of Patna.
Geography and climate
Bihar covers a total area of 94,163 km2 (36,357 sq mi), with an average elevation
above sea level of 173 feet (53 m). It is dominated by a vast stretch of fertile plain which
is divided unevenly by the Ganges River. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills,
such as the Rajgir hills.
Though the foothills of the Himalayas begin in Nepal, a short distance to the north,
these mountains influence Bihar’s landforms, climate and hydrology. Along with the
Chota Nagpur plateau in Jharkhand to the south, these give Bihar a diverse climate. Its
temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters.
The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of
the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the Gandak and Koshi, which originate
in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the Bagmati, which originates in the Kathmandu Valley.
Other tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Phalgu.
Flora and fauna
Bihar has reserved forest area of 6,845 km2 (2,643 sq mi), which is 7.27% of its
geographical area.The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the
Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass
and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (Shorea robusta)
in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous
forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts,with common trees
including Shorea robusta (sal), Diospyros melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia
serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (asan), Terminalia bellerica (bahera), Terminalia
Arjuna (arjun), Pterocarpus marsupium (paisar), and Madhuca indica (mahua).
Valmiki National Park covers about 800 km2 (309 sq mi) of forest and is the
18th Tiger Reserve of India, ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger population. It has
a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering the protected
carnivores. Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary in Bhagalpur region is a reserve
for the endangered South Asian river dolphin.[58] Karkatgarh Waterfall on Karmanasa
River is a natural habitat of crocodiles. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted
the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the place into a Crocodile Conservation
Reserve (CCR). Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include Kaimur Wildlife
Sanctuary, Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary and Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary.
Other species in Bihar include leopard, bear, hyena, bison, chital and barking deer.
Crocodiles (including muggers) and Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems.
Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetlands
of Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary, Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, Udaypur lake.
Nagi Dam and Nakti Dam have been declared as bird sanctuaries
• Latitudinal diffusivity - 24 ° 20 2 50 “to 27 ° 31 2 15” north latitude

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• Longitude - 83 ° 19 2 50 “to 88 ° 17 2 40” east longitude

• Shape - rectangular
• Area - 94163 sq km
• Length (North to South) - 345 km
• Width (East to West) - 483 km
• Average elevation - 52 .73 m from sea coast
• Borders - Nepal in the north (forms the border with 7 districts), Jharkhand in the
south (from 9 districts), West Bengal in the east (from 3 districts), Uttar Pradesh in
the west (from 7 districts)
• Climate of Bihar - monsoon
• Average rainfall - 112 cm
• Net area sown - 56,94,642 hectare, 60.48 percent
• Land engaged in non-agricultural activities - 16,35,467 hectares, 17.37 percent
• Usar or non-cultivable land - 4,36,503 hectares, 4.64 percent
• Land pasture - 18,356 hectares, 0.19 percent
• Miscellaneous trees and gardens - 2,30,286 hectares, 2.45 percent
• Flooded Area - 64.41 lakh hectare
• Structure of Bihar and their expansion
• Dharwad Rock - Gaya, Nawada, Jamui, Munger, Banka
• Vindhyan Group of rocks - Kaimur, Rohtas
• Turshiri rock - West Champaran
• Quaternary rock - in the plains of the Ganges
Forests of Bihar
• Total geographical area - 94,163 sq km
• Total forest area - 7,288 sq km
• Area percentage of forest - 7.74%
• Extremely dense forest area - 248 sq km
• Protected forest area in the state - 3208.47 sq km
• Unprotected forest area in the state - 76.3 square kilometers
• National Park - 1, Valmiki Nagar
• Wildlife Sanctuary - 11
• Districts having highest forest area in Bihar - Kaimur, West Champaran
• Districts with minimum forest area in Bihar - Shivhar, Sheikhpura
• Types of Forests in Bihar - Two (wet deciduous and dry deciduous forests)
• Adar deciduous forest trees - rosewood, shalem, shawl, khair
• Dry deciduous forest trees - mahua, mango, jackfruit, berries
• Major Sanctuaries and Related Districts of Bihar

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• Valmiki Nagar National Udayan - West Champaran

• Valmiki Asharanayee - West Champaran
• Gautam Buddha Sanctuary - Gaya
• Bhim Dam Sanctuary - Munger
• Vikramshila Ganga Dolphin Sanctuary - Bhagalpur
• Kaimuru Sanctuary - Rohtas (Bihar’s largest sanctuary)
• Panat Sanctuary - Nalanda
• Parmar Dolphin Sanctuary - Araria
• Covered Birds Vihar – Begusarai
• Kusheswar Bird Sanctuary - Darbhanga
• Gogabil Bird Sanctuary - Katihar
• Nagi Dam and Nakti Dam Bird Sanctuary - Jamui
• Suhiyan Birds Vihar - Bhojpur
• Sajay Gandhi Biological Park - Patna
• Hari Bara Deer Park - Araria
Irrigation in Bihar
• Total irrigated area - 45,50,244 hectare
• Irrigated area (in percentage) - 48.33%
• Major sources of irrigation - tube wells, canals, ponds, wells, waterlogging pits
• Percentage of land irrigated by tube wells - 55.4%
• Percentage of land irrigated by canal - 34%
• Percentage of land irrigated by the pond - 3.2%
• Percentage of land irrigated by wells - 0.5%
• Percentage of land irrigated by other resources - 6.5%
• Irrigation Capacity of Major Irrigation Project - Command area over 10,000 hectares
• Irrigation Capacity of Medium Irrigation Project - 2000 to 10000 hectare
• Irrigation Capacity of Small Irrigation Project - Less than 2000 hectare
• Most irrigated land district - Sheikhpura
• District with minimum irrigated land - Jamui
• Districts leading in canal irrigation - Rohtas, West Champaran
• Minimum irrigated districts through the canal - Muzaffarpur, Vaishali
Major irrigation projects and canals of Bihar
1. Son Multipurpose Project – 1874
• Major canals
• Eastern Sone Canal - (Aurangabad, Arwal, Patna, Gaya, Jehanabad)
• West Son Canal - (Ara, Baksar, Rohtas)
2 . Gandak Project (Triveni) -1904

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• Main Dam - Valmiki Nagar Dam

• Main canal
• West Canal - (Gopalganj, Saran, Siwan)
• Eastern Canal or Tirhut Canal - (West and East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali)
3. Koshi Multipurpose Project - 1954 -55
• Main Dam - Hanuman Nagar Dam
• Main cities - East Koshi Canal (Purnia, Araria)
• ihar’s latest irrigation project and related districts
• Barnal Reservoir Scheme - Bhagalpur, Jamui
• Uttar Koyal reservoir scheme - Gaya, Aurangabad
• Punpun Barrage Scheme - Aurangabad, Gaya, Patna, Jehanabad
• Bateshwarnath Pump Canal Scheme - Bhagalpur
• Zamania Pump Canal Scheme - Kaimur
• Upper Kilaue Reservoir Scheme - Munger, Lakhisarai
• Tilaiya Diversion Scheme - Gaya, Nawada
• Durgavati Reservoir Scheme - Rohtas, Kaimur
• Batane Reservoir Scheme - Aurangabad
• Bagmati Project – Sitamarhi
• Rivers of Bihar and their origin
• Ganga - Gangotri
• Ghaghra or Saryu - Machapachung, Tibet
• Gandak - Saptagandki Nepal
• Old Gandak Gadak - Somachwar Sheeni
• Bagmati - Mahabharata Range, Nepal
• Kamala - Mahabharata Range, Nepal
• Kosi - Saptakoshki, Nepal
• Mahananda - Makaladiyaram, Darjeeling
• Karmnasha - Viddhyachal Hill
• Son - Amarkantak
• Punapanu - Choraha Hill, Palamu
• Falgu - Hazaribagh Plateau
• Panchanan - North Chotanagpur
• Sakri - North Chotanagpur
• Ajay - Butpad, Chakai, Jamui
• Major waterfalls, cisterns and their point of origin in Bihar
• Saptadhara or Satgharwa - Rajgir
• Brahmkund - Rajgir

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• Suryakund - Rajgir
• Nanak Kund - Rajgir
• Mukhkund - Rajgir
• Gomukhkund - Rajgir
• Laxman Kund - Munger
• Sita Kund - Munger
• Rameshwar Kund - Munger
• Rishi Kund - Munger
• Birth pool - Munger
• Shringar Rishi Kund - Munger
• Bhahari Kund - Munger
• Agni Kund – Gaya
Economy of Bihar
• Estimated Growth Rate in Gross State Domestic Product (2015 -16) at current
price - 15.75%
• Gross State Domestic Product Growth Rate (2012 -13) On Current Price - Rs 296153
Crore Gross State Domestic Product Growth Rate (2013 -14) On Current Price - Rs
343054 crore
• Growth Rate in Gross State Domestic Product (2014-15) on Current Price - Rs
3,83,709
• Per Capita Income (2012 - 13 at current price) - Rs 30,930
• Per Capita Income (at constant prices of 2012-13 and 2004 -05) - Rs 16,537
• Districts with highest per capita income - Patna, Munger, Begusarai
• Districts with minimum per capita income - Shihar, Banka, Madhepura
• High Growth Rate District Area - Construction (35.8%), Communication (17.8%),
Trade,
• Hotel, Rastoret (17.71%)
• Agricultural growth rate - 5.58%
• Growth rate in manufacturing sector - 7.98%
• Total debt on Bihar
• 20.25% of the state’s gross domestic product
• Primary sector contribution 19% in the gross domestic product of the state
• Second sector contribution to state gross domestic product 17%
• Third sector contribution to state gross domestic product 54%
• Number of BPL families - 1.45 crore
• Average energy consumption per capita - 122 units
• Real Capital Investment in Bihar - Rs 144.47 Crore

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State of agriculture in Bihar

• Gross Domestic Product (at constant prices) annual growth rate in the state 2011-
12 - 16.71%
• Total food production 2012-13 - 176.39 lakh tonnes
• Food production (2004-05) - 79.06 lakh tonnes
• Percentage of population dependent on agriculture for livelihood - 80%
• Main crop - Rice
• Per capita land availability - 0.18 hectare
• Major Crops and Production Areas of Bihar
• Rice or Paddy - West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur
• Wheat - Darbhanga, Gaya, Rohtas
• Makka - Saran, Muzaffarpur, Munger
• Barley - Champaran, Saharsa, Purnia
• Madua (Ragi) - Saharsa, Muzaffarpur, Saran
• Millet - Patna, Munger, Gaya
• Teesi - Patna, Bhojpur, Gaya
• Rai and Saraso - Patna, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga
• Mole - Champaran and Shahabad
• Arhar - Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Munger
• Gram - Bhojpur, Baksar, Gaya
• Lentils - Patna, Champaran, Gaya
• Khesari - Patna, Gaya, Bhojpur
• Ganna - Champaran, Saran, Muzaffarpur
• Jute - Purnia and Katihar
• Tobacco - Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Munger
• Potatoes - Patna, Nalanda, Saran
Production of various crops
• Rice - Fourth Place
• Wheat - sixth place
• Tobacco - Third Place
• Jute - Second Place
• Oilseeds - seventh place
• Stobbery - First Place
• Mango - First place
• Barley - second place
• Madua - First Place
• Honey — First Place

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• Makka - Third Place

• Makhana - First Place
Mineral Resources in Bihar
• Pyrite - Amjhaur and Banjari (Rohtas)
• Bocksite - Kharagpur (Munger), Banjari Rohtas
• Teen - Devraj and Kukarkhand (Gaya)
• Gefite - Simultala (Munger)
• Abhaka - Gaya, Nawada, Jamui, Banka
• Selkhadi - Gaya, Munger, Nawada
• Ceramics - Munger, Bhagalpur
• Granite, Asbestas, Slate, Silica Lead - Munger
• Dolomite - Rohtas
• Uranium - Gaya, Nawada
• Shora - Saran, Gopalganj, Siwan, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur
• Sona - West Champaran
• Fire Clay - Bhagalpur
• Baryl - Nawada
• Petroleum - West Champaran, Saharsa, Purnia, Kishanganj
Industry in Bihar
• Contribution of industry sector to Gross Domestic Product in the state - 16%
• Number of total industrial units in the state, 248
• Number of units of small enterprises registered in the state - 1261
• Number of units of registered micro enterprises in the state - 72,767
• Number of units of registered cottage industries in the state - 44,413
• Total number of registered industrial units in the state - 1,18,689
• Industry-less districts of the state - 7 (Medhpura, Madhubani, Khagaria, Araria,
Kishanganj, Saharsa, Jahanabad)
Some major industries and their location
• Establishment of Chinese industries in the state - 1903 Madhaura, Saran
• Total number of sugar mills - 28
• Number of ongoing sugar mills - 11 (Bagaha, Harinagar, Narkatiaganj,
• Majhaulia Sasamusa, Gopalganj, Sidhawalia, Lauria, Sugauli, Riga, Hasanpur)
Jute Industries in the state
• Purnia, Katihar, Samastipur, Nalanda, Darbhanga
Jute Mill:-
1. National Jute Manufacturing Corporation, Katihar Jute Mill - Katihar
2. Rameshwar Jute - Samastipur

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3. Maurya Jute Mill - Nalanda

4. Gopal Jute Industries - Darbhanga
• Cotton Textile Industry - Bhagalpur (Lungi Industry) Siwan, Munger, Phulwashrif,
Buxar, Dumrao, Fatua, Aurangabad
• Obra Daudnagar is famous for carpet industry
• Sericulture - Bhagalpur, Gaya, Vaishali
• Woolen Textile Industry - Hajipur
• Tobacco Industry - Munger (Imperial Tobacco Company, Hadalirpur)
• Beedi Industries - Bihar Sharif, Buxar, Munger, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Purnia
• Kajag Udyog - Dalmia Nagar (Dalmia Nagar Paper Mills Samastipur (Thakur Paper
Mills), Bagaha (Messrs North Bihar Paper Mills), Begusarai (Barauni Paper Mills),
Patna (Messrs Bhavani Paper Mills Phulwarisharif)
• Cement Industry - Banjari, Japla, Dalmia Nagar, Kalyanpur, Bihata
• Engineering Industry - Authors Butler Company - Muzaffarpur
• Railway Workshop (Jamalpur), M / s Bihar Scooter Limited – Fatuha
• Fertilizer Industry — Hindustan Fertilizers Corporation Limited - Barauni, Pyrites
Phosphate and Chemicals
• Oil Refinery - Indian Oil Corporation Limited Barauni
• Pesticide Industry - Bihar Insecticide Ltd, Purnia
• Plastic Industry - Sunil Polypulsat (Hajipur)
• Chemical Industry — Rangan Chemical Eyelash, Nikro Chemicals Fatuha
• Pottery Industry - Siwan, Bihta
• Dia Pathfinder Industry - Katihar
• Kambal Industry - Gaya, Purnia, Aurangabad, Munger
• Gun industry - munger
• Sheesh Industry - Patna
• Plywood Industry - Hajipur
• Chamda Industry - Mokama, Digha, Gaya
• Food Processing Industries - Hajipur, Udkishanganj, Begusarai, Sheetalpur
Public Sector Under Central Government in Bihar
• Fertilizer Corporation of India Ltd. - Barauni
• Indian Oil Corporation Limited - Barauni
• Rail Wheel Factory - Chapra
• Diesel and Electric Rail Engine Factory - Madhaura (Chapra)
• Railway Power Engine Factory - Madhepura
Transport in Bihar
• The main means of transportation in Bihar - road, rail, air and water transportation
• Total State Road Length - 1,05,993km
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• State highway length - 4106km (3.97% of total NH)

• State highway length - 4857 km
• Longest National Highway - NH 31
• Start of rail transport in Bihar - 1860-1862
• Total length of railways in Bihar - 5400 km
• Number of railway zones in the state - One East Central Railway Hajipur
• Number of railway circles in the state - 4 (Samastipur, Danapur, Sonpur, Katihar)
• Number of International Airport in Bihar - 3 Jayaprakash Narayan Airport Adda
(Patna), Gaya, Rajgir (Delivered)
Poverty in Bihar
• According to Planning Commission, the percentage of poverty in Bihar - 33.7%
• Bihar's location in India in terms of poverty - second (first - Odisha)
• Total number of poverty in Bihar - 3.69 crores
• bpl (Below Poverty Line) Number of Households - 351.63 Lakh

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