Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Pablo Madera Arroyo

203058_31
1102854640

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2021 16-01
 Exercises development

Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. An open propagation medium is when the wave does not collide with any
obstacle that causes it to reflect.
2. The loss tangent allows us to differentiate between conductors and
dielectrics. Which does not help to compare the conduction current with the
displacement current and thus be able to determine how good the medium is
for the displacement of the wave.
3. The propagation medium according to the loss tangent is classified as:
 Perfect dielectrics
 Good insulators
 Dissipative dielectrics
 Good conductors
 Perfect conductors

4. The wave propagation parameters traveling in a medium are:

 Relative dielectric permittivity of the medium
 Conductivity
 Magnetic permeability
 Emission frequency.

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an
electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment, for which,
each student must choose 1 propagation media of the proposed in Table 1 and
announce it within the Task 1 forum to avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 10
7
1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Air 5.5 x 10
−15
1.0005
4. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10−2 14
5. Dry soil 1.00 x 10−4 3
6. Sweet water 1.00 x 10
−3
80
 7. Vacuum 0 1
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /N m

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the
medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E
of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz . Note that CCC are the last 3 digits of your
identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Example:
Identification number: 1102854640, then CCC=640

Then: f =( 640+10 ) MHz=650 MHz=650 x 106 Hz

Selected propagation medium: Sweet Water

Conductivity: σ =1.00 x 10−3 S/m

Electrical permittivity: ε r=80

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

σ σ 1.00 x 10−3 S /m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗650 x 10 6 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 / N m2

Note that ω=2 πf and ε =ε r ε o

Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.

tan ( δ )=0.000345
 2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the
chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:
Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°

2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°

4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°

5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

tan ( δ )=0.000345
−1
δ=tan 0.000345

Figure 2: operation 2 on a virtual scientific calculator.

δ ≈ 0.020°

The obtained value (δ) is in the range of 0° and 6° (Lost low dielectric)

3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown

below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Lost low Dielectrics with Good

Parameter
dissipative dielectric losses conductors
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
 α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ + j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
−6
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10 T m/ A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

γ= √ jωμ ( σ + j ωε ) =√ j2 πf μ r μ o ( σ + j2 πf ε r ε o )

Note that ω=2 πf , μ=μ r μ o and ε =ε r ε o

Figure 3: operation 3 on a virtual scientific calculator.

 γ=121.846 j
α =0.021 Np/m
β=121.846 Rad /m
η=42.11 Ohm

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following

equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in the
chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed v p .
b. Wavelength λ .
c. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the
operation on the report, then write the final result including the units.
6
ω 2 π × 650 ×10 Hz
V p= = =33518286.98 m/s
β 121.846 Rad /m
2π 2π
λ= = =0.051 m
β 121.846 Rad /m
1
δ p=
1
¿ α∨¿= ¿
¿ 0.021 Np/m∨¿=47.48 m¿

Figure 4: operation 4 on a virtual scientific calculator.

 Interpretation
The loss tangent allows me to identify the attenuation that the wave undergoes
when propagating in the middle. When the tangent of loss is less, the
attenuation will be less at the moment of propagation.

Application example

Underwater radio waves, in sweet water such as rivers, have low attenuations
and although there are better means of propagation, this is better than others
such as sea water.

Video link

URL:

References

 Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's

Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction
for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:
Academic Press.
 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed
Broadband Wireless.