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Megaloblastic Anaemia
• It is caused by impaired DNA synthesis and others by folate and vitamin B12 deficiency
• Abnormality in the haematopoietic precursors in the bone marrow - maturation of the nucleus is delayed
relative to that of the cytoplasm.
• Formation of morphologically abnormal nucleated red cell precursor called megaloblast in the bone marrow
Etiological Classification
I. VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY
B. Malabsorption
2. Intestinal causes: tropical sprue, ileal resection, Crohn’s disease, intestinal blind loop syndrome, fish-tapeworm
infestation.
A. Inadequate dietary intake e.g. in alcoholics, teenagers, infants, old age, poverty.
B. Malabsorption e.g. in tropical sprue, coeliac disease, partial gastrectomy, jejunal resection, Crohn’s disease.
C. Excess demand
• 2. Pathological: malignancy, increased haematopoiesis, chronic exfoliative skin disorders, tuberculosis, and
rheumatoid arthritis.
D. Excess urinary folate loss e.g. in active liver disease, congestive heart failure
Pathophysiology
• The common feature in megaloblastosis is a defect in DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing cells.
• Unbalanced cell growth and impaired cell division occur since nuclear maturation is arrested.
• More mature RBC precursors are destroyed in the bone marrow prior to entering the blood stream
(intramedullary hemolysis)
Vitamin B12
• Vitamin B12 or cobalamin is a complex organometallic compound having a cobalt atom situated within a
corrin ring.
• Major source of loss is via bile and shedding of intestinal epithelial cells.
• A major part of the excreted vitamin B12 is reabsorbed in the ileum by the IF resulting in enterohepatic
circulation.
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Sources of Vitamin B12
– Man and animals intestinal lumen but not absorbed 3-5 µg excreted daily in faeces
FUNCTIONS
Vitamin B12 plays an important role in general cell metabolism
• Essential for normal haematopoiesis and for maintenance of integrity of the nervous system.
Pharmacokinetics
Absorption:
Cobalamins in food are in bound form inactive, released by cooking (heat) and by proteolysis in stomach &
intestine.
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Methyl THF trapping & lack of S- adenosyl methionine can cause this
Vaginal atrophy
Malabsorption
Jaundice
Personality changes
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Folate Metabolism
• BIOCHEMISTRY: Folate or folic acid, a yellow compound, is a member of water-soluble B complex vitamins -
pteroyl glutamic acid
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• TISSUE STORES. The liver and red cells are the main storage sites of folate, largely as methyl THF
polyglutamate form
1. Thymidylate synthetase reaction. Formation of deoxy thymidylate monophosphate (dTMP) from its
precursor form, deoxy uridylate monophosphate (dUMP).
• Alcoholism (decreased in 2-4 days): impairs enterohepatic cycle and inhibits absorption
• Drugs
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– Alcoholic
– Older
– Depressed
– Living alone
Treatment
• Hydroxycobalamin as intramuscular injection 1000 μg for 3 weeks and oral folic acid 5 mg tablets daily for 4
months.
• Rule out B12 deficiency prior to treament as folic acid will not prevent progression of neurologic
manifestations of B12 deficiency
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