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    TSPHF 2009 - Part 3 (Chapter 4)

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    Tung Doan Thanh

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PART I FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS Chapter 4 Protective Facilities for Harbors 1 General Ministerial Ordinance General Provisions Article 13, Protective facilitics for harbors shall be installed at appropriate locations in light of geotechnical cheracteristies, meteorological characteristics, sea states, and other environmental conditions, as well as ship navigation and other usage conditions of the water areas around the facilities concerned. Ministerial Ordinance Necessary lems concerning Protective Facilities for Harbor Article 24 ‘The matters necessary for the performance requirements of protective facilities for hazbor as specified in this Chapter by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism and other requirements shall be provided by the Public Notice. Public Notice Protective Facilities for Harbors Article 33 The items to be specified by the Public Notice under Article 24 of the Mi Ordinance concerning the performance requirements of protective facilities for harbors shall be as provided in the subsequent article through Article 46, FTechnicat Note] (1) The purposes of protective facilities for harbors include ensuring harbor calmness, maintaining water depth, preventing beach erosion, controlling the rie of water level inthe areas behind the facilites during storm surges, ‘and diminishing invading waves by tsunami, as well as protecting herbor facilities and the hinterland from waves, slorm surges, and tsunamis. In recent years, water intimate amenity functions have also been required. In ‘general, there are many cases in which the protective facilites for harbors are expected to provide a combination ‘of several ofthese fictions. Accordingly, in performance verifications, due consideration to enable the facilities to fulfil these purposes is necessary. @ When constructing protective facilites for harbors, their layout and structural type shall be decided after giving ‘careful consideration fo the influences that will be exerted on the nearby water area, facilities, topography, and ‘water currents. The influences caused by the protective harbor facilities for harbors are as follows: © When the protective facilities are constructed on a coast of sandy beach, they may cause various morphological changes tothe surrounding aea such as beach acretion or ercsion, ® Consteetion of breakwaters may increase the wave height tthe outside ofthe protective facilites because of reflected waves. @ In the inside of e harbor, the calmness of water area may be disturbed because of multiple wave reflections: triggered by coustructon ofthe new protective facies or hater esilations due tothe changes of babar shape @ Constustion ofthe protective facilites may bring shout changes inthe surrounding tidal currents ot fw conditions of a river mouth, thus inviting localized changes of water quality. (@) Because of the fact that the protective facilitios also provide e habitat for marine organisms such as fish, marine plants, and plankton, the biological environments must also be taken into consideration when planning a facility layout and making structural design. (@) When locating the protective facilities adjacent to the areas such as natural park zones or cultural facilities, it is preferable to consider not only the functions of the facilities themseives bat also external appearance such a5 shape and color. In addition, in situstions where water intimate amenity functions will be added to the protective facilities, convenience and safety of people must also be taken into consideration ~583— TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARGOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN (6) Because there is a danger that damage to the protective facilities may affect the safety of ships in the harbor, the ‘mooring facilities, hinterland facilites, it is preferable to conduct an adequate exemination corresponding to the performance requirements of the protective facilites when constructing, improving, and maintaining those facilities, 584— PART Il FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS 2 Common Items for Breakwaters Ministerial Ordinance Performance Requirements for Breakwaters Article 14 1 The performance requirements for breakwaters shall be as specified in the subsequent items depending on the structure type for the purpose of securing safe navigation, anchorage and mooring of ships, ensuring smooth cargo handling, and preventing damage to buildings, structures, and other facilities in the port by ‘maintaining the calmness in the harbor water area. (® Breakowaters shall satisfy the requirements specified by the Minister of Lend, Infrestructure, Transport and Tourism so as to enable reduction of the height of waves intruding into the harbor, (2) Damage to a breakwater due to self weight, variable waves, Level | earthquake ground motions, and/or ‘other actions shall not impair the functions of the breakwater concerned and shall not adversely affect its continued use. 2 In addition to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the performance requirements for breakwaters ‘mentioned in the following ate specified in the respective items. (1) The performance requirements for a breakwater which is required to protect the hinterland of the breakwater concerned from storm surges or tsunamis shall be such that the breakwater satisfies the requirements specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to enable appropriate reduction of the rise in water level and flow velocity due to storm surges or tsunamis in the harbor. (2) The performance requirements for a breakwater which is provided for use by an unspecified large ‘number of people shall be such that the breakwater satisfies the requirements specified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism so as to ensure the safety of the users of the breakwater. (3) The performance requirements for a breakwater in the place where there is a risk of serious impact on human lives, property, or socioeconomic activity, in consideration of its structure type, shail be such that the damage from tsunamis, accidental waves, Level 2 earthquake ground motions and/or other actions do not have a serious impact on the structural stability of the breakwater concerned with respect to the breakwater types even though the damage may impair the functions of the breakwater concerned. Provided, however, that as for the performance requirements for the breakwater which is required to protect the hinterland of the breakwater concerned from tsunamis, the damage due to tsunamis, Level 2 earthquake ground motions and/or other actions shall not adversely affect restoration ‘through minor repair works of the functions of the breakwater concerned. Public Notice Performance Criteria for Breakwaters Article 34 1 The performance criteria which are common for breakwaters shall be as specified in the subsequent items. (D Breakwaters shall be arranged appropriately so as to satisfy the harbor calmness provided in item ii) of Article 31, and shall have the dimensions which enable the transmitted wave height to be equal to or Jess than the allowable level (@) Breakwaters having wave-absorbing structures shall have the dimensions which enable full performance of the intended wave-absorbing function, 2 In addition to the requirements specified in the preceding paragraph, the performance criteria of the breakwaters specified in the subsequent items shall be as provided in the respective items: (1) The performance criteria for the breakwaters which are required to protect the hinterland from storm surge shall be such that the breakwaters are arranged appropriately so as to reduce the rise of water level and flow velocity in the harbor due to storm surge and have the dimensions necessary for their function {@) The performance criteria for the breakwaters which are required to protect the hinterland from tsunamis shall be such thatthe breakwaters are arranged appropriately so as to reduce the tise of water level and flow velocity in the harbor due to tsunamis and have the dimensions necessary for their function, — 585 — TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN, {@) The performance criteria for the breakwater which is utilized by an unspecified large number of people shall be such that breakwaters have the dimensions necessary to secure the the safety of users in consideration of the environmental conditions to which the facilities concerned are subjected, the utilization conditions, and others. (@) The performance requirements for the breakwater in the place where there is a tisk of serious impact ‘on human lives, property, or socioeconomic activity by the damage to the breakwater concerned shall ‘be such that the degree of damage owing to the actions of tsunamis, accidental waves, or Level 2 earthquake ground motions, which are the dominant actions in the accidental action situation, is equal to or less than the threshold level corresponding to the performance requirements. [Commentary] (Performance Criteria for Breakwaters © Common criteria for breakwaters (@) Harbor calmness (usability) 1) Allowable transmitted wave height ‘The allowable transmitted wave height is the limit value of the wave height of waves transmitted from outside the harbor to inside the harbor over the breakwaters. Provided, however, that the index of the limit vaiue in the performance verifications is not limited to the transmitted wave ‘eight, but also includes cases in which the wave transmission ratio is used, In the performance verifications of breakwaters, the allowable transmitted wave height or wave transmission ratio shall be set appropriately in order to secure harbor calmness. Furthermore, the allowable transmitted wave height or wave transmission ratio shall generally be calculated considering the type of structure and crown height of the breakwater. 2) Dimensions for securing harbor calmness The dimensions for securing harbor calmness shall indicate a structure including shape and ‘crown height which affects the transmitted wave height or transmission ratio of waves. In setting the crown height in the performance verifications of breakwaters, appropriate consideration shall be given tothe effect of settlement of the ground, @ Specific breakwaters {@) Storm surge protection breakwaters (usability) The dimensions of storm surge protection breakwaters shall indicate the crown height, opening width, and water depth at the opening. In setting the arrangement, crown height, opening width, ‘and water depth at the opening in performance verifications of storm surge protection breakwaters, appropriate consideration shail be given to the effect of storm surge and tide levels so that the breakwater demonstrates a peak cut effect in reducing the water and flows of water due to storm surges. (b) Tsunami protection breakwaters (usability) ‘The dimensions of tsunami protection breakwaters shall indicate the crown height, opening width, ‘and water depth at the opening. In setting the arrangement, crown height, opening width, and water depth atthe opening in the performance verifications of tsunami protection breakwaters, appropriate consideration shall be given to the effect of tsunamis and tidal levels so that the breakwater demonstrates a peak cut effect in reducing the water level and flows of water due to tsunamis. (© Amenity-oriented breakwaters (usability) ‘The dimensions of amenity-oriented breakwaters shall indicate the structure, cross-sectional dimensions, and ancillary facilities. In setting the structure and cross-sectional dimensions in the performance verifications of amenity-oriented breakwaters, consideration shall be given to the effects of wave overtopping and spray, prevention of slipping, overturning, and falling into the ‘water of users, smooth execution of rescue activities for users who fall into the water, and ancillary equipment such as falling prevention fences shall be installed appropriately. @ Broakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents ‘The settings in connection with the performance criteria and design situations (limited to accidental situations) which are common to breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents shall be as shown in Attached Table 15. The reason for indicating “damages” in the “verification items” column of Attached Table 15 is that itis necessary to use a comprehensive term taking account that 586 ~ ‘PART ill FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS the verification items will vary depending on the type of structure, In the performance verifications ofbreakwaters of facilites prepared for accidental incidents, among the settings forthe performance criteria and the design situations in connection with accidental situations associated with Level earthquake ground motion, tsunamis, ad accidetal waves, those for whieh the performance verification is necessary shall be set appropriately, depending on the type of structure ofthe objective breakwater. ‘Attached Table 15 Settings for Performance Criteria and Design Situations limited to Accifental Situations Common to Breakwaters of Facilities Propared for Accident ‘Migiteal [pute Nace Design stanton a] El gl a] 8] gles] , | onommns| aca Verteon tem | Igef seated a iayajile in| omnis | dni wu 2}3[se}2] 4] Say | Accideoat [eRe Sef wei, wie res [Damese FE Ha crsaga eas —— pa presse, water ows [Accidectat [Set weigh, water prosire [Damage r © Tsunami protection brealavaters of facilities against accidental incidents ‘The settings in connection with the performance criteria and the design situations limited to accidental situations of tsunami protection breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents shall be as shown in Attached Table 16. In the performence verification of tsunami protection breakwaters of facilities prepared foraccidental incidents, among the settings for the performance criteria and the design situations in eonnection with the accidental situations associated with Level 2 earthquake ground motion, tsunamis, and accidental ‘waves, those for which the performance verification is necessary shall be set appropriately, depending on the type of structure of the tsunami protection breakwater of interest It may be noted that, as the performance criteria in connection with the accideatal situations which are common to breakwaters of facilities prepared for accidental incidents, in addition to these provisions, the settings in connection with the Public Notice, Article 22 Performance Criteria Common to Members Comprising Facilities subject to the Technical Standards shall be applied as necessary. ‘Attached Table 16 Settings for Performance Criteria anc Design Situations limited to Accidental Situations Common to TTunami Protection Breakwaters of Facilities Prepared for Accidental Inckdents Pablie Wve Daag ato Bl], | retamance 1 2) g [eaten ion, | Vettion tm | ide of tata in vaie 2] 8) By stuation | Pominaios | gorinating 218 py Ba] 2 | & | Rei | Actenal 2 Setiwsigh, [Beeman ot icuate [eaters | Behr dy ern Tne’ [Seve | Sidngard | nk we ong Sctrptsce, [etn ot | Ent Vb of onerting fenerfows" /Seawtetiy, | EimatesSeg sringenmcty ¢ Jeo sedate i esieaal |Safvoie, Tink vie of ft ore Se tne Ent ak oor nk yale of Sse sly TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN. [Technical Note} 2.1 Principals of Performance Verification {1} General ‘Maintenance of harbor calmness shall be examined from the two viewpaints which include the enabling of cargo handling in the basin and the condition of waves enabling refuge during rough weather. For harbor calmness in the ‘basin and the condition of waves during rough weather, Part Il, Chapter 2, 4.5 Concept of Harbor Calmness and Chapter 3, 3 Basins can be used as references. 2] Layout (D Breakwaters are constructed to maintain the harbor calmness, facilitate smooth cargo handling, ensure the safety of ships during navigation or anchorage, and protect port facilites, ‘To fulfill these requirements, the following are required: @ Brealowaters should be so located that the harbor entrance is a the location not facing the direction of the most frequent waves and the direction ofthe highest waves in order to reduce entrance of waves to the harbor. © Breakwater alignment should be arranged to protect the harbor from the most frequent waves and the highest waves. ‘The harbor entrance should have a sufficient effective width so that it will not present an obstacle to ship navigation, and it should orient the navigation chennel ina direction that makes navigation easy. @ Breakwaters should be located at the place where the speed of tidal currents is as slow as possible, In eases where the speed of tidal currents is high, itis necessary to take appropriate countermeasures. © The influences of reflected waves, Mach-stem waves, and wave concentration on the waterways and basins should be minimize, © Breakcwaters should enclose sufficient large woter area that is needed for ship berthing, cargo handling, and ship anchorage. ‘These objectives are also mutually contradictory goals, however. A narrow harbor entrance width, for example, is best in order to achieve the calmness in @ harbor but is inconvenient for navigetion. The direction ‘of most frequent waves and the direction of the highest waves are not necessarily the same. In ths situation ‘the breakwater layout should be determined through a comprehensive investigation of all the factors such as conditions of ship use, construction cost, construction works, and ease or dffculty of maintenance @) In situations where concerns for deterioration of water quality exist, consideration is preférably given to the exchangeability of seawater with the cutsie sea so that seawater within the harbor does not stagnate. @) In the construction of breakwaters, economy should also be examined considering the natural conditions and ‘construction conditions. In particular, itis preferable to consider the following, © Layouts which enuse wave concentrations shovld be avoided © LLocatiois where the ground is extremly poor should be avoided, considering consructability and economy. © The layout should consider the effects of topographical features such as capes and islands. @ On sandy beaches, the layout should consider invasion of littoral drift into the harbor. © Adequate consideration should be given to the effect on adjacent ereas after the construction of the breakwater, For wave concenttation, Part U, Chapter 2, 4.3.4[3] Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners near the Heads of Breakwaters and around Detached Breakwaters can be used as reference; for breakwaters 10 ‘be constructed on sandy beaches, Part Il, Chapter 2, 6.3 Littoral Drift can be used as reference. (@) Breakwaters should be so located that they do not form an obstacle to the future development of the harbor. (©) The “effective harbor entrance width” means the widih of the waterway at the specified depth of water, not ‘merely the width across the harbor entrance, The speed of the tidal currents cutting across the harbor entrance is preferably less than 2 to 3 knots (6 Inthe areas surrounding shoals, the wave height often increases owing to wave reftaction, In some cases, impact ‘wave forces will act on the breakwater constructed on a seabed with steep slope. It should be noted that a very large structure may be required when a breakwater is placed over or directly behind a shoal, 588 PART i FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS (7) For detached breakwaters which are to be constructed in isolation offshore, if the length of the breakwater is Tess than several times that of the incident waves, the distribution of the wave heights behind the breakwater wil fluctuate greatly due tothe effect of diffracted waves from the two ends of the breakwater, which will affect the stability ofthe breakwater body; therefore, caulion is necessary. For the effects of diffracted waves, Part Il Chapter 2, 4.3.2 Wave Diffraction and Part If, Chapter 2, 4.3.4 [3} Transformation of Waves at Concave Corners near the Heads of Breakwaters and around Detached Breakwaters can be used as reference. [3] Selection of Structural Type and Setting of Cross Section (0) In setting the cross sections of breakwaters, itis preferable to select the type of structure based on @ comparative examination of the layout conditions, natural conditions, use conditions, importance, construction conditions, economy, term of construction work, ease of obiaining materials, and ease of maintenance, considering the features of respective types of structures, @) Breakwaters are generally classified as shown in Fig. 2.11 by the type of structure and functions or purposes. In this figure, ordinery breakwater means a breakwater having basic functions. @) Selection of a permeable type breakwater structure is advantageous for promoting circulation of sea water in the harbor. However, because this also invites inflow of littoral drift and an increase in the height of transmitted ‘waves, adequate consideration of the merits and demerits is necessary when adopting this type. () There are also cases in which creative ingenuity is used to promote adhesion of marine life inside and outside the harbor. 2,34, .61.7.8493, 10) (6) In cases where the layout of a breakwater includes a concave corner, the wave height around the concave corner will increase. Therefore, itis preferable to adopt a low reffestive structure around concave corners. (6) In determining the cross-sectional dimensions ofthe wave-cissipating work inthe wave- dissipating function of 2 breakwater, itis necessary to give adequate consideration to hyciraulic characteristics so thatthe specified wave- ) Its preferable to determine the tidal level by celeulating the ratio (hereinafter, ry) of the highest high water level, FLH.W.L., and the mean monthly-highest water level, HLW.L., based on the records of observation of tidal levels. However, at harbors where tidal levels are not monitored, ri for object harbor may be set referring tothe distribution of 7, shown in Fig, 3.1.3, and the partial factors may be selected from Table 3.1.1. Fg, 3.4.3 Distribution of rj ® Incaleulations of wave force, Part I, Chapter 2, 4.7.2 Wave Forces Acting on Upright Walls can be used as reference, @ Imorder to increase the friction coefticient between the upright section and the rubble mound surface, there are ceases in which friction enhancement mats are lid at the bottom of the upright section. For friction enhancement sats, Part Il, Chapter 11, 9 Friction Coefficient can be used as reference. {@) Examination of Overturning of Breakwater Body Im examination of the stability of the breakwater body against overturning, equation (3.1.6) can be used. In the following, the symbol y isthe partial factor for its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characteristic ‘value and design value, respectively. ay —a2Po, —axhyg 2 O.Pyy G16) 599 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN where WY: weight of body (kim) Py: buoyaney (kin) Py ‘uplift foree (km) Py: horizontal wave force (kin) a;-a4 : arm lengths of actions (tm), see Fig. 3.14 ‘The design values Pygand Pyy ofthe wave force in equation (3.1.6) ean be calculated using equation (3.1.3); the design value 1 of the weight of the breakwater body can be calculated using equation (3.1.4). In cases ‘where a caisson has a footing with arectangular cross section extending to both the seaward and landwerd sides, ‘equation (3.1.8) can be used in calculating the design value Pay of buoyancy, Fileal “| he Pa Fig. 9.4 Arm Lengths when Calculating Moments (@) Examination of Bearing Capacity of Foundation Ground © Examination of the stability against foundation failure atthe bottom of the upright section can be conducted in accordance with Chapter 2, 2.2.5 Bearing Capacity for Eccentric and Inclined Actions. As standard pactil, factors for use in the performance verification, the values shown in Table 3.1.1 can be used. © Inexaminations of the bearing capacity of foundation ground, equation (3.1.7) can be used, The method shown |here isthe simplified Bishop method, and is one method of calculating cizculer slip by the diserete method. The simplified Bishop method is adopted because itis the model which can best explain stability with respect to bearing capacity, in comparison with the modified Fellenius method and friction circle method, by experiments ina centrifogal field. However, deformation experiments with rubble mounds under the action of eccentric and inclined loads have demonstrated that when a rubble mound fails, the sliding surface does not necessarily occur along the circular are with the lowest stability against slip failure. Caution is also necessary in adoption ofthis ‘method as numerical analysis using the diserete element method has show thatthe actual failure mechanism is, different from circular slip failure according to the simplified Bishop method.5) In the following equation, the syrabol 7 is the partial factor for its subseript, and the subscript d denote the characteristic value, Tl feat +(w'r+ ay) tang }seod /(1-rtan Otangy/F)] (ro [Ells +a4)sind] ray, /R] ]= F; 210 G17) Py: horizontal wave force (kN/m) a, :arm length of horizontal wave force (m) for cohesive sll ground, undraned shear strength, and for sandy ground, apparent cohesion in drained condition (Nm) 4 width of slice segment (rn) ww’ weight of slice segment (Nm) 4. surcharge ating on slice segment (kN/n) # apparent angle of shear resistance based on effective stress) 2: anale formed by slice segment with bottom C) 2‘ supplementary parameter showing ratio of design velue of resistance nd design value of effect of ection rads of sip cielo (m) Yo + Structural analysis factor ‘The design values inthe equation can be calculated using the following equations —600~ PART il FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS G.L8) tans = Fang tans Py = Ley Py © For the load width 26" of the surcharge, adopting the average valuc, using the biases of the average value of the fcignpstnten iesdas, Insddhion ther oer of risharge ret re overeat tot rite chases vale, These else ns be pote vig te flowing equate 019) od quation Gully a then option ydenler te average vale of he sree fhe obec aad lt, denotes the bias (average valuclcharacteristic value) of the average value of the parameter X. 20 _{(o1Bi-esPs-esPu) 2h | oF LWP l Hey, ag “ WW, — ay 2% Py, a2, a, 2. Wa NG, Ma ay G19) a Siw 110) where W, : weight of parts compris Py buoyancy (KN/n) ‘Py, uplift force (KN) Pir: horizontal wave force (kNVn) ay-ag : arm lengths of actions (m) Inthe eqution, ¥ denotos the average value of the parameter X. The bias ofthe average value ofbuoyancy canbe calculated using equation @.111). In Table3.1.1, thebias ofthe average vale of tidal levels assumed {0 be 1.00; therefore, here spPax= 1.00 should be used i” ty 8) 428 an, {Eieest erty Py (wh #h)BAT/B, @uy, ‘my + tidal level x) ‘installation dept (x) re width of breakwater body () dy height of footing (m) By: width of footing (m) (6) Examination for Sip of Ground © itis necessary to conduct an exatmination of stability with respect to sip failure referring to Chapter 2, 3.2.1 Stability Analysis by Circular Slip Failure Surface, considering the chacacteristics of the ground and the characteristics of the structure. ® Incase soil improvements tobe performed, Chapter 2,4 Soil Improvement Methods can be used as reference. @ As the tidal level uscd in examination of slip failure of the ground, it is preferable to use the tidal level which is toost dangerous forthe facies, In determination ofthe tidal level, Bart, Chapter 2,3 Tidal Level con be used as reference. @ Verification of circular slip fulure ofthe foundation ground in the permanent situation for self weight can be conducted using equation G12). Ine following, the syabol ys the partial factor frit subserip, and the Subscript Fand d dents tho characteristic value and design vale, respectively 601 TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN Ll feiss tov, +4) o0s* @ tan fy }seoo |e LCs +ay sin} a where c+ for cobesive soil ground, undrained shear strength, and for sandy ground, apparent cohesion in rained condition (kN/zn2) 5: width of slice segment (mm) w’ :weight of slice segment (KN/m) 4 spatially distributed load acting on slice segment, obtained by breakwater body by width of breakwater body (JN/n) gf + apparent angle of shear resistance based on effective stress *) angle formed by slice segment with bottom ) iding effective weight of The design values in the equation can be calculated using the following equations, cum rech a7 tee fan f4= Fang tf, eu When all ofthe si layers ae below water level, the design vale w' ofthe weigh ofthe slice segments canbe calculated using equation @..14) Because the unit weighs of ths soil layers and mound used when calculating the weight ofthe ales scprents contribute to bot the action side andthe resistance side, he unit ‘weights ofthe ool layers and mound ee cssiied as, 2, ad, considering thes positional relationship, anu the partial factors, and yy ate set french, respectively. Caution is necessary with egard to the sel layers and mound falling unde these divisions, a the vals will differ depending onthe position of the mound as sown in Fig. 3.1.5. Zl rane Fae) Gu) + weight of sice segment (N/m) ‘Wai: unit weight of soil layer comprising slice segment (kN/m) ‘shows number of soil layers (n= I, 2,3; see Fig 3.1.5) Pa, : buoyancy acting on slice segment being considered (keN/m) In caleulating the characteristic value of buoyancy, equation (3.1.6) can be used as reference, excluding the ‘terms in connection withthe footing. = 602~ PART Hi FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS Caisson Foot protection work EAS? Foot protection work CES" Foot protesion work + + Armoring work Foo! protection wo Amoring work Armoring wore Mound, 7 Mound Division of Soil layer, mound, ee Division of Soil layer, mound, et. nit weight i unt welt ‘| Caisons, armoring work, fot protection ‘| Cxistons, und, armoring wor, foot soak, weve-dsipting work, above level of protection work, wave-dispating work, sea batons 7 above level afta baton Sandy sol yer below level of mound and Sandy sol yer below val ofa botiors sea batiom (Cohesive sil ayer below level of sea Cohesive el ayerbeiow level fees baton atom (@ When position of mound is lower than level of sea @) When position of mound is higher than level Of bottom botiom Fig, 341.5 Classification of Weight of Slice Segments (© Pecformance Verification and Partial Factors for Sliding, Overturning, Foundation Failure, and Cireular Slip Failure © Forthe standard system failure probability of tding overturning, and foundation failure ofthe upright section ‘of composite breakwaters in variable situations due‘o the action of waves, andthe partial factor fo the standard failure probability fr cieular slip failure in the permanent situation, the values shown in Table 3.1.1 ean be used as reference 3), 6). The standard system flue probability for sliding and overturning of the upright section of composite breakwaters, and forthe bearing failure of the foundation ground, has been obtained based on evaluation by reliability theory forthe average safety level of breakwaters designed by the conventional design method. For circular slip failure, a value of 3.3, converted to failure probability, 4.5 x 10-4, is set as the reliability index which minimizes the expected total cost. Here, the expected total cost is expressed by the sum of the initial construction cost and the expected value ofthe ecovery cost du to faire Ifthe safety level based on minimization of the expected total cost is evaluated by reliability theory, the partial factors arc as shown in Table 3.1.1 b). If based on the average value of the safety levels in the design iethods ofthe past, the relibity index s 65, file probability: 3.1 10-", For datas, Reference 6 ean be used as reference. © Inthe table, «, WX, and ¥ are the sensitivity factor of each design parameter, bias of the avecage value, and coefficient of variation, respectively. © Forthe partial fectorsin connection with circular slip failure, when the soil under the breakwater bady isimproved by the sand compaction pile (SCP) method with a replacement ratio of 30-80%, the partial factors shown in 4.10.6 Performance Verification for the sand compaction pile method in Chapter 2, 4 Soil Improvement ‘Methods shall be used, ~603-— TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN. i Table 3.11 Standard Partial Factors | {) Variable situations associated with waves gt ye lint 2a Tart sytem re probaly Pe Epos Tage ibility ado wen clelaton oF 20 me | a Friction coefficient 079 0.689 | 1060 | 0.150 | ng Toy [ hangp of water dei ia 104] 070 [0740 | 0239 | Changs of water dept: Scop Le ows_[_ 0251 » Ve r= 1S us| 0089 [L000 | 0200 s r= 2.02.5, 106 1.000 | 9.400 i HEWL. 1.00 + - ' rac [Unie eight of RC ope _| 030 | wate | “cose Pe —___[ ait eight of NC ia [0035 | 4020 [oan0 Praag [Uni eight fing and 101 [0150 | 1920 [0040 Dg rp [Ch of water dep AT 11s | “0968” [ono | _a2is ; Change of water depth: Stoop 131 ags_|_oasi gfe rae 5 104] 0052 [1.0007 [200 4 r= 20,25 3 HLHW.L. é Dai eign of RE cone Unit weight ofNC e010 Unit weight of ing wed one Yeu [Change of water depth: Mild #7 ~0.894 sy Change of water depth: Seep £6 [in Surcharge on slice segment Be [re Welt fale segment on 2 [row [und sengTnget fale asnar 0288 me fre [Ground strength: Cohesion 0.99 0.072 te Suc analy fitoe 100 [= ‘1 a: seoniviy Stor, bis of average valu average valunicharactrati vali, coefficient of variation 12: RC: enforced concrete, NC: noseifoved eer 3. Chango of water deh Mil/Seep: Gradient of ea bottom <1D0221/0, 4 rq denoes the rai ofthe bight high water level (HLALMEL) and mens monhly-bigh water level (HNL), +5 1 lsapplied to he average value ofthe sarchare. The average vale of to sucharge is bined us = 7/38 +6 Theatelations of wave free, Gols formas wed ~604- PART Il FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS Table 3.1.1 Standard Partial Factors (6) Permanent siwation Target enix 33 Tag se bail Pp Gao rp. pm Te i Ground with Goin Ce Ground enh Togen of agi oF aear ai scum 090 | asso | 100 | cox BT Voncnnona [Meet vei woods] 59 | aon S 1 |itpoenes Scere aSecsitsovammntectona= | ogy | aero | 1 | 002 5 sea bottom — dhe Clay sol bow il afeea one ——[ 030 _|Uaas BP” Teewmoma | Moan me is positioned [evel of sea bottom Lied | a Jabove level of | 2 Sandy sail below level of sea bottom 0.90 0.670 an ae ex boiom * [3 lyeysollbdew vel of eaten [0900125 Spal ied oad 10 [046s | ime | ao 4: sensi factr, bis of average valu (average valncharaceritie valu), coeteent of variation, Pay a J a arial ctor forthe weight of teslise segment entiation fellows thetin Fig. 3.1.5. Wave dissipating work, ec. includes wavessipating work, armoring werk, fot protection Wack et, In applicton ofthe partial actos fr ies sip fur, erence shall be made tthe notes show ia Chaper2,3 Stability of Slope, ‘3:1(0) Partial Factors. When sis improved by the sand compaction ple (SCP) method with eplcement to of 30-00% the pati ‘actors shown in 4.1.6 PerfermanceVerifeation forthe sand compaction pllemethod is Chapter, Sol Improvement Methods call eured, (0) Reliability-based Design Methods Considering Sliding Displacement ‘The performance verification method based on partial factors shown in (6) isa reliability-based design method based on the balance of fores basically limited to the design wave height. However, even in crass sections verified by this method, the probability that displacement will occur during the design working life isnot 0, and furthermore, that probability will also differ depending on such features as the appearance of high waves end the water depth. On thc other hand, forte siding mode, reliability-based design methods using the probability of appearance of displacement and the amount of displacement as indexes have also been proposed, and these methods of performance verification may also be used, Where the sliding stability of the breakwatcr body is concerned, Shimosako et al? proposed a method of verification of the average sliding displacement, expected sliding displacement, of breakwaters during the design working lie using the sliding model of the breakwater body proposed by Tanimoto et al®) ‘Table 3.12 shows an example of setting ofthe allowable values of the exccedence probability for composite ‘breakwaters. When this method is used, the conditions of sliding displacement which determine the cross section will differ, depending on such features asthe appearance of high waves and water depth. Asa result, itis possible to set cross sections having approximately the same stability regardless ofthe design conditions. As the average value of the exceedence probability of a total sliding displacement of 30cm by the conventional design method, Reference 17) can be used as reference. For examples of setting for breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks, 3.4.3 Pecformance Verification of 34 Gravity-type Breakwaters (Breakwaters Covered with Wave dissipating Blocks) can be used as reference, ‘Tablo 3.1.2 Example of Setting of Alowablo Valuos of Exceedence Probably for Composite Breakwators 19 Taporaneca eles Hieh_[ontinay | Low ea [ som | iin, [ates] [oa rween [25% | a = 605~ TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN. (8) When Harbor Side of Upright Section is Strengthened ® When the harbor side of the upright section is strengthened with a mound of rubble stones or eonerete blocks, ‘careful attention must be paid to the following matters: {@) The possibility of hindrance to ship navigation and mooring for within the harbor, (8) In verification ofthe stability ofthe upright section for sliding and overturning ignoring strengthening section behind the breakwater, the design value of resistance assuming the partial factor is 1.0 must exceed the design, value of the ections. If design value of resistanceldesign value of action is small, there will be a danger of ‘violent rocking of the upright section, increase in the hecl pressure, and sliding or overturning of the upright section to the seaward side during wave troughs. (© Adequate armoring must be provided so that the strengthening section will not be damaged by overtopped @ The height of the strengthening section h should preferably be 1/3 or greater of the height of the upright section, and the width & should be the same as or greater than.the height h. © Inthe case of concrete block strengthening, construction should be made to ensure that there are no voids between the concrete blocks and the upright section, @ When theharborside ofthe upright sections strengthened withrubble or blocks, if the height of the strengtbening ‘material a s greater than 13 of the height ofthe upright section, and the top width Bis greater than height the performance verification for sliding ean be conducted using equation @.1.15). In the following equation, ‘the symbol isthe partial factor fr its subscript, and the subscripts k and d denote the characterise value and design valu, respectively fa(We-Pag Pug )tRa 27 Pay G15) J + friction coefficient between bottom of breakwater body and foundation jcight of breakwater body (kN/m) Py buoyancy (KNIm) Py. uplift force (N/m) Py ‘horizontal wave force (kN/m) Ye ‘structural analysis factor Rt sliding resistance of strengthening rubble or blocks (Nn) Among the design values used in the equation, the design values of wave force Pyy and Puy and the design value of the weight of the breakwater body Wy can be calculated using equation (8.1.3) and equation (3.1.4), respectively. In eases where a caisson has a footing with a rectangular cross section extending to both the seaward and landward sides, equation (3.1.5) can be used in calculating the design value Pyg of buoyancy. The design value of sliding resistance Ry can be calculated by the following equation, Reent e119 ‘The characteristic value of sliding resistance Ry can be calculated by the following method. Sliding resistance of rubble, Re 1, n(0 +d) euan where W, weight in water of rabble above sliding surface, excluding uppermost armor layer (k¢N/m) @ + angle of sliding surface (*) @ tail fis the coefficient of friction between rubble stones, f 8) (b) Takeda et 2120 have shown experimentally that resistance force R can be expressed by equation (3.1.18), based fn the assumption that isa function of the ratio ofthe wave height and breakwater installation depth, see Fig. 3.1.6. Ry =a, G18) Provided, however, that when HII'<0.5, Hih'=0.5, 606 PART I FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS where 1, + weight in water of rubble or blocks (kN/m) 4: friction coefficient Rubble: « = 0.9 + 0.2(F/i!—0.5) Blocks : @= 04 + 0.24/03) A: wave height (m) 2 + installation depth of breakwater (m) Fig 3:16 Sliding Resistance Surtace of Strengthening Section © Regarding the bearing capacity ofthe foundstion ground and slip faiure ofthe ground when the harbor side of the upright section is strengthened, itis preferable to conduct an appropriate examination referring to the above-mentioned (4) Examination of Bearing Capacity of Foundation Ground and (5) Examination of Slip of Ground. () All partial factors shown here are values when the design working lifes the normal 50 years, When itis necessary ta evaluate the stability of facilities during construction, verification must be conducted appropriately, considering the conditions in which the facilities are placed, the return period of the actions, and the relationship with the verification of the stability ofthe facilites when completed, In the performance Verifications, the deseription in 3.44 (0) can be used, as equivalent to breakwaters covered with wave-dissipating blocks. (Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant In general, the performance verification for Level 1 earthquake ground motion is frequently omitted with breakwaters, However, in cases where the installation depth is great and the design wave height is small, there are ceases in which actions due to Level | earthquake ground motion become predomiant, Tn such eases, performance verification of scismic-resistant is necessary. ‘The general procedure for performance veri 34. ation of seismie-resistant of breakwaters is as shown in Flg- -607- “TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN judgment of necessity of verification of seismic-resistonce performance (see (11)) ‘Not necessary Determination of seismic coefficient ‘Necessary for use in verification it ‘Acceleration time history of aie itons (0 (13 Sunn lel | [Seino end nations 7) <——— ing of filter consi characteristis (see (12)@) | [Setting of target for residual deformation {dimensional sclsmic response analysis] | Sting of trpe forvesidva Gee (1258) i 1 | [__ Cateaation of maximum deformation Accdeon inchiionyot —) | 4 Sora of non i <——__—_________.._] Setting of filter Consideration of frequency dependency by filter processing ring Frequency Calculation of characteristic value of seismic coefficient for us in verification (see (12)O) ‘Verification based on batance of forces (see (12)D® ) ra Dynamic analysis by model with 1 degree of freedom ee ‘1 For beskewaters where damage othe objective flies is asumed to have serous impact on if, property, se soetoseonomc ‘svi, itis preferable to conte the scot of deformation by dynante analysis. Fig. 34.7 Example of Procedure Performance Verification of Selsmic-resistant (i) Judgment of Necessity of Performance Verification of Seismic-resistant 29 Tor sliding and overturning due to Level | earthquake ground motion, the necessity of performance verification of seismie-resistant is decided from the relationship between the cross-sectional dimensions of the breakwater body dotermincd in the variable situation in respect of waves and Level | earthquake ground motion, ‘The judgment ‘of necessity can be made based on Fig. 3.18, from the relationship between the maximum acceleration on the seismie bedrock and the ratio B,/h of the breakwater body width B not including the footing and the water ‘depth (@ condition in which the rato ofthe resistance force and effect of actions is smallest). The performance verification of seismic-resistant can be omitted for cases where the maximum acceleration on the seismic bedrock is positioned below the curve inthe figure. It should be noted that this figure is prepared assuming the allowable ‘Yalue of residual deformation of the upright section of the breakwater for Level | earthquake ground motion is 30cm, Therefore, if other allowable values are adopted, itis preferable to conduct a concrete verification of the deformation. 608 — PART it FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACIUTIES FOR HARBORS Maximum acceleration at engineering a 200 go Fos S 100- Without friction enhancement mat || Bs incite Bhd enact | Bylh Fig, 2.8 Diagram of Judgment of Necessity of Performance Verification of Seismio-resistant (12)Scismic Coefficient for Verification of Sliding, Overturning, and Bearing Capacity of Upright Section for Level 1 ‘earthquake ground motion © General In the performance verfcstions for sling and overturning ofthe upright section and failure dv to insufficient capacity of the foundation ground in variable situations in respect of Level 1 carthquake ground motion, it is possible to evaluate whether performance is maintained by a direct evaluation of deformation by detailed methods such as dynamic analysis methods. However, verifications can also be performed by simplified methods suchas the seismic coefficient method. In this cas, the seismic coeficient forthe verification which is to be used in the performance verification needs to be set appropriately, corresponding to the deformation of the facilities in question, considering the frequency characteristics of the ground motion. In general, the seismic coefficient for verification assumes Level 1 earthquake ground motion in the seismic bedrock as the input ground motion and is smallor thon the seismic coefficient (¢gay/#) obteined as the ratio of the maximum acceleration dna in the acceleration time history of the bottom ofthe caisson ebtained by a one-dimensional seismic response analysis and the gravitational acceleration g. © Anoutline of tae method of calculating the seismie coefficient for verification is shown in Fig. 3.1.9. Fit, the Level | earthquake ground motion in the seismic bedrock is se, and the acceleration time history a the bottom ‘of the caisson is caleulated by a one-dimensional seismic response analysis using this as the input ground motion, The result ofa fast Fourier transform (FFT) of tae acceleration time history obtained in this manner is ‘multiplied by a flter which considers the frequency characteristics ofthe ground motion, and the acceleration time history at the bottom of the caisson after fiter processing is calculated by performing an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) on the result of the previous calculation. The characteristic value of the seismic coefficient for verification is then calculated using the maximum value of this acceleration time 609 — TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN. p, a] Boom of caisson Acceleration spectrum {at bottom of esisson Engineering bedrock 4 - < Uniform deformation spectrum after filter processing Setting of level 1 seismic motion in engineering bedrock Inverse fast Fourier r | Samearee 1 history after filter processing. + Calculation of characteristic value of seismic coefficient for verification kyo ‘Acceleration spectrum at bottom of caisson Fig. 31.9 Outline of Calculation Method of Seismic Coefficient for Verification © Sseiting of ground conditions In calculation of the seismic coefficient for verification, it is necessary to set the ground conditions so as t© enable an appropriate evaluation of the characteristics of the ground atthe location concerned. In setting the round conditions, Part U, Chapter 3, Geotechnical Conditions, ANNEX 4, 1 Seismic Response Analysis of Local Solf Deposit, and Chapter 5, 2.2 Gravity-type Quaywalls (2.2.2(0)@) Setting of Geotechnical Conditions) can be used as reference, © One-dimensional seismic response analysis ‘The seceeration time history atthe botiom of eaisons shal be calculated by a I-dimensional seismic response analysis which can appropriately consider the featues ofthe ground atthe location concerned, assuming the Love {earthquake ground notion sot fr the seismic bedrock a the input ground metion, One-dimensional seismic response analysis shall be performed based on an appropriate technique and setting of the analysis conditions referring o ANNEX 4, 1 Seismic Response Anatysis of Local Soll Deposit and Chapter §, 2.2 Gravity-type Quaywalls(2.2.2(1)@ Setting of Geotechnical Conditions. © Setting of filter considering frequency characteristics and deformation ) Setting of maximum deformation In calculation of the seismic coefficient for verification for breakwaters, evaluation is not possible using residual deformation in its unmodified form as an index because the process of accumulation of deformation is different from that in quaywalls due to the effects of the frequency characteristics of the ground motion and the repetition of actions, Therefore, among ground motions, the maximum value of deformation when a certain wave acts is defined as the maximum deformation, and a filter is calculate in such 2 way that @ constant value of the maxirauin deformation can be obtained independent of frequency. Because the relationship shown in equation (3.1.19) exists between the maximum deformation Day and the target value of residusl deformation ~610- PART Hl FACILITIES, CHAPTER 4 PROTECTIVE FACILITIES FOR HARBORS Da. Sepending on whether frietion enhancement mas are used or not, the maximum deformation can be calcbleted if residual deformation is given. Here, the standard allowable valve of deformation Da of 8 breakwater for Level | earthquake ground motion canbe given 3 Dix «= 30cm, The shape ofthe fer in this case is as showa in Fig. 3.4.10, D, 87K, 052 (with fiction enhancement mat) (without fiction enhancement mat) G19) 087K, +044 fact, [acta where Dax? maximum deformation (er) Dox + target value of residual deformation (Dy, 6éqac)4Céqn+ the mximum acceleration and the minim acceleration in acceleration time history ‘of sisson bottom (em) (8) Setting of filter The filter which considers the frequency characteristics of ground motion and amount of deformation for use in performance verification for seismic-resistant of breakwaters can be calculated by equation (3.1.20) using the maximum deformation obtained in the above (a) Setting of maximum deformation, This filter is obtained by evaluating the contribution of the waves of each frequency component comprising the ground ‘motion tothe deformation of the breakwater. This shows the relationship berween the maximum deformation of the breslewater caisson which is the target and the maximum value ofthe input acceleration atthe bottom of the caisson based on the resulls of a seismic response analysis for a system with one degree of freedom performed on multiple sine waves using models of quaywalls with different ground conditions and water depths. 1 fife 61.20) (0.0145D,_,-0.022 (with friction enhancement mat) Jo.or78p,.,-0.0035 (without fiction enhancement mat) (0.00740, +0542 (with fiction enhancement mat) 0.0095. +0174 (without fiction enkanoement mat) were F fier for ve in enlelation of seismic coffcen for verifeation J requency i) ab coetfeionts Diag ! maxitaum deformation (en) © Cateulation of characteristic value of seismic coefficient for verification ‘The seismic cocfficicat for verification to be used in the performance verification of breakwaters can be calculated by equation (3.1.21) Ky = Ona 1.2), Grax_1 the maximum value of acceleration at caisson bottom after filter processing (ers) © When conducting a performance verification based onthe balance of feres, the performance verifeston can be performed using equation (3.1.22) and equation (3.1.23). In this case, the cross section obtained in the variable situation respect of waves can be used asthe cross section fr verification. ‘The tial level shall be the condition which gives the smallest rato of the resistance force and the effect of actions. In the following oul | TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN equations, the symbaty isthe partial factor for its subscript, aad the subscripts kand d denote the characteristic value and design value, respectively i | Gliding stability) 7 (hay Fa + 2Ps,, )S sae! | 6122 (Overturning stability) 7, (ahs, Ha +200Ps,, 6.1.23) where | ‘iy, : seismic coefficient for verification | WW. : weight of eaisson (kKNim) | Poy, :tesulant of dynamic water pressure (N/m); caleulated using equation @.1.25) Bao phinal? : G24 pag.‘ unit weight of sea water (eN/n®) "H+ installation depth of caisson (m) | 1” eteaive weigh fesse a water = =P) Nt) Px: buoyancy (KN/m) fh fection coolleat between ctsson and rubble mound, Pat th Chapter 11, 9 rieton Cocttclentcen be used aeteence, | [me Tv a | Friction coefficient tof - | ~ | — na Tou [Toonami force er Tot Teor roo |= [ee [r2.0.2.5 1.00) ={ | [naw 100 oe Tine [Unit weight of RE v0 | == [= te Unit weight oF NC tb fees [ere Frsxno [Unit weight offing sand Too [eoeee eee a Susi analysis factor Toor feces [pete [ebe ten Toy___\ Tsunami force 10 | - [| - | - a Pals ea 2 P2025 100 Ee € HEWL. 1.00 fee 6 [ine Unit weight oF RC Ce 5 [rnc Unit weight of NC 190 [= | - | - sano [Unit weight offing and of - [- 1 te [Stustral analysis far 100 f= a Than free 100 | — 7 3 Surcbarge on sive segment 1.00 a8 Weight ofstice segment 100) s8 (Ground strength: Tangent of angle ofehear | 00 23 resistance fale Ground engi: Cohesion iw te Structural analysis fro 100 ‘1: sonst fatr, yt bios of average value (vorngevaluethuractrsi valu), coefficient of variation 12: RC renfoced concer, NC: non einorced conte 3: Change of water desi lite: Gradient of sea botiom <1/S021/0 74: ray denotes tbe rato ofthe highest high war level (HLELW.L) and meas monbly-igh ate vel HW). (05) Performance Verification for Accidental Waves Performance verification for accidental waves can be considered equivalent to the verification of the variable situation in respect of waves upon appropriate eveluation of the actions due to accidental waves. Provided, however, tha, te partial factors used inthe performance verification in respect of tsunamis showa in Table 3.1.3, may be as applied to the partial factors when the performing verification is conducted based on the static balance of forces. (6) Performance Verification for Stability of Sloping Sections © Wit breakwaters the examination is conducted for lip filre ofthe rubble section, However this may be examined as slip lure de to ecoentie and inclined loads. © For slip failure due to eccentric and inclined loads, Chapter 2, 2. Inclined Actions can be used as reference. {5 Bearing Capacity for Becentrie and @ tm armor unis for the rubble section, in addition to an adequate stable mass against wave force, the thickness should be suficoat to prevent flowing out ofthe materials in the mound interior. © For the required mass of armor units, Chapter 2, 17.2 Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks in Composite Breakwater Foundation Mound against Waves can be used as reference. @ As the required mass of the eubble and blocks under the armor units, itis preferable thatthe mess of these ‘materials be approximately 1/20 or more that ofthe armor units. Itis preferable that the mass of the stones under those underlying materials bo approximately 1/20 or more than that of the underlying materials. (i7Performance Verification for Stability of Breakwater Head and Concave Corners @® Incomparison withthe breakwater trunk, there are various unclear points regarding scouring ofthe foundation 613 — LTECHINICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN and actions affecting the heads of breakwaters. Therefore, itis preferable that the mass of the armor stom and armor blocks be set larger for the breakewater lead than forthe trunk, Tn calculations ofthe mass of arin units, Chapter 2, 1.7.2 Required Mass of Armor Stones and Blocks in Composite Breakwater Poundatic Mound against Waves can be used as reference. @® Inthe case of soft ground, slip failure inthe direction of the breakwater extension should also be examined. | this case, the frictional resistance ofthe sides ofthe slip surface may also be considered, © In the performance verification of concave coraers, increase of the wave height should be considered, @ In breakwater alignment which inchides concave comers, in addition to the concentration of waves at tl concave corner itself, an increase in wave height based on superposition ofthe reflected waves from the varios parts in the breakwater alignment will also occur around the corners. Because there have been examples 1 damage which is considered to be attributable to this phenomenon, in determining the breskowater aligame: and calculating stability, examination can be performed using Part Ul Chapter 2, 4.3 Wave Transformatio and 4.7.2(8) Calculation of Wave Force considering Effect of Alignment of Breakwater. 3.15 Performance Verification of Structural Members Inthe performance verification of structural members for caisson, cellular blocks, and hybrid cassons, Chapter’ 1 Structural Members can be used as reference. 34.8 Structural Details ‘tems for respective types of upright sections are described in (I)to(6). Common items are deseribed in (5) and afte () Caisson Type Composite Breakwaters © Various materials are used as filling in caissons, including concrete, concrete blocks, stones, gravel, sand ar slag. When selecting a filing material, it is preferable to consider construction costs, construction conditicr and natural conditions. In general, sand is frequently used. However, when sand or gravel is used asa filling material, itis necesser to cover the surface completely with a concrete lid or blocks. Slag may absorb water and expand, dependi ‘on the type of material. Accordingly, when using slag, attention should be pai to the material properties of tt slag asa filling material, including the method of treating the slag before filling the caissons. @® The thickness of the conerete lid should normally be 30 em or greater, end should be 50 em or greater und rough sea conditions. There are also examples of the thickness of 1.0 m or greater in the cases where was conditions are severe and the concrete lids are let without placement of crown conerete for a long time, @ Because there are many unclear points regarding the wave forees aeting on erown concrete, the concrete li placement should be performed in such ¢ way thatthe crown conerete is integrated withthe breakwater bod Methods of further increasing integration ofthe concrete lid with the crown concrete include pouting of tk = pum ts Change of wate det MB is_| ease [ona Sy (Change of water depth: Steep 128 0.893 23h, | Surcharge on slice segment 0.90. 0.625 0.685 Bele Weight ofsice segmen: 100 [0050 | 1.000 | 0030 Ei fiw [rand set Tings otter [ass [ose [coo [oar Beane oa a Sirulral alse factor Peeoneae| eer] eeeseee ae ‘sens factr, pi bis of average vale (average vluecharacteriste valu), 7 oefcen of aration, 12 RC: reinfoeed eoneete, NC: non-enforoed concrete, 2 Change of water depth Mil/Soep: Gradient of ea betiom

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