Assignment 10

Name: ALCANTARA, NIKAH PAULINE F. Section: BSN 3A

Instruction:
Research on the different Immunoglobulins and answer the following questions about each:

The five classes [subclasses] of immunoglobulins include:

➛ IgG - Immunoglobulin G molecules have heavy chains known as gamma-chains
➛ IgA - Immunoglobulin A have alpha-chains
➛ IgM - Immunoglobulin M have mu-chains
➛ IgD - Immunoglobulin D have delta-chains
➛ IgE - Immunoglobulin E have epsilon-chains

Classes of immunoglobulins Percentage of total antibody

Immunoglobulin G IgG 75% - 80%

Immunoglobulin A IgA 10% - 15%

Immunoglobulin M IgM 5% - 10%

Immunoglobulin D IgD 1%

Immunoglobulin E IgE 0.001%

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 Classes of immunoglobulins Type of reactions

Immunoglobulin G IgG Type III hypersensitivity and Type II

hypersensitivity, also known as (cytotoxic
reactions) and engages IgG antibodies, leading
to the complement system activation and cell
damage or lysis.

Immunoglobulin A IgA Type III hypersensitivity, also known as immune

complex reactions and sometimes IgA
antibodies. The build-up of these immune
complexes results in complement system
activation, which leads to polymorphonuclear
leukocytes (PMNs) chemotaxis and eventually
causing tissue damage.

Immunoglobulin M IgM Type III hypersensitivity and Type II

hypersensitivity

Immunoglobulin D IgD Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed-type) and

involves T-cell-mediated reactions. A high level
may mean IgD multiple myeloma is present.
Site-specific cancers are proposed to be 'severe'
(irreversible) forms of cumulative delayed
hypersensitivity responses.

Immunoglobulin E IgE Type I hypersensitivity, also known as an

(immediate reaction) and involves
immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated release of
antibodies against the soluble antigen. This
results in mast cell degranulation and release of
histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 Classes of immunoglobulins Function

Immunoglobulin G IgG Main blood antibody of secondary

responses, neutralizes toxins,
opsonizations.

Immunoglobulin A IgA Protect mucus membranes

Secreted into mucus, tears, saliva, and
colostrum.

Immunoglobulin M IgM Main antibody of primary responses, best at

fixing the complement, monometer form of
IgM serves as the B cell receptor.

Immunoglobulin D IgD B cell receptor

Immunoglobulin E IgE Antibody of allergy and antiparasitic activity.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 Classes of immunoglobulins Crosses Placenta Passed through breastfeeding

Immunoglobulin G IgG Yes Yes

- present, but in
concentrations much lower
than SIgA.

Immunoglobulin A IgA No Yes

- it is the main antibody and
abundant found in breast
milk (over 90% of milk
antibodies), and considered
the most important one
because it protects the
gastrointestinal tract of
newborns from

Immunoglobulin M IgM No Yes

- present, but in
concentrations much lower
than SIgA.

Immunoglobulin D IgD No Yes

- besides IgA, it is one of the
four other types of
immunoglobulins in breast
milk

Immunoglobulin E IgE No Yes

- however, the levels of total
IgE in breast milk are low.

* IgG is the only isotype that is transferred across the placenta. All IgG subclasses cross the placenta, and their
relative concentrations in the cord serum are comparable with those of the maternal serum.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
IgM is the largest antibody and the first one to be synthesized in response to an antigen or microbe. IgM
typically exists as polymers of identical subunits, with a pentameric form as the prevalent one. Since IgM is
formed early in the immune response and is later replaced by IgG, also known as (secondary antibody
response) specific antibodies of the IgM class are diagnostic of recent (or chronic) infection .Isotype switching
is a feature of secondary responses to a pathogen by the humoral immune system, resulting in the production
of IgG, IgA, or IgE antibodies directed against the pathogen. A sharp rise in IgG antibodies but much lower
anamnestic response for IgM and IgA is observed.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 REFERENCES:

Thermo Fisher Scientific - NL. (n.d.). Immunoglobulin Structure and Classes. Retrieved January 25,

2022, from

https://www.thermofisher.com/nl/en/home/life-science/antibodies/antibodies-learning-center/antib

odies-resource-library/antibody-methods/immunoglobulin-structure-classes.html#:%7E:text=The%20f

ive%20primary%20classes%20of,and%20IgDs%20have%20delta%2Dchains.

Abbas, M. Moussa, M. Akel, H. (2021, July 12). NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic. PubMed.

Retrieved 22–01-25, from

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32809396/#:%7E:text=Type%20I%20hypersensitivity%20is%20also,

histamine%20and%20other%20inflammatory%20mediators

IMMUNOGLOBULIN D UNDERGOES PLACENTAL TRANSFER TO THE FETUS (2022). Retrieved 25 January

2022, from

https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1773&context=oa_theses#:~:text=We

%20find%20that%20IgD%20is,placental%20transfer%20to%20the%20fetus.&text=INTRODUCTION-,Im

munoglobulin%20D%20(IgD)%20is%20an%20enigmatic%20protein%20that%20is%20solely,of%20the

%20adaptive%20immune%20system.

NCBI - WWW Error Blocked Diagnostic. (2001). NCBI. Retrieved January 25, 2022, from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK27162/

Burks, W. (2015). Immunoglobulin G - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. ScienceDirect. Retrieved

January 25, 2022, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/immunoglobulin-g

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic