Assignment 08

Name: ALCANTARA, Nikah Pauline F. Section: BSN 3A

Research on the following:

I. Composition of body fluids

BODY FLUIDS COMPOSITION

Organic Substances:
Glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, hormones,
and enzymes.

Inorganic Substances:
(ECF)
Extracellular (ECF) ⮚ Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids found
outside of cells.

⮚Extracellular fluids contains, large quantity of

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, glucose, fatty
acids, and oxygen. The body regulates sodium
levels to control the movement of water into
and out of the extracellular space due to
osmosis.

⮚Extracellular fluids can be further broken down

into various types. The first type is known as
intravascular fluid that is found in the vascular
system that consists of arteries, veins, and
capillary networks. Intravascular fluid is whole
blood volume and also includes red blood cells,
white blood cells, plasma, and platelets.
Intravascular fluid is the most important
component of the body’s overall fluid balance.

Intracellular (ICF) (ICF)

⮚ Intracellular fluids (ECF)are fluids found inside
cells.

⮚ Intracellular fluids contains large quantities of

potassium, magnesium, phosphates, sulphates,
and proteins.

⮚ The most abundant electrolyte in intracellular

fluid is potassium. Intracellular fluids are crucial
to the body’s functioning. In fact, intracellular
fluid accounts for 60% of the volume of body
fluids and 40% of a person’s total body weight.

Second types of extracellular fluid:

Interstitial ⮚ Interstitial fluid that refers to fluid outside of

blood vessels and between the cells.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 ⮚ Has high concentrations of sodium, chloride,
and bicarbonate, but a relatively lower
concentration of protein.

Intravascular ⮚ Intravascular space is the fluid within the

blood vessels containing plasma. Approximately
3 L of the average 6 L of blood volume is made
up of plasma. The remaining 3 L is made up of
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.

Transcellular ⮚ The transcellular space is the smallest division

of the ECF compartment and contains
approximately 1 L of fluid at any given time.
Examples of transcellular fluid are
cerebrospinal, pericardial, synovial, intraocular,
and pleural fluids; sweat; and digestive
secretions.

II. Regulation of Body fluid compartments

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Regulation-of-Body-Fluid-Compartments_31689/

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 Osmosis and Osmolality
When two different solutions are separated by a membrane that is impermeable to the dissolved
substances, fluid shifts through the membrane from the region of low solute concentration to the
region of high solute concentration until the solutions are of equal concentration; this diffusion of
water caused by a fluid con-centration gradient is known as osmosis (Figure A). The mag-nitude of this
force depends on the number of particles dissolved in the solutions, not on their weights. The number
of dissolved particles contained in a unit of fluid determines the osmolality of a solution, which
influences the movement of fluid between the fluid compartments. Tonicity is the ability of all the
solutes to cause an osmotic driving force that promotes water movement from one compartment to
another. The control of tonicity determines the normal state of cellular hydration and cell size.
Sodium, mannitol, glucose, and sorbitol are effective os-moles (capable of affecting water movement).
Three other terms are associated with osmosis: osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure, and osmotic
diuresis.

Diffusion
Diffusion is the natural tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to one
of lower concentration (Figure B). It occurs through the random movement of ions and molecules.
Examples of diffusion are the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the pulmonary
capillaries and alveoli and the tendency of sodium to move from the ECF compartment, where the
sodium concentration is high, to the ICF, where its concentration is low.

Filtration
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries tends to filter fluid out of the vascular compartment into the
interstitial fluid. Movement of water and solutes occurs from an area of high hydrostatic pres-sure to
an area of low hydrostatic pressure. Filtration allows the kidneys to filter 180 L of plasma per day.
Another example of fil-tration is the passage of water and electrolytes from the arterial capillary bed
to the interstitial fluid; in this instance, the hydro-static pressure is furnished by the pumping action of
the heart.

Sodium–Potassium Pump
As stated earlier, the sodium concentration is greater in the ECF than in the ICF, and because of this,
sodium tends to enter the cell by diffusion. This tendency is offset by the sodium–potassium pump,
which is located in the cell membrane and actively moves sodium from the cell into the ECF.
Conversely, the high intracellular potassium concentration is maintained by pumping potas-sium into
the cell. By definition, active transport implies that energy must be expended for the movement to
occur against a concentration gradient.

III. Electrolytes (Normal values and functions in the body)

ELECTROLYTES NORMAL VALUES/REF RANGE FUNCTIONS

& UNITS

Sodium (Na) 135 - 145 mmol/L ⮚ Sodium is necessary for the

body to maintain fluid balance
and is critical for normal body
function. It also helps to
regulate nerve function and
muscle contraction.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 Potassium (K) 3.4 - 5.0 mmol/L ⮚ Potassium is particularly
important for regulating heart
function. It also helps maintain
healthy nerves and muscles.

Chloride (Cl) 98 - 108 mmol/L ⮚ Chloride is necessary for

maintaining the proper
balance of bodily fluids.

Magnesium (Mg) 23 - 32 mmol/L ⮚Chloride is necessary for

maintaining the proper
balance of bodily fluids.

Glucose (C6H12O6.) 70 - 110 mg/dL ⮚ Glucose is a type of sugar

your body uses for energy.
Electrolytes keep your body's
fluids in balance. They also
help keep your body working
normally, including your heart
rhythm, muscle contraction,
and brain function.

Calcium (Ca) 8.5 - 10.5 mg/dL ⮚ Calcium is a vital mineral that

your body uses to stabilize
blood pressure and control
skeletal muscle contraction. It’s
also used to build strong bones
and teeth.

Phosphate (H P O 4 2) 0.81–1.45 (mmol/day) ⮚The kidneys, bones, and

intestines work to balance
phosphate levels in the body.
Phosphate is necessary for a
wide variety of functions and
interacts closely with calcium.

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic
 REFERENCES:

Nursing, O. R. F. (n.d.). 15.2 Basic Fluid and Electrolyte Concepts – Nursing

Fundamentals. Pressbooks. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://wtcs.pressbooks.pub/nursingfundamentals/chapter/15-2-basic-fluid-and-elec

trolyte-concepts/

Holland, K. (2019, April 29). All About Electrolyte Disorders. Healthline. Retrieved

December 15, 2021, from

https://www.healthline.com/health/electrolyte-disorders#causes

Smeltzer, S. B. B. (2018). Regulation of Body Fluid Compartments. BrainKart.

Retrieved December 15, 2021, from

https://www.brainkart.com/article/Regulation-of-Body-Fluid-Compartments_31689/

Learning Module: Care of Clients with Problems in Oxygenation, Fluid and Electrolytes, Infectious,
Inflammatory and Immunologic Response, Cellular Aberrations, Acute and Chronic