ess— Related to intensity of sound, Timbre—Related to quality of sound, Pitch tion that depends upon the frequency, Pitch heh rand low frequency sound (Le., ithelps to disti ‘intensity produced by the same musical it frequency. “The sound produced by ladies and children is of ly, the sound produced by a bee or Mosquito greater the frequenc: Psinistinguishing between anoteofhigh Inguish a shrill sound froma flat sound) of Instrument, A shri Sound is produced by a sound 0 of sensation produced on ear. Thus, ther. Loudness depends upon intensity and also upon the sensitiveness of the ear. nes and intensity are related to each other by the elation L clog, L = Klog, 1 loudness varies from one listener -isa constant. this relation it is seen that loudness is directly and is known as Weber-Fechner law. om the above equation, Proportional to the logarithm of cos I. is called sensitiveness of ear. Therefore, sensitiveness decreases with increase in h enables us to distinguish between two sounds having the same n the presence of overtones. of >tes emitted by different musical iouhtesandrieebeemepichaes ‘Scanned with CamScannerveroony vv ~~~ - Therefore, the intensity | jnamedrum > e-~ j= 20 f2a’ pv Wm”. sy which a human ear" can sense is called the threshold inten Jue then our ear cannot hear the soung Jess than this val ro or standard intensity. The intensity of The unit of intensity is ound intenst Jor. Ifthe intensity 1S known as Ze! e standard intensity. The minimum s Its value is 10°? watt This minimum inte? sound is measured with rel nsity is also ference to th ative Intensity) |. 3.4.1 Intensity Level (Rel of asound is defined as the logari The intensity level correlative intensity ofa sound to the standard intensity I,, . 1 , 1, = Klog,. (*) Letl and, represent intensities of two sounds of a parti I, particular frequency; ‘their comesponding measures of loudness. Then, according pare = L,=K log, 1 é wll Therefore the intensity level ee v) orrelative intensity is a eee = Klog,, 1-K logo, = K (log,, I—log,, 1.) I, = Klog,, (7) ° Ifk= ij ee aresres ina unt called be, gh i i is seen that, 10 times increase i intensit Therefore, is the intensity level ofa sound whose oe intensity is 10 times the: | Z ithmic ratio of intensiy intensity ‘Scanned with CamScanner100 times increase in intensity, i.e.,1= 1001, corresponds to 2 bel and 1,000 times jntensity, ic.,1= 1,0001,, corresponds to 3 bel and so on. bel isa large unit. Hence, another unit known as decibel dB is more often used. 1 1dB = Jo ae t Thatis one decibel is Jo Mofabel. 1 ‘Tas, 1, = 10log,, (1) significance of 1 dB equation (4), the intensity level in dB is I L= 1otg,( 1) the above equation, let us determine the change in intensity that i: oduct t ‘the intensity level is altered by 1 aB. 2 a an = Case 1 if (4) , 2 1, = 04B, = I I O= 10log,,[7-} ¥ 10 # 0, 10 10g, =e i i, 710-1 al 1, = 14B, x 1dB = 10 log, (to 0 Soe ae 10 = 8.7, ‘Scanned with CamScannerThus the difference between equations (5) and (6) gives, i TL = 0.26 0 or 1 = 0.261, Therefore, it is observed that a change in intensity level of 1 dB alters the i 26%. _— The threshold of audibility is 0 dB and the maximum intensity level is 120 dB. The. Of intensity level 120 dB produces a feeling of pain in the ear and is therefore cai the threshold of feeling. Note: The units used to measure loudness are phon and sone, + Phon: The measure of loudness in phons of any sound is equal to the loudness in. decibel of an equally loud tone of frequency 1,000 Hz. + Sone Definition 1 : Defined as loudness ofa 1,000 Hz tone of 40 dB intensity level Definition 2 : It is equal to the loudness of that particular sound having a loudness level of 40 phon. 3.4 Ifthe intensity of a source of sound is increased 20 times its value, by how many decibel doesth, intensity level increase? Solution: Given, 1= 201; | I Formula: I, = 10log,, (t) 1016, ( 22) = 10 log,,20 = 10% 1.30102 1, = 13.014B. See pour intensity level is increased by 13 dB when the intensity is doubled. Examy ‘The amplitude of a sound wave is doubled; by how many dB will the intensity level increase? Solution: Weknow I xa’; therefore when amplitude is double, intensity inreass four times cu I= 41, ‘Scanned with CamScanner83 41, , = 1log,,| 7" 1, = 10log,.4 = 10 « 0.6020 1, = 6.0204B. ‘Tins, the intensity level increases by 6B. 3.3 0 1= 1,000 War? and we know I, = 10" Win; 1 (2) =10 log,, 10° = 10 « 15 I, = 1504B. = 101og,, ity of sound in a street during heavy traffic is 10° War, Calculate the intensity level in I= 10° Wm? we know ie 10;*wrmel;! Ol =?. I = 1log,.| 6 10 = 10 log, (ar rr) =10 ey 10°= 10x 6dB 1, = 60aB. 3.5 the intensity level in dB ata distance of 15 m froma source which radiates enerzy atthe 3.56 W. The reference intensity is 100 Wm. Q=356W; r=15m; 1,=100Wm*; I=? j=? MSS AS sie ‘know ' T= A 7 ant 4x314x(15) Ceealele.. ‘Scanned with CamScannerae ol _ 356 © 2826 1 1.2597» 10° We? i , = 10log0| 7, 1.2597 x10” 12597xI0" = 10108; 100 = 10 log,9( 1.2597 * 10°) = 10 (4.8997) . J, = —48.997 dB. Example: 3.6 = ‘What isthe resultant sound level when a 70 dB sound is added to a 80 dB sound? Solution: Given, I, = 70 dB; 1, =80 dB; (1, 1,= 10 log,, la. I 70 = 10 log,, 4) 1 a = = FE I a t= o IL =10° Similarly, . 80 = 10 log, [7 1, pe 7 1, = 101071 T=1+h = 10°1,+10x 101 T= 1x10 3 - I i 1016 (7 = 10 log,, (11 * 10°) ‘Scanned with CamScanner1, = 10« 8.0413 1, = 80.41 dB, perefre theresultant intensity is 80.41 €B, Je 3.7 a sound froma drill gives a noise level of 95 dB at apointa few meters away from it. Whats the Jevel at this point when four such drills are working at the same distance away? 1, = 95 dB; 1 =; Given I= 41; Tie? 41, Formula: lL = 101g, 1, = 10 0.6020 1, = 6.02 4B Hence, l= 1 A: 1, = 95 + 6.02 4B I, = 101.02 aB. of sound has a frequency of 426 Hz and an: amplitude of 0.65 x 10? m. Calculate the flow across | m* per second if the velocity of sound in air is 340 ms“ and the density of air is kgm. f= 426 Hz; a=0.65x 107m; A= Im’; v=340 ms"; p=1.29kgm>; 1= 2 Weknow 1=2rftapv = 2x (3.14 x (426) x (0.65 x 10°) x 1.29 x 340 o T = 6.631 x 10‘ Wm? Distinction between Loudness and Intensity Itis @ degree of sensation produced It is the quantity of sound energy on the ear. flowing across unit area in unit time. It varies from listener to listener. It is independent of listener. It is @ physiological quantity. It is a physical quantity. Its unit is sone. Its unit is Wm-2, ‘Scanned with CamScannersicebili 0.167V . o.167V] 11 on \ 8S LT T Be?) knowing the values ofT, TS, and V, the absorption coefficient a, ofthe material can fof volume 1,000 m’ hasa sound absorbing surface of area 400 m’. If the average absorption sent of the hall is 0.2, what is the reverberation time of the hall? y= 1,000m’; S=400m’; a= 0.2sabine; T = ? 0.167V — 0.167x1,000 167 T= = aS 0.2400 80 2ST T = 2.08 sec. of a room is 1,500 m’. The wall area of the room is 260 m’, the floor area is ‘and the ceiling area is 140 m’, The average sound absorption coefficient for the wall for the ceiling it is 0.8 and for the floor it is 0.06. Calculate the average absorption it and the reverberation time. V =1,500m’; a,= 0.03 sabine; a,=0.8 sabine; a, = 0.06 sabine; S, = 260 m’; m?; S,= 140m. w=2T=? ‘absorption coefficient is aS,+a,S,+a,8, a= “"s+8,+8, 0.03% 260+ 0,8 1404 0.06% 140 _ 78+112+84 2 260-+140+140 340 0.2374 O.W.U. fore, the total sound absorption of the room is TES = 0.2374 x 540 = 128,196 O.W.U-m*, fore, the reverberation time is, _ 0.167V _ 0.167%1,500 __2505 T= “3s ~~ 128196 128196 T = 1.9540 sec. xd with CamnScanner90 Engineering Example 3.11 ‘The volume of an auditorium is 12,000 m’. Its reve absorption coefficient of interior surfaces is 0.4 sabin sberation time is 1.5 second. Ifthe, , find the area of interior surfaces Solution: 5 Given, V = 12,000 m’; T= 1.5 sec; @= 0.4 sabine; S= 0.167V We know T= 35 g = 2167 i aT 0.167x12,000 _ 2004 2,004 $= Daxis 06 06 ae * S = 3340 m’. Example 3.12 A cinema hall hasa volume of 7,500 m’. What should be the total absorption in the hall iftte Teverberation time of 1.5 seconds is to be maintained? Solution: Given, V=7,500m?; T=1.5 sec; EaS=? ee 0.167V LaS P zag = 2:167x7,500 _ 1,252.5 a TS g = 835 sabine-m?. A hall has a volume of 12,500 m? and reverberation ti s¢ i i ca “Pebeet ration time of 1.5 sec. If 200 cushioned chairs will be the ti ee retin ‘new reverberation time of the hall? The absorption®! Solution: Given, V=12,500m; T,=1.5sec; a,8,=200 sabine-m?; Da =, 7 + 2a,8,=2; ve Th 0.167V Xs, be the reverberation time before placing cushioned chairs, “ Ba,5 = 2:167 12,500 _ 2,087.5 1 a LS. Za,S, = 1391.66 sabine-m?, a 4 ‘Scanned with CamScannerion time after placing the cushioned chairs be ~ thereverberat 0.167V 167 12,500 2,087.5 T,= Fa, +a,8, ~ 1,391.664200 ~ 1,591.66 T,= 1.3115 see. , the new reverberation time after placing the cushioned chairs is 1.3115 sec, 3.14 glume of ahall is 475m’. The area of wall is 200 m:, area of floor and jion coefficient of the wall, ceiling and floor are 0.02 jion time for the hall. Ceiling each is 100m? 5,0.02 and 0.55, respectively. Calculate 200 m*; S, = 100 m’; S, = 100 m; 55 O.W.U; T=? = 0.025 O.W.U.; pa OASTV _ 0.167 x 475 —= = oe LaS 0.025 x 200 + 0.02 x 100 + 0.55 x 100 19325. 79.325 ~ 542455 62 T = 1.2794 sec, volume of 2,265 m’. Its total absorption is equivalent to 94.85 mi? of open window. be the effect on reverberation time if the audience fill the hall and thereby increase the by another 94.85 m2? V=2,265 m'; ¥a,$,=94.85; Za,S,=2xEa,S, = 189.7; T, =% T,=2 T, be the reverberation time in the hall without audience 0.167 1 Sas, 0.167 x 2265 1, = 948s T, = 3.987 sec. , be the reverberation time in the hall with audience 0.167 ‘ T7758; # a 0167x2265 _ 378255 Tr 7 er “ae ‘Scanned with CamScanner500 m?; LaS=?, a= Om’; T= 1.55 sec; 2S =26, 0.167 V aS __ 0,167x1,20,000 _ 20,040 1.55 1.55" ae ZaS = 12929.0sabine-m?. % Aa. ‘Scanned with CamScanner