CHAPTER REPORT

ANALYSE MORPHOSYNTAX OF JOURNAL: KOLMOGOROV

COMPLEXITY OF MORPHS AND CONSTRUCTIONS IN ENGLISH

This assignment was made to fulfill the assignment

of Morphosyntax from Mrs. Ida Lisdawati, M.Pd.

By: Yanti Kurnia

20220101

STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION

EDUCATION LANGUAGE FACULTY
IKIP SILIWANGI
CIMAHI
2022

BAB 1
 Introducing

1.1. Tinjauan Pustaka

Understanding Linguistics is a branch of science or a discipline that studies language

scientifically. “Linguistics may be defined as the scientific study of of language (John

Lyons,1975)”. (Langacker, 1973) according "Linguistics is the study of human language”.

Linguistic is analysis of the lexical elements of a language reveals that many words have internal

morphological structure. Word bases and affixes recur in different words, and, to a degree, bases

may be associated with a common core of meaning; for their part, affixes may convey a meaning

(e.g. un- in English) or may subserve a particular grammatical function. (Harold Baayen

Wundtlaan I, Shlomo Bentin, Dianna Buijs, ect). Basically, the study of linguistics is divided

into two main fields, that is microlinguistics and macrolinguistics (Kridalaksana, 1984). Also

includes the sub-systems that exist in both micro and macro. Microlinguistics that are general in

nature are linguistic theories contained in the linguistic subsystem: Fonologi merupakan cabang

mikrolinguistik yang ruang lingkupnya membahas tentang bunyi bahasa ditinjau dari fungsinya.

a. Morphology is a branch of microlinguistics whose scope of discussion is

b. Morphemes and words. Morphology also includes investigating the structure of words,

their parts and the ways in which they are formed.

c. Syntax investigates the structure of phrases, clauses, and sentences.

d. Semantics investigates the meaning of language, both lexical and grammatical

or contextual. Meanwhile, macrolinguistics is a field of linguistics that studies language

in relation to factors outside of language, such as in terms of psychology, social,

teaching, medicine, and philosophy.

 This chapter report will review morphosyntax as part of the linguistic branch which is a

combination of morphology and syntax. (Crystal, 1980: 234) morphosyntactic is a term in

linguistics used to refer to grammatical categories or properties for whose definition criteria of

morphology and syntax both apply, as in describing the characteristics of words. According to

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (2000), morphosyntax is the study

of grammatical categories or linguistic units that have both morphological and syntactic

properties. The set of rules that govern linguistic units whose properties are definable by both

morphological and syntactic criteria.

A. Morphology

Spencer dan Zwicky (2001:1), morphology is the study of word structure, and words are

at the interface between phonology, syntax, and semantics. A broader explanation was put

forward by (Aronoff and Fudeman, 2005:1), morphology is the study of form or forms.

Morphology itself is divided into three parts, namely morph, morpheme, and allomorph.

a) Morphs are segments of the phonological unit.

Example:

See the word: “un-accept-able”. The segments Un- and -able are called morphs and mean

something.

Un- = negative, -able = adjective means ‘it is possible’ while “accept” = lexeme

b) Morphemes are segments of the grammatical word which represent choices from a set of

options forming a grammatical category.

Example:
 Let us see the article “a” and “an”. We see that both “a” and “an” (and the other sets) are

‘the same thing’. Then we will say that these various sets of morphs realise the same

morpheme.

c) Allomorph represents the same morpheme, they are grouped together and called

allomorph of that morpheme (Katamba, 1993: 26). In addition, (O’Grady and

Guzman,1996:135), stated that “the variant forms of a morpheme are called allomorphs.”

In the study of linguistics, morphemes are divided into two branches, namely free and

bound. (Yule,2006) “Free Morpheme that can stand by themselves as single words”, whereas

“bound morpheme” are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached

to another. In addition, another opinion was also expressed by (Crystal, 1997) “Free Morpheme

can occur as separated words”. (Mish,1990) “A free morpheme is a grammatical unit that can

occur by itself. However, other morpheme such as affixes can be attached to it”. (Pei and

Geynor, 1954) “Bound morpheme is a grammatical unit that never occurs by itself, but is always

attached to some other morphemes”. And then (O’Grady,1997) “Bound morpheme is a

morpheme that must be attached to another element."

Bound morphem devided two brach, it derivational dan infection. Inflectional processes

are said to be fully phumanities, whereas derivational processes may exhibit different degrees of

productivity. A related psycholinguistic distinction between inflection and derivation is the

family size effect (Baaye, 1997). This seems to be a natural corollary of the fact that inflection is

obligatory. However, this is not completely true, since there might be competing inflectional

processes with the same function, some of which may be unproductive.

The derived word baker, for example, does not just denote ‘one who bakes,’ but is used

to denote a certain profession. The de-verbal noun dwelling, as in my humble dwelling, does not
denote the act of dwelling, but a location. Semantic idiosyncrasies in inflectional forms are much

rarer, but do exist. For instance, the English plural form brethren is irregular, both formally and

semantically, since it does not simply mean ‘brothers,’ but is used to denote male members of a

religious community. In Dutch, the plural form of the noun letter ‘letter,’ letteren, is used to

denote the scientific domain of arts and humanities.

B. Word Classes

Noun adalah kata yang digunakan untuk menamai atau menyebut orang, benda, tempat,

dan ide. Dengan kata lain, kata ini merujuk pada benda fisik dan konsep abstrak. Noun dapat

dicontohkan dengan kata-kata seperti di bawah ini.

Noun : table, house, phone, floor, water, wind, ect.

Abstrac noun : time, idea, opinion, age, difficulty, ect.

1. Concret noun

Concrete nouns are nouns that can be observed by the five senses. So that it is

concrete or refers to an object directly as mentioned above.

Example :Book, eraser, bottle, flower, chair, classroom, star, moon, fire, wind, …

2. Abstract Noun

Abstract nouns are nouns that are not observed by the five senses. In other words,

this noun is abstract or has a material concept. Nouns of this type are usually marked

with the suffix: ace, age, ance, ancy, ion, sion, tion, dom, hood, ice, ism, ment, ness,

ship, ity, ty. Example: Happiness, emergency, falsehood, freedom, communism,

motivation, affection, idea, love, spirit, life, time, age, …

3. Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. The characteristics of this noun are:
 ● can be followed by a count of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and so on,

● can be followed by articles a and an in the singular,

● can be added to the suffix –s and –es in the plural.Contoh:

4. Common and Proper Nouns

a. Common Noun

Common nouns are nouns that refer to things that are still common. So that the

writing does not use capital letters, unless it starts a sentence or title. Example : Person,

city, country, month, restaurant, park, hall, phone, ect.

b. Proper Noun

Is a noun that mentions a name so that its use requires using a capital letter at the

beginning. Contoh: John, Semarang, Indonesia, July, Bernand Steak House, Greenwich

Park, iPhone, ect.

5. Collective Nouns

Collective nouns are nouns that indicate the existence of a combination, be it people,

places, or things. Example: Army, audience, class, club, committee

Verbs or verbs are words that show the meaning of activities and conditions or

circumstances.

1. Regular Verb (beraturan)

Regular verbs are verbs that have regular form changes in V2 and V3, done by adding

-d/ed/Irregular Verb (tidak beraturan)

2. Irregular verb namely verbs that change in irregular form in V2 and V3.

3. Transitive

Transitive verb adalah kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek.

C. Adverb

According to the Cambridge dictionary, adverbs are auxiliary words that have the

function of providing additional information about the verb, adjective, or adverb itself.

Adverbs have several characteristics, namely.

• Adverbs can be additional information

• Adverbs can be placed in front, behind or separately from the previous word

• Adverbs are usually adjectives with the ending –ly

• Adverb cannot be a noun

1. Types and Examples of Adverbs

● Adverb of time, is an adverb used to provide additional information about time. For

example, now, early, yesterday, tomorrow, today, soon, late, the day after tomorrow, the

day before and so on.

● Adverb of place, is an adverb that serves to provide additional information about a

location or place. For example there, home, down, here, somewhere and so on.

● Adverb of degree, is an adverb used to add or complete information. For example, just,

almost, quite, enough, too, extremely, very and so on.

● Adverb of manner, is an adverb used to add information about a condition or explain how

an event occurred. The form is adjective + ly, for example softly, gently, happily, easily

and so on.Adverb of frequency, merupakan adverb yang digunakan untuk memberikan

informasi mengenai seberapa sering seseorang melaksanakan suatu hal. Contohnya never,

always, occasionally dan lain sebagainya.

1. Adverb Function

Adverbs or adverbs have several functions, including the following.

● Adverbs function as emphasis or emphasis. For example I (only) love you. The

word in brackets, namely only, is an adverb form that has a function to emphasize

that the subject, namely 'I', only does 'love' to the object, namely 'you'.

● Adverbs function as negation (sentence in negative form) and denial or negation.

For example, he does (not) know us. The word not is an adjective form that has a

function to give negation to the sentence as well as a form of denial conveyed by

the subject regarding the object of the sentence.

● Adverb functions as a connector or conjunctive adverb. For example, stop spying

on me, (otherwise) I will call the police. In this sentence, the word otherwise is an

adverb used to connect the main clause.

● Serves to explain verbs, for example sleep (soundly) the word in brackets is an

adverb to explain that someone sleeps or 'sleep' soundly or 'soundly'.

● Adverb serves to explain the preposition.

● Adverb serves to explain the conjunction. For example, shortly (when). The word

in brackets, namely when is an adverb that functions as a conjunction from the

previous adjective.

● Adverb has a function to explain the adverb or adverb itself. For example too

hard, too hard. Very well, very good. The two examples of sentences are adverbs

that have a function to explain the information that is in front of it or before it.

D. Adjective
 Adjectives are adjectives that function to explain or limit pronouns and nouns that are

general or general in nature and can be in the form of people, places, animals, objects or abstract

concepts.

a. Descriptive nouns

Descriptive nouns are adjectives that describe and explain the state of a noun or pronoun

in the form of size, shape, color, smell, taste and so on. Consists of six patterns as

follows:

Character and quality, for example kind, friendly, humble, arrogant, charitable, careful,

greedy, lazy, helpful, bad, ugly, smart, handsome, beautiful, pretty, smart and so on.

b. Possessive adjective

It is a form of possession that uses a noun as an adjective.

c. Demonstrative adjective

A pointing word followed by a noun. Example: this book is mine, that book is

hers, I write these books, those dogs are cute.

d. Article adjective

Is an article that is placed in front of a noun and consists of a; an and the; for

example, an umbrella, a baseball. The prefix an is used for words that start with a vowel,

while the prefix a is used for words that start with a consonant.

e. Exclamatory adjective

Is an adjective that is used for sentences or words with an exclamation mark. For

example what a lucky boy he is!, what a bright sun it is. From the two sentences, the

exclamatory adjective has a pattern, namely what + a/ an + noun / pronoun (subject +

verb)
f. Interrogative adjective

Is a type of adjective that is used to ask questions. Can be used with what + noun,

whose + noun, which + noun. For example, what time is ti? What a bright sun isn't

it? Which book your bring?

g. Numeral adjective

The name implies, this adjective is a number that functions as an adjective. Divided

into three types, namely cardinal number, ordinal number, multiplication. For example,

one year, two months (cardinal number), the first edition, the seventh line (ordinal

number), a pair of shoes, single room (multiplication).

BAB II

ANALYSIS OF INTRODUCTION
2.1. Noun Analyze

No. Word Proper Common Concrete Abstract Collective

noun noun noun Noun noun

1. The limelight v

2. Typological v

3. Time v

4. Research v

5. Notion v

6. Core v

7. Language v

8. Century v

9. Truism v

10. Evidence v

11. Topics v

12. Complexity v

13. Terminology v

14. Definition v

15. Literature v

16. Distinction v

18. Theory v

19. Amount v
20. System v

21. Contrasts v

22. Market v

23. Rules v

24. Marker v

25. Regard v

26. System v

27. Term v

28. Cost v

29. Processing v

30. Acquisition v

31. Fact v

32. Learners v

33. Proposals v

34. Information v

35. Texts v

37. File v

38. Information v

39. Contribution v

40. Construction v

41. Possibilities v

42. Manipulation v
 43. Foregrounding v

44. Methodology v

2.2. Verb Analyze

No Word Action Verb Transitive Verb Intransitive Irreguler

Verb Verb
1. Has been v

2. Debated v

3. Stands

4. Was v

5. Assumed

6. Produced v

7. Quantified v

8. Made v

9. Refers v

10. Equate v

11. Exhibit v

12. Define v v

13. Takes

14. Approach v

15. Builds v

16. Using v

17. Programm v
e
18. Construct v
19. Speaking v

20. Spirit v

21. Set v

22. Explore v

23. Show v

24. Given v

25. Inferred v

26. Outlined v
2.3. Adjective Analyze

Article Possessiv Demonstrative Coordinate Numbers Interrogative Indefinite Attributive

No. Word
s e Adjective Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives
1. general v
2. recently v

3. An
v
analysis
4. A hitherto v
5. This is v
6. which is v

7. Quantitati
v
ve
8. popular v
9. difficult v

10. unsupervi v
sed
11. approxim v
ated
12. syntactic v
2.4. Adverb Analyze

  Word Conjunctive Adverbs of Adverbs of Adverbs of Degree Adverbs of

Adverbs Time/Frequency Place/Direction Manner
hotly        v  
  However, the  v        
quasi..
  generally          v
  exactly        v  
  vastly          v
  generally          v
  Essentially          v
  conveniently          v
  respectively          v
 BAB III
ANALYZE BODY OF JOURNAL

3.1. Morphological Branches

a) Compounding
The analyze result of the journal body that included to compounding.
1. In his landmark paper
Land=tanah, mark=tanda
Landmark= penanda
2. Shannon entropy, thereby laying the cornerstone for modern information
Corner= sudut
Stone= batu
Cornerstone=landasan
3. In a nutshell, algorithmi cally measured linguistic complexity is based on the form
of structures, not on their function and meaning.
Nut=biji-bijian
Shell=kerang
Nutshell in these sentence have meaning= singkatnya/lebih tepatnya.
4. Whereas the length of the shortest possible description of (1-b) is the string itself.
It= ini
Self=sendiri
Itself have meaning diri
5. Furthermore
Further = lebih jauh
More = lebih
Moreover have meaning selanjutnya
6. Moreover
More=lebih
Over =lebih
Moreover have meaning terlebih lagi
7. The technique works on and is restricted to written text databases
Data= data
Bases= dasar
Databases have meaning basis data
8. In spite of these drawbacks.
Draw = gambar
Backs= kembali
Drawbacks have meaning kekurangan
b) Derivation
1. Unexpectedness
2. Uncertainty
3. Independently
4. Closely
5. Complexity
6. Reconstruct
7. Mathematically
8. Computable
9. Largely
10. Essentially
11. Absolutely
12. Measurement
13. Randomly
14. Morphologically
15. Comparatively
16. Subsequently
17. Signify
18. Syntactically
19. Greatly
20. Undistorted
21. Statistically
22. Subsequently
23. Respectively
24. Unmanipulated
25. Adequately
26. Specifically
27. Respectively
28. Roughly
29. Virtually
30. Particularly
31. Significantly
32. Generally
33. Plausible
34. Considerably

c) Convertion
d) Affixation
1. Laying
2. Quantifying
3. Involved
4. Messages
5. Implies
6. Related
7. Shortest
8. Measuring
9. Programmes
10. Regularities
11. Redundancies
12. Speaking
13. Referencing
14. Distorting
15. Achieved
16. Characters
17. Compromised
18. Increased
19. Creates
20. Languages
21. Compressed
22. Interdependencies
23. Compromised
24. Defined
25. Returned
26. Demonstrating
27. Inferred
28. Identified
29. Manipulated
30. Established
31. Scattered
32. Distinctions
33. Considered
34. Acquiring
35. Dovetails
36. Intuitions
37. Establishes
38. Increases
 39. Flaws

e) Back formation
f) Clipping

g) Blending
1. Probabilities = probably+abilities

h) Initialism

3.2 Moprh, Morpheme, Allomorph

Word Morph Morpheme Allomorph

Deals Deal+(-s) = 2 Deal (bound)+ (-s) (suffix) Deals/-s/
morph
Unpredictability (Un-) Un(prefix)+predictable (bound) Unpredictability
+predictable+ + (-ly)(suffix) /ʌn-//-ti/
(-ty)= 3 morph
Unexpectednes (Un-)+expected+ (Un)(prefix)+expected Unexpectednes
s (-ness)= 3 morhp (bound)+(-ness)(suffix) s /,ʌn/.-/-nəss/
Quantifying Quantify+(-ing)= 2 Quantify (bound)+ Quantifying-/
morph (-ing)(suffix) ˈɪng/
Uncertainty (Un-)+certain+(- (Un)(prefix)+certain+ Uncertainty-/
ty)= 3 morph (-ty)(suffix) ʌn/-/ ti/
Involved Involve+(-ed)= 2 Involve(bound)+(ed) Involved-/d/
morph (suffix)
Messages Message+(-s)= 2 Message + (-s)(suffix) Messages-/s/
morph
Suitable Suit+(-able)= 2 Suit(bound)+(able)(suffix) Suitable-/
morph tə.bəl/
Measuring Measure+(-ing)= 2 Measure(bound)+ Measuring-/ing/
morph (-ing)(suffix)
Shortest Short+(-st)=2 Short+(-st) Short /st/
morph
Complexity Complex+(-ty)=2 Complex+(-ty)(suffix) Complexity
morph /.sə.ti/
Reconstruct (re)+construct=2 (re)(prefix)+construct Reconstruct/kt/
morph (bound)
Strings String+(-s)= 2 String+(-s)(suffix) Strings/s/
morph
Computable Compute+ Compute(bound)+ Computable
(able)=2 morph (-able)(suffix) -/tə.bəl/
Programmes Programme+ Programme(bound)+(es) Programmes
(es)=2 morph (suffix) /s/
Largely Large+(-ly)=2 Large+(-ly)(suffix) Largely/li/
morph
Regularities Regular+(-ies)=2 Regular+(-ies)(suffix) Regularities-/
morph es/
Reduced Reduce+(-ed)=2 Reduce(bound)+ Reduced-/d/
morph (-ed)(suffix)
Previously Previous+(-ly)=2 Previous(bound)+ Previously/li/
moprh (-ly)(suffix)
Encountered (en-)+counter+(- (en)(prefix)+counter(bound) Encountered-/
ed)= 3 morph +(-ed)(suffix) d/
Simplified Simply+(-ed)=2 Simply+(-ed)(suffix) Simplified-/ed/
morph
Redundancy Redudance+(- Redudance+(-y) Redundancy
y)=2 morph
Higher High+(-er)=2 High+(-er) Higher
morph
 CONCLUSION

Linguistics is divided into several branches. one of them is morphology and syntax.
Morphology itself is divided into eight branches which include compounding, affixation,
derivation, back forward, clipping, initialism, blending and conversion.
In the analysis of the journal entitled Kolmogorov Complexity Of Morphs And Constructions In
English, many found the use of derivation and affixation. Also found morph, morpheme, and
allomorph.
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https://englishplusplus.id/noun/

https://www.gramedia.com/literasi/adverb-dan-adjectiva/

Dr. Nani, Lesnya Harsa, M.SiIntroduction to Words and Morphemes

Bayern, Harold, Shlomo Bentin,Dianna Budjies, (1995) Morphological Aspects of Language

Processin