INSTRUCTIONS FOR EM-II JOURNALWRITING

 Students must purchase one side plain and another side ruled (176 pages) from their local
stationary shop or book stall with index and certificate.

 Alltypes ofdiagrams, observation table andcalculation should be drawnon lefthand

side page (blank page) of journals.

 On left hand side page (blank page) of journals students should be use only pencil

 Diagram should be neat, clean and labelled diagram

 Fordrawing diagrams students must use stationary (scale,rounder,procircle etc)

No free hand drawings allowed.

 On right hand side page (ruled side) of journals needs to write (Aim, Apparatus,
Tools, Theory,Procedure, resultorconclusion)as pergiveninEM-I I pdf journal

 On right hand side page (ruled side ) of journals students has to use blue or black pen
only

 Students need to remember Individual Experiment diagrams should be in front of their

writing contents.
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 INDEX

SR.NO. EXPERIMENTS PAGE

1. To find voltage ratio of a given transformer 3–4

To find current ratio of a given transformer.

2. 5–6

To find the iron losses of a single phase transformer by

3. 7–9
open circuit test (OCT) by wattmeter method

To find the Cu losses of a single phase transformer by

4. 10 – 11
short circuit test (S.C.T) by wattmeter method

To find the voltage regulation of a single phase transformer.

5. 12 – 13

To find efficiency of a single phase transformer by direct

6. 14 – 16
loading at full load.

Calibration of a D.C. Voltmeter

7. 17 – 19

Calibration of a D.C. Ammeter.

8. 20 – 22

To measure speed and to find the starting current, running

9. current of single phase induction motor 23 – 24

10 To measure speed and to Change DOR of single 25 – 27

.
phase induction motor
To Measure speed and to find out slip of three phase induction
11 motor 28 – 30
.
To find the starting current, running current and to Change
12 DOR of three phase induction motor 31 – 33
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 EXPERIMENT NO.1
Aim: To find voltage ratio of a given transformer.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:

SR NO. APPARATUS RATINGS QUANTITY

1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115V 1
2) Voltmeter 0-300V 1
3) Voltmeter 0-150V 1
4) Single phase Auto 270V,5A 1
Transformer
5) Connecting Wires 1/18 As required

Tools:

SR NO. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1
2) Combination plier 15cm 1
3) Wire stripper 12cm 1
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 Theory
A transformer is a static machine which transforms the power from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency. During this transfer the total power on both sides remains
same, however the voltage is either increased or decreased consequently changes
proportionately.

For a transformer V2/V1= K

In the above equation “K” is called the transformation ratio.

If the value of “K” is >1, the transformer is step up and step down for “K”<1.

Procedure:

1) Connect the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2) Take three sets of reading for primary and secondary voltage for a) 230V/115V

b) 230V/110V c) 230V/55V.

Observation:

A) 230V/115V

Sr V1 V2 K= V2/V1
No.
1) 230 116 K1 =
2) 200 102 K2 =
3) 150 75 K3 =
4) 100 50 K4 =

Calculation: a) K1 = V2/V1 b) K2 = V2/V1 c) K3 = V2/V1 d) K4 = V2/V1

K = K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 / 4

Result : The transformation ratio

Conclusion: The transformation ratio is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: To find current ratio of a given transformer.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:

SR NO. APPARATUS RATINGS QUANTITY

1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115 1
2) Ammeter 0-5A 1
3) Ammeter 0-10A 1
4) Single phase Auto 270V , 5A 1
Transformer
5) Resistive Load 0-2100W 1
6) Connecting Wires 1/18 As required
Tools:

SR NO. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1

2) Combination plier 15cm 1

3) Wire stripper 12cm 1

5
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 Theory:
A transformer is a static machine which transforms the power from one side to the other
without changing the frequency. During this transfer the total power on both sides remains
same; however the voltage is either increased or decreased consequently the current changes
proportionately.

For a transformer I1/I2= K

In the above equation “K” is called the transformation ratio.

If the value of “K” is >1, the transformer is step up and step down for “K”<1.

Procedure:

1) Connect the apparatus as shown in the diagram.

2) Take four sets of reading for primary and secondary currents.

Observation table:

Sr No Voltage Load I1 I2 K= I1/I2

(V) (W)
1) 230 600 1 2 K1 =
2) 230 1200 1.5 3 K2 =
3) 230 1600 2.1 4 K3 =
4) 230 2000 2.6 5 K4 =

Calculation: a) K1 = I1/I2 b) K2 = I1/I2 c) K3 = I1/I2 d) K4 = I1/I2

K = K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 / 4

Result : The transformation ratio

Conclusion: The transformation ratio is verified.

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 EXPERIMENT 3
Aim: To find the iron losses of a single phase transformer by open circuit test
(OCT) by wattmeter method.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:

SR NO. APPARATUS RATINGS QUANTITY

1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115V 1
2) Single phase Auto 270V 5A 1
Transformer
3) Wattmeter 0-50W 1
4) Voltmeter 0-150V 1
5) Ammeter 0-2A 1
6) Connecting Wires As required
Tools:

SR NO. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1

2) Combination plier 15cm 1

3) Wire stripper 12cm 1

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 Theory:
There are two types of a losses in a transformer i.e. iron losses and copper losses
Iron losses: These losses are of two types namely eddy current and hysteresis
losses. Eddy current losses occur in the core, since the core is a complete path
when the flux is linked with the core, currents circulate in it due to induction. This
acts as a secondary and draws the current from the primary. The current drawn
depends on the resistance of the core, it cannot be made zero, but can be
minimized by the following ways.

We know that the core has to have sufficient area to support the windings,
therefore instead of making the core in the form of a solid block it is laminated and
each laminate is varnished on either side. This laminates are then stacked together
to form a core. Hence the eddy current is limited to one laminate only, by doing so
the effective of the core is increased.

Hysteresis loss: We know that in a hysteresis loop the area of the loop at the centre
denotes the hysteresis loss. Since this phenomenon is experienced when any
magnetic material is subjected to A.C. we cannot avoid it, but can minimize it by
selecting a material whose hysteresis loop is a narrow as possible. This found in
high silicon steel. Hence by having a core of laminated high silicon steel stampings
the eddy current losses can be minimized.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram using suitable apparatus.

2) Switch on the supply, keeping output voltage at auto-transformer at zero,

increase the voltage in set up to rated and tabulated the no load current, input
power and the primary and secondary voltages corresponding to each value of the
applied voltage.

Observation table:

Sr. No. Primary voltage Primary current Input Power (Pi)

(V1) (I1) (A) (W)
L.V side (V)
1 115 1.6 30
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 Result:
Iron loss = 30W

Conclusion:
Hence we have performed the open circuit test on single phase transformer.
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 EXPERIMENT 4

Aim : To find the Cu losses of a single phase transformer by short circuit test (S.C.T) by
wattmeter method
Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:
SR NO. APPARATUS RATINGS QUANTITY
1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115V 1
2) Single phase Auto transformer 270V 5A 1
3) Wattmeter 0-100W 1
4) Voltmeter 0-50V 1
5) Ammeter 0-5A 1
6) Connecting Wires As required
Tools:

Sr No. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1
2) Combination plier 15cm 1
3) Wire stripper 12cm 1
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 Theory:
The test is conducted on the high voltage (HV) side of the transformer where the
low voltage side (LV) side is short circuited. The supply voltage required to
circulate rated current through the transformer is usually very small and is of the
order of a few percent of the nominal voltage and this is 5% voltage is applied
across primary. The core losses are very small because applied voltage is only a
few percentage of the nominal voltage and hence neglected. Thus the wattmeter
reading measures only the full load copper loss.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram

2) Keeping the output voltage of the auto transformer at zero , switch on the
circuit.

3) Increase the output voltage slowly and observe the primary and secondary
current carefully.

Observation table:

Sr No. Primary Primary Input Power (Pi)

voltage (V1) current (I1) (W)
H.V side (V) (A)
1 16 4.4 85

Result:
Copper loss = 85W

Conclusion:
Hence we have performed the Short circuit test on single phase transformer.
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 EXPERIMENT 5

Aim: To find the voltage regulation of a single phase transformer.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:
SR NO. APPARATUS RATINGS QUANTITY
1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115V 1
2) Single phase Auto 240V 5A 1
Transformer
3) Voltmeter 0-300V & 0 – 150V EACH 1
4) Ammeter 0-10A 1
5) Load 0-2100W 1
6) Connecting Wires As required
Tools:

Sr No. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1
2) Combination plier 15cm 1
3) Wire stripper 12cm 1
12
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 Theory:
Regulation is defined as the percentage drop in voltage drop in voltage from no
load to till load or the percentage rise in voltage from full load to no load. It should
be as small as possible. It plays an important role because as the transformer gets
loaded terminal voltage falls, due to the resistance of the windings ( primary and
secondary ) and due to the leakage reactance. This drop if large affects the
performance of all electrical equipments hence this drop is compensated by
increasing the voltage in the primary proportionately.

Procedure:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Energize the transformer and adjust the load for rated current.

3) Measure the secondary voltage under full load.

4) Disconnect the load resistor from the circuit and measure the secondary voltage
with no load.
5) Calculate the % voltage regulation.

Observation table:

Sr No. Load (W) V1 I2 V2

(v) (A) (v)
1) No load 115 0 230 ( VNL)
2) Full Load 113 4.3 192 ( VFL)

Calculation:
%Regulation = [(VNL – VFL) / VNL] * 100

Result:
The percentage regulation of given transformer is equal to .

Conclusion:
Hence we have found voltage regulation of single phase transformer
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 Experiment 6

Aim: To find efficiency of a single phase transformer by direct loading at full load.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:
SR NO. Apparatus Ratings Quantity
1) Single phase transformer 1kVA ,230V/115V 1
2) Single phase Auto transformer 270V ,5A 1
3) Voltmeter 0 – 150V 1
4) Ammeter 0 - 5A 1
5) Wattmeter 0-1250W 2
6) Load 0-2100W 1
7) Connecting Wires As required

Tools:

SR NO. NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1) Tester 500V 1

2) Combination plier 15cm 1

3) Wire stripper 12cm 1

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 Theory:
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of output to input. In all the machinery the
efficiency of a transformer is higher than other rotating machines as there are no
moving parts.

%Efficiency = Output/Input X 100

Procedure:
1) Make connections as shown in circuit diagram.
2) Slowly increase the voltage to 115 Volts applied through autotransformer to the
primary side of single phase transformer.
3) Note down the values of voltage, current and wattage form meters at no load.
4) Increase the load on secondary of transformer by switching on the lamp bank
keeping the primary voltage constant at 115 Volts and note down readings.
5) Repeat the step 4 till full load condition.

Observation Table

SrNo Load I2 V1 W1 W2 % Total Cu

(A) (V) (w) (w) Efficiency loss loss
1) No 0 115 25 0 0 25 0
Load
2) 800 1.8 114 255 225 88.235 30 5
3) 1600 2.4 113 480 428 89.167 52 27
4) 3200 4.0 113 850 765 90 85 60
5) Full 4.3 112 910 820 90.11 90 65
load

Formulae
Efficiency = Output/Input= W2/W1

Iron loss = W1 at no load.

%Efficiency = [W2/W1]*100

Total loss= W1 - W2

Copper loss= Total loss – Iron loss

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 Calculation:

Result:
Efficiency of single phase transformer is 90.11

Conclusion:
The efficiency of the transformer increases as the load increases and it is
maximum at or near full load.

Hence we have found out efficiency of single phase transformer.

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 Experiment 7

Aim: Calibration of a D.C. Voltmeter.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:

Sr No. Apparatus Ratings Quantity

1) Standard Voltmeter 0-50V 1
2) Faulty Voltmeter 0-50V 1
3) Variable D.C supply 2A, 30V 1
4) Connecting wires As required

Tools required:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Combination plier 15cm 1

Wire stripper 12cm 1
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 .Theory:

A D.C voltmeter is a P.M.M.C. instrument, hence it works on the principle that

when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force. The magnitude and direction of the force depends on the magnitude and
direction of the current in the coil. The calibration is carried by comparison
method, that of a faulty instrument with a standard one.

Procedure:
1) Connect the as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Vary the voltage to the desired value and note down standard and faulty values
at different positions.

3) Plot a graph of standard on the X-axis versus faulty on Y-axis.

4) Plot a second graph of standard on the X-axis versus %E on the Y-axis. Nature
of graphs denotes the error and its type.

5) If graph is straight line, the errors is constant i.e. mechanical.

6) If graph intersects the X-axis, the pointer of the faulty meter is below zero.

7) If graph intersects the Y-axis, the pointer of the faulty meter is abovezero.

Observation Table:

Sr No. Standard Faulty Error % Error

Value(VS) Value(VF) =VS –
VF
1 10 13.5 -3.5 35%
2 15 18.5 -3.5 23%
3 17.5 21 -3.5 20%
4 20 23.5 -3.5 18%
Formulae:
Error “E” = VS – VF

Percentage error [%E] = [{VS – VF}/VS] x 100

Calculation:
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 Result:
The error of the given instrument is .

Conclusion:
Hence we have performed the calibration of Voltmeter.
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 Experiment 8
Aim: Calibration of a D.C. Ammeter.

Circuit Diagram:

Apparatus:

Sr No. Apparatus Ratings Quantity

1) Standard Ammeter 0-5A 1
2) Faulty Ammeter 0-5A 1
3) Variable D.C supply 2A, 30V 1
4) Connecting wires As required

Tools required:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Combination plier 15cm 1

Wire stripper 12cm 1
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 Theory:
A D.C ammeter is a P.M.M.C. instrument, hence it works on the principle that
when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
force. The magnitude and direction of the force depends on the magnitude and
direction of the current in the coil. The calibration is carried by comparison
method, that of a faulty instrument with a standard one

Procedure:
1) Connect the as shown in the circuit diagram.

2) Vary the current to the desired value and note down standard and faulty values
at different positions.

3) Plot a graph of standard on the X-axis versus faulty on Y-axis.

4) Plot a second graph of standard on the X-axis versus %E on the Y-axis. Nature
of graphs denote the error and its type.

5) If graph is straight line, the errors is constant i.e mechanical.

6) If graph intersects the X-axis, the pointer of the faulty meter is below zero.

7) If graph intersects the Y-axis, the pointer of the faulty meter is above zero.

Observation Table:

Sr No Standard Faulty Value (AF) Error = AS – AF % Error

Value(AS)
1 0.6 0.68 -0.08 13.33%
2 0.7 0.78 -0.08 11.42%
3 0.8 0.88 -0.08 10%
4 0.9 0.98 -0.08 8.88%
Formulae:
Error “E” = AS – AF

Percentage error [%E] = [{AS – AF}/AS]*100

Calculation:

Result:
The error of the given instrument is _.
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 Conclusion:
Hence we have performed the calibration of Ammeter.
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 EXPERIMENT NO. 9

Aim: To measure speed and to find the starting current, running current
of single phase induction motor.
Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate (on white page with pencil below the circuit diagram)
H.P /KW 1/2 Full Load Current 4.5 Amps Voltage 230 Volts Type of Motor
1 phase Insulation Class B Frequency 50 Hz R.P.M 1425 rpm

Apparatus:

Sr Apparatus Ratings Quantity

No.
1 Single phase induction motor ½ HP 4.5 A 230V 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300V) 1
4 D.O.L Starter 1
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 Tools:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Tester 500V 1
Combination plier 15cm 1
Wire stripper 12cm 1

Theory:
A single phase motor is not self-starting because the field produced by a single
phase supply is not rotating. It is made self-starting by splitting the phase in two
parts. The current in the running winding lags the voltage by an angle less than 90 o
while the current in the starting winding leads the voltage due to the condenser,
thus providing a phase difference between the two. This makes the field rotating
hence the rotor starting rotating. The starting winding disconnected after picking
up 80% speed by a centrifugal switch which works on the centrifugal action. The
direction of rotation of the rotor is changed by interchanging the terminals of the
starting winding or the running winding.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Switch on the motor
3. Take the reading on the ammeter at starting and running condition of the
motor.

Observation Table:

Sr Starting Current at no load Running Current at no load

No. (A) (A)

8.2 3.8

Result: Is = Ir =
Conclusion:
We conclude that the starting current of a motor is greater than its running current
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 EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Aim: To measure speed and to Change DOR of single phase induction motor.

Circuit Diagram:

For changing Direction of Rotation –

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 Name Plate (on white page with pencil below the circuit diagram)
H.P /KW 1/2 Full Load Current 4.5 Amps Voltage 230 Volts Type of Motor
1 phase Insulation Class B Frequency 50 Hz R.P.M 1425 rpm

Apparatus:

Sr Apparatus Ratings Quantity

No.
1 Single phase induction motor ½ HP 4.5 A 230V 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) 1
3 Voltmeter (0-300V) 1
4 D.O.L Starter 1
5 Tachometer 1

Tools:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Tester 500V 1
Combination plier 15cm 1
Wire stripper 12cm 1

Theory:
A single phase motor is not self-starting because the field produced by a
single phase supply is not rotating. It is made self-starting by splitting the phase
in two parts. The current in the running winding lags the voltage by an angle
less than 90o while the current in the starting winding leads the voltage due to
the condenser, thus providing a phase difference between the two. This makes
the field rotating hence the rotor starting rotating. The starting winding
disconnected after picking up 80% speed by a centrifugal switch which works
on the centrifugal action. The direction of rotation of the rotor is changed by
interchanging the terminals of the starting winding or the running winding. The
direction of rotation of motor can be changed by interchanging the terminals of
the starting winding or the running winding.
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 Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Switch on the motor
3. Note down the speed of the motor with the help of tachometer.

Observation:
Speed of the motor = 1495 R.P.M

Result
Speed of the motor = R.P.M

Conclusion:
Direction of motor changes by interchanging the starting winding and running
winding but not both.
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 EXPERIMENT NO. 11
Aim: To Measure speed and to find out slip of three phase induction motor.

Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate (on white page with pencil below the circuit diagram)
H.P/KW 1/2 Full Load Current 2 Amps Voltage 440 Volts Type of Motor
3 phase squirrel cage Insulation Class B Frequency 50 Hz R.P.M 1500

Apparatus:

Sr Apparatus Ratings Quantity

No.
1 Three phase induction motor ½ HP 2 Amp 415V 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) 1
3 Voltmeter (0-500V) 1
4 D.O.L Starter 1
5 Tachometer 1
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 Tools:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Tester 500V 1

Combination plier 15cm 1

Wire stripper 12cm 1

Theory:
It is observed that a three phase motor takes a high current at starting as the
relative velocity between the R.M.F and the stationary rotor is maximum. This
difference induces a high e.m.f in the rotor conductors which in turn causes a high
current to circulate. Since a motor is similar to the transformer, the rotor current is
reflected to the stator. As the motor picks up the speed, the relative velocity
between the rotor conductor and R.M.F reduces, thereby reducing the induced
e.m.f in the rotor which in turn reduces the running current.

SYNCHRONOUS SPEED (NS ):

When three phase supply is given to three phase stator windings of

induction motor which are 1200 apart from each other, the rotating magnetic
field [R M.F.] is produced. The speed of R.M.F. in stator is called synchronous
speed [Ns].

SLIP SPEED AND SLIP:

Rotor runs in the direction of stator magnetic field. Speed of rotor [N] is
always less than synchronous speed. Difference between rotating magnetic
field of stator and actual speed of rotor or motor is called slip speed.

SLIP:
Slip speed expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed is called
percentage SLIP.
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 Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Switch on the motor by pressing the ON button of the D.O.L starter.
3. Take the reading on the ammeter at starting and running condition of the
motor.
4. Measure the speed of the motor with the help of tachometer.

Observation Table:

Sr Speed of the motor No of poles % Slip

No. (NR)
(R.P.M)
1) 1494 4

Formulae:

 Synchronous Speed = (NS) = 120f/P, Where f is supply frequency that is 50

Hz and P is the number of Poles.
 Slip = NS - NR and %Slip = [ (NS - NR)/ NS] X 100

Calculation:
For 4 pole motor.

Result: Slip of three phase induction motor =

Conclusion:
We conclude that the starting current of a motor is greater than its running current.
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 EXPERIMENTNO. 12
Aim: To find the starting current, running current and to Change DOR of three
phase induction motor.

Circuit Diagram:

Name Plate (on white page with pencil below the circuit diagram)
H.P /KW1/2 Full Load Current 2 Amps Voltage 440 Volts Type of Motor:
3 phase squirrel cage induction motor Insulation ClassB Frequency 50Hz
R.P.M1500
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 Apparatus:

Sr Apparatus Ratings Quantity

No.
1 Three phase induction motor ½ HP 2 Amp 415V 1
2 Ammeter (0-10A) 1
3 Voltmeter (0-500V) 1
4 D.O.L Starter 1
5 Tachometer 1

Tools:

NAME SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

Tester 500V 1

Combination plier 15cm 1

Wire stripper 12cm 1

Theory:
It is observed that a three phase motor takes a high current at starting as the
relative velocity between the R.M.F and the stationary rotor is maximum. This
difference induces a high E.M.F in the rotor conductors which in turn causes a
high current to circulate. Since a motor is similar to the transformer, the rotor
current is reflected to the stator. As the motor picks up the speed, the relative
velocity between the rotor conductor and R.M.F reduces, thereby reducing the
induced E.M.F in the rotor which in turn reduces the running current.

To change the direction of rotation of motor, phase sequence is to be changed.

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram
2. Switch on the motor by pressing the ON button of the D.O.L starter.
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 3. Take the reading on the ammeter at starting and running condition of the
motor.
4. Measure the speed of the motor with the help of tachometer.

Observation Table:

Sr Starting Current at no load Running Current at no

No. (A) load (A)

1) 3.5 2

Result: Is = Ir =

Conclusion:
We conclude that the starting current of a motor is greater than its running current.
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Page 34

NOTES