CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS ‘occurs in free as well in combined state in nature. © Free state, Diamond, graphite, coal. © Combined state (a) Solid state: All animals and plants products. %, oc : x € ‘© Carbon is an extremely versatile element, The symbol of carbon is C. It is a non-metal. It Iv D (0) Liquid state: Petroleum, vegetable oils. (©) Gaseous state: Air contains 0.03% by volume of CO, © Covalent bonding in carbon (@) Atomic number ~ 6 (®) Electronic configuration - 2,4 (©) Valence electrons ~ 4 Reactivity of an element ists tendency to attain a completely filled outermost shell to attain aoble gas configuration. To attain noble gas configuration m= (2) It can form anion (C+) by gain of electrons. But this is difficult for nucleus with 6 protons to hold on to 10 electrons. (®) It can form cation (C4) by loss of electrons, which requires high energy. ~ As both options are impractical, C atom can share its 4 valence electrons with other C atoms or atoms of non-metals. This type of bonding is called covalent bonding. It is formed by mutual sharing of electrons between the combining atoms, © Properties of covalent compounds (@) They have low melting and boiling points. (®) They are poor conductor of electricity as they don’t form ions or have free electrons to act as charge carriers. (2 They are soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, carbon disulphide, carbon tetrachloride, etc. . © Types of covalent bonding (@) Single covalent bond. It is formed by sharing of one electron from each of the combining atom. It is represented by single line (—), eg., H, H+ "“H (ae) an Hydrogen chloride HH Cla 8) na (b) Double covalent bond. It is formed by sharing of two electrons from each of the combining atoms. It is represented by a double line (=), eg., O, 10-26 Or ) O; molecule 4 O=0 (c) Triple covalent bond. It is formed by sharing of three electrons from each of the combining atom. It is represented by a triple line (=), e.g., N, N-2,5 NE Scanned with CamScanner@ N, molecule N=N (@) Formation of covalent bond in different types of atoms, e.g. NH, CH, H,O, HCI Crp @) () Carbon can form bonds with other atoms of carbon, giving rise to large molecules. These could be straig] chain, branched chain or ring structures. This property is called catenation. (ii) As carbon has four valence electrons (tetravalency), it can bind with four more carbon atoms with sing, covalent bonds or atoms of some other monovalent elements. © Compounds of carbons © Versatile nature of carbon The simplest compounds of carbon are hydrocarbons and the simplest hydrocarbon is methane (CH,). Classification of Hydrocarbons (Compounds which contains only Carbon and Hydrogen) Saturated Hydrocarbon Unsaturated Hydrocarbon 1. Compounds having single covalent bond between Compounds having double or triple bond carbon atoms (alkanes) between carbon atoms (alkenes or alkynes) 2. General formula is C,Hy,49 (n= no. of carbon atoms) eg, ethane (CH) it Alkene H—C—C—H Alkyne ¢ (double bond) (triple bond) HH General formula is CyHoy General formula is Cs Fy3 eg., ethene CH, eg.,ethyne CoH, H \ Z H ay H H S.No Hydrocarbon Definition Example 1 Straight chain All carbon atoms are in the form Butane of straight chain HH HH toto H-C—C—C— 5 oF. ot od H H HH APnmrnsre Scanned with CamScannerBranched chain One or more carbon atoms are Isobutane attached to main straight chain H HCH H H 3 Ring or cyclic @ Hydrocarbons Carbon atoms are in the form of Cyclohexane Saturated a ring and bonded by single covalent bond AR in ee a H om Se! Seg H’ “Q— C7. “H JN YN H HH H ® Unsaturated Carbon atoms are bonded by one | Benzene or more double covalent bond ‘Structure of Hydrocarbons © Structural isomers. Compounds with identical molecular formula but different structures. Isomers of Butane Tit ieee \ eet H—C—C—C—C-H H-C—C~—C—H Veale lea I Tete ~ HH UE HH ion H n-butane- . H Butane (TUPAC) isobutane- 2-Methyl butane (TUPAC) Isomers of Pentane TEETe pret ey H-C—C—C—C—H bhhaa bala ar H Pentane 2-Methyl butane or or repentane isopentane EDGOO0 BOO Bee Googe Scanned with CamScanner¢ Hydrocarbons with C-atoms less than 4 can’t show structural isomerism due to absence of branching in these hydrocarbons, e., propane has only one structure ¢ Functional groups. An atom or a group of atoms which makes a carbon compound reactive and decides its properties is called functional group. The element replacing H is referred to as a hetero atom. S.No | Hetero atom Functional group Formula of Example functional group 1 | cer Halo— —cl—Br Chloromethane ‘Chloro/Bromo (substitute for (CHCl) H atom) (CH,Br) 2. | Oxygen 1. Alcohol 0H Ethanol CH,OH 2. Aldehyde —c=0 Methanal 1 HCHO H 3. Ketone oc =O Propanone CH,COCH, 4, Carboxylic —C—OH Ethanoic acid acid 1 CH,COOH ‘¢ Homologous series. A series of compounds in which the same functional group substitute for hydrogen in a carbon chain, such that successive compound differ by CH, group, eg., CHy, CHy CjHy ete. © Properties of Homologous series y All members of the series differ by a — CH, — unit. y The molecular mass of the succeeding members differ by 14 amu. ¥ The different members show regular gradation in their physical properties, eg., melting point, boiling point, etc. ¥ Different members of the series show similar chemical properties. ¥ They can be represented by a general formula. © Nomenclature of Carbon compounds (i Identify the number of carbon atoms in the contpounds and select the word root. (i) Identify the compound as alkane, alkene or alkyne. (iii) If a functional group is present, it is indicated in the name of the compound as prefix or sutfix. (iv) In case of suffix, delete the final ‘e’ from the name of the carbon compound and add appropriate suffix ‘© Name of Organic compound Prefix + Word root + Suffix + Functional group S.No. | No. of carbon | Word root Prefix Suffix Functional group atom 1. 1 Meth Chloro (—Cl) | Alkane — ane | Alcohol — ol 2. 2 Eth Bromo (—Br) | Alkene — ene | Ketone — one 3. 3 Prop Alkyne — yne| Aldehyde — al 4. 4 But Carboxylic acid — oie acid 5. 5 Pent 6. 6 Hex 7. 7 Hept 168 oo. eo, RRs Scanned with CamScanner