Humayun

March 1508 - January 1556

Shishir Sompura 20BAR039

Stuti Parikh 20BAR070
 Babur
Born: February 15, 1483 Uzbekistan Panipat Mosque
Died: December 26, 1530, Agra • India
or
Founder of Mughal Dynasty Kabuli Bagh Mosque
Babur was a keen builder
● The Mughal Emperor Humayun's tomb, during his five-year rule, yet
Babri Masjid Maqbara-i Humayun, is located in Delhi. few of his structures have
● The tomb was commissioned by Humayun's survived. Akbar, his grandson,
● This fort in India was founded in
first wife and principal consort, Empress built much, and the style
1571 by Emperor Akbar and
Bega Begum, and built by the then-emperor flourished under his rule. Agra
served as the capital of the
Akbar. Fort, Fatehpur Sikri Fort City,
Mughal Empire from 1571 to
● After defeating Sher Shah Suri's descendants and the Buland Darwaza were
1585.
at Panipat, Humayun erected a masonry among his achievements.
● After Akbar's victory in the
Platform to the main edifice established by
Gujarat campaign in 1573, the
the Babur, known as Chabutra Fateh Babur introduced Central
city was fortified and an
Mubarak. Asian traditions of garden
imperial palace was built, which
● These structures and the garden are still design into India with the
was named City of Victory. conquest of 1526 AD
known as Kabuli Bagh, named for Babur's
wife, Kabuli Begum.
 Born: October 15, 1542 • India
Died: October 25, 1605 (aged 63) • Agra •
India
Mughal Dynasty
Fatehpur Sikri in Agra
● This fort in India was founded in
1571 by Emperor Akbar and
served as the capital of the
Mughal Empire from 1571 to
1585.
● After Akbar's victory in the
Gujarat campaign in 1573, the
city was fortified and an
imperial palace was built, which
was named City of Victory.
Akbar's architecture refers to
the style of Indo-Islamic
architecture conceived during Akbar
the reign of Mughal Emperor
Akbar using elite Indic
architectural vocabulary. Agra Fort
● Until 1638, this was the main
Humayun’s Tomb home of the Mughal emperors,
after which the capital was
● The Mughal Emperor Humayun's
moved from Agra to Delhi.
tomb, Maqbara-i Humayun, is
● It was in a wrecked state when
located in Delhi.
Akbar, Humayun's son, rebuilt it
● The tomb was commissioned by
with red sandstone from the
Humayun's first wife and
Barauli area of Rajasthan,
principal consort, Empress Bega
Dhaulpur district.
Begum, and built by the
● It is one of India's UNESCO
then-emperor Akbar.
World Heritage Sites.
 Tomb of Salim Chisti
● Built between 1580 and 1581,
this is one of India's best
examples of Mughal
architecture.
It was constructed in
● monument was completed in
collaboration with Fatehpur
Sikri.
● This mausoleum, which was
built by Akbar as a symbol of
respect for the Sufi saint
Salim Chisti, enshrines the
Sufi saint's resting location.
Allahabad Fort in Prayagraj
Shahi Bridge
● According to a stone
● The Shahi Bridge also
inscription inside the fort, this
known as Munim Khan's
Bridge, Akbari Bridge,
1583.
Mughal Bridge, or Jaunpur
● The fort is located near the
Bridge.
confluence of the Yamuna and
● It is a major Mughal
the Ganges rivers.
structure in Jaunpur, Uttar
● The fort was named Illahabas,
Pradesh, that spans the
and was later renamed
river Gomti.
Allahabad.
 Born: 6 March 1508
Died: 27 January 1556 Humayun
26 December 1530 – 17 May 1540 Nasiruddin Muhammad- The
son and successor of Bābur,
who had founded the Mughal
dynasty.
Humāyūn ruled from 1530 to
● Humayun succeeded his father to the throne of Delhi and the 1540 and again from 1555 to
Mughal lands in the Indian subcontinent in December 1530. 1556.
Humayun Mirza was neither a political or military leader, but he
was a great secular genius, a prince with a strong sense of culture.
He was an expert in the subject of astronomy as well as an art
enthusiast.
● When Humayun came to power at the age of 22, he was an
inexperienced emperor.
● Sher Shah Suri took Mughal territory from Humayun, but he
reclaimed them 15 years later with the help of the Safavids-a
dynastic family that ruled over modern-day Iran.
● The return of Humayun from Persia, which was followed by a huge
retinue of Persian noblemen, marked a significant shift in Mughal
court culture.
● The dynasty's Central Asian origins were largely obscured by
Persian influences in art, architecture, language, and literature.
Many stone carvings and thousands of Persian manuscripts dating
from Humayun's time can be found in India.
Babur celebrates birth of Humayun Humayun reuniting with
in Chahar Bagh, Kabul. Akbar.
Early Architecture
● The second Mughal emperor, Humayun Mirza, had a troubled
reign which fell between two of the most impressive periods in
Islamic garden history.

● Humayun conquered Punjab, Delhi and Agra and occupied the

throne of Delhi after an interval of 15 years.
● His son Akbar erected massive architectural complexes,
including gardens, in his capitals at Agra, Lahore, and Fatehpur
Sikri.

● Not one of his short lived projects survives today. Fourteen years
after ascending to the throne at Agra, he lost all his territory to
Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan from Bihar. He fled precariously into
Persia, abandoned by his brothers, and haemorrhaging followers
and resources along the way. Although he eventually
re-conquered Delhi in 1555.

● In 1538, the Emperor began building a tomb for his brother, but
it was not completed when Humayun was forced to flee to
Persia. After Humayun's restoration, Sher Shah demolished the
edifice, and no more work was done on it.
 Humayun's
Second Capital
 Din Panah
● In 1533, the new emperor personally laid the
foundation stone for a new city in Delhi.
● It was to be called Din-panah (Asylum of
Faith).
● Remains of Humayun's Din-panah can still be
seen in New Delhi, specifically the high walls
of the citadel, called the Purana Qila, or the
Old Fort.
● Delhi's founding gave notice to the Muslim
world that here was the capital of a new
liberal empire where philosophers and poets
of any Islamic sect would be welcome.
● This was in contrast to the bigotry and
persecution practiced by rulers in Persia and
Turkey.

Din Panah in the city of Delhi

● There were three gates in Humayun’s arch and
the gates were: in the north side Talaqi gate, in
the west side Bara Gate and Humayun Gate in
the south.
● The gates contrasted with their art forms with
each other.
● Talaqi was three-storey round in the form of
the gate with the defensive walls of the base,
which had a very majestic and beautiful nature.
● It mainly consists of long historical hall door.
Smooth paths can be accessed through the
upstairs bedroom.
● Ornamentation above the two columns on the
porch, and the hill the gate in line with these
two open gates were built on the terrace and it
shows that they used very good taste, and
advanced architecture.

Plan View of Din Panah with context

● Mainly the gate was decorated with a red stone arch
over the corner of two walls covered with smooth
black stones and lily flower made exaggeration. In
general in decoration in the gate there basically used
two types of red sandstone, black stone, and white
marble, green, blue and yellow used for patterns.
● Such elaborate use of color scheme of arrangement,
was used in a variety of stone houses in different
places depending on the vertical axis, and the Purana Qila Entrance
horizontal axis of the gate, the construction style was
not previously used in architecture in the Sultanate of
Delhi.
● This was the completion of his previous style and had
their own standards and principles which indicated
the formation of a new architectural style.

Purana Qila
Talaqi Darwaza

● The most appealing aspect of Talaqi is the gate,

which has erected a statue of a legendary lion
in white marble in the shape of a rectangle at
the top of the entrance.
● A look at the lion emblem, which is an abstract
animal in the shape of a horse. Before the
Chanderi's gate, one of India's Islamic Talaqi Darwaza
architecture monuments erected a lion statue
in the route.
● However, as a lion in its natural state. This
mythological beast was the Talaqi gateway.
● This is due to Humayun's unique personality
and legendary love of legendary things.

Located Talaqi Darwaza

Bada Darwaza

● Another gate, known as the Bada Darwaza, was

similarly created using red sandstone and white
marble, black stone, and a simpler architectural
than the western entrance of Din Panah.
● The entrance before the gap at the top of the
parapet, which is almost spectacular, was created
as a Talaqi Darwaza and is decorated with various
colourful patterns. Bada Darwaza
● It was constructed with the circle on the walls of
the pivotal six-cornered "chhatris" for protection.
● On the veranda, Chhatris opens a tiny resort with
blue tiles.
● On the section of the two described in the corner
of the lotus flower, the gate is covered with white
marble columns. Flowers adorn the black stone,
which has a six-sided input.

Located Bada Darwaza

Humayun Darwaza

● The third gate, on Humayun's southern gate, is in

the architectural style of the previous two gates,
as well as a specific project, such as awnings, and
green tiles, which suggest a separate style.
● The gate has three stories, each containing a
living room, hall, and corridors, as well as stairs
linking them.
● The gate's walls are formed of shattered stones, Humayun Darwaza
however they are smoothed out with a massive
stone chapel.
● The western part of the gate had Arabic verses
from the Bible written on it, but it has since been
lost.
● The Talaqi gate is notable for its construction of
square white marble and an elephant monument.

Located Humayun Darwaza

Sher Mahal
● The Sher Mandal: The squat
red-brick tower is another
monument built by Sher Shah Sur
during his occupation of Din Panah.
● Six months after the reconquest of
his lost realm, Humayun tumbled
down its staircase sustaining fatal
injuries that led to his death in 1556.
● Throughout his life, the crafty Plan View of Sher Mahal
Afghan had remained Humayun’s
nemesis.
● Sher Shah not only ousted the
Gurkani from his throne of
Hindustan but the tower he built
ultimately became the cause of
Humayun’s death.

Sher Mahal Location of Sher Mahal at Purana Qila

 About Humayun Upon Babur's death, Humayun's territories
Humayun was no different than earlier Delhi were the least secure. He had ruled only
sultans, however, in his dealings with the four years, and not all nobles viewed
Hindus. Though it would prove to be highly Humayun as the rightful ruler. Indeed,
injurious to his interests, he refused to attack earlier, when Babur had become ill, some of
fellow Muslims engaged in war with the the nobles had tried to install his
Hindus. He also demolished Hindu temples at Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler.
Kalinjar. But he was not a bitter persecutor Although this attempt failed, it was a sign of
and followed no systematic policy of Hindu problems to come.
repression. Like his father, he was free from
sectarian bigotry and had little ill-will toward
the Shia's.

The Submission of Bairam Khan

The second great Mughal emperor passed 15 years

in exile and again invaded India in 1555 with the help
of his officer Bairam Khan. Humayun's second reign
lasted only seven months. Still surrounded by
Afghan enemies, the supporters of the Sur dynasty, Humayun and his Mughal Army
Humayun’s Exile and Return he had recovered only part of his dominion. defeats Kamran Mirza in 1553.
 Several of Humayun's brothers rose out
The decision of Babur to divide the against him after he ascended to the
territories of his empire between two of his throne of the Mughal Empire. Khalil Mirza
sons was unusual in India, although it had (1509–1530), another brother, backed
been a common Central Asian practice. Humayun but was killed.

Sher Shah Suri

Humayun had two major rivals for his

Babur and Humayun
lands: Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat to the
southwest and Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan)
settled along the river Ganges in Bihar to
the east. Humayun's first campaign was to
confront Sher Shah Suri. Halfway through
this offensive Humayun had to abandon it
and concentrate on Gujarat, where a threat
from Ahmed Shah had to be met. Humayun
was victorious annexing Gujarat, Malwa, Brothers: Kamran Mirza, Khalil Mirza
Champaner and the great fort of Mandu. and Askari Mirza
 Battle of First
Battle of Conquest
Hissar Battle of
Kanpur Battle of of Hisar
Firoza (26 Panipat (12
(1526) Khanwah and
February April 1526) Siege of
(17 March Qabadian
1526) Agra
1527) (1529)

Second siege
Battle of
of Chunar and
` Chausa Conquest of Battle of Battle of Siege of
invasion of Malwa and Bhojpur Siege of Chunar
(26 June Dadhra Kalinjar
Bengal Gujarat (1534) (September
1539) (August (1531)
(1537-38) (1535-36) -December 1532)
1532)

Battle Battle of Siege of

Siege of Bhakkar Capture of Battle of Siege of
of Guzargh Qila-i-Zafar,
and Sewan, Jun, Sindh Haji-Khan, Khandar
Kannuj (October 1545) Badakshan (1546)
Sindh (1541) (1542) Sindh (1542) (1545)
(17 May
1540)

Siege of
Battle of Battle of Battle
Battle of Battle of Conflict at Kabul
Sirhind (22 Charikaran against the
Machiwara Tangayha the Qibchag (1546)
June 1555) (1550) Uzbeks
(1555) Pass (1551) defile(1550)
(1549)
 Sher Shah Suri
• Humayun invaded Kalinjer and forced its king into submission.
• He defeated Mahmud Lodi in the decisive battle of Dauhariya.
• He led the siege of Chunar in 1532 and forced Sher Shah into submission.
• Defeated Bhadur Shah, ruler of Gujarat and annexed almost entire region of Gujarat
and Malwa.

Battles fought with Sher Shah Suri

Battle of Chausa
The battle of Chausa was fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in 1539. The Battle of Chausa
Mughal forces under Humayun were handed out a crushing defeat by Sher Shah.
Humayun narrowly escaped with his life.

Battle of Kannauj
Mughal forces once again clashed with Sher Shah in May 1540. This time Humayun
was decisively defeated by Sher Shah. Humayun left India and went into exile. He
remained in exile for the next 15 years.
He took refuge in the court of Shah of Iran (Persia) Tahmasp-I. Aided by the Shah,
Humayun was able to win Kandahar from his brother Akasari. He also won Kabul
from Kamran in 1547.

Battle of Kannauj
 Initial Significant Battles
Battle of Hissar Firoza (26 February 1526):
An eighteen-year-old Humayun makes his debut in the
theatre of war with a decisive win over his Afghan opponent
Hamid Khan in the region of Hisar Firoza (now in
present-day Haryana, India). Babur later gifts the region to
Humayun and he on his own coronation to Kamran, his
younger half-brother. The region held immense strategic
value during the time of the early Gurkhani regents for the
road it possessed connecting Delhi to Afghanistan – from
where the Gurkanis recruited their primary manpower.

First Battle of Panipat (12 April 1526):

A month later in the battle that paved the way for
Gurkani supremacy in Hindustan. Humayun
supported by his father’s trusted generals forms the
Battle of Hissar Firoza
inner right wing of the army. The battle is recorded
to have been won by noon. In spite of the Afghans
outnumbering the Gurkhanis by 1 to 10. Babur’s use
of firearms is said to be have been one of the vital
factors in the decisive outcome.
Battle of Panipat
Humayun's
Mosque at
Kachpura
Humayun's Mosque at Kachpura
● Humayun's stone style palace in Gwalior, various buildings
in Agra, created on the foundation of a number of
buildings, its octagonal pool, and none of the
sub-corridors erected constructions have been conserved
till now.
● Only the mosque in Agra is representative of the
scriptural architecture of Humayun. A mosque in Agra's
hamlet of Kachpura is Humayun's unique construction
and the only edifice that represents his technique. In 1530,
Babur's Garden, located near the mosque, was finished.
● The Taj-Mahal and the left bank of the Yamuna river are
seen from the mosque.
● It is a sanctuary with a five-arched facade that lacks the
cloisters, colossal gates, or a minar, and it belongs to the
Panchamukhi mosques class.
● Kachpura is an obvious copy of a Timurid style mosque
built in the sixteenth century, the shrine in the city of
Qarshi (now the Blue Dome).
● The similarities of both the central domed building
project around the room, and high open door and four
small minarets with smooth terraces so we can make
such examples.
● The mosque was constructed of bricks, with
Plan of Mosque Complex
mortar-plastered walls and little ornamental motifs.
● After thirty years of quiet due to the impact of the
Persian style, the same amenities in architecture may be
observed in Delhi.
● The ruins are nearly completely cut off from the
mosque's southern end. Surprisingly, a tent was
constructed in the middle front of the hall dome, which
enabled to eliminate the use of standing dome shelters
behind it.

Plan of Mosque
References
● https://architexturez.net/doc/10-1080/01445170-1990-10410735
● https://www.nma.gov.in/documents/20126/52701/Approved%20Heritage%20Bye%20Laws%20of%20pur
ana%20qila.pdf
● https://entri.app/blog/monuments-built-in-mughal-rule/
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humayun
● https://amanjul.wordpress.com/2020/01/27/explore-delhi-old-fort-purana-qila-2-sher-mandal/
● https://farbound.net/din-panah-the-city-of-humayun/
● https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/humayun-1408002032-1
● http://www.ijstr.org/final-print/june2016/Architectural-Masterpieces-Of-Humayun.pdf
● https://farbound.net/wars-of-humayun/