CHAPTER , LIVING THINGS INTRODUCTION Matter can be classified into living afid nén-living things, Living things have life which is a delicate and complex process of genetic material in a cell nucleus. All living things must contain, Protoplasm, a material absolutely necessary to perform all functions of life. Protoplasm is the total contents of the living cell. Gellstare the smallest buildin blocks of all living organisms which include both plants and animals. All living things contain carbon as an essential element. The characteristics of living organisms are as follows : enrin@.orgnism respire; they inhale and Ti 5 me Dae food to provide energy for all trorperodcs Off-springs which resemble»_ hurled away from every other particle. Thus, this is Cab Fa Universe exploded into life; and matter, space and 4) sg ce into being. , E ‘he Structure : Galaxies : Galaxy is fundamental unit of the Universe. It consists of several hundred thousands of stars together with interestellar and dust. Thousands of million of galaxies stretch out to the limits of the observable Universe. They fall into four,, sprial, spherical, elli the nature containg 10!! ith a diameter of , is called’ light years and it is called the Milky Way. According.to__ j,/)., ‘ yerse was Gieek legend, the pearly band of the milky way stretching "// Scalled the #1088 the sky is milk split from the breast of the godess B89- 1953), be it spiral galaxy to the milky way is 2,200,000 light years away from a Iniverse is 48 Our galactic neighbor along with Large magellanic flatcd. The “ll which is 170,000 light years away. The arms of the distance of il galaxy ar called the lactic arm A collection of Pexics| is called _((eTustewy/ «i CMW Cail > came inl? P lat | tie when @ PTER 2° and irregular LAL Ae aneSolar System : J consists of th Sindow: Solar system isa tiny part of a galaxy and and all the objects that travel around if. It includes the Earth the Sun, 1 and eight other planets, along with the satellites that tr diameter is around most of them, It further includes Astero’ Earth Metroid, Comes, Interplanetary dust and Interplan« Hasna The planets are described in detail below: His the m« U. away f Mm. The | PHtom, spacclosed ; ’ )pen Univer, : eve that od the second. smallest planet in this solar system and is NVinced the sq to the Sun. Tts mean distance from the Sun is’0:387 d finally sy, sh or Crna “98 Barth days to complete oné revolution atound th >» Bravity wi ‘st Mercury looks a lot like the Moon, ‘Covered with holes ogether again ed Craters. There are great soaring cliffs on the surface.o ‘the big bang ay Come ini is is the cycl al units. Its equatorial diametér is 4,880°Km.'] omic: sists of the sup udes the Earl ites that travel os Asteroids, Interplanetayy y from the Sun. Its equatorial diame a est.of therfemestrial planets e Farth is a beautiful ball of colours - blue ite clouds, and. brown. continents, It has a Moon and. op’ iw KPRITASL,19 Venus with its hot ars.is a barren desert. It is cove s, the Red Sin ance every aee=cays. Ts caval” 7 Km. Mars has two moons. called34 and hie ydrogen * Jupiter : sphere. Of EL solar Systen It has a dense, cloudy 4” Janet of he has a dense, . ne largest Pam 2 Sun It is actly Km. Jupite’ diameter is 1 wen moons 11.86 years, It has six Saturn + es anc! cial feature 1s Mh It is the second largest planet Its pe ee eae rings of Sum which have the appearance éxtremely thin and flat circular sheet. It is 9. 539 A.U from the Sun and its revolution period is 29.46 y! diameter is 120,000 Km, It has at least 22 moons. Uranus : Ithas mostly hydrogen and h A. U. away from the Su J evolution period is 4 Uranus is big and gives Neptune ; clium atmosphere. It is 19.14 in. Its diameter jg 51,800 Km Ol years, It hg as fifteen r eenish glow, am It lis simitap It to Uranus Tis diene Uranus, It ig S diameter jg 49,500 Km ait A..U. awa: Its revoty,: Only two known: ae ¥ from the Sun on Ons, Period is 164.4 od rm line oo a wt iz ws Lot E Mau¥€ stGns OF Te g0N we NUMBER NAME I Ange’ il Aries the Ram Apr Taurus the Bull Gemini the Twins June 2 Cancer the Crab Leo the Lion te 6 Virgo the Virgin tite 7 Libra the Balance iP 8 Scorpio the Scorpion LP 9 Sagittarius the Archer 2 10) Capricorn the Goat es Aquarius the Water Beard 2 Pisces the Fishes