Applications of the Definite Integral in

Geometry, Science, and Engineering

Exercise Set 5.1

Z 2 2
1. A = (x2 + 1 − x) dx = (x3 /3 + x − x2 /2) = 9/2.
−1 −1

Z 4 4
√ 3/2 2
2. A = ( x + x/4) dx = (2x /3 + x /8) = 22/3.
0 0

Z 2 2
2 2
3. A = (y − 1/y ) dy = (y /2 + 1/y) = 1.
1 1

Z 2 2
2 3 2
4. A = (2 − y + y) dy = (2y − y /3 + y /2) = 10/3.
0 0

Z 2 Z 4
√
5. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3. (b) A = ( y − y/2) dy = 4/3.
0 0

4 (2,4)

y =2x

y =x 2

x
2

6. Eliminate x to get y 2 = 4(y + 4)/2, y 2 − 2y − 8 = 0, (y − 4)(y + 2) = 0; y = −2, 4 with corresponding values of

x = 1, 4.

Z 1 Z 4 Z 1 Z 4
√ √ √ √ √
(a) A = [2 x − (−2 x)] dx + [2 x − (2x − 4)] dx = 4 x dx + (2 x − 2x + 4) dx = 8/3 + 19/3 = 9.
0 1 0 1

Z 4
(b) A = [(y/2 + 2) − y 2 /4] dy = 9.
−2

219
220 Chapter 5

y2 = 4x (4, 4)

y = 2x – 4
x

(1, –2)

Z 1 √
7. A = ( x − x2 ) dx = 49/192.
1/4
y

y = √x (1, 1)

y = x2
x
1
4

Z 2 Z 2
3
8. A = [0 − (x − 4x)] dx = (4x − x3 ) dx = 4.
0 0
y

x
2

y = x3 – 4x

Z π/2 Z π/2
9. A = (0 − cos 2x) dx = − cos 2x dx = 1/2.
π/4 π/4
y
1 y = cos 2 x
x
3 6

–1

Z π/4
√
10. Equate sec2 x and 2 to get sec2 x = 2, sec x = ± 2, x = ±π/4. A = (2 − sec2 x) dx = π − 2.
−π/4
y
2
(#, 2) (3, 2)
1 y = sec2 x
x

Z 3π/4 √
11. A = sin y dy = 2.
π/4
Exercise Set 5.1 221

x = sin y
9

Z 2
12. A = [(x + 2) − x2 ] dx = 9/2.
−1

(2, 4)

y = x2
(–1, 1)
x
x=y–2

( Z    Z 5   
1
3 − x, x≤1 1 1
13. y = 2 + |x − 1| = , A= − x + 7 − (3 − x) dx + − x + 7 − (1 + x) dx =
1 + x, x ≥ 1 −5 5 1 5
Z 1   5 Z
4 6
x+4 dx + 6 − x dx = 72/5 + 48/5 = 24.
−5 5 1 5

y
(–5, 8)
y = – 15 x + 7

(5, 6)
y=3–x
y= 1+x

Z 2/5 Z 1 Z 2/5 Z 1
14. A = (4x − x) dx + (−x + 2 − x) dx = 3x dx + (2 − 2x) dx = 3/5.
0 2/5 0 2/5

y
( 25 , 85 )
y = –x + 2

y = 4x (1, 1)

x
y=x

Z 1 Z 3
3 2
15. A = (x − 4x + 3x) dx + [−(x3 − 4x2 + 3x)] dx = 5/12 + 32/12 = 37/12.
0 1
222 Chapter 5

–1 4

–8

16. Equate y = x3 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 − 3x to get x3 − 4x2 + 3x = 0, x(x − 1)(x − 3) = 0; x = 0, 1, 3 with
Z 1 Z 3
corresponding values of y = 0, −1, 9. A = [(x3 − 2x2 ) − (2x2 − 3x)] dx + [(2x3 − 3x) − (x3 − 2x2 )] dx =
Z 1 Z 3 0 1
3 2 3 2 5 8 37
(x − 4x + 3x) dx + (−x + 4x − 3x) dx = + = .
0 1 12 3 12
9

–1 3

–2
Z 5π/4 √
17. From the symmetry of the region A = 2 (sin x − cos x) dx = 4 2.
π/4
1

0 o

–1
Z 2
18. The region is symmetric about the origin, so A = 2 |x3 − 4x| dx = 8.
0
3.1

–3 3

–3.1
Z 0 Z 1
19. A = (y 3 − y) dy + −(y 3 − y) dy = 1/2.
−1 0
1

–1 1

–1
Exercise Set 5.1 223

Z 1 Z 4
 3   
20. A = y − 4y 2 + 3y − (y 2 − y) dy + y 2 − y − (y 3 − 4y 2 + 3y) dy = 7/12 + 45/4 = 71/6.
0 1
4.1

–2.2 12.1
0

Z b Z b
21. True. If f (x) − g(x) = c > 0 then f (x) > g(x) so Formula (1) implies that A = [f (x) − g(x)] dx = c dx =
Z b Z a a
b
c(b − a). If g(x) − f (x) = c > 0 then g(x) > f (x) so A = [g(x) − f (x)] dx = c dx = c(b − a).
a a

Z b Z 1 1
2
22. False. Let f (x) = 2x, g(x) = 0, a = −2, and b = 1. Then [f (x) − g(x)] dx = 2x dx = x = −3, but the
a −2 −2
Z 0 Z 1 0 1
area of A is (−2x) dx + 2x dx = −x2 + x2 = 4 + 1 = 5.
−2 0 −2 0

y
2

-2 x
1

-4

23. True. Since f and g are distinct, there is some point c in [a, b] for which f (c) 6= g(c). Suppose f (c) > g(c). (The
case f (c) < g(c) is similar.) Let p = f (c)−g(c) > 0. Since f −g is continuous, there is an interval [d, e] containing c
Z e Z b
p
such that f (x)−g(x) > p/2 for all x in [d, e]. So [f (x)−g(x)] dx ≥ (e−d) > 0. Hence 0 = [f (x)−g(x)] dx =
2
Z d Z e Z b d Z d Z e a
[f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, > [f (x) − g(x)] dx + [f (x) − g(x)] dx, so at
a Z d d Z e e a b

least one of [f (x) − g(x)] dx and [f (x) − g(x)] dx is negative. Therefore f (t) − g(t) < 0 for some point t in
a b
one of the intervals [a, d] and [b, e]. So the graph of f is above the graph of g at x = c and below it at x = t; by
the Intermediate Value Theorem, the curves cross somewhere between c and t.

 x if x < 0;
(Note: It is not necessarily true that the curves cross at a point. For example, let f (x) = 0 if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1;

x − 1 if x > 1,
Z 2
and g(x) = 0. Then [f (x) − g(x)] dx = 0, and the curves cross between -1 and 2, but there’s no single point at
−1
which they cross; they coincide for x in [0, 1].)
 
f (x) − g(x) if f (x) ≥ g(x); 0 if f (x) ≥ g(x);
24. True. Let h(x) = and k(x) =
0 if f (x) < g(x), g(x) − f (x) if f (x) < g(x).
Z b Z b
Let B = h(x) dx and C = k(x) dx. If the curves cross, then f (x) > g(x) on some interval and f (x) < g(x)
a a
on some other interval, so B > 0 and C > 0. Note that h(x) + k(x) = |f (x) − g(x)| and h(x) − k(x) =
224 Chapter 5

Z Z Z Z 
b b b  b 
 
f (x) − g(x), so A = |f (x) − g(x)| dx = h(x) dx + k(x) dx = B + C. But A =  [f (x) − g(x)] dx =
 a 
Z  a Z Z b
a
 a
 b   b 
   
 [h(x) − k(x)] dx =  h(x) dx − k(x) dx = |B − C| < max(B, C) < B + C. Our assumption that the
 a   a a 
graphs cross leads to a contradiction, so the graphs don’t cross.

25. Solve 3 − 2x = x6 + 2x5 − 3x4 + x2 to find

Z the real roots x = −3, 1; from a plot it is seen that the line is above
1
the polynomial when −3 < x < 1, so A = (3 − 2x − (x6 + 2x5 − 3x4 + x2 )) dx = 9152/105.
−3

q
1 √
5 3 3
26. Solve x − 2x − 3x = x to find the roots x = 0, ± 6 + 2 21. Thus, by symmetry,
2
√
Z (6+2√21)/2
27 7 √
A=2 (x3 − (x5 − 2x3 − 3x)) dx = + 21.
0 4 4

Z k Z 9 Z k Z 9 √
√ √ 1/2 2 3/2 2
y 1/2 dy, = (27 − k 3/2 ), k 3/2 = 27/2, k = (27/2)2/3 = 9/ 4.
3
27. 2 y dy = 2 y dy; y dy = k
0 k 0 k 3 3
y

y=9

y=k

Z k Z 2 √
2 1 3 1
x2 dx, k = (8 − k 3 ), k 3 = 4, k = 4.
3
28. x dx =
0 k 3 3
y
x = √y

x
2
x=k

Z 2
29. (a) A = (2x − x2 ) dx = 4/3.
0

(b) y = mx intersects y = 2x − x2 where mx = 2x − x2 , x2 + (m − 2)x = 0, x(x + m − 2) = 0 so x = 0 or

Z 2−m Z 2−m
2
x = 2 − m. The area below the curve and above the line is (2x − x − mx) dx = [(2 − m)x − x2 ] dx =
 2−m 0 0
1 1 1 √
(2 − m)x2 − x3 = (2 − m)3 so (2 − m)3 /6 = (1/2)(4/3) = 2/3, (2 − m)3 = 4, m = 2 − 3 4.
2 3 0 6

Z 5π/6   √
3 3 3 5
30. The line through (0, 0) and (5π/6, 1/2) is y = x; A = sin x − x dx = − π + 1.
5π 0 5π 2 24
Exercise Set 5.1 225

y
y = sin x
1
( 56c , 12 )
x
c
Z b
31. The curves intersect at x = 0 and, by Newton’s Method, at x ≈ 2.595739080 = b, so A ≈ (sin x − 0.2x) dx =
0
 b
− cos x + 0.1x2 ≈ 1.180898334.
0

32. By Newton’s Method, the points of intersection are at x ≈ ±0.824132312, so with b = 0.824132312 we have
Z b
b
A≈2 (cos x − x2 ) dx = 2(sin x − x3 /3) 0 ≈ 1.094753609.
0

33. The x-coordinates of the points of intersection are a ≈ −0.423028 and b ≈ 1.725171; the area is
Z b
A= (2 sin x − x2 + 1) dx ≈ 2.542696.
a

34. Let (a, k), where π/2 < a < π, be the coordinates
Z a of the point
Z a of intersection of y = k with y = sin x. Thus
k = sin a and if the shaded areas are equal, (k − sin x) dx = (sin a − sin x) dx = a sin a + cos a − 1 = 0. Solve
0 0
for a to get a ≈ 2.331122, so k = sin a ≈ 0.724611.
Z 60
35. [v2 (t) − v1 (t)] dt = s2 (60) − s2 (0) − [s1 (60) − s1 (0)], but they are even at time t = 60, so s2 (60) = s1 (60).
0
Consequently the integral gives the difference s1 (0) − s2 (0) of their starting points in meters.
Z T
36. Since v1 (0) = v2 (0) = 0, A = [a2 (t) − a1 (t)] dt = v2 (T ) − v1 (T ) is the difference in the velocities of the two
0
cars at time T .

37. The area in question is the increase in population from 1960 to 2010.
Z 8
38. The area in question is A = [a0 (t) − e0 (t)] dt = a(8) − e(8) − (a(0) − e(0)), which is the difference between the
0
amount of medication present in the bloodstream at time t = 8 and t = 0.
Z a
39. Solve x 1/2
+y 1/2
=a 1/2
for y to get y = (a 1/2
−x 1/2 2
) = a − 2a1/2 1/2
x + x, A = (a − 2a1/2 x1/2 + x) dx = a2 /6.
0
y
a

x
a
√
40. Solve
Z a for y to get y = (b/a)
Z a2 − x2 for the upper half of the ellipse; make use of symmetry to get A =
b p 4b ap
4b 1 2
4 a2 − x2 dx = a2 − x2 dx = · πa = πab.
0 a a 0 a 4

41. First find all solutions of the equation f (x) = g(x) in the interval [a, b]; call them c1 , · · · , cn . Let c0 = a and
cn+1 = b. For i =Z 0, 1, · · · , n, f (x) − g(x) Z
has constant sign on [ci , ci+1 ], so the area bounded by x = ci and
ci+1 ci+1
x = ci+1 is either [f (x) − g(x)] dx or [g(x) − f (x)] dx. Compute each of these n + 1 areas and add
ci ci
them to get the area bounded by x = a and x = b.
226 Chapter 5

42. Let f (x) be the length of the intersection of R with the vertical line with x-coordinate x. Divide the interval [a, b]
into n subintervals, and use those to divide R into n strips. If the width of the k’th strip is ∆xk , approximate
the area of the strip by f (x∗k )∆xk , where x∗k is a point in the k’th subinterval. Add the approximate areas to
Xn
approximate the entire area of R by the Riemann sum f (x∗k )∆xk . Take the limit as n → +∞ and the widths
k=1
Z b
of the subintervals all approach zero, to obtain the area of R, f (x) dx. Since f (x) is also the length of the
a
intersection of S with the vertical line with x-coordinate x, we similarly find that the area of S equals the same
integral, so R and S have the same area.

Exercise Set 5.2

Z 3
1. V = π (3 − x) dx = 8π.
−1

Z 1 Z 1
2. V = π [(2 − x2 )2 − x2 ] dx = π (4 − 5x2 + x4 ) dx = 38π/15.
0 0

Z 2
1
3. V = π (3 − y)2 dy = 13π/6.
0 4

Z 2
4. V = π (4 − 1/y 2 ) dy = 9π/2.
1/2

Z π/2 √
5. V = π cos x dx = (1 − 2/2)π.
π/4

y
1 y = √cos x

x
3 6

–1

Z 1 Z 1
6. V = π [(x2 )2 − (x3 )2 ] dx = π (x4 − x6 ) dx = 2π/35.
0 0

1 (1, 1)
y = x2
y = x3
x
1

Z 3
7. V = π (1 + y) dy = 8π.
−1
Exercise Set 5.2 227

x = √1 + y
x
2

Z 3 Z 3
2
8. V = π [2 − (y + 1)] dy = π (3 − y) dy = 9π/2.
0 0
x = √y + 1
y y = x2 – 1

3 (2, 3)

Z 2
9. V = x4 dx = 32/5.
0
y

y = x2

x
2

Z π/3 √
10. V = sec2 x dx = 3 − 1.
π/4
y
y = sec x
2
1
x
3 4
-1
-2

Z 4 Z 4
2
11. V = π [(25 − x ) − 9] dx = 2π (16 − x2 ) dx = 256π/3.
−4 0
y
5 y = √25 – x2
y=3

x
228 Chapter 5

Z 3 Z 3
12. V = π (9 − x2 )2 dx = π (81 − 18x2 + x4 ) dx = 1296π/5.
−3 −3

y
9
y = 9 – x2

x
–3 3

Z 4 Z 4
13. V = π [(4x)2 − (x2 )2 ] dx = π (16x2 − x4 ) dx = 2048π/15.
0 0

y
16 (4, 16)

y = 4x
y = x2
x
4

Z π/4 Z π/4
14. V = π (cos2 x − sin2 x) dx = π cos 2x dx = π/2.
0 0

y
y = cos x
1

y = sin x x
3

–1

Z 1  2 3
15. V = y 1/3 dy = .
0 5

y
1 x
1

Z 1 Z 1  
2 2 2 2 2 1 16
16. V = (1 − y ) dy = 2 (1 − y ) dy = 2 1 − + = .
−1 0 3 5 15
Exercise Set 5.2 229

y
x
1
1

-1

Z 3π/4
17. V = π csc2 y dy = 2π.
π/4

y
9

6 x = csc y

3
x
–2 –1 1 2

Z 1
18. V = π (y − y 4 ) dy = 3π/10.
0

y
x = y2
1
(1, 1)
x = √y
x
–1 1

–1

Z 2
19. V = π [(y + 2)2 − y 4 ] dy = 72π/5.
−1

x = y2 (4, 2)

x= y+2
x

(1, –1)

Z 1 Z 1
 
20. V = π (2 + y 2 )2 − (1 − y 2 )2 dy = π (3 + 6y 2 ) dy = 10π.
−1 −1
230 Chapter 5

y x = 2 + y2
x = 1 – y2
1

x
1 2

–1

21. False. For example, consider the pyramid in Example 1, with the roles of the x- and y-axes interchanged.

22. False. If the centers of the disks or washers don’t all lie on a line parallel to the x-axis, then S isn’t a solid of
revolution.

23. False. For example, let S be the solid generated by rotating the region under y = x2 over the interval [0, 1]. Then
A(x) = πx4 .

Z b
1 V
24. True. By Definition 4.8.1, the average value of A(x) is A(x) dx = .
b−a a b−a
Z a
b2 2
25. V = π (a − x2 ) dx = 4πab2 /3.
−a a2
y

b y = ba √a2 – x 2

x
–a a

Z 2
1
26. V = π dx = π(1/b − 1/2); π(1/b − 1/2) = 3, b = 2π/(π + 6).
b x2
Z 0 Z 1
27. V = π (x + 1) dx + π [(x + 1) − 2x] dx = π/2 + π/2 = π.
−1 0
y
(1, √2)
1
y = √x + 1
y = √2x x
–1 1

Z 4 Z 6
28. V = π x dx + π (6 − x)2 dx = 8π + 8π/3 = 32π/3.
0 4
y

y = √x y=6–x

x
4 6
Exercise Set 5.2 231

29. Partition the interval [a, b] with a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b. Let x∗k be an arbitrary point of
[xk−1 , xk ]. The disk in question is obtained by revolving about the line y = k the rectangle for which xk−1 < x < xk ,
and y lies between y = k and y = f (x); the volume of this disk is ∆Vk = π(f (x∗k ) − k)2 ∆xk , and the total volume
Z b
is given by V = π (f (x) − k)2 dx.
a

30. Assume for c < y < d that k ≤ v(y) ≤ w(y) (A similar proof holds for k ≥ v(y) ≥ w(y)). Partition the interval
[c, d] with c = y0 < y1 < y2 < . . . < yn−1 < yn = d. Let yk∗ be an arbitrary point of [yk−1 , yk ]. The washer in
question is the region obtained by revolving the strip v(yk∗ ) < x < w(yk∗ ), yk−1 < y < yk about the line x = k.
The volume of this washer is ∆V = π[(v(yk∗ ) − k)2 − (w(yk∗ ) − k)2 ]∆yk , and the volume of the solid obtained by
Z d
rotating R is V = π [(v(y) − k)2 − (w(y) − k)2 ] dy.
c

31. (a) Intuitively, it seems that a line segment which is revolved about a line which is perpendicular to the line
segment will generate a larger area, the farther it is from the line. This is because the average point on the line
segment will be revolved through a circle with a greater radius,√and thus sweeps out a larger circle. Consider the
line segment which connects a point (x, y) on the curve y = 3 − x to the point (x, 0) beneath it. If this line
segment is revolved around the x-axis we generate an area πy 2 .
If on the other hand the segment is revolved around the line y = 2 then the area of the resulting (infinitely thin)
washer is π[22 − (2 − y)2 ]. So the question 2 2 2 2 2
√can be reduced to asking whether y ≥ [2 − (2 − y) ], y ≥ 4y − y , or
y ≥ 2. In the present case the curve y = 3 − x always satisfies y ≤ 2, so V2 has the larger volume.
Z 3
(b) The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area around the x-axis is V1 = π (3 − x) dx = 8π, and
−1
Z 3
√ 40
the volume generated by revolving the area around the line y = 2 is V2 = π [22 − (2 − 3 − x)2 ] dx = π.
−1 3

32. (a) In general, points in the region R are farther from the y-axis than they are from the line x = 2.5, so by the
reasoning in Exercise 31(a) the former should generate a larger volume than the latter, i.e. the volume mentioned
in Exercise 4 will be greater than that gotten by revolving about the line x = 2.5.
Z 2  
1
(b) The volume in Exercise 4 is given by V1 = π 4− dy and the new volume is
1/2 y2
Z " 2 # Z   Z 2  
2 2
1 2 5 1 5 2
V2 = π 2.5 − − (2.5 − 2) dy = π 6 − + 2 dy. So V1 − V2 = π −2 + − 2 dy =
1/2 y 1/2 y y 1/2 y y
Z 2
(2y − 1)(2 − y)
π dy > 0, since the integrand is positive for 1/2 < y < 2. Hence V1 > V2 .
1/2 y2
Z 3 Z 3
33. V = π (9 − y 2 )2 dy = π (81 − 18y 2 + y 4 ) dy = 648π/5.
0 0
y
3 x = y2

x
9

Z 9 Z 9
2
√ 2
√
34. V = π [3 − (3 − x) ] dx = π (6 x − x) dx = 135π/2.
0 0
y

y=3
y = √x
x
9
232 Chapter 5

Z 1 Z 1
√ √
35. V = π [( x + 1)2 − (x + 1)2 ] dx = π (2 x − x − x2 ) dx = π/2.
0 0

y
x=y
1 x = y2
x
1

y = –1

Z 1 Z 1
2 2 2
36. V = π [(y + 1) − (y + 1) ] dy = π (2y − y 2 − y 4 ) dy = 7π/15.
0 0

y
x=y

x
1
x = y2
x = –1

√ √
37. The region is given by the inequalities 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 3 y. For each y in the interval [0, 1] the cross-section
√ √
of the solid perpendicular to the axis x = 1 is a washer with outer radius 1 − y and inner radius 1 − 3 y.
√ 2 √
The area of this washer is A(y) = π[(1 − y) − (1 − 3 y)2 ] = π(−2y 1/2 + y + 2y 1/3 − y 2/3 ), so the volume is
Z 1 Z 1  1
1/2 1/3 2/3 4 3/2 1 2 3 4/3 3 5/3 π
V = A(y) dy = π (−2y + y + 2y − y ) dy = π − y + y + y − y = .
0 0 3 2 2 5 0 15

rotation axis
y =x 2 x =1

y
y =x 3 x

38. The region is given by the inequalities 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, x3 ≤ y ≤ x2 . For each x in the interval [0, 1] the cross-
 y = 2−1
section of the solid perpendicular to the axis is a washer with outer radius 1 + x2 and inner radius
1 + x . The area of this washer is A(x) = π (1 + x ) − (1 + x ) = π(2x + x4 − 2x3 − x6 ), so the volume is
3 2 3 2 2
Z 1 Z 1  1
2 4 3 6 2 3 1 5 1 4 1 7 47π
V = A(x) dx = π (2x + x − 2x − x ) dx = π x + x − x − x = .
0 0 3 5 2 7 0 210
Exercise Set 5.2 233

y =x 2
y =x 3
x
x 1

rotation axis y =!1

Z 20
2
39. A(x) = π(x /4) = πx /16, V = 2 4
(πx4 /16) dx = 40, 000π ft3 .
0

Z 1
40. V = π (x − x4 ) dx = 3π/10.
0

Z 1 Z 1
41. V = (x − x2 )2 dx = (x2 − 2x3 + x4 ) dx = 1/30.
0 0
Square y
y = x (1, 1)
y = x2
1 x

 2 Z 4
1 1√ 1 1
42. A(x) = π x = πx, V = πx dx = π.
2 2 8 0 8
y

y = √x

4
x

√
43. On the upper half of the circle, y = 1 − x2 , so:
Z 1
π
(a) A(x) is the area of a semicircle of radius y, so A(x) = πy 2 /2 = π(1 − x2 )/2; V = (1 − x2 ) dx =
2 −1
Z 1
π (1 − x2 ) dx = 2π/3.
0

–1 y

1 x
y

Z 1 Z 1
(b) A(x) is the area of a square of side 2y, so A(x) = 4y 2 = 4(1 − x2 ); V = 4 (1 − x2 ) dx = 8 (1 − x2 ) dx =
−1 0
16/3.
234 Chapter 5

–1 y

1 x
2y
√
3 √ √
(c) A(x) is the area of an equilateral triangle with sides 2y, so A(x) = (2y)2 = 3y 2 = 3(1 − x2 );
Z 1√ 4
√ Z 1 √
V = 3(1 − x2 ) dx = 2 3 (1 − x2 ) dx = 4 3/3.
−1 0

–1 y
2y 2y

1 x
2y

44. The base of the tent is a hexagon of side r. An equation of the circle of radius r that lies in a vertical x-y plane and
2 2 2
passes through two opposite vertices of the√base hexagon
√ is x + y = r . A horizontal, hexagonal cross section at
Z r √
3 3 2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2
height y above the base has area A(y) = x = (r − y ), hence the volume is V = (r − y 2 ) dy =
√ 3 2 2 0 2
3r .
Z b Z π/2
16
45. The two curves cross at x = b ≈ 1.403288534, so V = π 2
((2x/π) − sin x) dx + π (sin16 x − (2x/π)2 ) dx ≈
0 b
0.710172176.

46. Note that π 2 sin x cos3 x = 4x2 for x = π/4. From the graph it is apparent that this is the first positive solution,
Z π/4
1 5 17 6
thus the curves don’t cross on (0, π/4) and V = π [(π 2 sin x cos3 x)2 − (4x2 )2 ] dx = π + π .
0 48 2560
Z r
1 2
47. (a) V = π (r2 − y 2 ) dy = π(rh2 − h3 /3) = πh (3r − h).
r−h 3

πh
(b) By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 = (r − h)2 + ρ2 , 2hr = h2 + ρ2 ; from part (a), V = (3hr − h2 ) =
  3
πh 3 2 1
(h + ρ2 ) − h2 ) = πh(3ρ2 + h2 ).
3 2 6
y

h
x2 + y2 = r2
r x
r

Z −10+h
48. First, we find the volume generated by revolving the shaded region about the y-axis: V = π (100−y 2 ) dy =
−10
π 2 π dV π dh
h (30 − h). Then we find dh/dt when h = 5 given that dV /dt = 1/2: V = (30h2 − h3 ), = (60h − 3h2 ) ,
3 3 dt 3 dt
1 π dh dh
= (300 − 75) , = 1/(150π) ft/min.
2 3 dt dt
Exercise Set 5.2 235

h – 10 10 x

h
x = √100 – y 2
–10

49. (a) The bulb is approximately a sphere of radius 1.25 cm attached to a cylinder of radius 0.625 cm and length
4
2.5 cm, so its volume is roughly π(1.25)3 + π(0.625)2 · 2.5 ≈ 11.25 cm. (Other answers are possible, depending
3
on how we approximate the light bulb using familiar shapes.)

5
(b) ∆x = = 0.5; {y0 , y1 , · · · , y10 } = {0, 2.00, 2.45, 2.45, 2.00, 1.46, 1.26, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25, 1.25};
10
9 
yi 2
10 
X X yi 2
left = π ∆x ≈ 11.157; right = π ∆x ≈ 11.771; V ≈ average = 11.464 cm3 .
i=0
2 i=1
2

√
50. If x = r/2, then from y 2 = r2 − x2 we get y = ± 3r/2. So the hole consists of a cylinder of radius r/2 and length √
√ √  r 2 √ π 3 3
3r and two spherical caps of radius r/2 and height (1 − 3/2)r. The cylinder has volume π 3r = r .
" 2 4
√ ! #2 √ ! !
1 3 3 π √
From Exercise 47(a), each cap has volume π 1− r 3r − 1 − r = (16 − 9 3)r3 . So the
3 2 2 24
√
π 3 3 π √ π √ 4 π √
volume of the hole is r +2 (16−9 3)r3 = (8−3 3)r3 and the volume remaining is πr3 − (8−3 3)r3 =
√ 4 24 6 3 6
π 3 3 √ √
r . To obtain this by integrating, note that, for − 3 ≤ y ≤ 3, the cross-section with y-coordinate y has
2
Z √3r/2 Z √3r/2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
area A(y) = π[(r − y ) − r /4] = π(3r /4 − y ), thus V = π √ (3r /4 − y ) dy = 2π (3r2 /4 − y 2 ) dy =
− 3r/2 0
√
π 3 3
r .
2
y
!3r
2
x = !r 2 – y 2
x

r
2

– !3r
2

y y

h –4
x
x

h–4 –2
h
h
–4 –4
51. (a) 0≤h<2 (b) 2≤h≤4

If the cherry is partially submerged then 0 ≤ h < 2 as shown in Figure (a); if it is totally submerged then
2 ≤ h ≤ 4 as shown in Figure (b). The radius of the glass is 4 cm and that of the cherry is 1 cm so points on
the sections shown in the figures satisfy the equations x2 + y 2 = 16 and x2 + (y + 3)2 = 1. We will find the
volumes of the solids that are generated when the shaded regions are revolved about the y-axis. For 0 ≤ h < 2,
Z h−4 Z h−4 Z −2
2 2 2
V =π [(16 − y ) − (1 − (y + 3) )] dy = 6π (y + 4) dy = 3πh ; for 2 ≤ h ≤ 4, V = π [(16 − y 2 ) −
−4 −4 −4
236 Chapter 5

Z h−4Z −2 Z h−4
1
(1 − (y + 3)2 )] dy + π (16 − y 2 ) dy = 6π (y + 4) dy + π (16 − y 2 ) dy = 12π + π(12h2 − h3 − 40) =
−2 −4 −2 3

 3πh2 if 0 ≤ h < 2
1
π(12h2 − h3 − 4), so V = .
3  1 π(12h2 − h3 − 4) if 2 ≤ h ≤ 4
3
p Z r h p p i Z r p  
1 2
52. x = h ± r2 − y 2 , V = π (h + r2 − y 2 )2 − (h − r2 − y 2 )2 dy = 4πh r2 − y 2 dy = 4πh πr =
−r −r 2
2π 2 r2 h.
y
(x – h 2) + y 2 = r 2

1 1 1
53. tan θ = h/x so h = x tan θ, A(y) = hx = x2 tan θ = (r2 − y 2 ) tan θ, because x2 = r2 − y 2 , and this implies
Z r 2 Z r2 2
1 2 2 2
that V = tan θ (r − y ) dy = tan θ (r − y ) dy = r3 tan θ.
2 2
2 −r 0 3

u
x

p p Z r p
2 2 2 2
2 3
54. A(x) = (x tan θ)(2 r − x ) = 2(tan θ)x r − x , V = 2 tan θ x r2 − x2 dx = r tan θ.
0 3
x tan u
y
x
√r 2 – x2

Z r
1
55. Each cross section perpendicular to the y-axis is a square so A(y) = x2 = r2 − y 2 , V = (r2 − y 2 ) dy, so
8 0
V = 8(2r3 /3) = 16r3 /3.
y

x = √r 2 – y 2

r
x

56. The regular cylinder of radius r and height h has the same circular cross sections as do those of the oblique
cylinder, so by Cavalieri’s Principle, they have the same volume: πr2 h.

57. Position an x-axis perpendicular to the bases of the solids. Let a be the smallest x-coordinate of any point in either
solid, and let b be the largest. Let A(x) be the common area of the cross-sections of the solids at x-coordinate x.
Z b
By equation (3), each solid has volume V = A(x) dx, so they are equal.
a

58. Equation (4) is obtained from equation (3) simply by interchanging the x- and y-axes. Equations (5) and (6) are
special cases of equation (3) using particular formulas for A(x). Similarly, equations (7) and (8) are special case
of equation (4), so they also follow from (3) by interchanging the axes.
Exercise Set 5.3 237

Exercise Set 5.3

Z 2 Z 2
2
1. V = 2πx(x ) dx = 2π x3 dx = 15π/2.
1 1

Z √ Z √
2 p 2 p 8π √
2. V = 2πx( 4 − x2 − x) dx = 2π (x 4 − x2 − x2 ) dx = (2 − 2).
0 0 3
Z 1 Z 1
3. V = 2πy(2y − 2y 2 ) dy = 4π (y 2 − y 3 ) dy = π/3.
0 0

Z 2 Z 2
2
4. V = 2πy[y − (y − 2)] dy = 2π (y 2 − y 3 + 2y) dy = 16π/3.
0 0

Z 1 Z 1
3
5. V = 2π(x)(x ) dx = 2π x4 dx = 2π/5.
0 0
y

y = x3
1

x
–1 1

–1

Z 9 Z 9
√
6. V = 2πx( x) dx = 2π x3/2 dx = 844π/5.
4 4
y
3 y = √x
2

1
x
–9 –4 4 9

Z 3 Z 3
7. V = 2πx(1/x) dx = 2π dx = 4π.
1 1
y
1
y= x

x
–3 –1 1 3

Z √
π/2 √
8. V = 2πx cos(x2 ) dx = π/ 2.
0
y
y = cos (x2)

x
√p
2

Z 2 Z 2
9. V = 2πx[(2x − 1) − (−2x + 3)] dx = 8π (x2 − x) dx = 20π/3.
1 1
238 Chapter 5

y
(2, 3)

(1, 1)

(2, –1)

Z 2 Z 2
2 8
10. V = 2πx(2x − x ) dx = 2π (2x2 − x3 ) dx = π.
0 0 3
y
y = 2x – x 2

x
2

Z 1
11. V = 2πy 3 dy = π/2.
0
y

1 x = y2

Z 3 Z 3
12. V = 2πy(2y) dy = 4π y 2 dy = 76π/3.
2 2
y
3
2 x = 2y
x

Z 1 Z 1
√
13. V = 2πy(1 − y) dy = 2π (y − y 3/2 ) dy = π/5.
0 0
y
x = !y
x
1

Z 4 Z 4
14. V = 2πy(5 − y − 4/y) dy = 2π (5y − y 2 − 4) dy = 9π.
1 1
y (1, 4)

x =5–y
(4, 1)
x = 4/y x
Exercise Set 5.3 239

15. True. The surface area of the cylinder is 2π · [average radius] · [height], so by equation (1) the volume equals the
thickness times the surface area.

16. False. In the method of cylindrical shells we do not use cross-sections of the solid.

17. True. In 5.3.2 we integrate over an interval on the x-axis, which is perpendicular to the y-axis, which is the axis
of revolution.
n
X n
X
xk + xk−1
18. True. If f (x) = c for all x, then the Riemann sum equals 2πx∗k f (x∗k )∆xk =
c (xk − xk−1 ) = 2π
2
k=1 k=1
n
X Z b Z b b
2 2 2 2 2
πc (xk − xk−1 ) = πc (xn − x0 ). The volume equals 2πxf (x) dx = 2πxc dx = πcx = πc (b2 − a2 ).
k=1 a a a
Hence each Riemann sum equals the volume.
Z π π
19. V = 2π x sin x dx = 2π(sin x − x cos x) = 2π 2 .
0 0

Z π/2
20. V = 2π x cos x dx = π 2 − 2π.
0

Z k
21. The volume is given by 2π x sin x dx = 2π(sin k − k cos k) = 8; solve for k to get k ≈ 1.736796.
0

Z b Z d
22. (a) 2πx[f (x) − g(x)] dx (b) 2πy[f (y) − g(y)] dy
a c

Z 1
23. (a) V = 2πx(x3 − 3x2 + 2x) dx = 7π/30.
0

(b) Much easier; the method of slicing would require that x be expressed in terms of y.
y
y = x3 – 3x2 + 2x

x
–1 1

24. Let a = x0 < x1 < x2 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = b be a partition of [a, b]. Let x∗k be the midpoint of [xk−1 , xk ]. Revolve
the strip xk−1 < x < xk , 0 < y < f (x∗k ) about the line x = k. The result is a cylindrical shell, a large coin with
a very large hole through the center. The volume of the shell is ∆Vk = 2π(x − k)f (x∗k )∆xk , just as the volume
of a ring of average radius r, height y and thickness h is 2πryh. Summing these volumes of cylindrical shells and
Z b
taking the limit as max∆xk goes to zero, we obtain V = 2π (x − k)f (x) dx.
a

25. (a) For x in [0,1], the cross-section with x-coordinate x has length x, and its distance from the axis of revolution
Z 1
is 1 − x, so the volume is 2π(1 − x)x dx.
0

(b) For y in [0,1], the cross-section with y-coordinate y has length 1−y, and its distance from the axis of revolution
Z 1
is 1 + y, so the volume is 2π(1 + y)(1 − y) dy.
0

√
26. (a) For x in [0,1], the cross-section with x-coordinate x has length 1 − x2 , and its distance from the axis of
Z 1 p
revolution is 1 − x, so the volume is 2π(1 − x) 1 − x2 dx.
0
240 Chapter 5

p
(b) For y in [0,1], the cross-section with y-coordinate y has length 1 − y 2 , and its distance from the axis of
Z 1 p
revolution is 1 + y, so the volume is 2π(1 + y) 1 − y 2 dy.
0

Z 2 Z 2
27. V = 2π(x + 1)(1/x ) dx = 2π 3
(x−2 + x−3 ) dx = 7π/4.
1 1
y
x+1

y = 1/x 3
x
–1 1x 2

Z 1 Z 1
28. V = 2π(1 − y)y 1/3 dy = 2π (y 1/3 − y 4/3 ) dy = 9π/14.
0 0
y

1
1–y x = y1/3
x

Z r   Z
h h 2πh r
29. x = (r − y) is an equation of the line through (0, r) and (h, 0), so V = 2πy (r − y) dy = (ry −
r 0 r r 0
y 2 ) dy = πr2 h/3.
y
(0, r)

x
(h, 0)

Z k/4 √ √ Z k/4
30. V = 2π(k/2 − x)2 kx dx = 2π k (kx1/2 − 2x3/2 ) dx = 7πk 3 /60.
0 0
y
k/2 – x

y = √kx

y = –√kx
x = k/2
x = k/4

31. Let the sphere have radius R, the hole radius r. By the Pythagorean Theorem, r2 + (L/2)2 = R2 . Use√cylindrical
shells to calculate the volume of the solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis the region r < x < R, − R2 − x2 <
Z R p R
√ 4 4
y < R 2 − x2 : V = (2πx)2 R2 − x2 dx = − π(R2 − x2 )3/2 = π(L/2)3 , so the volume is independent of
r 3 r 3
R.
Z a p Z ap Z a p
32. V = 2 2
2π(b − x)(2 a − x ) dx = 4πb 2 2
a − x dx − 4π x a2 − x2 dx =
−a −a −a
Exercise Set 5.4 241

= 4πb · (area of a semicircle of radius a) − 4π(0) = 2π 2 a2 b.

y
b–x

√a2 – x2
x
–a a
–√a2 – x2
x=b

Z b Z b
1
33. Vx = π 2
dx = π(2 − 1/b), Vy = 2π dx = π(2b − 1); Vx = Vy if 2 − 1/b = 2b − 1, 2b2 − 3b + 1 = 0, solve
1/2 x 1/2
to get b = 1/2 (reject) or b = 1.

34. If the formula for the length of a cross-section perpendicular to the axis of revolution is simpler than the formula
for the length of a cross-section parallel to the axis of revolution, then the method of disks/washers is probably
easier. Otherwise the method of cylindrical shells probably is.

35. In the method of disks/washers, we integrate the area of a flat surface, perpendicular to the axis of revolution.
The variable of integration measures distance along the axis of revolution.
In the method of cylindrical shells, we integrate the area of a curved surface surrounding the axis of revolution.
The variable of integration measures distance perpendicular to the axis of revolution.

Exercise Set 5.4

p √ √
1. By the Theorem of Pythagoras, the length is (2 − 1)2 + (4 − 2)2 = 1 + 4 = 5.
Z 2 √
dy √
(a) = 2, L = 1 + 4 dx = 5.
dx 1

Z 4 p p √
dx 1
(b) = ,L = 1 + 1/4 dy = 2 5/4 = 5.
dy 2 2

p √ √
2. By the Theorem of Pythagoras, the length is (1 − 0)2 + (5 − 0)2 = 1 + 25 = 26.
Z 1 √
dy √
(a) = 5, L = 1 + 25 dx = 26.
dx 0

Z 5 p p √
dx 1
(b) = ,L = 1 + 1/25 dy = 5 26/25 = 26.
dy 5 0

Z  3/2 #1
9 81 1 p 8 81 √
3. f (x) = x1/2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + x, L =
0
1 + 81x/4 dx = 1+ x = (85 85 − 8)/243.
2 4 0 243 4
0

Z 1 p Z 1
4. g 0 (y) = y(y 2 +2)1/2 , 1+[g 0 (y)]2 = 1+y 2 (y 2 +2) = y 4 +2y 2 +1 = (y 2 +1)2 , L = (y 2 + 1)2 dy = (y 2 +1) dy =
0 0
4/3.
 2 Z 8 √ 2/3 Z 40 40
dy 2 −1/3 dy 4 −2/3 9x2/3 + 4 9x + 4 1 1 3/2
5. = x , 1+ = 1+ x = , L = dx = u1/2 du = u =
dx 3 dx 9 9x2/3 1 3x1/3 18 13 27 13
1 √ √ 1 √ √ dx 3
(40 40 − 13 13) = (80 10 − 13 13) (we used u = 9x2/3 + 4); or (alternate solution) x = y 3/2 , = y 1/2 ,
27 27 dy 2
 2 Z Z 40
dx 9 4 + 9y 1 4p 1 1 √ √
1+ =1+ y = , L= 4 + 9y dy = u1/2 du = (80 10 − 13 13).
dy 4 4 2 1 18 13 27
242 Chapter 5

   2
0 1 3 −3 0 2 1 6 1 −6 1 6 1 −6 1 3 −3
6. f (x) = x − x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − +x = x + +x = x +x ,
4 16 2 16 2 4
s
Z 3  2 Z 3 
1 3 −3
1 3 −3
L= x +x dx = x +x dx = 595/144.
2 4 2 4
 
1 3 1 1 4 1 1 4 1
7. x = g(y) = y + 2y −1 , g 0 (y) = y 2 − 2y −2 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = 1 + y − + 4y −4 = y + + 4y −4 =
24 8 64 2 64 2
 2 Z 4 
1 2 1 2
y + 2y −2 , L = y + 2y −2 dy = 17/6.
8 2 8
   2 Z 4 
1 3 1 1 6 1 1 −6 1 3 1 −3 1 3 1 −3
8. g 0 (y) = y − y −3 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = 1 + y − + y = y + y , L = y + y dy =
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 2
2055/64.

dy x
9. False. The derivative = −√ is not defined at x = ±1, so it is not continuous on [−1, 1].
dx 1 − x2

10. True. In a Riemann sum the k’th term has the form g(x∗k )∆xk for some function g.

Xn p Xn p
11. True. If f (x) = mx + c then the approximation equals 1 + m2 ∆xk = 1 + m2 (xk − xk−1 ) =
p p k=1 k=1
1+m 2 (x − x ) = (b − a) 1 + m2 and the arc length is the distance from (a, ma + c) to (b, mb + c), which
p n 0 p √
equals (b − a)2 + [(mb + c) − (ma + c)]2 = (b − a)2 + [m(b − a)]2 = (b − a) 1 + m2 . So each approximation
equals the arc length.

12. False. We only need f to be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).

(8, 4)
(–1, 1)

13. (a) (b) dy/dx does not exist at x = 0.

Z Z  
3
0
1 p 4 p 8 13 √
(c) x = g(y) = y , g (y) = y 1/2 , L =
3/2
1 + 9y/4 dy + 1 + 9y/4 dy = 13 − 1 +
2 0 0 27 8
8 √ √ √
(10 10 − 1) = (13 13 + 80 10 − 16)/27.
27
Z 2p
14. First we apply equation (3) with a = 1, b = 2, f (x) = x2 , and f 0 (x) = 2x. The arc length is L = 1 + (2x)2 dx =
Z 2p 1
√
1 + 4x2 dx. Next we apply equation (5) with c = 1, d = 4, g(y) = y, and g 0 (y) = 21 y −1/2 . The arc length is
1 s
Z 4  2 Z 4r
1 −1/2 1
L= 1+ y dy = 1+ dy. To see that these are equal, let y = x2 , dy = 2x dx in the second
1 2 1 4y
Z 4r Z 2r Z 2p
1 1
integral: 1+ dy = 1 + 2 2x dx = 1 + 4x2 dx.
1 4y 1 4x 1

√
15. (a) The function y = f (x) = x2 is inverse to the function x = g(y) = y : f (g(y)) = y for 1/4 ≤ y ≤ 4, and
g(f (x)) = x for 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Geometrically this means that the graphs of y = f (x) and x = g(y) are symmetric
to each other with respect to the line y = x and hence have the same arc length.
Exercise Set 5.4 243

y
4

1
x
1 2 3 4

2 s 
Z 2 p Z 4
1 √
(b) L1 = 1+ (2x)2
dx and L2 = 1+ √ dx. Make the change of variables x = y in the first
1/2 1/4 2 x
s 2
Z 4 q Z 4
√ 2 1 1
integral to obtain L1 = 1 + (2 y) √ dy = √ + 1 dy = L2 .
1/4 2 y 1/4 2 y

s  2
Z 4 Z 2 p
1
(c) L1 = 1+ √ dy, L2 = 1 + (2y)2 dy.
1/4 2 y 1/2

3 1 3 3k + 10
(d) For L1 , ∆x = , xk = + k = , and thus
20 2 20 20
s   2
10 p
X X10 2
3 (3k + 10)2 − (3k + 7)2
L1 ≈ (∆x)2 + [f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )]2 = + ≈ 4.072396336.
20 400
k=1 k=1

15 3 1 3k 3k + 2
For L2 , ∆x = = , xk = + = , and thus
40 8 4 8 8
v "r #2
u
10 u 2 r
X 3 3k + 2 3k − 1
L2 ≈ t + − ≈ 4.071626502.
8 8 8
k=1

(e) Each polygonal path is shorter than the curve segment, so both approximations in (d) are smaller than the
actual length. Hence the larger one, the approximation for L1 , is better.
 
3 ∗ 1 1 3 6k + 17
(f ) For L1 , ∆x = , the midpoint is xk = + k − = , and thus
20 2 2 20 40
s  2
X10
3 6k + 17
L1 ≈ 1+ 2 ≈ 4.072396336.
20 40
k=1
 
15 1 1 15 6k + 1
For L2 , ∆x = , and the midpoint is x∗k = + k − = , and thus
40 4 2 40 16
s  −1
X10
15 6k + 1
L2 ≈ 1+ 4 ≈ 4.066160149.
40 16
k=1

s  2
Z 2 p Z 4
1
(g) L1 = 1+ (2x)2 dx ≈ 4.0729, L2 = 1+ √ dx ≈ 4.0729.
1/2 1/4 2 x

16. (a) The function y = f (x) = x8/3 is inverse to the function x = g(y) = y 3/8 : f (g(y)) = y for 10−8 ≤ y ≤ 1 and
g(f (x)) = x for 10−3 ≤ x ≤ 1. Geometrically this means that the graphs of y = f (x) and x = g(y) are symmetric
to each other with respect to the line y = x.
244 Chapter 5

y
1

0.6

0.2
x
0.2 0.6 1

s  2 s  2
Z 1 Z 1
8 5/3 3 −5/8
(b) L1 = 1+
dx, L2 = x 1+ dx. In the expression for L1 make the change
x
10−3 3 10−8 8
s  2 s 2
Z 1 Z 1
8/3 8 5/8
3 −5/8 3 −5/8
of variable y = x . Then L1 = 1+ y y dy = y + 1 dy = L2 .
10−8 3 8 10−8 8

s  2 s  2
Z 1 Z 1
3 −5/8 8 5/3
(c) L1 = 1+ y dy, L2 = 1+ y dy.
10−8 8 10−3 3

999 1 999
(d) For L1 , ∆x = , xk = +k , and thus
10000 1000 10000
10 p
X
L1 ≈ (∆x)2 + [f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )]2 ≈ 1.524983407.
k=1

99999999 99999999
For L2 , ∆y = , yk = 10−8 + k , and thus
1000000000 1000000000
10 q
X 2
L2 ≈ (∆y)2 + [g(yk ) − g(yk−1 )] ≈ 1.518667833.
k=1

(e) Each polygonal path is shorter than the curve segment, so both approximations in (d) are smaller than the
actual length. Hence the larger one, the approximation for L1 , is better.
 
999 ∗ −3 1 999
(f ) For L1 , ∆x = , the midpoint is xk = 10 + k − , and thus
10000 2 10000
s  2
10
X 999 8 ∗ 5/3
L1 ≈ 1+ (xk ) ≈ 1.524166463.
10000 3
k=1
 
99999999 1 99999999
For L2 , ∆y = , the midpoint is yk∗ = 10−8 + k − and thus
1000000000 2 1000000000
10 q
X
L2 ≈ 1 + g 0 (yk∗ )2 ∆y ≈ 1.347221106.
k=1

s  2 s  2
Z 1 Z 1
8 5/3 3 −5/8
(g) L1 = 1+ x ≈ 1.525898203, L2 = 1+ y dy ≈ 1.525898203.
10−3 3 10−8 8

17. (a) The function y = f (x) = 1 + 1/x is inverse to the function x = g(y) = 1/(y − 1): f (g(y)) = y for 4/3 ≤ y ≤ 2,
and g(f (x)) = x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3. Geometrically this means that the graphs of y = f (x) and x = g(y) are symmetric
to each other with respect to the line y = x.
umber 257 black

Exercise Set 5.4 257 245

the function y

y ≤ 2, and 3
eans that the
to each other
2

1
)−4 dx
x

le 1 2 3

Z 3 p Z 2 p
�
1 + (y − 1)−4 dy(b)
= LL 1 = 1 + x−4 dx, L2 = 1 + (x − 1)−4 dx. In the expression for L1 make the change of variable
2
1 4/3
Z 4/3 p Z 2 p


x = (y − 1)−1 to obtain L1 = 1 + (y − 1)4 −(y − 1)−2 dy = 1 + (y − 1)−4 dy = L2 .
−4 dy 2 4/3

Z 2 p Z 3 p
(c) L1 = 1 + (y − 1)−4 dy, L2 = 1 + y −4 dy.
4/3 1

(d) For L1 , ∆x = 1/5, xk = 1 + k/5, and thus

s     2
��2 X10 p X10 2
2 2
1 1 1
L1 ≈ (∆x) + [f (xk ) − f (xk−1 )] = + 1+ − 1+ =
5 1 + k/5 1 + (k − 1)/5
1)/5 k=1 k=1
s  2
X10
1 1 1
= + − ≈ 2.145900021.
900021 25 1 + k/5 1 + (k − 1)/5
k=1
 
1 4 1 4 k k + 20
k + 20 For L2 , ∆x = 2− = , xk = + = , and thus
, and thus 10 3 15 3 15 15
15 v
u
10 u
" −1  −1 #2
�2 X 1 1 k 1 k−1
1
L2 ≈ t + + − + ≈ 2.146262783.
≈ 2.146262783 225 3 15 3 15
k=1

(e) Each polygonal

ment, so both approximations in (d) path
are is shorter than the curve segment, so both approximations in (d) are smaller than the
ne, the approximation for L2 , is better.the larger one, the approximation for L2 , is better.
actual length. Hence
�  
1 9 + 2k 1 1 9 + 2k
− = , and
(f ) thus
For L 1 , ∆x = 1/5, the midpoint is x ∗
k = 1 + k − = , and thus
2 10 5 2 10
s  −4
X10
1 9 + 2k
L1 ≈ 1+ ≈ 2.144326862.
5 10
k=1
� �  
1 39 + 2k 4 1 1 39 + 2k
k− = For, and thus= 1/15, the midpoint is x∗k = +
L2 , ∆x k− = , and thus
2 30 3 15 2 30
s  −4
X10
1 9 + 2k
L2 ≈ 1+ ≈ 2.137080472.
15 30
k=1

Z 3 p Z 2 p
(g) L1 = 1 + x−4 dx ≈ 2.1466, L2 = 1 + (x − 1)−4 dx ≈ 2.1466.
1 4/3

√ p
18. 0 ≤ m ≤ f 0 (x) ≤ M , so m2 ≤ [f 0 (x)]2 ≤ M 2 , and 1+m2 ≤ 1+[f 0 (x)]2 ≤ 1+M 2 ; thus 1 + m2 ≤ 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 ≤
Z bp Z bp Z bp p p
√
1 + M 2, 1 + m2 dx ≤ 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx ≤ 1 + M 2 dx, and (b−a) 1 + m2 ≤ L ≤ (b−a) 1 + M 2 .
a a a
246 Chapter 5

√ π π√
19. f 0 (x) = sec x tan x, 0 ≤ sec x tan x ≤ 2 3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3 so ≤ L ≤ 13.
3 3
Z 4.6 p
20. The distance is 1 + (2.09 − 0.82x)2 dx ≈ 6.65 m.
0

21. If we model the cable with a parabola y = ax2 , then 500 = a · 21002 and then a = 500/21002 . Then the length of
Z 2100 p
the cable is given by L = 1 + (2ax)2 dx ≈ 4354 ft.
−2100

y
x
100 200
–0.4

–0.8

–1.2

22. (a) –1.6

(b) The maximum deflection occurs at x = 96 inches (the midpoint of the beam) and is about 1.42 in.

Z 192 p
(c) The length of the centerline is 1 + (dy/dx)2 dx ≈ 192.03 in.
0

Z b p
23. y = 0 at x = b = 12.54/0.41 ≈ 30.585; distance = 1 + (12.54 − 0.82x)2 dx ≈ 196.31 yd.
0

24. Let Pk be the point on the curve with coordinates (x(tk ), y(tk )). The length of the curve is approximately the
n p
X
length of the polygonal path P0 P1 · · · Pn , which equals (x(tk ) − x(tk−1 ))2 + (y(tk ) − y(tk−1 ))2 .
k=1

Z 1 √
2 2 2 2 2
25. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = (t ) + (t) = t (t + 1), L = 2 2
t(t2 + 1)1/2 dt = (2 2 − 1)/3.
0

Z 1
2 2 2 2 2
26. (dx/dt) + (dy/dt) = [2(1 + t)] + [3(1 + t) ] = (1 + t) [4 + 9(1 + t) ], L = 2 2
(1 + t)[4 + 9(1 + t)2 ]1/2 dt =
√ √ 0
(80 10 − 13 13)/27.

Z π/2
27. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (−2 sin 2t)2 + (2 cos 2t)2 = 4, L = 2 dt = π.
0

Z π
28. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (− sin t + sin t + t cos t)2 + (cos t − cos t + t sin t)2 = t2 , L = t dt = π 2 /2.
0

Z 2π p
29. (a) (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = 4 sin2 t + cos2 t = 4 sin2 t + (1 − sin2 t) = 1 + 3 sin2 t, L = 1 + 3 sin2 t dt =
0
Z π/2 p
4 1 + 3 sin2 t dt.
0

Z 4.8 p
(b) 9.69 (c) Distance traveled = 1 + 3 sin2 t dt ≈ 5.16 cm.
1.5
Exercise Set 5.5 247

30. (dx/dt)2 + (dy/dt)2 = (−a sin t)2 + (b cos t)2 = a2 sin2 t + b2 cos2 t = a2 (1 − cos2 t) + b2 cos2 t = a2 − (a2 − b2 ) cos2 t =
  Z 2π p Z π/2 p
2 a2 − b2 2 2 2 2 2 cos2 t dt = 4a
a 1− cos t = a [1 − k cos t], L = a 1 − k 1 − k 2 cos2 t dt.
a2 0 0

31. The length of the curve is approximated by the length of a polygon whose vertices lie on the graph of y = f (x).
Each term in the sump is the length of one edge of the approximating polygon. By the distance formula, the length
of the k’th edge is (∆xk )2 + (∆yk )2 , where ∆xk is the change in x along the edge and ∆yk is the change in
y along the edge. We use the Mean Value Theorem to express ∆yk as f 0 (x∗k )∆xk . Factoring the ∆xk out of the
square root yields the k’th term in the sum.

32. To apply Formula (4), we need to have a formula for dy/dx as a function of x. This may not be possible if either
(A) the curve is defined by giving x as a function of y, or
(B) the curve is defined by giving x and y as functions of a parameter t, or
(C) the curve is defined implicitly by giving an equation satisfied by x and y.
In case (A), we may use Formula (5) instead of (4); for (B) we may use the result of Exercise 26. In case (C), we
may have to settle for an approximation, by finding approximate coordinates of many points P0 , P1 , · · · , Pn on
the curve, and computing the length of the polygonal path P0 P1 · · · Pn .
Even in cases where Formula (4) can be applied, we may be unable to evaluate the integral in closed form, so we’ll
have to use methods for approximate integration.

Exercise Set 5.5

Z 1 √ Z 1 √
√
1. S = 2π(7x) 1 + 49 dx = 70π 2 x dx = 35π 2.
0 0

Z r Z
1 1 4 √ 1 4 p √ √
2. f (x) = √ , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 +
0
,S= 2π x 1 + dx = 2π x + 1/4 dx = π(17 17 − 5 5)/6.
2 x 4x 1 4x 1

Z 1 p p Z 1
√ x2 4
3. f 0 (x) = −x/ 4 − x2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + = ,S= 2π 4 − x2 (2/ 4 − x2 ) dx = 4π dx = 8π.
4 − x2 4 − x2 −1 −1

Z p 2
2
3 π √
3
4. y = f (x) = x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, f (x) = 3x , S = 0 2
2πx 1+ 9x4 dx = (1 + 9x4 )3/2 = 5π(29 145 −
√ 1 27 1
2 10)/27.
Z 2 √ √ Z 2 √
5. S = 2π(9y + 1) 82 dy = 2π 82 (9y + 1) dy = 40π 82.
0 0

Z 1 p √
6. g 0 (y) = 3y 2 , S = 2πy 3 1 + 9y 4 dy = π(10 10 − 1)/27.
0

p Z 2 p Z 2
9 3
7. g 0 (y) = −y/ 9 − y 2 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = ,S= 2π 9 − y2 · p dy = 6π dy = 24π.
9 − y2 −2 9 − y2 −2

Z √ Z 0p
2−y 0 p 2−y √ √
8. g 0 (y) = −(1−y)−1/2 , 1+[g 0 (y)]2 = ,S = 2π(2 1 − y) √ dy = 4π 2 − y dy = 8π(3 3−2 2)/3.
1−y −1 1−y −1

 2
1 −1/2 1 1/2 1 1 1 1 −1/2 1 1/2
9. f 0 (x) =x − x , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = 1 + x−1 − + x = x + x ,
2 2 4 2 4 2 2
Z 3    Z
1/2 1 3/2 1 −1/2 1 1/2 π 3
S= 2π x − x x + x dx = (3 + 2x − x2 ) dx = 16π/9.
1 3 2 2 3 1
248 Chapter 5

   2
0 1 −2 2 0 2 4 1 1 −4 2 1 −2
10. f (x) = x − x , 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + x − + x = x + x ,
4 2 16 4
Z 2    Z 2 
1 3 1 −1 1 1 5 1 1
S= 2π x + x x2 + x−2 dx = 2π x + x + x−3 dx = 515π/64.
1 3 4 4 1 3 3 16
   2
1 4 1 −2 0 3 1 −3 0 2 6 1 1 −6 3 1 −3
11. x = g(y) = y + y , g (y) = y − y , 1 + [g (y)] = 1 + y − + y = y + y ,
4 8 4 2 16 4
Z 2    Z 2
1 4 1 −2 1 π
S= 2π y + y y 3 + y −3 dy = (8y 7 + 6y + y −5 ) dy = 16,911π/1024.
1 4 8 4 16 1

√ 1 65 − 4y
12. x = g(y) = 16 − y; g 0 (y) = − √ , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = ,
2 16 − y 4(16 − y)
Z 15 p s Z 15 p
65 − 4y √ √ π
S= 2π 16 − y dy = π 65 − 4y dy = (65 65 − 5 5) .
0 4(16 − y) 0 6

Z π p √ √
0 0 2 2
13. f (x) = cos x, 1 + [f (x)] = 1 + cos x, S = 2π sin x 1 + cos2 x dx = 2π( 2 + ln( 2 + 1)) ≈ 14.42.
0

Z π/4 p
0 2 0 2 4
14. x = g(y) = tan y, g (y) = sec y, 1 + [g (y)] = 1 + sec y; S = 2π tan y 1 + sec4 y dy ≈ 3.84.
0

√
15. True, by equation (1) with r1 = 0, r2 = r, and l = r2 + h2 .

r1 + r2
16. True. The lateral surface area of the cylinder is 2π l = π(r1 + r2 )l; by equation (1) this equals the area of
2
the frustum.
n
X
17. True. If f (x) = c for all x then f 0 (x) = 0 so the approximation is 2πc ∆xk = 2πc(b − a). Since the surface is
k=1
the lateral surface of a cylinder of length b − a and radius c, its area is also 2πc(b − a).

18. True. A true Riemann sum only involves one point x∗k in each interval, not two.

19. n = 20, a = 0, b = π, ∆x = (b − a)/20 = π/20, xk = kπ/20,

20
X p
S≈π [sin(k − 1)π/20 + sin kπ/20] (π/20)2 + [sin(k − 1)π/20 − sin kπ/20]2 ≈ 14.39.
k=1

20. We use equation (2) with x changed to y and with f (y) = tan y. n = 20, a = 0, b = π/4, ∆y = (b − a)/20 = π/80,
X20 p
yk = kπ/80, S ≈ π [tan yk−1 + tan yk ] (∆y)2 + [tan yk − tan yk−1 ]2 ≈ 3.84.
k=1

Z b p
21. S = 2π[f (x) + k] 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx.
a

22. Yes, since the area of a frustum was used to figure out how to define surface area in general.
Z r p p
√ √
23. f (x) = r2 − x2 , f 0 (x) = −x/ r2 − x2 , 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 = r2 /(r2 − x2 ), S = 2π r2 − x2 (r/ r2 − x2 ) dx =
Z r −r

2πr dx = 4πr2 .
−r
Exercise Set 5.5 249

p p Z r p p
24. g(y) = r2 − y 2 , g 0 (y) = −y/ r2 − y 2 , 1 + [g 0 (y)]2 = r2 /(r2 − y 2 ), S = 2π r2 − y 2 r2 /(r2 − y 2 ) dy =
Z r r−h

2πr dy = 2πrh.
r−h

25. Suppose the two planes are y = y1 and y = y2 , where −r ≤ y1 ≤ y2 ≤ r. Then the area of the zone equals the
area of a spherical cap of height r − y1 minus the area of a spherical cap of height r − y2 . By Exercise 24, this is
2πr(r − y1 ) − 2πr(r − y2 ) = 2πr(y2 − y1 ), which only depends on the radius r and the distance y2 − y1 between
the planes.
p p p
26. 2πk 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 ≤ 2πK 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 , so
Z b p Z b p Z b p
0 2
2πk 1 + [f (x)] dx ≤ 0 2
2πf (x) 1 + [f (x)] dx ≤ 2πK 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx, then 2πkL ≤ S ≤ 2πKL.
a a a

27. Note that 1 ≤ sec x ≤ 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ π/3. Let L be the arc length of the curve y = tan x for 0 < x < π/3.
Z π/3 p
Then L = 1 + sec2 x dx, and by Exercise 26, and the inequalities above, 2πL ≤ S ≤ 4πL. But from
0 √ √
the inequalities √for sec x above, we can show that√ 2π/3 ≤ L ≤ 5π/3. Hence, combining the two sets of
√ 2π( 2π/3) ≤ 2πL ≤ S ≤√4πL ≤ 4π
inequalities, 5π/3. To obtain the inequalities in the text, observe that
2π 2 2π 5π 4π 2 √
< 2π ≤ 2πL ≤ S ≤ 4πL ≤ 4π < 13.
3 3 3 3
p p
28. (a) 1 ≤ 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 , so 2πf (x) ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 , which implies that
Z b Z b p Z b
2πf (x) dx ≤ 2πf (x) 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 dx, and then 2π f (x) dx ≤ S, 2πA ≤ S.
a a a

(b) 2πA = S if f 0 (x) = 0 for all x in [a, b] so f (x) is constant on [a, b].

29. Let a = t0 < t1p< . . . < tn−1 < tn = b be a partition of [a, b]. Then the lateral area of the frustum of
slant height ` = ∆x2k + ∆yk2 and radii p y(t1 ) and y(t2 ) is π(y(tk ) + y(tk−1 ))`. Thus the area of the frustum Sk
is given by Sk = π(y(tk−1 ) + y(tk )) [x(tk ) − x(tk−1 )]2 + [y(tk ) − y(tk−1 )]2 with the limit as max ∆tk → 0 of
Z b p
S= 2πy(t) x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 dt.
a

30. Let a = t0 < t1p< . . . < tn−1 < tn = b be a partition of [a, b]. Then the lateral area of the frustum of
slant height ` = ∆x2k + ∆yk2 and radii p x(t1 ) and x(t2 ) is π(x(tk ) + x(tk−1 ))`. Thus the area of the frustum Sk
is given by Sk = π(x(tk−1 ) + x(tk )) [x(tk ) − x(tk−1 )]2 + [y(tk ) − y(tk−1 )]2 with the limit as max ∆tk → 0 of
Z b p
S= 2πx(t) x0 (t)2 + y 0 (t)2 dt.
a

Z 4 p Z 4 p √
0 0 0 2 0 2 2 2
8π
31. x = 2t, y = 2, (x ) + (y ) = 4t + 4, S = 2π (2t) 4t + 4dt = 8π t t2 + 1dt = (17 17 − 1).
0 0 3

32. x0 = −2 cos t sin t, y 0 = 5 cos t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t,

Z π/2 p √
π
S = 2π 5 sin t 4 cos2 t sin2 t + 25 cos2 t dt = (145 29 − 625).
0 6
Z 1 p √
π
33. x0 = 1, y 0 = 4t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 16t2 , S = 2π t 1 + 16t2 dt = (17 17 − 1).
0 24

34. x0 = −2 sin t cos t, y 0 = 2 sin t cos t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = 8 sin2 t cos2 t,

Z π/2 p √ Z π/2 √
2 2
S = 2π 2
cos t 8 sin t cos t dt = 4 2π cos3 t sin t dt = 2π.
0 0
250 Chapter 5

Z π √ Z π
35. x0 = −r sin t, y 0 = r cos t, (x0 )2 + (y 0 )2 = r2 , S = 2π r sin t r2 dt = 2πr2 sin t dt = 4πr2 .
0 0

36. In each case we approximate a curve by a polygonal path and use a known formula (for length or surface area) to
derive a more general formula. Both derivations
p involve the length of a line segment, which is approximated using
the Mean Value Theorem, introducing 1 + [f 0 (x)]2 into the resulting formulas.

37. Suppose we approximate the k’th frustum by the lateral surface of a cylinder of width ∆xk and radius f (x∗k ),
where x∗k is between xk−1 and xk . The area of this surface is 2πf (x∗k ) ∆xk . Proceeding as before, we would
Rb
conclude that S = a 2πf (x) dx, which is too small. Basically, when |f 0 (x)| > 0, the area of the frustum is larger
than the area of the cylinder, and ignoring this results in an incorrect formula.

Exercise Set 5.6

Z 3 Z 3  3
1 2
1. W = F (x) dx = (x + 1) dx = x +x = 7.5 ft·lb.
0 0 2 0

Z 5 Z 2 Z 5
40
2. W = F (x) dx = 40 dx − (x − 5) dx = 80 + 60 = 140 J.
0 0 2 3
Z b
3. Since W = F (x) dx = the area under the curve, it follows that d < 2.5 since the area increases faster under
a Z d Z 5
the left part of the curve. In fact, if d ≤ 2, Wd = F (x) dx = 40d, and W = F (x) dx = 140, so d = 7/4.
0 0

Z b Z b
1
4. The total work is F (x) dx. The average value of F over [a, b] is F (x) dx, which equals the work
a b−a a
divided by the length of the interval.
Z Z
5 5
4t 2 i5
5. Distance traveled = v(t) dt = dt = t2 = 10 ft. The force is a constant 10 lb, so the work done is
0 0 5 5 0
10 · 10 = 100 ft·lb.

6. Hooke’s law says that F (x) = kx where x is the distance the spring is stretched beyond its natural length. Since
F (x) = 6 when x = 4 21 − 4 = 12 , we have k = 12. Stretching the spring to a length of 6 meters corresponds to
Z 2 Z 2
2
x = 6 − 4 = 2, so W = F (x) dx = 12x dx = 6x2 0 = 24 N·m = 24 J.
0 0

Z 0.8
7. F (x) = kx, F (0.2) = 0.2k = 100, k = 500 N/m, W = 500x dx = 160 J.
0

8. (a) F (x) = kx, F (0.05) = 0.05k = 45, k = 900 N/m.

Z 0.03 Z 0.10
(b) W = 900x dx = 0.405 J. (c) W = 900x dx = 3.375 J.
0 0.05

Z 1
9. W = kx dx = k/2 = 10, k = 20 lb/ft.
0

10. False. The distance that the car moves is 0, so no work is done.

11. False. The work depends on the force and the distance, not on the elapsed time.
Z D D Z 2D 2D
kx2 kD2 kx2
12. True. If W1 = kx dx = = , then W2 = kx dx = = 2kD2 = 4W1 .
0 2 0 2 0 2 0
Exercise Set 5.6 251

13. True. By equation (6), work and energy have the same units in any system of units.

Z 6 Z 6
14. W = (9 − x)62.4(25π) dx = 1560π (9 − x) dx = 56,160π ft·lb.
0 0

5 9

6 9-x
x

Z 9/2 Z 9/2
15. W = (9 − x)62.4(25π) dx = 1560π (9 − x) dx = 47,385π ft·lb.
0 0

5 9

9-x
4.5
x
0

Z 10 Z 10
83.2
16. r/10 = x/15, r = 2x/3, W = (15 − x)62.4(4πx2 /9) dx = π (15x2 − x3 ) dx = 208, 000π/3 ft·lb.
0 3 0

10 15
15 – x
10
x
r

Z 2 Z 2
17. w/4 = x/3, w = 4x/3, W = (3 − x)(9810)(4x/3)(6) dx = 78480 (3x − x2 ) dx = 261, 600 J.
0 0

4
3
3–x
2
x
w(x)

p Z 2 p Z 2 p Z 2 p
2
18. w = 2 4 − x , W = 2
(3 − x)(50)(2 4 − x )(10) dx = 3000 4− x2 dx − 1000 x 4 − x2 dx =
−2 −2 −2

= 3000[π(2)2 /2] − 0 = 6000π ft·lb.

252 Chapter 5

3
w(x)
2 3–x
x
2
0

–2

Z 9 Z 9
19. (a) W = (10 − x)62.4(300) dx = 18,720 (10 − x) dx = 926,640 ft·lb.
0 0

(b) To empty the pool in one hour would require 926,640/3600 = 257.4 ft·lb of work per second so hp of motor
= 257.4/550 = 0.468.

10
9 10 – x
x

0
20 15

Z 9 Z 9
20. W = x(62.4)(300) dx = 18,720 x dx = (81/2)18,720 = 758,160 ft·lb.
0 0

Z 100
21. W = 15(100 − x) dx = 75, 000 ft·lb.
0

Pulley
100

100 – x

x
Chain
0

22. The total time of winding the rope is (20 ft)/(2 ft/s) = 10 s. During the time interval from time t to time t + ∆t
the work done is ∆W = F (t) · ∆x. The distance ∆x = 2∆t, and the force F (t) is given by the weight w(t) of the
bucket, rope and water at time t. The bucket and its remaining water together weigh (3 + 20) − t/2 lb, and the
rope is 20 − 2t ft long and weighs 4(20 − 2t) oz or 5 − t/2 lb. Thus at time t the bucket, water and rope together
weigh w(t) = 23 − t/2 + 5 − t/2 = 28 − t lb. The amount of work done in the time interval from time t to time
X Z 10
t + ∆t is thus ∆W = (28 − t)2∆t, and the total work done is W = lim (28 − t)2∆t = (28 − t)2 dt =
n→+∞ 0
10

2(28t − t2 /2) = 460 ft·lb.
0

23. When the rocket is x ft above the ground total weight = weight of rocket+ weight of fuel = 3+[40−2(x/1000)] =
Z 3000
43 − x/500 tons, W = (43 − x/500) dx = 120, 000 ft·tons.
0
Exercise Set 5.6 253

3000

x
Rocket

c c
24. Let F (x) be the force needed to hold charge A at position x. Then F (x) = 2
, F (−a) = = k, so
(a − x) 4a2
Z 0
c = 4a2 k. W = 4a2 k(a − x)−2 dx = 2ak J.
−a
A B
–a x 0 a

25. (a) 150 = k/(4000)2 , k = 2.4 × 109 , w(x) = k/x2 = 2,400,000,000/x2 lb.


(b) 6000 = k/(4000)2 , k = 9.6 × 1010 , w(x) = 9.6 × 1010 /(x + 4000)2 lb.

Z 5000
(c) W = 9.6(1010 )x−2 dx = 4,800,000 mi·lb = 2.5344 × 1010 ft·lb.
4000

26. (a) 20 = k/(1080)2 , k = 2.3328 × 107 , weight = w(x + 1080) = 2.3328 · 107 /(x + 1080)2 lb.

Z 10.8
(b) W = [2.3328 · 107 /(x + 1080)2 ] dx = 213.86 mi·lb = 1,129,188 ft·lb.
0

1 1 1
27. W = mv 2 − mvi2 = 4.00 × 105 (vf2 − 202 ). But W = F · d = (6.40 × 105 ) · (3.00 × 103 ), so 19.2 × 108 =
2 f 2 2
2.00 × 105 vf2 − 8.00 × 107 , 19200 = 2vf2 − 800, vf = 100 m/s.

28. W = F · d = (2.00 × 105 )(1.50 × 105 ) = 3 × 1010 J; from the work-energy relationship (6), vf2 = 2W/m + vi2 =
2(3 × 1010 )/(2 × 103 ) + (1 × 104 )2 = 1.3 × 108 , so vf ≈ 11, 402 m/s.

1 1
29. (a) The kinetic energy would have decreased by mv 2 = 4 · 106 (15000)2 = 4.5 × 1014 J.
2 2

1000
(b) (4.5 × 1014 )/(4.2 × 1015 ) ≈ 0.107. (c) (0.107) ≈ 8.24 bombs.
13

30. “Pushing/pulling” problems usually involve a single rigid object being moved; see Examples 1-4 and 6. “Pumping”
problems usually involve a liquid or flexible solid, different parts of which move different distances; see Example
5 and Exercises 14-21. Exercise 22 is an example of a combination of the two categories: The bucket is rigid, the
water is liquid, and the rope is a flexible solid.

31. The work-energy relationship involves 4 quantities, the work W , the mass m, and the initial and final velocities
vi and vf . In any problem in which 3 of these are given, the work-energy relationship can be used to compute the
fourth. In cases where the force is constant, we may combine equation (1) with the work-energy relationship to
1 1
get F d = mvf2 − mvi2 . In this form there are 5 quantities, the force F , the distance d, the mass m, and the
2 2
initial and final velocities vi and vf . So if any 4 of these are given, the work-energy relationship can be used to
compute the fifth.
254 Chapter 5

Exercise Set 5.7

1. (a) m1 and m3 are equidistant from x = 5, but m3 has a greater mass, so the sum is positive.

(b) Let a be the unknown coordinate of the fulcrum; then the total moment about the fulcrum is 5(0 − a) +
10(5 − a) + 20(10 − a) = 0 for equilibrium, so 250 − 35a = 0, a = 50/7. The fulcrum should be placed 50/7 units
to the right of m1 .

2. (a) The sum must be negative, since m1 , m2 and m3 are all to the left of the fulcrum, and the magnitude of the
moment of m1 about x = 4 is by itself greater than the moment of m about x = 4 (i.e. 40 > 28), so even if we
replace the masses of m2 and m3 with 0, the sum is negative.

(b) At equilibrium, 10(0 − 4) + 3(2 − 4) + 4(3 − 4) + m(6 − 4) = 0, m = 25.

3. By symmetry, the centroid is (1/2, 1/2). We confirm this using Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = 1.
Z 1 Z 1
1 1 1
The area is 1, so x = x dx = and y = dx = , as expected.
0 2 0 2 2

4. By symmetry, the centroid is (0, 0). We confirm this using Formulas (10) and (11) with a = −1, b = 1, f (x) =
Z Z 0 Z 1 
1 1 1
1 − |x|, g(x) = |x| − 1. The area is 2, so x = x(2 − 2|x|) dx = x(2 + 2x) dx + x(2 − 2x) dx =
2 −1 2
1 !
−1 0
 0    Z 1
1 2 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 
x + x + x − x = − + = 0 and y = (1 − |x|) − (|x| − 1)2 dx =
2
2 3 −1 3 0 2 3 3 2 −1 2
Z
1 1
= 0 dx = 0, as expected.
2 −1

5. By symmetry, the centroid is (1, 1/2). We confirm this using Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 2, f (x) = 1.
Z Z
1 2 1 21 1
The area is 2, so x = x dx = 1 and y = dx = , as expected.
2 0 2 0 2 2

6. By symmetry, the centroid is (0, 0). We confirm this using Formulas (10) and (11) with a = −1, b = 1, f (x) =
Z p 1
√ √ 1 1 2
1 − x2 , g(x) = − 1 − x2 . The area is π, so x = x · 2 1 − x2 dx = − (1 − x2 )3/2 = 0 and
π −1 3π −1
Z
1 1 1
y= · 0 dx = 0, as expected.
π −1 2

7. By symmetry, the centroid lies on the line y = 1 − x. To find x we use Formula (8) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x.
Z 1  
1 2 2 1 2 1
The area is , so x = 2 x2 dx = . Hence y = 1 − = and the centroid is , .
2 0 3 3 3 3 3

Z 1 Z 1
1 3
8. We use Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x2 . The area is x2 dx = , so x = 3 x3 dx = and
  0 3 0 4
Z 1
1 4 3 3 3
y=3 x dx = . The centroid is , .
0 2 10 4 10

Z 1
9. We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = 2 − x2 , g(x) = x. The area is (2 − x2 − x) dx =
 1  1 0
Z Z
1 3 1 2 7 6 1 2 6 2 1 4 1 3 5 6 11
2x − x − x = , so x = x(2 − x − x) dx = x − x − x = and y = [(2 − x2 )2 −
3 2 0 6 7 0 7 4 3 0 14 7 0 2
Z  1  
2 3 1 2 4 3 5 3 1 5 38 5 38
x ] dx = (4 − 5x + x ) dx = 4x − x + x = . The centroid is , .
7 0 7 3 5 0 35 14 35
Exercise Set 5.7 255

√
10. By symmetry the centroid lies on the line y = x. To find x, we use Formula (8) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = 1 − x2 .
Z  1  
π 4 1 p 2
4 1 2 3/2 4 4 4
The area is , so x = x 1 − x dx = − (1 − x ) = . The centroid is , .
4 π 0 π 3 0 3π 3π 3π
Z 2 
x x
11. We use Formulas (8) and (9) with a = 0, b = 2, f (x) = 1 − . The area is 1, so x = x 1− dx =
2 0 2
 2 Z 2  Z  
x 2
2
1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
x − x = and y = 1− dx = (4 − 4x + x2 ) dx = 4x − 2x2 + x3 = . The
2 6  0 3 0 2 2 8 0 8 3 0 3
2 1
centroid is , .
3 3

12. By symmetry, x = 1. To find y we use the analogue of Formula (10) with the roles of x and y reversed. The
Z 1 Z 1
triangle is described by 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, y ≤ x ≤ 2 − y. The area is 1, so y = y [(2 − y) − y] dy = (2y − 2y 2 ) dy =
 1   0 0
2 2 3 1 1
y − y = . The centroid is 1, .
3 0 3 3

13. The graphs of y = x2 and y = 6 − x meet when x2 = 6 − x, so x = −3 or x = 2. We use Formulas (10) and (11)
Z 2  2
2 2 1 2 1 3 125
with a = −3, b = 2, f (x) = 6 − x, g(x) = x . The area is (6 − x − x ) dx = 6x − x − x = ,
−3 2 3 −3 6
Z 2  2 Z 2
6 6 1 1 1 6 1
so x = x(6 − x − x2 ) dx = 3x2 − x3 − x4 = − and y = [(6 − x)2 − (x2 )2 ] dx =
125 −3 125 3 4 −3 2 125 −3 2
Z 2  2  
3 2 4 3 2 1 3 1 5 1
(36 − 12x + x − x ) dx = 36x − 6x + x − x = 4. The centroid is − , 4 .
125 −3 125 3 5 −3 2
Z 2
14. We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = 0, b = 2, f (x) = x + 6, g(x) = x2 . The area is (x + 6 − x2 ) dx =
 2  2 0
Z 2 Z 2
1 2 1 3 34 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 16 3 1
x + 6x − x = , so x = x(x + 6 − x ) dx = x + 3x − x = and y = [(x +
2 3 3 34 0 34 3 4 17 34 2
0
Z 2  2 0 0 
2 2 2 3 2 4 3 1 3 2 1 5 346 16 346
6) −(x ) ] dx = (x +12x+36−x ) dx = x + 6x + 36x − x = . The centroid is , .
68 0 68 3 5 0 85 17 85

15. The curves meet at (−1, 1) and (2, 4). We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = −1, b = 2, f (x) = x + 2,
Z 2  2 Z
1 2 1 9 2 2
g(x) = x2 . The area is (x + 2 − x2 ) dx = x + 2x − x3 = , so x = x(x + 2 − x2 ) dx =
−1 2 3 −1 2 9 −1
 2 Z 2 Z 2
2 1 3 1 1 2 1   1
x + x2 − x4 = and y = (x + 2)2 − (x2 )2 dx = (x2 + 4x + 4 − x4 ) dx =
9 3 4 −1 2 9 −1 2 9 −1
 2  
1 1 3 2 1 5 8 1 8
= x + 2x + 4x − x = . The centroid is , .
9 3 5 −1 5 2 5

16. By symmetry, x = 0. To find y we use Formula (11) with a = −1, b = 1, f (x) = 1, g(x) = x2 . The area is
Z 1  1 Z Z  1
2 1 3 4 3 1 1 2 2 2
 3 1 4 3 1 5 3
(1 − x ) dx = x − x = , so y = 1 − (x ) dx = (1 − x ) dx = x− x = .
−1 3 3 4 −1 2 8 −1 8 5 5
  −1 −1
3
The centroid is 0, .
5
√
17. By symmetry, y = x. To find x we use Formula (10) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x, g(x) = x2 . The area is
Z 1  1 Z 1  1
√ 2 3/2 1 3 1 √ 2 1 9
( x − x2 ) dx = x − x = , so x = 3 x( x − x2 ) dx = 3 x5/2 − x4 = . The centroid is
0  3 3 0 3 0 5 4 0 20
9 9
, .
20 20
256 Chapter 5

Z 1
√ √
18. We use Formulas (10) and (11) with a = 0, b = 1, f (x) = x, and g(x) = x3 : The area is ( x − x3 ) dx =
 1  1 0
Z
2 3/2 1 4 5 12 1 √ 12 2 5/2 1 5 12
x − x = , so x = x( x − x3 ) dx = x − x = and
3 4 0 12 5 0 5 5 5 0 25
Z 1 Z 1  1  
12 1 √ 2
6 6 1 1 3 12 3
y= ( x) − (x3 )2 dx = (x − x6 ) dx = x2 − x7 = . The centroid is , .
5 0 2 5 0 5 2 7 0 7 25 7

19. An isosceles triangle is symmetric across the median to its base. So, if the density is constant, it will balance on
a knife-edge under the median. Hence the centroid lies on the median.

20. An ellipse is symmetric across both its major axis and its minor axis. So, if the density is constant, it will balance
on a knife-edge under either axis. Hence the centroid lies on both axes, so it is at the intersection of the axes.
Z 1
√ √ 2 2
21. The region is described by 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x. The area is A = x dx = , so the mass is M = δA = 2· =
0 3 3
Z  1 Z Z
4 3 1 √ 3 2 5/2 3 3 11 √ 2 3 1 3
. By Formulas (8) and (9), x = x x dx = x = and y = ( x) dx = x dx = .
3   2 0 2 5 0 5 2 0 2 4 0 8
3 3
The center of gravity is , .
5 8
Z 1  1
1 8
22. The region is described by −1 ≤ y ≤ 1, y 4 ≤ x ≤ 1. The area is A = (1 − y 4 ) dy = y − y 5 = , so the
−1 5 −1 5
8
mass is M = δA = 15 · = 24. By symmetry, y = 0. By the analogue of Formula (11) with the roles of x and y
Z 5 Z 1  1  
5 1 1 2 4 2 5 8 5 1 9 5 5
reversed, x = [1 − (y ) ] dy = (1 − y ) dy = y− y = . The center of gravity is ,0 .
8 −1 2 16 −1 16 9 −1 9 9

23. The region is described by 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, −y ≤ x ≤ y. The area is A = 1, so the mass is M =ZδA = 3 · 1 = 3. By

1
symmetry, x = 0. By the analogue of Formula (10) with the roles of x and y reversed, y = y[y − (−y)] dy =
1   0
Z 1
2 2 2
2y 2 dy = y 3 = . The center of gravity is 0, .
0 3 0 3 3
Z 1  1
2 1 3
2 4
24. The region is described by −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x . The area is A = (1 − x ) dx = x − x = ,
−1 3 −1 3
Z 1
4 3 1
so the mass is M = δA = 3 · = 4. By symmetry, x = 0. By Formula (9), y = (1 − x2 )2 dx =
3 4 −1 2
Z  1  
3 1 3 2 1 2 2
(1 − 2x2 + x4 ) dx = x − x3 + x5 = . The center of gravity is 0, .
8 −1 8 3 5 −1 5 5
Z π
25. The region is described by 0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ sin x. The area is A = sin x dx = 2, so the mass is
Z π 0
π 1 1 π
M = δA = 4 · 2 = 8. By symmetry, x = . By Formula (9), y = (sin x)2 dx = . The center of gravity is
π π 2 2 0 2 8
, .
2 8
Z π/4 √
π
26. The region is described by 0 ≤ x ≤ , sin x ≤ y ≤ cos x. The area is A = (cos x − sin x) dx = 2 − 1,
4 0
√ √ Z π/4
1
so the mass is M = δA = (1 + 2)( 2 − 1) = 1. By Formulas (10) and (11), x = √ x(cos x −
√ √ √ 2−1 0
Z π/4
(π 2 − 4)( 2 + 1) 1 1 2+1
sin x) dx = and y = √ (cos2 x − sin2 x) dx = . The center of gravity is
4 2−1 0 2 4
Exercise Set 5.7 257

√ √ √ !
(π 2 − 4)( 2 + 1) 2+1
, .
4 4

27. True, by symmetry.

28. True, by symmetry.

29. True, by symmetry.

30. False. Rotating the square does not change its area or its centroid, so the Theorem of Pappus implies that the
volume is also unchanged.

bx bx
31. By symmetry, y = 0. We use Formula (10) with a replaced by 0, b replaced by a, f (x) = , and g(x) = − :
Z a    Z a a   a
1 bx bx 2 2 2 a3 2a 2a
The area is ab, so x = x − − dx = 2 x dx = 2 · = . The centroid is ,0 .
ab 0 a a a 0 a 3 3 3

32. Let M be a median of the triangle, joining one vertex to the midpoint P of the opposite side. Establish a
coordinate system so that the origin is at P , the side containing P lies along the y-axis, and the rest of the
triangle is to the right of the y-axis. Then the coordinates of the vertices are (0, −a), (0, a), and (b, c), where
c−a cx a(b − x)
a > 0 and b > 0. The upper edge has equation y = a + x= + and the lower edge has equation
b b b
c+a cx a(b − x) 1
y = −a + x= − , where x runs from 0 to b. The triangle’s area is · 2a · b = ab. By Formulas
b b b 2
(8) and (9),
Z b     Z b  b
1 cx a(b − x) cx a(b − x) 1 2a 2 b 2 1 3 b
x= x + − − dx = (bx − x2 ) dx = 2 x − x = , and
ab 0 b b b b ab 0 b b 2 3 0 3
Z b " 2  2 # Z b  b
1 1 cx a(b − x) cx a(b − x) 1 4acx(b − x) 1 4ac b 2 1 3
y= + − − dx = dx = · x − x =
ab 0 2 b b b b 2ab 0 b2 2ab b2 2 3 0
c
.
3
 
b c c
The centroid is , . Note that this lies on the line y = x, which is the median M . Since we picked M
3 3 b
arbitrarily, the centroid lies on all 3 medians, so it is their intersection.

33. We will assume that a, b, and c are positive; the other cases are similar. The region is described by 0 ≤ y ≤ c,
b−a b−a
−a − y ≤ x ≤ a+ y. By symmetry, x = 0. To find y, we use the analogue of Formula (10) with the
c c Z c    
1 b−a b−a
roles of x and y reversed. The area is c(a + b), so y = y a+ y − −a − y dy =
c(a + b) 0 c c
Z c   c 
1 2(b − a) 2 1 2(b − a) 3 c(a + 2b) c(a + 2b)
2ay + y dy = ay 2 + y = . The centroid is 0, .
c(a + b) 0 c c(a + b) 3c 0 3(a + b) 3(a + b)

34. A parallelogram is symmetric about the intersection of its diagonals: it is identical to its 180◦ rotation about that
point. By symmetry, the intersection of the diagonals is the centroid.

35. x = 0 from the symmetry of the region, πa2 /2 is the area of the semicircle, 2πy is the distance traveled by the
centroid to generate the sphere so 4πa3 /3 = (πa2 /2)(2πy), y = 4a/(3π).
   
1 2 4a 1
36. (a) V = πa 2π a + = π(3π + 4)a3 .
2 3π 3
√    " √  #
2 4a 1 2 2 4a
(b) The distance between the centroid and the line is a+ , so V = πa 2π a+ =
2 3π 2 2 3π
258 Chapter 5

1√
2π(3π + 4)a3 .
6

37. x = k so V = (πab)(2πk) = 2π 2 abk.

Z 2 Z 8−x2
38. y = 4 from the symmetry of the region, A = dy dx = 64/3 so V = (64/3)[2π(4)] = 512π/3.
−2 x2

1 1
39. The region generates a cone of volume πab2 when it is revolved about the x-axis, the area of the region is ab
  3 2
1 1 1
so πab2 = ab (2πy), y = b/3. A cone of volume πa2 b is generated when the region is revolved about the
3 2   3
1 1
y-axis so πa2 b = ab (2πx), x = a/3. The centroid is (a/3, b/3).
3 2

40. The centroid of a region is defined to be the center of gravity of a lamina of constant density occupying the region.
So assume that both R1 and R2 have density δ. By equation (6), the moment of R1 about the y-axis is δA1 x1 , and
the moment of R2 about the y-axis is δA2 x2 . The moment of the union R is the sum of these, δ(A1 x1 +A2 x2 ). The
mass of R is the sum of the masses of R1 and R2 , δ(A1 + A2 ). Again using equation (6), the x-coordinate of the
δ(A1 x1 + A2 x2 ) A1 x 1 + A2 x 2 A1 y 1 + A2 y 2
centroid of R is = . Similarly, the y-coordinate of the centroid of R is .
δ(A1 + A2 ) A1 + A2 A1 + A2
In words, the centroid of R lies on the line segment joining the centroids of R1 and R2 , and its distance from
A2
the centroid of R1 is times the distance between the centroids of R1 and R2 . For example, if A1 = 2A2
A1 + A2
then the centroid of R is one third of the way from the centroid of R1 to the centroid of R2 . If R is decomposed
 n regions R1 , · · · , Rn of areas A1 , 
into · · · , An and centroids (x1 , y 1 ), · · · , (xn , y n ), then the centroid of R is
A1 x 1 + · · · + An x n A1 y 1 + · · · + An y n
, .
A1 + · · · + An A1 + · · · + An

41. The Theorem of Pappus says that V = 2πAd, where A is the area of a region in the plane, d is the distance from
the region’s centroid to an axis of rotation, and V is the volume of the resulting solid of revolution. In any problem
in which 2 of these quantities are given, the Theorem of Pappus can be used to compute the third.

Exercise Set 5.8

2
1. (a) F = ρhA = 62.4(5)(100) = 31,200 lb, P = ρh = 62.4(5) = 312 lb/ft .

(b) F = ρhA = 9810(10)(25) = 2,452,500 N, P = ρh = 9810(10) = 98.1 kPa.

2. (a) F = P A = 6 · 105 (160) = 9.6 × 107 N. (b) F = P A = 100(60) = 6000 lb.

Z 2 Z 2
3. F = 62.4x(4) dx = 249.6 x dx = 499.2 lb.
0 0

0 4

Z 3 Z 3
4. F = 9810x(4) dx = 39,240 x dx = 156,960 N.
1 1
Exercise Set 5.8 259

0
4
1
x

Z 5 p Z 5
5. F = 2
9810x(2 25 − x ) dx = 19,620 x(25 − x2 )1/2 dx = 8.175 × 105 N.
0 0

0 5y

x y = √25 – x 2

5 2√25 – x 2

√ Z 2√3  
w(x) 2 3−x 2 √ 2 √
6. By similar triangles, = √ , w(x) = √ (2 3 − x), so F = 62.4x √ (2 3 − x) dx =
4 2 3 3 0 3
Z 2√3 √
124.8
√ (2 3x − x2 ) dx = 499.2 lb.
3 0
0 4
w(x)
x
4 4

2 √3

Z 10  
w(x) 10 − x 3 3
7. By similar triangles, = , w(x) = (10 − x), so F = 9810x (10 − x) dx =
6 8 4 2 4
Z 10
= 7357.5 (10x − x2 ) dx = 1,098,720 N.
2
0

6
2

x
w(x)
8

10

u(x) 12 − x 1
8. w(x) = 16 + 2u(x), but = , so u(x) = (12 − x), w(x) = 16 + (12 − x) = 28 − x, and F =
Z 12 4
Z 12 8 2
2
62.4x(28 − x) dx = 62.4 (28x − x ) dx = 77,209.6 lb.
4 4
0
u(x)
4 4
4
x
w(x)
12
16

Z b Z b Z b
9. Yes: if ρ2 = 2ρ1 then F2 = ρ2 h(x)w(x) dx = 2ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2 ρ1 h(x)w(x) dx = 2F1 .
a a a
260 Chapter 5

Z 2 p Z 2
10. F = 50x(2 4 − x2 ) dx = 100 x(4 − x2 )1/2 dx = 800/3 lb.
0 0
0 2 y

y = √4 – x2

2√4 – x2
x

Z √2a/2
w1 (x) x
11. Find the forces on the upper and lower halves and add them: √ =√ , w1 (x) = 2x, F1 = ρx(2x) dx =
2a 2a/2 0
√
Z 2a/2 √ √
Z 2a
√ w2 (x) 2a − x √ √
2ρ x2 dx = 2ρa3 /6, √ = √ , w2 (x) = 2( 2a − x), F2 = √ ρx[2( 2a − x)] dx =
0 2a 2a/2 2a/2
Z √2a √ √ √ √ √
2ρ √ ( 2ax − x2 ) dx = 2ρa3 /3, F = F1 + F2 = 2ρa3 /6 + 2ρa3 /3 = ρa3 / 2 lb.
2a/2
0
w1(x)
a a
x
√2a/2
x
a a √2a
√2a w2(x)

12. False. The units of pressure are the units of force divided by the units of area. In SI, the units of force are newtons
and the units of pressure are newtons per square meter, or pascals.

13. True. By equation (6), the fluid force equals ρhA. For a cylinder, hA is the volume, so ρhA is the weight of the
water.

14. False. Consider a tank of height h, whose horizontal cross-sections are a by b rectangles. By equation (6), the
fluid force on the bottom of the tank is ρhab. By equation (8), the fluid force on either a by h side of the tank is
Z h
ρh2 a
ρxa dx = . So if h > 2b, then the fluid force on the side is larger than the fluid force on the bottom.
0 2

15. False. Let the height of the tank be h, the area of the base be A, and the volume of the tank be V . Then the fluid
force on the base is ρhA and the weight of the water is ρV . So if hA > V , then the force exceeds the weight. This
hA
is true, for example, for a conical tank with its vertex at the top, for which V = .
3

16. Suppose that a flat surface is immersed, at an angle θ with the vertical, in a fluid of weight density ρ, and that
the submerged portion of the surface extends from x = a to x = b along an x-axis whose positive direction is
down. Following the derivation of equation (8), we divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals a = x0 < x1 <
. . . < xn−1 < xn = b. As in that derivation, we have Fk = ρh(x∗k )Ak , for some point x∗k between xk−1 and xk .
Because the surface is tilted, the k’th strip is approximately a rectangle with width w(x∗k ) and length ∆xk sec θ;
its area is Ak ≈ w(x∗k )∆xk sec θ. So Fk ≈ ρh(x∗k )w(x∗k )∆xk sec θ. Following the argument in the text we arrive at
Z b
the desired equation F = ρh(x)w(x) sec θ dx.
a
x =x k -1
"
sec "
!x k !x k
x =x k

17. Place the x-axis pointing down with its origin at the top of the pool, so that h(x) = x and w(x) √ = 10. The
angle between the bottom of the pool and the vertical is θ = tan−1 (16/(8 − 4)) = tan−1 4, so sec θ = 17. Hence
Z 8 √ Z 8 √
F = 62.4h(x)w(x) sec θ dx = 624 17 x dx = 14976 17 ≈ 61748 lb.
4 4
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 261

18. If we lower the water level by k ft, k < 4, then the force is computed as in Exercise 17, but with h(x) = x − k, so
Z 8 √ Z 8 √ √
F = 62.4h(x)w(x) sec θ dx = 624 17 (x − k) dx = 624 17(24 − 4k) lb. For this to be half of 14976 17, we
4 4
need k = 3, so we should lower the water level by 3 ft. (Note that this is plausible, since this lowers the average
depth from 6 ft to 3 ft, cutting the volume and weight of the water in half.)

19. Place the x-axis starting from the√surface, pointing downward. Then using the given formula with θ = 30◦ ,
Z 50 3 √ √
√
sec θ = 2/ 3, the force is F = 9810x(200)(2/ 3) dx = 4, 905, 000, 000 3 N.
0

Z h+2 Z h+2
20. F = ρ0 x(2) dx = 2ρ0 x dx = 4ρ0 (h + 1).
h h
0

h
h
x 2

h+2
2

Z h+2
21. (a) The force on the window is F = ρ0 x(2) dx = 4ρ0 (h + 1) so (assuming that ρ0 is constant) dF/dt =
h
4ρ0 (dh/dt) which is a positive constant if dh/dt is a positive constant.

(b) If dh/dt = 20, then dF/dt = 80ρ0 lb/min from part (a).

22. (a) Let h1 and h2 be the maximum and minimum depths of the disk Dr . The pressure P (r) on one side of the disk
satisfies inequality (5): ρh1 ≤ P (r) ≤ ρh2 . But lim+ h1 = lim+ h2 = h, and hence ρh = lim+ ρh1 ≤ lim+ P (r) ≤
r→0 r→0 r→0 r→0
lim ρh2 = ρh, so lim P (r) = ρh.
r→0+ r→0+

(b) The disks Dr in part (a) have no particular direction (the axes of the disks have arbitrary direction). Thus
P , the limiting value of P (r), is independent of direction.

P 14.7 lb/in2
23. h = = ≈ 315, 000 in ≈ 5 mi. The answer is not reasonable. In fact the atmosphere is thinner
ρ 4.66 × 10−5 lb/in3
at higher altitudes, and it’s difficult to define where the “top” of the atmosphere is.

24. According to equation (6), if the density is constant then the fluid force on a horizontal surface of area A at depth
h equals the weight of the water above it. It is plausible to assume that this is also true if the density is not
constant. To compute this weight, partition the interval [0, h] with 0 = x0 < x1 < . . . < xn−1 < xn = h. Let
x∗k be an arbitrary point of [xk−1 , xk ]. The volume of water which is above the flat surface and at depth between
xk−1 and xk is A ∆xk so its weight is approximately ρ(x∗k )A ∆xk . Adding these estimates, we find that the total
Xn
weight is approximately ρ(x∗k )A ∆xk . Taking the limit as n → +∞ and the lengths of the subintervals all
k=1
Z h
approach zero gives the total weight, and hence the total force on the surface: ρ(x)A dx. Dividing by A gives
Z h 0

the pressure: P = ρ(x) dx.

0

Chapter 5 Review Exercises

Z 2 Z 2 Z 4
2 √ √
6. (a) A = (2 + x − x ) dx. (b) A = y dy + [ y − (y − 2)] dy.
0 0 2
262 Chapter 5

Z 2 Z 2 Z 4
√ √
(c) V = π [(2 + x)2 − x4 ] dx. (d) V = 2π y y dy + 2π y[ y − (y − 2)] dy.
0 0 2

Z 2 Z 2 Z 4
(e) V = 2π x(2 + x − x2 ) dx. (f ) V = π y dy + π(y − (y − 2)2 ) dy.
0 0 2

Z 2 Z 2
2 2 2
(g) V = π [(2 + x + 3) − (x + 3) ] dx. (h) V = 2π [2 + x − x2 ](5 − x) dx.
0 0

Z b Z c Z d
7. (a) A = (f (x) − g(x)) dx + (g(x) − f (x)) dx + (f (x) − g(x)) dx.
a b c

Z 0 Z 1 Z 2
1 1 9 11
(b) A = (x3 − x) dx + (x − x3 ) dx + (x3 − x) dx = + + = .
−1 0 1 4 4 4 4
Z
8. Distance = |v| dt, so

Z 60
(a) distance = (3t − t2 /20) dt = 1800 ft.
0

Z T
3 2 1
(b) If T ≤ 60, then distance = (3t − t2 /20) dt = T − T 3 ft.
0 2 60

9. Find where the curves cross: set x3 = x2 + 4; by observation x = 2 is a solution. Then

Z 2
4352
V =π [(x2 + 4)2 − (x3 )2 ] dx = π.
0 105
Z L/2
16R2 2 8π
10. V = 2 π (x − L2 /4)2 = LR2 .
0 L4 15
Z 4  2 Z 4  4
√ 1 −1/2 −2 1 2 17
11. V = x− dx = (x − 2x +x ) dx = x − 4x1/2 − x−1 = .
1 x 1 2 1 4
Z 2 Z 2 Z 8 Z 8
12. (a) V = π(x3 )2 dx = π x6 dx. (b) V = 2πy(2 − y 1/3 ) dy = 2π (2y − y 4/3 ) dy.
0 0 0 0

 y 1/3  2  y 2/3 Z −1
dy dy x2/3 + y 2/3 4 2
13. By implicit differentiation =− , so 1+ = 1+ = = , L = dx =
dx x dx x x2/3 x2/3 −8 (−x)1/3
9.
s  2
Z 3 p Z 6561
1 −7/8
14. (a) L = 1+ (8x7 )2 dx. (b) L = 1+ y dy.
1 1 8
s  2
Z Z
16 √ −1 16 √ π  3/2 
15. A = 2π 25 − x 1+ √ dx = π 101 − 4x dx = 65 − 373/2 .
9 2 25 − x 9 6

Z p Z
8/27 2
y3 p
16. (a) S = 2π · 3x1/3 1 + x−4/3 dx. (b) S = 2π 1 + y 4 /81 dy.
0 0 27
Z 2 p
(c) S = 2π(y + 2) 1 + y 4 /81 dy.
0
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 263

17. A cross section of the solid, perpendicular to the x-axis, has area equal to π(sec x)2 , and the average of these cross
Z π/3 π/3
1 3 √
sectional areas is given by Aave = π(sec x)2 dx = π tan x = 3 3.
π/3 0 π 0

18. The solid we generate this way is just a sphere with radius a. The average value of the area of the cross sections
1 4 3
is then the volume of this sphere divided by the diameter, so it is Aave = a π = 2a2 π/3.
2a 3

Z 1/4 Z L
1 1
19. (a) F = kx, = k , k = 2, W = kx dx = 1/16 J. (b) 25 = kx dx = kL2 /2, L = 5 m.
2 4 0 0

Z 150
20. F = 30x + 2000, W = (30x + 2000) dx = 15 · 1502 + 2000 · 150 = 637,500 lb·ft.
0

y2 y2
21. The region is described by −4 ≤ y ≤ 4, ≤ x ≤ 2 + . By symmetry, y = 0. To find x, we use the analogue of
4 Z 4 8 2  Z 4   4
y y2 y2 y3 32
Formula (11) in Section 5.7. The area is A = 2+ − dy = 2− dy = 2y − = .
−4 8 4 −4 8 24 3
Z 4 "  2  2 2 # Z 4   4
−4
3 1 y2 y 3 y2 3y 4 3 y3 3y 5 8
So x = 2+ − dy = 4+ − dy = 4y + − = . The
32 −4 2 8 4 64 −4 2 64 64 6 320 −4 5
 
8
centroid is ,0 .
5

bp 2
22. The region is described by −a ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a − x2 . By symmetry, x = 0. To find y, we use Formula
Z a p a 
b b
(9) in Section 5.7. The area is A = a2 − x2 dx. This is times the area of a half-disc of radius a,
a a
Z a  −a  Z  a
1 bp 2
2 a
πab 2 2
b 2 2 b 2 x3 4b
so A = . Hence y = a −x dx = 3
(a − x ) dx = 3
a x− = . The
2 πab −a 2 a πa −a πa 3 −a 3π
 
4b
centroid is 0, .
3π

Z 1
23. (a) F = ρx3 dx N.
0

Z 2
w(x) x
(b) By similar triangles, = , w(x) = 2x, so F = ρ(1 + x)2x dx lb/ft2 .
4 2 0

Z 0
r
8 2 125
(c) A formula for the parabola is y = x − 10, so F = 9810|y|2 (y + 10) dy N.
125 −10 8

h(x) = 1 + x
0

w (x)
x
2
4
264 Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Making Connections

Z 1
1. (a) By equation (2) of Section 5.3, the volume is V = 2πxf (x2 ) dx. Making the substitution u = x2 ,
Z 1 Z 1 0
1
du = 2x dx gives V = 2πf (u) · du = π f (u) du = πA1 .
0 2 0

(b) By the Theorem of Pappus, the volume in (a) equals 2πA2 x, where x = a is the x-coordinate of the centroid
πA1 A1
of R. Hence a = = .
2πA2 2A2

x  x 2 π
2. (a) At depth x feet below the surface, the radius is 10 − ft, so the area is π 10 − = (30 − x)2 ft2 .
3 3 9
π
Hence the weight of a thin layer at depth x ft with height ∆x ft is approximately 62.4 (30 − x)2 ∆x lb. The work
9
π
needed to lift this layer to the top is approximately 62.4 x(30 − x)2 ∆x ft·lb. Hence the total work needed to
Z 15 Z 9  15
π 2 π 15 π 1
empty the tank is 62.4 x(30 − x) dx = 62.4 (900x − 60x2 + x3 ) dx = 62.4 450x2 − 20x3 + x4
0 9 9 0 9 4 0
= 321750π ≈ 1010807 ft·lb.
x
(b) When the piston has risen x feet from the bottom of the tank, its radius is 5 + ft, so its area is
 3
x 2 π
π 5+ = (15 + x)2 ft2 . The depth of the water above the piston is 15 − x ft, so the fluid force push-
3 9
π
ing down on the piston is 62.4(15 − x) (15 + x)2 lb; this also equals the force needed to raise the piston. So the
Z9 15 Z
π 2 π 15
total work done raising the piston is 62.4(15 − x) (15 + x) dx = 62.4 (3375 + 225x − 15x2 − x3 ) dx
0 9 9 0
 15
π 225 2 1
= 62.4 3375x + x − 5x3 − x4 = 321750π ft·lb.
9 2 4 0

2 2
Z is π(r + ∆r) − πr ≈ 2πr∆r, so its mass is
3. The area of the annulus with inner radius r and outer radius r + ∆r
a
approximately 2πrf (r)∆r. Hence the total mass of the lamina is 2πrf (r) dr.
0

4. Let the x-axis point downward, with x = 0 at the surface of the fluid. Let the y-axis be perpendicular to the
x-axis and in the plane of the submerged surface. Suppose the surface has area A and is described by a ≤ x ≤ b,
g(x) ≤ y ≤ f (x). In Formula (8) of Section 5.8 we have h(x) = x and w(x) = f (x) − g(x), so the fluid force on
Z b Z
1 b
the submerged surface is F = ρx(f (x) − g(x)) dx = ρA · x(f (x) − g(x)) dx = ρAx = A · ρx, by Formula
a A a
(10) of Section 5.7. Since ρx is the pressure at the centroid, the fluid force equals the area times the pressure at
the centroid.
If the same surface were horizontal at the depth of the centroid, then Formula (6) of Section 5.8 implies that the
fluid force would be ρxA, the same as above.

5. (a) Consider any solid obtained by sliding a horizontal region, of any shape, some distance vertically. Thus the
top and bottom faces, and every horizontal cross-section in between, are all congruent. This includes all of the
cases described in part (a) of the problem.
Suppose such a solid, whose base has area A, is floating in a fluid so that its base is a distance h below the surface.
The pressure at the base is ρh, so the fluid exerts an upward force on the base of magnitude ρhA. The fluid also
exerts forces on the sides of the solid, but those are horizontal, so they don’t contribute to the buoyancy. Hence
the buoyant force equals ρhA. Since the part of the solid which is below the surface has volume hA, the buoyant
force equals the weight of fluid which would fill that volume; i.e. the weight of the fluid displaced by the solid.

(b) Now consider a solid which is the union of finitely many solids of the type described above. The buoyant
force on such a solid is the sum of the buoyant forces on its constituents, which equals the sum of the weights of
Chapter 5 Making Connections 265

the fluid displaced by them, which equals the weight of the fluid displaced by the whole solid. So the Archimedes
Principle applies to the union.
Any solid can be approximated by such unions, so it is plausible that the Archimedes Principle applies to all solids.
266 Chapter 5