GROUP NO.

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

GROUP MEMBERS
LATIKA POOJARI
GHAUREE RAJMANE
SHRIRANG RAUT
DHANVAY MHATRE
MUBASHERA RIZVI
JANHVI BHUVAD
PALAK PATEL
 LOCATION
• Ancient Egypt occupied almost the same area as
modern Egypt does today.
• Its civilization stayed very close to the Nile River.
• Because it was nearly surrounded by desert,
enemies could approach only from the west and
northeast along the Mediterranean coast, from
the south down the river valley, or directly over
the sea.
• During its long history, the capital of Egypt was
located at various times in Hierakonpolis,
Memphis, Hierakonpolis, Thebes, It-towy,
Akhenaten, Tanis, Sais, and Alexandria.
• The most important of these were Memphis and
Thebes. Alexander the Great founded Alexandria
as the capital in 331 BCE.
• The Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty ruled Egypt
from Alexandria until 30 BCE.

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LIFESTYLE

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 • The Egyptian culture was one of the oldest and most long-lived of
antiquity.

CULTURE • It benefited from an abundance of rich farmland, nearby mineral

resources, and a good strategic position.
• Despite occasional invasion and internal strife, it endured as a
distinctive culture for nearly 5000 years.

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 BELIEFS
•

•
•

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HIEROGLYPHS

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ACCESORIES &
HAIRSTYLES

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ANUBIS
 THE CONCEPT
OF PHARAOHS
•

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THERE ARE ATMOST 41 EGYPTIAN DYNASTIES. OUT OF THESE 13 OF THEM MADE EGYPT ONE OF THE MOST PROMINENTS
CIVILIZATIONS IT WAS DURING THAT ERA.

Cleopatra VII,
Narmer, 1st Sneferu, 4th Khafre, 4th Ahmose I, Thutmose III, Horemheb, 18th Ptolemaic
Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty 18th Dynasty 18th Dynasty Dynasty Kingdom

3150 – 3100 BC 2613 – 2589 BC 2558 – 2532 BC 1549–1524 BC 1458 –1425 BC 1319 -1292 BC 51 – 31BC

2630 – 2611BC 2589 – 2566 BC 1971 – 1926 BC 1479–1458 BC 1388–1351 BC 1279 – 1213 BC

Djoser, 3rd Khufu, 4th Senusret I, 12th Hatshepsut, 18th Amenhotep III, Ramesses II,
Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty Dynasty 18th Dynasty 19th Dynasty
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PROMINENT PHAROAHS

AKENATEN

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CLEOPATRA VII KING TUT
• While the vast majority of ancient Egyptians practiced monogamy, kings
were allowed to have multiple wives and, did they love flexing that bit of
power.
• Male pharaohs had a great royal wife or chief, highest-ranking wife, along
with the number of lesser wives and concubines and harems.
• The 'typical' Egyptian household consisted of members of the nuclear family
which was, the parents and only the children who had not reach maturity.
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AGRICULTURE

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 GOVERNMENT
•

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 GOVERNING HIERARACHY

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 MILITARY
•

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FOOD & MINERALS

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 MUMMIFICATION
• In order to preserve the body for eternal life it was
embalmed and wrapped in linen sheets and/or
bandages - mummified.
• The term mummy derives from the Persian or Arabic
word 'mumia' which means 'pitch' or 'bitumen'.
• The most important phase in mummification was the
desiccation of the body: to achieve this, it was placed
for many days - Herodotus speaks of 70 days - into
natron, a naturally occurring cleansing salt. For the
same reason the soft inner parts and the brain were
removed.
• In this entire process only heart was kept inside the
body while other organs were removed of emotion
and intelligence, was left in the body for use in the
next life.
• There are no detailed ancient Egyptian records of
mummification procedures; our knowledge of the
practice depends on observations from surviving
examples.
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THE BOOK OF DEAD

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 • Massive structures characterized by thick, sloping walls with few openings.
• Possibly a method of construction used to obtain stability in mud walls.
• The incised and flatly modeled surface adornment of the stone buildings has derived from mud wall
ornamentation.

ELEMENTS OF
• The use of the arch was developed during the fourth dynasty, all monumental buildings are post and
lintel constructions,
• flat roofs are constructed of huge stone blocks supported by the external walls and the closely spaced
ARCHITECTURE •
columns.
Exterior and interior walls, as well as the columns and piers, were covered with hieroglyphic and
pictorial frescoes and carvings painted in brilliant colors.
• Many motifs of Egyptian ornamentation are symbolic, such as the scarab, or sacred beetle22 the solar
disk the vulture palm leaves, the papyrus plant buds and flowers of the lotus
SHELTERS

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• Pylon is the Greek term for a monumental
gate of an Egyptian temple.
• It consists of two towers, each tapering and
surmounted by a cornice, joined by a less
elevated section enclosing the entrance
between them.
• The gate was generally about half the height
of the towers. Contemporary paintings of
pylons show them with long poles flying
banners.

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• Rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud brick or, later, stone, with
sloping walls and a flat roof.
• A deep shaft descended to the underground burial chamber.
• Old Kingdom mastabas were used chiefly for nonroyal burials.
• In nonroyal tombs a chapel was provided that included a formal tablet or stela on which the
deceased was shown seated at a table of offerings.
• The earliest examples are simple and architecturally undemanding; later a suitable room, the
tomb-chapel, was provided for the stela (now incorporated in a false door) in the tomb
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superstructure.
LOTIFORM COLUMNS PAPYRIFORM COLUMNS PALMIFORM COLUMNS

• When thinking about Egyptian temples, one chief architectural

element that one can see is columns.
• Column shafts in ancient Egypt were adorned with colorful depictions
in carved relief, painted and seem to be the masterpiece in
architectural elements in the Egyptian culture.
• The Egyptian columns can include everything from column in the
ancient Egyptian era to the modern one inspired by idea and
innovations. 26
 • In the most ancient times, Columns in Egypt
were crafted from a single large monothilic
block.
• But, later on, it changed into the use of
sectional blocks for the purpose. But after
painting, it seemed difficult to judge that
whether the column was cut from a single or
sectioned pieces.
• During the era from 3050 B.C. till 900 B.C.
when the great kings of Egypt ruled, the
earliest builders made columns from large
blocks of sandstone, limestone and red
granite, later on, the idea of using stacks of
stone disks was introduced.
• Egyptian columns are diverse and range
from 16 sides polygon to circular columns.
Imhotep, the ancient Egyptian architect was
known to carve stone columns resembling
TENT POLE COLUMNS bundled reeds and other plants. 27
 THE MOTIFS

• The stone shafts were carved in a way that

they resembled bundled reeds, tree trunks or
plants stem.

• Capital was bud-shaped or bell-shaped,

campaniform.

• Motifs on the capitals/ tops were lily, palm,

lotus or papyrus plant.

• Decorations usually were bright painted

carved relief decorations .

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 HASTESPHUT TEMPLE RED PYRAMID

LIGHT HOUSE OF ALEXANDER BENT PYRAMID STEP PYRAMID 31

CITY OF HUNDRED GATES

MEDI-NAT HABU TEMPLE ABU SIMBEL TEMPLE

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OBELISK OF THUTMOSE I BURIAL CHAMBER

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OBELISK DEDNAR TEMPLE
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THE STEPPED DOOR OF
DJOSER

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THE PYRAMID OF
GIZA
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WHY THE PYRAMID?

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 LATER CONSTRUCTIONS
• The three biggest pyramids (Khufu, Khafre and
Menkaure, c. 26th century BCE) making up the Giza
pyramid complex are one of the most iconic sights on the
planet.
• Constructed from millions of perfectly cut limestone
blocks stacked on bedrock, the sacred pyramid shapes
were made to house the remains of pharaohs.
• The word pyramid comes from ancient Greek pyramis.

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• In terms of design and planning, some
theories suggest that parts of the plan were
laid out on the ground at a 1:1 scale.
• This might account for the accuracy of
the workmanship, such that the four sides of
the base have an average error of only 58 mm
in length
• The sides of the pyramid rise at the angle of
51°52′, accurately oriented to the compass’
four cardinal points.
• The entrance is around 18 m (59 ft) above
the ground on the north side.
• The Queen’s Chamber and the King’s Chamber
are contained inside, connected via
a corridor and a slanting gallery 46 m (151 ft)
long.

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THEORIES ABOUT CONSTRUCTION

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 KARNAK TEMPLE

• Karnak is an ancient Egyptian temple

precinct located on the east bank of the
Nile River in Thebes (modern-day Luxor).
• It covers more than 100 hectares, an area
larger than some ancient cities.
• The central sector of the site, which takes
up the largest amount of space, is
dedicated to Amun-Ra, a male god
associated with Thebes.
• The area immediately around his main
sanctuary was known in antiquity as
“Ipet-Sun” which means “the most select
of places.

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 ARCHITECTURAL

• The main temple of Amun-Re had two axes—one that went north/south and the
other that extended east/west.
• The southern axis continued towards the temple of Luxor and was connected
SPACES by an avenue of ram-headed sphinxes.
• The tallest obelisk in Egypt stood at Karnak and was dedicated by the female
pharaoh Hatshepsut who ruled Egypt during the New Kingdom.
• Made of one piece of red granite, it originally had a matching obelisk that was
removed by the Roman emperor Constantine and re-erected in Rome. 45
 CONSTRUCTION
• Construction at Karnak started by 4,000 years
ago and continued up until the time the Romans
took control of Egypt, about 2,000 years ago.
• Each Egyptian ruler who worked at Karnak left
his or her own architectural mark.
• The massive temple complex of Karnak was the
principal religious center of the god Amun-Re in
Thebes during the New Kingdom.
• The complex remains one of the largest
religious complexes in the world. However,
Karnak was not just one temple dedicated to one
god—it held not only the main precinct to the god
Amun-Re—but also the precincts of the gods Mut
and Montu.

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ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

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ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTION

• Rather than build yet another grand

entrance in front of the Second Pylon, the
kings of the early Nineteenth Dynasty
decided to fill the open space between
Horemheb’s Second Pylon and
Amenhotep III’s older Third Pylon with a
grand hypostyle hall.

• the Great Hypostyle Hall is essentially the

work of his son Sety I, who erected cross-
walls to connect the outer wings of the
two pylons and filled the enclosure with
no less than 134 columns supporting a
high roof.

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THE COLUMNS

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• The completed structure, with its 134
columns enclosed by the towers of the
Second and Third Pylon to its west and
east and by side walls on its north and
south, covers nearly an acre and exceeds
by far the dimensions of any similar
columned hall in any other Egyptian
temple

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VIEW OF A CLERESTORY WINDOW

WINDON GRILLES OF
THE CLERESTORY

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SUN FESTIVAL

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INVADERS AND
CONQUERERS

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• After the defeat of Cleopatra and Marc Anthony in the
Battle of Actium by Octavian, Cleopatra committed
suicide rather than be taken prisoner.

• Her son and heir was murdered shortly afterwards,

and Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire.

• The death of Cleopatra and her heir put an end to the

Ptolemaic dynasty. From then on, Pharaonic Egypt,
under Roman rule, would no longer be the same.

• It would only take a few hundred years for the glory

and power of the Pharaohs to fade from memory.

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DECLINE AND
FALL

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