Computing the sediment and ensuing its

erosive activities using HEC-RAS to surmise the

flooding in Kulfo River in Southern Ethiopia
Fikru Damte, Bogale G_Mariam, Melkamu Teshome Ayana and Tarun Kumar Lohani
Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Gaurav Dhiman
Government Bikram College of Commerce, Patiala, India, and
Mohammad Shabaz
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India

Abstract
Purpose – The change in sediment transport phenomenon and morphological characteristics of Kulfo River in the southern part of Ethiopia is
estimated using one-dimensional hydraulic modelling. The purpose of this study is to predict erosion and sedimentation using hydrological
engineering center-river analysis system (HEC-RAS) model.
Design/methodology/approach – Geometrical survey data of 2005 and 2019 were used to assess the impact of flood depth with 100 years of
return per period on the morphology of the river. The bed and bank materials at selected sites of the river were sampled to estimate the grain size
using manning roughness coefficient. Discharge and suspended sediment concentration were sampled thrice per day for a stretch of three months to
develop a rating curve.
Findings – HEC-RAS model indicates that flood depth with 100 years return period had a significant inundated area during 2019 in comparison to
2005 demonstrating a temporary change in the morphology of the river. Acker and White method in HEC-RAS was used extensively to calculate the
sediment load and subsequently calibrated. In the upper reach of the study area, there was aggradation and degradation, whereas the only
degradation was noted in the middle to the downstream reach of the channel. Seasonal flood during peak flow due to a rise in bed level is most
prevalent during the aggradation period.
Originality/value – Comparison of a flood depth inundating the catchment and sediment deposition has been intricately analyzed by using HEC-
RAS model.
Keywords Floods, Particle size, Sediment transport, HEC-RAS modelling, River morphology
Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction River is always in dynamic system that undergoes continuous

Floods and related devastations claim more than 20,000 lives
every year vis-à-vis distress millions homeless across the world
(Smith et al., 2005). Intense rainfall, overtopping of dams and
rapid morphological changes in the streams cause tremendous
loss in lives and large-scale damage to properties, agriculture,
houses and public utilities (Carrivick and Rushmer, 2006; Alho
and Aaltonen, 2008; Carrivick, 2010). Ethiopia experiences
extreme weather variability with drought in some areas and
intense rainfall and flooding in some other areas. During flood
time, the flow of Kulfo rRver is affected by intensified kinematic
water wave that induces considerable erosion and sediment
loads, thereby causing rapid morphological changes with
significant implications of flow dynamics (Walter and Tullos,
2010; Comiti et al., 2011; Guan et al., 2015; Kasvi et al., 2017).
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald
Insight at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/1708-5284.htm
changes (Azarang et al., 2015), and it is enumerated as in Kulfo
River whose morphology is completely dependent on the
longitudinal slope, channel conveyance, off-take sediment load
and sediment transport rate. The mean diameter, particle
settling velocity and human intervention by distorting the flow
path have been also established (Ryne, 2001; Batalla and
Vericat, 2009; Harrison et al., 2014; Gharbi et al., 2016). The
simulation and prediction of erosion and sedimentation are
important factors to safeguard waterways and river stability
protecting from flow conditions and sedimentary transport that
are basic parameters of changing the river morphology
(Gilvear, 1999; Chinnarasri et al., 2008). Various models are in
use to assess bed material transport rates in an alluvial river
(Garde and Raju, 2000; Peng et al., 2015; Kafi et al., 2018), but
hydrological engineering center-river analysis system (HEC-
RAS) model has been considered as the pioneer one to get
more predictable outcome specifically when river course is
diverse in nature (Rathburn and Wohl, 2003; Pappenberger

World Journal of Engineering

18/6 (2021) 948–955 Received 2 January 2021
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 1708-5284] Revised 15 February 2021
[DOI 10.1108/WJE-01-2021-0002] Accepted 13 March 2021

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 Flooding in Kulfo River in Southern Ethiopia
Fikru Damte et al.
et al., 2005; Azarang and Bajestan, 2015; Wohl et al., 2015).
Ackers and White, Engelund and Hansen, Laursen, Meyer
Peter and Müller, Toffaleti and Yang are the various sediment
transport equations for the simulation of sediment transport in
HEC-RAS, but one dimensional (1-D) steady flow analysis and
sediment transport has been used widely to derive a better and
more appropriate result in Kulfo River, calibrated with
manning coefficients and sediment load data, as this model is
fast and do not require much precision.
HEC-RAS 5.0.7 is a tool developed for analyzing hydraulics
of river system developed by U.S. Army Corps of Engineering’s
Hydrologic Engineering Center. It consists of graphical user
interface, data storage and management capabilities as well as
reporting facilities. The main input of HEC-RAS for
performing hydraulic analysis is geometric data and flow data.
Basic geometric data consists of physical feature of river, i.e.
channel length, banks, flood banks and cross sections of the
river, whereas additional geometric data defining bridge and
culverts, levee alignment, blocked structures, inline structures
and storage area can also be incorporated in the software.
HEC-RAS has capability of performing 1-D and two-
dimensional (2-D) hydraulic and 1-D sediment calculations
(Gibson et al., 2017; Haghiabi and Zaredehdasht, 2012;
Rathburn and Wohl, 2001). HEC-RAS provides different
options for performing river analysis which are 1-D steady flow
for water surface profile computation, 1-D and 2-D unsteady
flow simulation, quasi unsteady flow for sediment transport
computation and water quality analysis (Gibson and Boyd,
2014; Brunner et al., 2016). Based on the purpose of the study,
1-D quasi unsteady flow for sediment transport computation
has been performed for River basin, and the result has been
used to generate water level and river morphological change
(Azarang et al., 2015).
Several studies have been investigated the application of 1-D
and 2-D HEC-RAS model to simulate flooding and its possible
impacts (Pilotti et al., 2020; Shustikova et al., 2019; Costabile,
2020; Papaioannou et al., 2018). However, most of the cited
and other previous studies are limited to flooding and
secondary data. Costabile (2020) studied the competences of
the 2-D HEC-RAS model at small basin level and obtained
varying result in simulating the hydrograph and inundated
regions. In other hands, the capability of 2-D HEC-RAS model
is tested to delineate flooding in a complex topography
(Shustikova et al., 2019). In Kulfo Catchment, different water
resources structures have been undergoing. All these studies
have focused on flooding, and sedimentation issue is not
considered. However, the erosive effects of sediments
contributing to bridge failure are not yet investigated.
Therefore, understanding the sediment deposits in a given
catchment using a hydrological model and evaluating its
devastating effect on bridges and human life is more promising
than ever. This research was initiated to compute the sediment
deposition in Kulfo River in southern part of Ethiopia and its
erosive sway using HEC-RAS model.
2. Methodology and data collection
2.1 Area under study
Kulfo River is found in the Southern part of Ethiopia in the
Great Rift Valley basin and located at 5055 0 to 6015 0 N latitude
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Volume 18 · Number 6 · 2021 · 948–955
and 37018 0 to 37036 0 E longitude covering an area of around
378.1 km2. The elevation of the catchment varies from 3,600 m
above mean sea level (msl) to 1,108 m above (msl) (Figure 1).
Average annual rainfall of Kulfo watershed ranges from
665 mm to 1,240 mm with average minimum and maximum
temperatures at 13.90 C and 31.20 C, respectively. The area
has bimodal rainfall pattern with peak in April and October.
The study area lies at the middle to lower reach of Kulfo River
adjacent to Arba Minch town extending between 601 0 50 0 0 to
602 0 45 0 0 N and 37032 0 38 0 0 to 37034 0 35 0 0 E with a river length
along the channel of 4.25 km. The lower catchment of the river
is flat with alluvial fans and flood plains. Kulfo basin is
fascinated by steep topography which accentuates high erosion
risk damaging water courses and transport river sediment.
During high flow, the river transgresses the agricultural areas
causing loss of cultivated land and human lives.
2.2 Data collection and analysis
The secondary daily hydrological and meteorological data are
collected from Ministry of Water, Irrigation and Energy and
National Metrological Agency (NMA), respectively. The
spatial data such as Digital Elevation Model and land use land
cover data were important to check with measured data. All
relevant data were collected from field measurements and
laboratory analysis including water level, discharge, suspended
load, river bed and bank materials and river geometry data
based on the field measurement, suspended sediment rating
curve (Figure 2).
2.3 HEC-RAS model setup
HEC-GeoRAS is an extension in ArcGIS that provides set of
procedures, geospatial data processing toolkit and utilities for
preparing geometric data that can be exported to HEC-RAS. It
uses Digital Terrain Model (in the form of triangulated
irregular network [TIN] or grid for generating geometric data
of river [channel, banks, flood banks and their cross sections]).
TIN was formed from field survey data using three-
dimensional special analysis tool in Arc GIS and HEC-
GeoRAS 10.1. 1-D steady flow analysis and sediment transport
has been performed for Kulfo River basin using HEC-RAS.
The program has the capability to predict transport capacity for
non-cohesive sediment at multiple cross sections based on the
hydraulic parameters and known bed material properties for a
given river. It does not account sediment inflow, erosion or
deposition in its computations. The sediment transport
capacity comprising of both bed load and suspended load can
be accounted for various sediment transport predictors
available in HEC-RAS. Results help to understand and predict
the morphological processes found in natural rivers. In HEC-
RAS, data are added to the model in three distinct stages such
as adding geometric data, flow data of the river and sediment
data to the model supported by temperature. The geometric
data include connection information for waterway channel
(schematic design of the channel system) transverse sections.
The necessary data to simulate the Kulfo River under study
reach from upstream of hydrometric stations to downstream of
old bridge that includes the data of geometry, river flow and
sedimentation. These data have been taken from field survey by
total station. After adding geometric data, the quasi-unsteady
flow data are added to the model. The type of flow data
 Flooding in Kulfo River in Southern Ethiopia
Fikru Damte et al.
Figure 1 Location map of study area
Figure 2 Suspended sediment rating curve HEC-RAS model setup
60,000
50,000
Suspended load(ton/day)
40,000
30,000
R² = 0.94
20,000
10,000
0 resistance is considered as the main calibration parameter of the
0 5 10 15 20
Discharge(m3/s)
depends on the kind of analysis desired. The current abilities of
sedimentation in the HEC-RAS are based on quasi-unsteady
flow hydraulics. A quasi-unsteady flow and water level were
needed for simulation in HEC-RAS model, which are defined
in upstream and downstream of the boundary conditions of the
river, respectively. A time series of flow is determined as the
upstream boundary of Kulfo River in hydrometric station. In
quasi-unsteady flow, the variable steps are considered in HEC-
RAS model, and a 24-h period of time has been considered.
The data related to the grading of the river sediments, the
results of sample river bed experiment and the values of
riverbed grading, which were carried out by the field and
laboratory and the grading of river bed for each section needs to
be incorporated. Moreover, the coordinates of the mobile bed
and the width of erosion area in all sections were defined for the
model. The mobile bed is a part of the river in which there is a
chance of erosion and sedimentation and the depth of the river
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Volume 18 · Number 6 · 2021 · 948–955
bed sediments according to which the thickness of the erodible
layers of the river is measured. For the boundary conditions in
this area, the sediment gauging curves of Kulfo Hydrometric
Stations, which are located at the upstream of new bridge of the
area, were used. Several aspects of sediment transport
mechanics, particularly fall velocity, are sensitive to water
temperature. The hydro-meteorological data has been
collected from NMA.
2.3.1 Calibrating HEC-RAS hydraulic model
The Manning roughness coefficient contributing to flow
25 30 model. In Kulfo River, based on the gradation curves along the
river reach and calculating the sediment particle size using
empirical equation, the initial values of Manning roughness
coefficient were determined.
2.3.2 Calibrating HEC-RAS sediment model
HEC-RAS software is able to model the flow containing
sediment load through sediment transport equations and four
methods of calculating the fall velocity. Thus, there are
different combinations that are examined. Each of these
sediment transport equations were compared with the observed
load and finally the equations that had most overlapping with
the measured of the area were chosen as the best equation.
3. Results and discussions
3.1 Particle size of river bed and bank material
The size of sediment particles plays an important role in erosion
and sedimentation of the river and defining the sedimentation
part in HEC-RAS. For all cross sections, there exists a different
gradation curve, and the representing sample was taken from
four cross sections Results of bed and bank material particles
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 Flooding in Kulfo River in Southern Ethiopia
size distribution for all the cross sections are presented in
Figures 3 and 4, respectively.
Gradation curves illustrate that the gradation receives
courser material in upstream to downstream section. The
particles include large sand particles to gravel in upstream and
downstream, whereas more medium particles are observed in
middle of rivers.
3.2 Flood magnitude taste
The peak discharges corresponding to the design flood with the
return period of 5, 25 and 100 years are taken as the input
scenario of the HEC-RAS model followed by the simulation
results of the maximum flood stage of each section to be
obtained. The simulation results of each section are connected
by a smooth curve to establish the correlation between the bank
and the maximum flood level simulated by HEC-RAS. The
Manning roughness coefficient ranges from 0.01 to 0.023 for
the river bed and 0.001 to 0.018 for flood plains (Figure 4).
Figure 5(a) and 5(b) refers to 100-year flood maximum
water level at Kulfo River at stations 3190.797 and 2225.903.
Figure 3 Distribution of bed material in different size
100
Percentage Finer (%)
80
60
40
20
0 was 0.987million ton/year and 0.891 million ton/yr,
100
Figure 4 Distribution of shore material over different sizes
RS 3238.731
RS 792.852
Averege
100
80
Percentage Finer (%)
60
40
20
0 average suspended load, bed load and total load at Kulfo River
100
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Fikru Damte et al. Volume 18 · Number 6 · 2021 · 948–955
As there are many settlement areas at the downstream of Kulfo
River basin, if a 100-year flood comes, nearly 383.31 ha
surrounding areas are at the risk of getting affected. The
inundated area and maximum water level from 2005 and 2019
field survey data during 5, 25 and 100, 1,000-year flood is
tabulated (Table 1).
The flood values for different return periods were calculated
using the maximum instantaneous flow. From 2005 and 2019
geometric data, the highest value of water depth during 100-
year flood in this river is 6.13 m and 8.23 m. This result shows
that the river morphological change was avail during time to
time. Therefore, the river morphological changes affect flood
hydraulics during extreme floods and the channel adjustments
resulting from an event influence the hydrodynamics of the
next event.
3.3 Calibration of sediment transport capacity
Kulfo River was compared with model results. The comparison
between measured results with respect to the computed results
of sediment transport capacity for gravel bed rivers using
Ackers and White, Yang’s and Toffaleti sediment transport
formulas were tested in the HEC-RAS model. Figure 6 shows
RS 3238.731 RS 2834.411 the correlation between the measured load of sediment and the
RS 1396.956 RS 792.852 values calculated by model equations.
Averege
Among the above sediment transport formulas the Ackers
and White, Yang’s and the Toffaleti methods value of Nash–
Sutcliffe modeling efficiency was 0.67, 0.11 and 0.3
respectively. Ackers and White have the most accurate
estimation of total sediment load in Kulfo River in upstream
of new bridge station. The other four methods were
discarded due to their results tending to zero. The observed
and simulated average annual sediment load at Kulfo River
10 1 0.1 0.01 respectively.
Grain size (mm)
3.3.1 Sediment load
Based on the hydraulic properties of the river and
sedimentation particle size, each river has a specific
sedimentation potential. The inlet of sediments higher than
RS 2834.411 the transport capacity results in sedimentation. Contrarily,
RS 1396.956
the sediment amount lowers than the transport capacity
results in erosion. The total load of the river is the sum of
bed load and suspended load of the river, and it is one of
most important outputs of the Hydraulic part of HEC-RAS
model as an important index in river engineering plans.
Thus, the sediment total load can play an important role in
hydraulic behavior of the river. In alluvial river, bed load is
estimated from 10% to 15% of suspended load. The bed
load of the river has been considered as 10% of the
suspended load because it is alluvial river. Figure 7 shows
the estimation of sediment total load of the Kulfo River in
upstream of new bridge station using the superior sediment
transport functions.
From the analysis, it has been estimated that the annual
10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 were 1.156 million ton/year, 0.129 million ton/year and 1.279
Grain size (mm) million ton/year, respectively.
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Figure 5 (a) and (b) 100-, 25- and 5-year flood maximum water level at Kulfo River at stations 3190.797 and 2225.903

RS = 3190.797
1230
Legend

1229 WS 100year
Enoitavel (m)
1228 WS 25year

WS 5year
1227
Ground
1226
Bank Sta

1225
0 50 100 150 200

Station (m)
(a)

RS = 2255.903
1219
Legend
1218
WS 100year
Enoitavel (m)

1217
WS 25year
1216 WS 5year
1215 Ground
1214 Bank Sta

1213
0 50 100 150 200

Station (m)
(b)

Table 1 Maximum water depth and inundated area in Kulfo River

Water depth (m) Max. inundated area (ha)
Return period (year) 2005 2019 2005 2019
5 260.1 286.03 5.02 7.21
25 298.35 313.41 5.78 7.68
100 376.02 383.31 6.13 8.23
1,000 437.08 443.98 6.72 8.51

3.4 Evaluation of cross section changes 3.4.1 Longitudinal profiles changes

The movement of sediment and the process of sediment
transport may change the topography of the river bed. These
two processes of erosion and deposition are the key factors to
control the river development and management. Erosion and
deposition are responsible for many landforms, on the periods
of low water level; the river promotes the deposition of
sediment which causes a modification on the cross section
directly related to the phenomenon of flooding, whereas at the
time of flood, the phenomenon of erosion is favored due to the
significant flow recorded during the flood causing changes on
the river morphology. The superposition of the cross sections at
the same zone indicates silted sections (deposition zone) and
erosion sections (digging in the bottom) (Figure 8).
Erosion tendency is observed in the upper reaches whereas
deposition is observed in the middle to lower reaches. This
result shows that sediment yield variation impacts river
morphological changes with low and high flow duration
(Figure 8).
Several studies have shown that the river bed have been affected
by continuous flooding and vice-versa. These studies have
confirmed that the invert elevation change was used to interpret
the impact of riverbed change in HEC-RAS. In fact, from the
first comparative analysis performed between sets of cross
sections, it noted that changes in cross sections are not uniform
along the river. Thus, it was interesting to visualize the
geomorphological evolution of the longitudinal river profiles.
River longitudinal profile changes are influenced directly from
secretion of low flow, human interference, the development of
vegetation in the river bed and the presence of hydraulic
structure. Figure 9 shows the river bed elevation change with
respect to the initial elevation of the river bed at the various
cross sections in the study reach during the period 2005 and
2018.
From the above result, the maximum cumulative depth of
erosion in the reach is about 2.07 m occurring at River Station
3032.81(from upstream), and the maximum cumulative depth

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Figure 6 Comparison of calculated sediment transport load and measured load

Figure 7 Evaluation of suspended and bed load sediment transport Figure 9 River bed elevation changes of Kulfo River (2005–2018)

of deposition is about 3.05 m at River Station 115.94 (from

downstream) of river. The range of bed level change varies from
2.07 m to 3.05 m. The negative and positive value refers to 4. Conclusion
the erosion and deposition processes, respectively. The erosion
Kulfo River flooding is based on HEC RAS model, field
is located in the upstream of the reach, and the deposition is
observation and laboratory results. Bed material data gradation
concentrated in the middle and downstream of the river reach,
curves shows that the particles include from large sand particles to
especially at the meandering; in most parts of this reach, bed
gravel in upstream and downstream, whereas medium particles are
level changes are over 2.5 m. It is clear that the aggradation is
found in the central part of the river course. Considering the HEC-
the general case for the bed elevation of Kulfo River reach,
RAS model results and field observation and measurements, it is
which will occur by sedimentation processes (Figure 9).
concluded that the flood depth with 100-year return period has a
Therefore, high aggradations are leading to reduction of bank
significant inundated area during 2019 than 2005. River geometry
freeboard and channel instability.

Figure 8 Evaluation of cross section at different stations

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 Flooding in Kulfo River in Southern Ethiopia
Fikru Damte et al.
data and erosion tendency is observed in the upper reaches, whereas
deposition is observed in the middle to lower reaches. The 1-D
morphological model of the Kulfo River system has been developed
with limited sediment data and information; hence, the results may
be considered as indicative rather than quantitative outputs. The 1-
D morphological model has been taken as priority in model analysis
as this modeling is accepted for rapid studies that do not require too
much precision.
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World Journal of Engineering
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Further reading
Urzica, A., Mihu-Pintilie, A., Stoleriu, C.C., Cîmpianu,
C.I., Hut anu, E., Pricop, C.I. and Grozavu, A. (2021),
“Using 2D HEC-RAS modeling and embankment dam
break scenario for assessing the flood control capacity of
a Multi-Reservoir system (NE Romania)”, Water,
Vol. 13 No. 1, p. 57.
Vozinaki, A.E.K., Morianou, G.G., Alexakis, D.D. and Tsanis,
I.K. (2017), “Comparing 1D and combined 1D/2D
hydraulic simulations using high-resolution topographic
data: a case study of the koiliaris basin”, Hydrological Sciences
Journal, Vol. 62 No. 4, pp. 642-665.
Corresponding author
Mohammad Shabaz can be contacted at: bhatsab4@gmail.
com