Cosh SMVP

1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
At the end of this COURSE, the participants must be able to:
 Explain the importance of occupational safety and health among workers in the
construction industry
 identify the hazards and evaluate the risks in the construction projects that may affect the
workers and general public
 Identify the occupational safety and health (OSH) statutory requirements and guidelines
needed in all types of construction projects
 Explain the roles of safety officers in the implementation of construction safety and health
program, inspection, accident investigation, HIRAC, audits and inspections, work stoppage
order, etc.
 Identify the suitable, adequate, systematic, and appropriate approach for the prevention
and control of hazards highlighting COVID-19 in the construction workplaces.
2 OSH Situationer
2.1 Objectives
 Identify the leading causes of accidents in the constructionsites
 Assess the importance of safety and health in the constructionindustry
 Explain the importance of occupational safety and health training
 Explain the importance of recognizing the presentsafety and health situations in the
construction industry
 Explain how the implementation of occupational safety and health (OSH) programs
can protect workers and the general public in the construction projects from the
pandemic caused by COVID-19 virus.
2.2 Global OSH Situationer

International Labor Organization Report
 279 Million accidentsreported
 350,000 of which arefatal
 160 Million work related illness/diseasesreported
 2,000,000 workers die everyyear
 More than 100,000 work fatalities occur every month, more than 5,000 every day,
4 every minute
Report in the Construction Industry

 At least 60,000 fatalities occur at construction sites everyyear
 1 fatal accident occurs every 10minutes
 Around 17% of all fatalities at work (1 in every 6) are related toconstruction
5 EXCAVATION
Objectives
 Identify the hazards in excavationworks.
 Identify the different causes of soilcollapse.
 Enumerate the different methods in the prevention of soil collapse.
 Discuss the safety measures in excavationworks.
5.1 DIFINITION OF TERMS
Excavation – Any man-made cut, cavity or depression in an earth surface that is

formed by earth removal. The width measured at the bottom is not greater than
15 ft.
Trench Excavation – A narrow excavation where the depth of a trench is

greater than its width, and the width measured at the bottom is not greater than
15 ft.
Sheathing - shall mean the vertical member of shoring and timbering which
directly resists pressure from side of an excavation
5.2 General requirements prior to excavation

5.2.1 Planning
Before any excavation work begins, site evaluation and planning must be
completed. During the planning stage, the following must be done:
 Soil conditions must be evaluated.

 Protective systems must be designed and put inplace.
 Approved safety equipment must be on site and readilyaccessible.
 Potentiallydangerouscontactpointswithutilitiessuchasgasorelectricservicesmust
 be identified.
 Oxygen levels must betested.
 Potentially hazardous fumes or gases must be testedfor.
 Safe entry and exit points must bedetermined.
5.2.2 Spoils
 Never place spoils within two feet of an excavation'sedge.
 Adequate retaining devices must be installed to protect exposed excavation
workers from materials or equipment that could fall or roll untothem.
 Spoils must be placed in such a way that water (rain, ruptured pipes, etc.) is
diverted away from the excavation.
5.2.3 Access and Egress
 It is essential that a stairway, ladder, or ramp be provided in trench
excavations 4feet or more in depth, so as to require no more than 25 feet of
lateral travel foremployees.
 Ramps and runways constructed of two or more structural members shall
have the structural members connected together to preventdisplacement.
 Structural members used for ramps and runways shall be of uniformthickness.
5.2.4 Surface Crossing

 Surface crossings over trenches are not allowed unless conditions dictate
such crossings are necessary.
 If surface crossings are necessary, such crossings must be constructed
under the supervision of a registered professionalengineer.
 Other crossing requirements include thefollowing:
 Crossings must have a minimum width of 20inches.
 Crossings must be equipped with standardrails.
 Crossings must extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge
of the trench.
5.2.5 Working Surface
 Excavation shall be kept free of water at alltimes
 And in muddy area, workers should be provided with boots to reduce the
hazard of slipping.
5.2.6 Underground Utilities
 Determine location of underground facilities and take necessary steps to
prevent damage to thesefacilities.
 In an open excavation, support, protect or remove undergroundinstallation.
5.2.7 Protective System
Primary purpose is to protect employees from hazards present in the workplace.
Employers must protect employees from accidents related to cave-ins by
designing, implementing, and enforcing use of excavation protective systems.
Exceptions to the requirement for excavation protective systems include

circumstances where:
 Excavations are made entirely in stablerock.

 Excavations are less than 5 feet (1.52 m) in depth, and examination
of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a
potentialcave-in.
Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that
are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the
system.
A. Sloping - Protective systems include sloping and benching systems, shield

systems, and support systems. A well designed protective system is one that
works for the type of soil, depth of cut, and the type of construction being
performed in thetrench.
B. Benching - Benching refers to the formation of one or a series of horizontal
levels or steps along the side walls of an excavation, usually with vertical or
near-vertical surfaces betweenlevels.
C. Shoring or Shielding - Shoring provides support to excavation walls. It is

used where the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum
allowable slope impractical.
D. Trench Boxes or Shields - Both trench boxes and shoring serve to protect
workers from cave-ins. Trench boxes differ from shoring, however, in that trench
boxes are shields used in trenches to support the trenchface.
E. Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring - Hydraulic trench support systems can be

directly dropped into an excavation. By increasing hydraulic pressure, the
qualified operator can
preventtheformsfrommovingorshiftingwhileworkersareinthetrench.Inaddition,t
rench pins are installed in case of hydraulic systemfailure.
5.2.8 Choosing a Protective System

The following factors should be considered when designing an effective
excavation protective system:
 Soilclassification
 Depth ofcut
 Water content ofsoil
 Changes due to weather andclimate
 Other operations in thevicinity.

5.2.9 Installation and Removal of Protective System
When installing support systems, the following requirements are vital for proper
employee protection:
 Securely connect members of supportsystems

 Safely install supportsystems
 Never overload members of supportsystems
 Install other structural members to carry loads imposed on the
support system when temporary removal of individual members
isnecessary
 Backfilling shall progress together with the removal of support
systems from excavations
5.2.10 Working in Excavation
Prior to Operation
 Check excavation permit
 Identify all undergroundinstallations
 Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards
before startingexcavation
During Operation
 Wear appropriatePPE
 Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely
affected by weather, moisture content orvibration
 Safe working distance betweenworkers
 Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warninglights
During Break Time
 Workmen should never stand or take rest on high banks of softmaterial
 Do not leave tools, materials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near
the edge ofexcavations
 Do not use guardrails as restingplace
(a) Become Aware of thefollowing
 Utilities
 AdjacentStructure
5.2.11 Inspection
A competent person must make daily inspections of excavations, adjacent areas,
and protectivesystemsforevidenceofasituationthatcouldresultinpossiblecave-
ins,indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other
hazardous conditions to ensure safe operations.
Before work starts and as needed throughoutshifts.

After rainstorms, high winds, or other occurrences that may increasehazards.
When employees are exposed to potentialhazards.
These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably
anticipated.
Employees must be immediately evacuated from any excavation under the

following circumstances:
 A possible cave-in isidentified.

 Hazardous atmospheres aredetected.
 Protective systemsfail.
 When any other potentially dangerous situationarises.
Note: Employees must not be allowed to return to the excavation until the
necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.
5.3 Hazards of excavation works
Excavating is considered the most hazardous operation in the field of
construction. An excavation is any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in
the earth's surface formed by earth removal.
The dangers of excavations come from the possibility of cave-ins, in addition to

the possibility of the following:
 Lack ofoxygen-asphyxiation
 Accidental break of underground utility (such as gas, electricity)lines
 Collapse due to moving machinery near the edge of theexcavations
 Inhalation of toxicmaterials
 Water accumulation
 Fallingobjects
Note: all excavation having a depth of 4ft or deeper shall be automatically
classified into confined spaced
5.4 Types of soils and the maximum allowable slopes

5.4.1 Definition
Actual slope means the slope to which an excavation face is excavated.
Distressmeans that the soil is in a condition where a cave-in is imminent or is likely to occur. Distress is
evidenced by such phenomena as the development of fissures in the face of or adjacent to an open
excavation; the subsidence of the edge of an excavation; the slumping of material from the face or the
bulging or heaving of material from the bottom of an excavation; the spalling of material from the face
of an excavation; and ravelling, i.e., small amounts of material such as pebbles or little clumps of
material suddenly separating from the face of an excavation and trickling or rolling down into the
excavation.
Maximum allowable slope means the steepest incline of an excavation face that is acceptable for
the most favorable site conditions as protection against cave-ins, and is expressed as the ratio of
horizontal distance to vertical rise (H:V).
Short term exposure means a period of time less than or equal to 24 hours that an excavation is
open.
5.4.2 Requirements –
(1) Soil classification. Soil and rock deposits shall be classified in accordance with appendix A to
subpart P of part 1926.
(2) Maximum allowable slope. The maximum allowable slope for a soil or rock deposit shall be
determined from Table B-1 of this appendix.
(3) Actual slope.
(i) The actual slope shall not be steeper than the maximum allowable slope.
(ii) The actual slope shall be less steep than the maximum allowable slope, when there are signs of
distress. If that situation occurs, the slope shall be cut back to an actual slope which is at least ½
horizontal to one vertical (½H:1V) less steep than the maximum allowable slope.
(iii) When surcharge loads from stored material or equipment, operating equipment, or traffic are
present, a competent person shall determine the degree to which the actual slope must be reduced
below the maximum allowable slope, and shall assure that such reduction is achieved. Surcharge
loads from adjacent structures shall be evaluated in accordance with § 1926.651(i).
Footnote(3) Sloping or benching for excavations greater than 20 feet deep shall be designed by a
registered professional engineer.
Figure B-1
Slope Configurations
(All slopes stated below are in the horizontal to vertical ratio)

B-1.1 Excavations made in Type A soil.
1. All simple slope excavation 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of ¾:1.
SIMPLE SLOPE -- GENERAL
Exception: Simple slope excavations which are open 24 hours or less (short term) and which are 12
feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of ½:1.
SIMPLE SLOPE -- SHORT TERM
2. All benched excavations 20 feet or less in depth shall have a maximum allowable slope of 3/4 to 1
and maximum bench dimensions as follows:
SIMPLE BENCH
(osha, n.d.)
5.5 Principal causes of soil collapse
5.5.1 Inadequate Protection Systems in Place

A vertical wall of soil is generally unstable. Although it may initially hold up when the soil conditions are
right, disturbances such as vibration or changes in the soil’s moisture can cause the wall to collapse. To
ensure worker safety, appropriate protection systems are required. Depending on the soil type, soil
moisture, trench depth, and other factors, one of four types of protection systems are used:
Benching. Unstable vertical walls of trenches are cut back into a stair-like pattern of steps.
Sloping. The trench wall is cut back at an angle to form a constant slope.
Supports and shoring. A trench wall can be stabilized using timber supports, or held in place with
hydraulic cylinders that push against shoring made of aluminum or steel.
Trench boxes. Trench boxes protect workers from cave-ins and do not support the trench wall. The
space between the cave wall and trench box is minimized and backfilled.
Vibration from nearby traffic, equipment, and construction operations can move and destabilize the
soil in the trench wall. The choice of protection systems should take vibration into account.
5.5.2 Stress Loading the Soil
Heavy loads and construction equipment located too close to the trench can stress the trench wall soil
to the point of failure and cause a collapse. Avoid stressing the soil by keeping heavy loads and
equipment a safe distance away.
5.5.3 Excavated Materials Located Too Close to the Trench

Pushing these materials back from the trench will prevent their collapse back into it.
5.5.4 Failure to Inspect the Trench before Each Shift and after Weather
Events
The properties of soil change with moisture content and other environmental factors. An overnight rain
can make the trench walls unstable for example. If heavy construction equipment accidentally gets too
close to the trench, its walls should be inspected.
5.6 Shoring and Timbering (Rule 1413:01)
(1) The walls of every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) deep shall be supported by adequate shoring
and timbering to prevent collapse, provided that this shall not apply to an excavation: a. in
which a worker is not required to enter for any purposes. b. cut in solid rock. c. the walls are
sloped to forty-five degree (45) angle from the vertical or cut to the angle of repose. d. in which
a worker is engaged in timbering or other work for the purpose of compliance with this Rule if
precautions are taken to ensure his safety.
(2) Shoring or timbering in excavation over 6.6 m. (29 ft.) deep and those installed to prevent
the movement, collapse of an adjacent structure shall be designed by a structural engineer and
approved by the proper authority. CONSTRUCTION SAFETY 129
(3) No excavation in an adjacent building or structure shall be undertaken unless steps are
taken to prevent danger to workers.
(4) Before shoring or timbering, the walls of an excavation shall be stripped of loose rocks or
other materials that might slide, roll or fall on workers. (
5) Every excavation over 1 m. (3 ft.) shall be kept free of water at all times.
5.7 SUMMARY
• The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.
• Employees can be protected through sloping, shielding and shoring the excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to inspect the excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic fumes, falls and
mobile equipment.
6 Tools and Equipment
Objectives
o Identify hazards associated with the use of a portable power and handtools
o Identify safety precautions in the use of a portable power and handtools
o Know how to care and service a portable power and handtools
6.1 Hazards in the use of Had tools
6.1.1 Most important hazards:
• Blows and cuts to the hands or other parts of the body.
• Eye injuries due to the projection of fragments or particles.
• Sprains due to very abrupt movements or strains.
• Electrical Contacts.
6.1.2 Principal causes:
• Inappropriate use of the tools.
• Use of faulty or inappropriate tools.
• Use of poor quality tools.
• Not using personal protection equipment.
• Forced postures.
6.1.3 Preventive measures:
• Use quality tools in accordance with the type of work to carry out.
• Properly instruct personnel in the use of each type of tool.
• Use tools with an insulating covering in work in the vicinity of live parts.
• Use protective goggles in all cases and above all when there is a risk of projected particles.
• Use gloves to handle sharp tools.
• Periodically check tools (repair, sharpening, cleaning, etc.).
• Periodically check the state of handles, insulating coverings, etc.
• Store and/or transport tools in boxes, tool bags or on suitable panels, where each tool has its
place.
6.1 Portable Hand ToolsSafety
1. HackSaw
 Adjust and tighten sawblades.
 Install blades with teeth pointingforward.
 Use proper appropriate blade (teeth perinch)
 Apply pressure on the forward stroke only.
2. MetalFiles
 Only use files with securehandles.
 Do not use a file as hammer orpry.
 Clamp work to be filed in a vise. Waistlevel.
 Tofile,pushforwardwhilebearingdownonit.Releasethepressureandbringfileback to
originalposition.
3. Wrenches
 Workers brace themselves to avoid losingbalance.
 Pull the wrench towardsyou.
 Inspect wrenches forflaws.
 Do not grind wrenches to reduce theirsizes.
4. Screwdriver
 Most screwdrivers are not designed to be used on electrical equipment. Use an
insulatedscrewdriver.
 Do not hold an object in the palm of one hand and press a screwdriver into it, place it
on a bench or atable.
 Never hammer with ascrewdriver.
 Check for broken handles, bent blade,etc.
5. Pliers
 Do not use pliers as a substitute for hammers orwrenches.
 Use insulated pliers when doing electricalwork.
 Inspect installation frequently to make certain that it is free of breaks orcracks.
6. Hammer
 Use the correct hammer for the type of work to bedone.
 Have an unobstructed swing when using a hammer and watch for overhead
interference.
 Check for defects before using.
6.1.1 Hazards in hand tools
Hand tools are tools that are powered manually. Hand tools include anything from axes to wrenches.
The greatest hazards posed by hand tools result from misuse and improper maintenance.
Some examples include the following:

 If a chisel is used as a screwdriver, the tip of the chisel may break and fly off, hitting the user
or other employees.
 If a wooden handle on a tool, such as a hammer or an axe, is loose, splintered, or cracked, the
head of the tool may fly off and strike the user or other employees.
 If the jaws of a wrench are sprung, the wrench might slip.
 If impact tools such as chisels, wedges, or drift pins have mushroomed heads, the heads might
shatter on impact, sending sharp fragments flying toward the user or other employees.
6.2 Main types of portable power tools

Portable power tools are a general category of tools used in manufacturing and construction industries, designed
to be moved from place to place. They are different from standard tools which are permanently mounted in a
workspace.
Portable power tools refer to small hand tools, which can be carried inside a tool belt or easily shipped in a
toolbox. They will be either electric tools powered by a cord or cordless versions powered by powerful lithium-ion
batteries.
Drillscan serve many functions, simply by switching the bit. It can be used as a power screwdriver, auger, and of
course, as a drill. Depending on the bit, a drill may be able to create a hole in wood, plastic, drywall, and metal. An
auger bit is used to drill larger holes, and there are even circular bits for cutting holes several inches in diameter.
Circular saws are used primarily for cutting planks of wood. When cutting large sheets of plywood, jigsaws are
most often used. Both types of saws are available as portable power tools, and can make a carpenter’s job much
easier. The reciprocating saw is one of the most versatile tools, able to cut through a variety of materials like
wood, plastic, drywall, and even metal.
Sandershave long been some of the most useful power tools. Their small size and portability allow woodworkers
to handle a variety of projects. Instead of lifting the wood to the sander, as with a table sander, the sander is
brought to the wood. Modern sanders often feature bags to capture sander dust as well.
Angle grinders are also labeled as side grinders or disc grinders, and they’re a handheld power tool that grind,
cut (through basically anything — even steel, tile and mortar), and polish various objects and materials. They can
be powered by compressed air, an electric motor or petrol engine. The key word here however is “angle”, and the
geared head is at a right-angle mounted on a disc (replaceable) with a side handle an adjustable guard to get into
those little spaces you can’t usually fit into as well as counter side forces that are sometimes created while cutting
(as opposed to axial forces typically created by other tools like power drills). They come as corded or cordless.
The chop saw is definitely rare among tool enthusiasts, but still holds some use today. Also known as a cut off
saw, these are often compared to miter saws since they’re pretty similar but hold a few differences at the same
time. Chop saws have a blade that is always perpendicular to your bench top table and sticks to strictly 90 degree
cuts. Miter saws on the other hand provide a swivel to cut in different angles as opposed to just 90 degrees.
6.3 Danger of Portable PowerTools
 Electric shock
 Particles in theeyes
 Fires
 Falls
 Explosion ofgases
6.3.1 Safety precautions in the use of portable electric tools
A. Work Area Safety

 Keep work area clean and well lit. Cluttered or dark areas inviteaccidents.
 Do not operate power tools in explosive atmospheres, such as in the
presence of flammable liquids, gases or dust. Power tools create sparks which
may ignite the dust orfumes.
 Keep children and bystanders away while operating a power tool.
Distractions can cause you to losecontrol.
B. Personal Safety
 Use personal protective equipment such as eye or face, hearing, hand and
foot protection.
 Preventunintentionalstarting.Ensuretheswitchisintheoff-
positionbeforeconnecting to power source and/or battery pack, picking up or
carrying thetool.
 Carryingpowertoolswithyourfingerontheswitchorenergizingpowertoolsthat
have the switch on invitesaccidents.
 Remove any adjusting key or wrench before turning the power toolon.
 Do not overreach. Keep proper footing and balance at all times. This enables
better control of the power tool in unexpectedsituations.
 Turn off the power when not inuse.
 Do not use the tool where flammable or explosive vapors, dust or similar
substances are present.
 Operate electric tools within their designlimit.
 Do not use electric tools in damp or wet locations unless they are approved
for that purpose.
 Ensure that cords from electric tools do not present trippinghazard.
C. Electrical Safety
 Powertoolplugsmustmatchtheoutlet.Nevermodifythepluginanyway.Donotus
e
anyadapterplugswithearthed(grounded)powertools.Unmodifiedplugsandmat
ching outlets will reduce risk of electricshock.
 Avoidbodycontactwithearthedorgroundedsurfacessuchaspipes,radiators,ra
nges and refrigerators. There is an increased risk of electric shock if your
body is earthed or grounded.
 Do not expose power tools to rain or wet conditions. Water entering a
power tool will increase the risk of electricshock.
 Donotabusethecord.Neverusethecordforcarrying,pullingorunpluggingthepo
wer
tool.Keepcordawayfromheat,oil,sharpedgesormovingparts.Damagedorentang
led cords increase the risk of electricshock.
 Whenoperatingapowertooloutdoors,useanextensioncordsuitableforoutdoor
use. Use of a cord suitable for outdoor use reduces the risk of electricshock.
 If operating a power tool in a damp location is unavoidable, use a residual
current device (RCD) protected supply. Use of an RCD reduces the risk of
electricshock.
 UseofpowersupplyviaaRCDwitharatedresidualcurrentof30mAorlessisalway
s recommended.
 Donotforcethepowertool.Usethecorrectpowertoolforyourapplication.Thecor
rect power tool will do the job better and safer at the rate for which it
wasdesigned.
 Do not use the power tool if the switch does not turn it on and off. Any
power tool that cannot be controlled with the switch is dangerous and must
berepaired.
 Disconnecttheplugfromthepowersourceand/orthebatterypackfromthepowe
rtool before making any adjustments, changing accessories, or storing power
tools. Such preventive safety measures reduce the risk of starting the power
toolaccidentally.
 Store idle power tools out of the reach of children and do not allow persons
unfamiliar with the power tool or these instructions to operate the powertool.
 Maintain power tools. Check for misalignment or binding of moving parts,
breakageof parts and any other condition that may affect the power tool’s
operation. If damaged, have the power tool repaired before use. Many
accidents are caused by poorly maintained powertools.
 Alwaysbesurethatthetoolisswitchedoffandunpluggedbeforeadjustingorchec
king function on thetool.
 Keepcuttingtoolssharpandclean.Properlymaintainedcuttingtoolswithsharpc
utting edges are less likely to bind and are easier tocontrol.
 Usethepowertool,accessoriesandtoolbitsetc.inaccordancewiththeseinstructi
ons, taking into account the working conditions and the work to be
performed. Use ofthe
power tool for operations different from those intended could result in a
hazardous situation
D. Other Precautions
 Never carry a tool by the cord orhose.
 Never yank the cord or hose to disconnect it fromreceptacle.
 Keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil, and sharpedges.
 Maintain tools with care: keep them sharp and clean for bestperformance.
E. Power Tools Care and Servicing

 Have your power tool serviced by a qualified repairperson.
 Keep handles dry, clean and free from oil andgrease.
 Alwaysbesurethatthetoolisswitchedoffandunpluggedbeforeattemptingtoper
form inspection ormaintenance.
 Remove all damaged portable power tools from use and tag them: ”Do NotUse”
 Clean and maintain tools according to the manufacturers'instructions.
 Check tools before use to ensure that they are in good workingorder.
 Store tools and cartridges in a locked dry container when they are not in
use. Ensure that the tool is unloaded before storingit
 Checkthechambertoseethatthebarreliscleanandfreefromanyobstruction,bef
ore using thetool.
F. Powered Hand Tools - Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air. Common types of these air-powered hand
tools that are used in industry include buffers, nailing and stapling guns, grinders, drills, jack
hammers, chipping hammers, riveting guns, sanders and wrenches.
6.4 How do you use pneumatic tools safely?

6.4.1 Pneumatic Tools
Pneumatic tools are powered by compressed air and include chippers, drills, hammers, and sanders.
There are several dangers associated with the use of pneumatic tools. First and foremost is the danger
of getting hit by one of the tool's attachments or by some kind of fastener the worker is using with the
tool.
Pneumatic tools must be checked to see that the tools are fastened securely to the air hose to prevent
them from becoming disconnected. A short wire or positive locking device attaching the air hose to the
tool must also be used and will serve as an added safeguard.
 Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter.

 Use hoses specifically designed to resist abrasion, cutting, crushing and failure from
continuous flexing.
 Choose air-supply hoses that have a minimum working pressure rating of 1035 kPa (150
psig) or 150% of the maximum pressure produced in the system, whichever is higher.
 Check hoses regularly for cuts, bulges and abrasions. Tag and replace, if defective.
 Blow out the air line before connecting a tool. Hold hose firmly and blow away from
yourself and others.
 Make sure that hose connections fit properly and are equipped with a mechanical means of
securing the connection (e.g., chain, wire, or positive locking device).
 Install quick disconnects of a pressure-release type rather than a disengagement type.
Attach the male end of the connector to the tool, NOT the hose.
 Do not operate the tool at a pressure above the manufacturer's rating.
 Turn off the air pressure to hose when not in use or when changing power tools.
 Do not carry a pneumatic tool by its hose.
 Avoid creating trip hazards caused by hoses laid across walkways or curled underfoot.
 Do not use compressed air to blow debris or to clean dirt from clothes.
 Do Not Clean With Compressed Air
(Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, 2013)
6.5 Use of lock-out / tag-out system
Lockout is defined "Control of Hazardous Energy - Lockout and Other Methods" as the "placement
of a lockout device on an energy-isolating device in accordance with an established procedure." A
lockout device is "a mechanical means of locking that uses an individually keyed lock to secure an
energy-isolating device in a position that prevents energization of a machine, equipment, or a process."
Lockout is one way to control hazardous energy. See the OSH Answers Hazardous Energy Control
Programs for a description of the types of hazardous energy, and steps required in a control program.
In practice, lockout is the isolation of energy from the system (a machine, equipment, or process) which
physically locks the system in a safe mode. The energy-isolating device can be a manually operated
disconnect switch, a circuit breaker, a line valve, or a block (Note: push buttons, selection switches and
other circuit control switches are not considered energy-isolating devices). In most cases, these devices
will have loops or tabs which can be locked to a stationary item in a safe position (de-energized
position). The locking device (or lockout device) can be any device that has the ability to secure the
energy-isolating device in a safe position. See the example of the lock and hasp combination in Figure 1
below.
Tag out is a labelling process that is always used when lockout is required. The process of tagging out a
system involves attaching or using an information tag or indicator (usually a standardized label) that
includes the following information:
 Why the lockout/tag out is required (repair, maintenance, etc.).

 Time of application of the lock/tag.
 The name of the authorized person who attached the tag and lock to the system.
Note: ONLY the authorized individual who placed the lock and tag onto the system is the one who is
permitted to remove them. This procedure helps make sure the system cannot be started up without
the authorized individual's knowledge.
6.5.1 Why is lockout/tag out important?
Safety devices such as barrier guards or guarding devices are installed on systems to maintain worker
safety while these systems are being operated. When non-routine activities such as maintenance,
repair, or set-up; or the removal of jams, clogs or misaligned feeds are performed, these safety devices
may be removed provided there are alternative methods in place to protect workers from the increased
risk of injury of exposure to the unintended or inadvertent release of energy.
The main method used and recommended to protect workers from risk of harm in these cases is the use
of a lockout/tag out program.
A lockout/tag out program will help prevent:
 Contact with a hazard while performing tasks that require the removal, by-passing, or
deactivation of safe guarding devices.
 The unintended release of hazardous energy (stored energy).
 The unintended start-up or motion of machinery, equipment, or processes.
6.5.2 What are the basic steps of locking and tagging out a system?
Lockout and tag out processes involve more than putting a lock on a switch. They are
comprehensive step-by-step processes that involve communication, coordination, and
training.
Please note the following definitions from CSA Z460-13:
Affected person - persons who are not directly involved in the work requiring the
hazardous energy control, but who are (or may be) located in the work area.
Authorized person - a person who is qualified to engage in hazardous energy control
because of knowledge, training, and experience and has been assigned to engage in such
control.
Steps of a lockout/tag out program include:
A. 1. Prepare for shutdown
The authorized person will identify which sources of energy are present and must be
controlled; and more importantly, identify what method of control will be used. This step
involves completing sets of specific work instructions that outline what controls and
practices are needed to lock and tag out a system before performing any activity.
B. 2. Notify all affected employees
The authorized person will communicate the following information to notify affected
persons:
 What is going to be locked/tagged out.

 Why it is going to be locked/tagged out.
 For approximately how long will the system be unavailable.
 Who is responsible for the lockout/tag out.
 Who to contact for more information.
C. 3. Equipment Shutdown
If the system is operating it should be shutdown in its normal manner. Use manufacturer
instructions or in-house work instructions. Equipment shutdown involves ensuring
controls are in the off position, and verifying that all moving parts such as flywheels, gears,
and spindles have come to a complete stop.
D. 4. Isolation of system from hazardous energy
The exact written instructions will be specific to that system in the workplace. In general,
the following procedures are used:
 Electrical energy - Switch electrical disconnects to the off position. Visually verify
that the breaker connections are in the off position. Lock the disconnects into the off
position.
Figure 1: Electrical lockout
 Hydraulic and Pneumatic potential energy - Set the valves in the closed position and
lock them into place. Bleed off the energy by opening the pressure relief valves, then
closing the airlines.
Figure 2: Hydraulic and Pneumatic lockout
 Mechanical potential energy - carefully release energy from springs that may still be
compressed. If this is not feasible, block the parts that may move if there is a
possibility that the spring can transfer energy to it.
 Gravitational potential energy - Use a safety block or pin to prevent the part of the
system that may fall or move.
 Chemical energy - locate chemical supply lines to the system and close and lockout
the valves. Where possible, bleed lines and/or cap ends to remove chemicals from
the system.
E. 5. Dissipation (removal) of residual or stored energy

In general, examples include:
 Electrical energy - To find a specific method to discharge a capacitor for the system
in question, contact the manufacturer for guidance. Many systems with electrical
components, motors, or switch gears contain capacitors. Capacitors store electrical
energy. In some cases, capacitors hold a charge and may release energy very rapidly
(e.g., similar to the flash of a camera). In other cases, capacitors are used to remove
spikes and surges in order to protect other electrical components. Capacitors must
be discharged in the lockout process in order to protect workers from electrical
shock.
 Hydraulic and Pneumatic potential energy - Setting the valves in the closed position
and locking them into place only isolates the lines from more energy entering the
system. In most cases, there will still be residual energy left in the lines as
pressurized fluid. This residual energy can be removed by bleeding the lines
through pressure relief valves. Verify depressurization or use flange-breaking
techniques. Contact the manufacturer for more specific details, or if no pressure
relief valves are available, what other methods are available.
 Mechanical potential energy - Carefully release energy from springs that may still be
compressed. If this is not possible, use blocks to hold the parts that may move if the
energy is released.
 Gravitational potential energy - If feasible, lower the part to a height where falling is
impossible. If this is not possible, contact the manufacturer for guidance.
 Chemical energy - If available, bleed lines and/or cap ends to remove chemicals
from the system.
F. 6. Lockout/Tag out
When the system's energy sources are locked out, there are specific guidelines that must be
followed to make sure that the lock cannot be removed, and the system cannot be
inadvertently operated. These guidelines include:
 Each lock should only have one key (no master keys are allowed).
 There should be as many locks on the system as there are people working on it. For
example, if a maintenance job requires 3 workers, then 3 locks should be present -
each of the individuals should place their OWN lock on the system. Locks can only be
removed by those who installed them, and should only be removed using a specific
process - see step 9 below.
Figure 3: Example of multiple locks on a lockout tag
G. 7. Verify Isolation
Verify that the system is properly locked out before beginning any work. Verification can
take place in several ways:
 The machine, equipment, or process controls (push buttons, switches, etc.) are
engaged or activated and the result is observed. No response means isolation is
verified. Return controls to the safe position (off).
 Visual inspection of:
o Electrical connections to make sure they are open.
o Suspended parts are lowered to a resting position or blocked to prevent
movement.
o Other devices that restrain machine or process movement.
o Valve positioning for double block and bleed (for pipes or ducts) - closing
two valves of a section of a line, and then bleeding (or venting) the section of
the line between the two closed valves.
o Presence of solid plate used to absolutely close a line - called line blanking
(for pipes or ducts).
o Any other acceptable method of energy isolation.
 Testing of the equipment:
o Test circuitry (should be done by a certified electrician) - note: equipment
with capacitors needs to be cycled until all energy is drained.
o Check pressure gauges to make sure hydraulic and pneumatic potential
energy has been removed.
o Check temperature gauges to make sure thermal energy has been discharged.
Choose the method that will best make sure that the energy to the system has been isolated
without creating other hazards during the verification.
H. 8. Perform Maintenance or Service Activity
Complete the activity that required the lockout process to be started.
I. 9. Remove Lockout/Tag out devices
To remove locks and tags from a system that is now ready to be put back into service, the
following general procedure can be used:
 Inspect the work area to make sure all tools and items have been removed.
 Confirm that all employees and persons are safely located away from hazardous
areas.
 Verify that controls are in a neutral position.
 Remove devices and re-energize machine.
 Notify affected employees that servicing is completed.
*Note - it is good practice to make sure any individual who placed a lock on the system
should also be present when the system is re-started. This practice helps make sure those
employees working on the system are not in a hazardous area when the machine is
restarted.
(Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, n.d.)
6.6 SUMMARY
Hazards are usually the result of improper tool use or not following one or more of these
protection techniques:
 Inspecting the tool before use

 Read Tool Owner’s Manual prior to use
 Using PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Using guards
 Properly storing and maintaining the tool
 Keep the workplace neat and free of clutter
 Using safe handling techniques
7 Construction Machinery (Mobile Equipment safety)
Objectives
 To establish the minimum requirements under DO No. 13 Section 10 (Safety on

Construction HeavyEquipment)
 Identify the hazards posed by improper operation of heavyequipment
 Identify different types of heavyequipment
 To understand the responsibility of certified heavy equipment operators andspotters
Heavy Equipment-Anymachinewithengineorelectricmotorasprimemoverusedforlifting,
excavating, leveling, drilling, compacting, transporting and breaking works in the
construction site, such as but not limited to, crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road
compactor, prime mover andtrailer,withminimum operatingweightandhorsepower
ratingof1,000 KGand10 HPrespectively.
7.1 Types of Heavy Construction Equipment

7.1.1 Excavators
Excavators are important and widely used equipment in construction industry. Their general purpose is
to excavation but other than that they are also used for many purposes like heavy lifting, demolition,
river dredging, cutting of trees etc.
Tracked Excavator
7.1.2 Backhoe
Backhoe is another widely used equipment which is suitable for multiple purposes. The name itself
telling that the hoe arrangement is provided on the back side of vehicle while loading bucket is provided
in the front.
This is well useful for excavating trenches below the machine level and using front bucket loading,
unloading and lifting of materials can be done.
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 1

Back Hoe
7.1.3 Dragline Excavator

Dragline excavator is another heavy equipment used in construction which is generally used for larger
depth excavations. It consists a long length boom and digging bucket is suspended from the top of the
boom using cable.
Drag line Excavator
7.1.4 Bulldozers
Bulldozers are another type of soil excavating equipment which are used to remove the topsoil layer up
to particular depth. The removal of soil is done by the sharp edged wide metal plate provided at its front.
This plate can be lowered and raised using hydraulic pistons.

Bulldozer
These are widely used for the removal of weak soil or rock strata, lifting of soil etc.
7.1.5 Graders
Graders also called as motor graders are another type of equipment used in construction especially for
the construction of roads. It is mainly used to level the soil surface. It contains a horizontal blade in
between front and rear wheels and this blade is lowered in to the ground while working. Operating cabin
is provided on the top of rear axle arrangement.
Motor Graders are also used to remove snow or dirt from the roads, to flatten the surface of soil before
laying asphalt layer, to remove unnecessary soil layer from the ground etc.
Motor Grader
7.1.6 Compactors
Compactors or Rollers are used to compact the material or earth surface. Different types of compactors
are available for different compacting purposes.
Smooth wheel rollers are used for compacting shallow layers of soil or asphalt etc. sheep-foot rollers are
used for deep compaction purposes. Pneumatic tyred rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils,
asphalt layers etc.

Smooth Wheel Compactor
7.1.7 Telehandlers
Telehandlers are hoisting equipment used in construction to lift heavy materials up to required height or
to provide construction platform for workers at greater heights etc. It contains a long telescopic boom
which can be raised or lowered or forwarded.
Different types of arrangements like forklifts, buckets, cabin, lifting jibs etc. can be attached to the end of
telescopic boom based on the requirement of job.
Telehandler
7.1.8 Pile Driving Equipment

Another heavy equipment used in construction site is pile driving equipment in case of pile foundation
construction. This equipment lifts the pile and holds it in proper position and drives into the ground up
to required depth.
Different types of pile driving equipment are available namely, piling rigs, piling hammer, hammer
guides etc. in any case the pile is driven into the ground by hammering the pile top which is done
hydraulically or by dropping.

Hydraulic Pile Driving
(The Constructor Civil Engineering home, n.d.)

7.2 Persons at risk aside from the operator
Every year heavy equipment operators, ground workers and pedestrians are injured or killed
by heavy mobile equipment used in construction. Many of these incidents are the result of
rollovers or by individuals being struck or crushed by equipment. In fact, “struck -by” deaths are
one of the construction industry’s “Fatal Four” leading causes of death on the job site—of which
75% involve heavy equipment. 1
Several conditions can contribute to struck-by injuries and fatalities, including:
 Falling materials and loads.

 Equipment operator blind spots.
 An operator dismounting and leaving equipment in gear, or not setting the brakes or
wheel chocks.
 Equipment tip-over or rollover.
 Equipment or controls not locked out during maintenance.
A construction carpenter died

when struck by the bucket of a
backhoe.
Click to Enlarge
(osh academy, n.d.)
7.3 Responsibilities of workers, working near heavy equipment

operation, spotter, and equipment operator
7.3.1 Operator Safe Work Practices
In addition to being trained and familiar with the equipment being operated, operators can help
reduce the risk of injury or fatality associated with heavy equipment through safe practices.
 Be familiar with the equipment and the operator’s manual.

 Inspect the equipment at the start of each shift, including the brake system, headlights,
taillights, brake lights, windshield wipers and audible warning devices, such as the horn
and the back-up alarm.
 Adjust all side and back mirrors to help compensate for blind spots.
 Ensure workers are clear of equipment before operating.
 Acknowledge and allow safe passage to workers who alert you that they are approaching.
 Avoid operating equipment parallel to slopes or embankments.
 Turn off the engine and engage brakes before leaving equipment.
 Face the equipment, maintaining three points of contact, while getting on and off the
equipment.
 Always wear the seat belt.
 Avoid overloading vehicles.
 Top loading vehicles must have cab shields and canopy protection.
Additional risks can include contact with overhead energized utility lines by mobile cranes and
poor ground conditions.
7.3.2 Spotters
Worker visibility and visual and verbal communication play an important role in ongoing safe
operations. Blind spots can be a significant operator issue. A spotter, trained in hand signals,
can help provide safety guidance and communication between the operator, workers and
nearby pedestrians to compensate for blind spots.
A. Spotter’s Responsibility
 Make sure that only authorized persons are riding in theequipment
 Observe that they remain seated or standing only in places designated in the
user manual, and that they are using the safety equipmentprovided.
 Make sure that all personnel in the area are wearing the required safety
equipment, such as regulation hard hats and bright coloredvests.
 Spotters Responsibility
 Keep unauthorized persons clear of the workarea.
 Help the equipment operator back up and use extra vigilance during any
back-up operation.
 Always be on the alert for situations where backward motion is hazardous,
and situations where the operator's vision isobstructed.
 Keep unauthorized persons clear of the workarea.
 Checkforhazardpostingsandremainvigilantinareaswherethereisdangerofcon

tact with underground gaslines.
 Exercise extra vigilance in congested areas or where it is verynoisy.
 Traffic Control
 Traffic SafetyVests
(travelers, n.d.)
7.4 Key elements in heavy equipment safety program

Heavy equipment is a necessity on nearly every construction project. Unfortunately,
they can be extremely dangerous when not used properly. Rollovers, struck by
accidents and caught in or between accidents are common ways workers can be
injured when working on or near heavy equipment.
7.4.1 Equipment Operator Training

Workers should be trained on the proper procedures to safely operate all pieces of
equipment they will be working on. Training should be conducted as a combination of
classroom and practical hands-on instruction. Topics that should be covered include
safety, hazard identifications, safety features of the equipment and safe maneuvering of
the heavy equipment.
Workers should be trained on how to safely mount and dismount and the proper start
up procedure for each piece of equipment. They should have a clear understanding of
lifting loads and load capacity for the equipment they will be working on. Retraining
and refresher courses should be conducted as needed, especially if a worker is
observed operating equipment unsafely or in a manner other than its intended
purpose. Only trained workers should be allowed to operate equipment for any reason.

7.5 Be Aware of Your Surroundings
When operating heavy equipment, you need to mindful of the area you are working in
and any obstacles you may encounter. Overhead power lines should be deenergized, or
if that’s not possible, establish barriers to avoid making contact with them. If digging,
make sure that all underground utilities, such as sewer, water, gas and electrical, have
been identified and clearly marked to avoid damaging them and creating delays and
more work.
Whenever possible, workers should be kept out of areas where heavy equipment is in
operating. Operators should be aware of their swing radius, especially when working in
tighter spaces, to avoid hitting other workers, bystanders, or other vehicles or
equipment in the vicinity.
7.5.1 Entering and Exiting Equipment

This one should go without saying, but based on the number of injuries workers suffer
each year, but there is a right and a wrong way to mount and dismount from heavy
equipment. When climbing onto equipment, always maintain three points of contact
just like you do when climbing a ladder. Never carry anything with you as you enter or
exit the cab. Never jump out of the cab or off the equipment to exit.
Never enter or exit equipment that is moving or in operation. Make sure you
completely shut off the equipment, engage the parking brake and release any pressure
from hydraulic controls. Make sure to take the keys with you to avoid any unauthorized
use.
7.5.2 Inspect Equipment Before Use

Visually inspect heavy equipment before each use to ensure it’s in good operating
condition. Check tires and tracks for any wear and damage. At the very least, you
should check fluid levels such as engine oil and hydraulic fluid and oil levels before you
start up the equipment for the first time each day. Check hydraulic hoses, buckets,
booms and other components for cracks and damage. Make sure all attachments are
securely locked into place.
When you fire up the equipment, make sure the lights, gauges, horn and backup alarms
are all working properly. Make sure all arms, shovels, buckets, etc. fully extend in all
directions. If the cab rotates, check to make sure it can do so in all directions. Never use
equipment that isn’t working properly or appears damaged. Not only could you damage
the machine further, but it could be a major safety issue if not fixed before use.
7.5.3 Only Use Equipment as Intended

Each piece of equipment was designed to perform a specific task. Excavators aren’t
cranes and wheel loaders weren’t made to carry workers in the bucket and used as an
aerial lift. Pick the right piece of equipment for the task at hand and use it as the
manufacturer intended.

Don’t overload or overwork equipment. Be mindful of the payload or lift capacity of the
equipment. This may require getting a bigger piece of equipment if what you have isn’t
enough to get the job done. If lifting material, make sure all riggings are properly
secured. Don’t try to go too fast when operating equipment, especially on slopes.
7.5.4 Wear Your Seatbelt

Those seatbelts aren’t just a suggestion, they could save your life. In the event the
equipment starts to tip or roll over, the seatbelt is probably going to keep you alive. If
equipment starts to tip or roll over, you might instinctively be compelled to jump out of
the cab. Unfortunately, that is the worst thing you could possibly do. The equipment
could tip back the other way and fall on as you make your escape or you could get
caught or flung out as it rolls over and seriously injured.
The rollover protection system installed on the equipment is intended to keep you safe
in such an event. The seatbelt will keep you from getting jostled around and banged up
or flung from the cab.
7.5.5 Keep the Area Clear

Ideally, you can cordon off the area with barriers to keep workers from accidentally
getting in close proximity to operating equipment. If you are moving or operating
equipment near workers use a spotter, using radio or hand signals to communicate, to
keep your blind spots clear. This is especially important when backing up. Yes, the
equipment will have backup alarms, but they often go unheeded on construction sites
due to their prevalence.
7.6 Proper equipment maintenance
First of all, there are two types of construction equipment maintenance. Construction companies
practice routine maintenance and preventive maintenance. The two maintenance types go hand-in-
hand but there’s a distinct difference. Here is what each maintenance type involves:
Routine Maintenance:This type refers to the regular maintenance that all construction
equipment undergoes on a fixed schedule. The usual maintenance tasks are oil and filter changes as
wells as lubrication, checking fluid levels and testing pressures. Routine maintenance also includes
procedures laid out in the manufacturer’s operation manual. That might include fluid or failure
analysis.
Preventive Maintenance: Outside of routine maintenance work, equipment preventive

maintenance takes a broader scope. Construction equipment preventive maintenance looks for
problems in the making. Then mechanics or service technicians take steps to stop or prevent
potential machine failure. They take preventive action before something goes seriously wrong.
7.7 Here are the main reasons why it’s so important to conduct
preventive maintenance on construction equipment:
Longevity: Performing routine and preventive maintenance on construction equipment and
machinery makes them last longer. There’s absolutely no argument that properly maintained
machines and various construction equipment pieces have greater longevity than poorly kept ones.

Regularly servicing machines extends their life, and that extends their availability. Preventing
problems ensures that equipment is always available when needed.
Availability: Any construction equipment that suddenly breaks down is unavailable for service.
That makes them not only unprofitable due to unavailability, it makes them expensive to pull from
service and make unexpected repairs. Often, the equipment operator sits idle while their machine is
not available to work. That causes compounded expenses in human and equipment downtime.
Expenses: When construction equipment suddenly fails and breaks down, it causes unplanned
expenses. Usually, unexpected failures are serious problems that aren’t cheap to repair. Poorly
maintained equipment is notorious for causing compound failures. That’s where one problem
creates another problem. Compounded problems are expensive issues, and could easily be
prevented through careful maintenance. They also create poor confidence in workers.
Confidence: To be productive, construction equipment operators have to be confident in their

machines’ performance. No worker likes operating poorly maintained equipment. It’s human
nature for workers to increase performance and output when they know their machines are
reliable. Confident workers are also careful workers. They watch out for signs of potential problems
and report issues before they become unnecessary expenses. Confident workers are also safer
operators. They appreciate the safety stemming from equipment that’s part of a preventive
maintenance program.
Safety: Safety is highly important in every workplace. Proper safety procedures are especially
necessary when working with heavy machinery and on construction sites. As with longevity, there’s
no question that well-maintained construction equipment is safer than neglected machinery.
Sudden equipment failure can easily cause serious injury to its operator or anyone in the line of fire.
Failing construction equipment can also cause expensive damage to other machines, buildings or
surrounding property. That can result in litigation resulting from a lack of preventive maintenance.
Litigation: No one wants to go to court and risk ending up paying for damages due to lawsuits.
Neglecting to do regular servicing and preventive maintenance on your construction equipment is
an accident waiting to happen. And accidents often result in expensive legal procedures. Litigation
is preventable as long as a construction company practices due diligence and addresses any
potential for negligence on their part. Part of due diligence is ensuring that all equipment
undergoes a routine and preventive maintenance program on a regular basis. Companies will also
want to keep maintenance records and schedules.
7.8 MAKE A COMPREHENSIVE EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE CHECKLIST

Many companies use an alphabetical approach that covers these equipment components and
machinery systems. Categories include:
Batteries
Belts
Body
Brakes

Coolant
Drives
Electrical
Engine
Exhaust
Filters
Fluids
Fuel
Glass
Hoses
Injectors
Lubrication
Safety
Steering
Suspension
Tires
Transmission

7.9 Department Order no. 13 section 10 Safety on Construction Heavy
Equipment
In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following are required in the
different phases of the project.
7.9.1 10.1 Pre-Construction

The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from DOLE duly
accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA) in coordination with its accredited organization/s.
b) All heavy equipment must be tested and certified in accordance with the standards prepared by
DOLE or its recognized organization/s prior to commissioning of said equipment.
7.9.2 10.2 During Construction

The General Constructor must ensure that the following conditions are met or complied with:
A. 10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of Heavy Equipment.

a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy equipment.
b) Load restrictions, height and width clearances as imposed by the
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) for all roads and bridges to be utilized during
transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to the trailer.
B. 10.2.2 Erection / Set-up of Heavy Equipment

a) Existing hazards must be avoided.
b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be observed.
c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be available and properly utilized.
C. 10.2.3 Routine Inspection

In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified mechanics andoperators shall conduct daily
routine inspection of all heavy equipmentdeployed at the site in accordance with standards set by
TESDA in coordination with the Association of Construction Equipment Lessors (Acel,Inc.).
a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipment must be performed by
 DOLE accredited professionals in accordance to standards set by
 DOLE recognized equipment suppliers.
b) All equipment which do not comply with the minimum certificationshall be immediately
removed from the work site for restorationor repair until they meet said standards or
requirements.

The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall maintain a separate logbook for data on
maintenance, repairs, tests and inspections and inspections for each heavy equipment. Such
logbooks shall be used as a necessary reference during the conduct of equipment inspection.
D. 10.2.4 Certified Operators

a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment.
b) All operators and riggers must wear personal protective equipment as prescribed in the
above pertinent section. 10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction The procedures for
dismantling and demobilization of heavy equipment shall follow the same requirements as
listed under 10.2.1 and 10.2.2 above.
7.10 SUMMARY
Heavy equipment is a necessity on nearly every construction project. Unfortunately, they can be
extremely dangerous when not used properly. Rollovers, struck by accidents and caught in or
between accidents are common ways workers can be injured when working on or near heavy
equipment.
Following different Occupational Safety and Health Standard when working with heavy equipment
on the construction site to ensure you stay productive and maintain an accident-free jobsite:

8 Construction Machinery (Crane Safety)
8.1 Objective
 Define material handling

 Identify the different types of cranes
 Explain the basic Rules for Safe operation of Crane
 Discuss the rigging equipment
 Identify types of rigging equipment
 Discuss how to inspect Sling use in Crane
 Explain different size of rope
8.2 Definition of materials handling

In the construction industry, the term 'material handling' refers to the delivery, movement, storage
and control of materials and other products. This forms part of the logistics management of a
project.
8.3 Materials handling accidents

The injuries with the highest average incurred costs included amputations, dislocations, electric
shock, crushing and multiple trauma injuries, such as breaking multiple bones at once. These severe
injuries have typically occurred less frequently overall.
 While material handling accidents were the top cause of injuries overall, these were
especially common in the manufacturing and retail industries, causing nearly 40 percent of
injuries in both sectors.
 Falling from height was among the top causes of injuries in both the construction and retail
industries.
 The oil and gas industry was the only segment in which motor vehicle accidents were one of
the most frequent causes of injury.
 Eye injuries were one of the most frequent types of injuries in manufacturing and
construction.
(Facility Executive, 2016)
8.4 Definition of crane and two basic types of cranes
A crane is a machine for lifting and lowering a load and moving it horizontally, with the hoisting
mechanism an integral part of the machine. Cranes whether fixed or mobile are driven manually or
by power.
(osha, n.d.)
8.4.1 The Different Types Of Cranes Used In Construction
A. MOBILE CRANES
Mobile Cranes are the most standard and versatile type of crane used in construction today. The
mobile hydraulic crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile platform,
which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The boom is hinged at the bottom and can be
either raised or lowered by cables or hydraulic cylinders.
What makes this construction crane so versatile is it’s footprint and mobility. In construction
situations, it can sometimes be difficult to get close to where you need to hoist the materials.
Moving a crane into a position that allows it to lift the material with the correct crane capacity is
effected by the footprint of the crane. The foot print is the area required to have the crane set up it’s
outriggers into position that allows it to hoist the material while inside the crane chart
requirements.
B. Stationary Mobile
(1) TOWER CRANE

The tower crane is a modern form of a balance crane. When fixed to the ground, tower cranes will
often give the best combination of height and lifting capacity and are also used when constructing
tall buildings. Some large tower cranes will reach up to 1000 meters high! With an average floor
dimension of a high rise equaling 3.5 meters/floor. That’s a crazy 285 story building! Pretty
incredible machines. One important thing to note about tower cranes, as they construct past a
specific height, it is important to have the tower crane connected to the building to help prevent
crane sway and crane tipping.
8.4.2 What are the Most Common Crane Hazards?
Working with cranes poses many hazards, and unsafe working practices can result in injuries,
fatalities and costly damage to buildings and materials. Therefore, it’s important you’re aware of
the main hazards and how you can avoid them.
Some of the main crane-related hazards include:
A. Falling Loads
When working with overhead cranes, falling loads are one of the most common, and most
dangerous, hazards. A falling load can result in several injuries, fatalities and significant structural
damage to buildings and property. Additionally, it will also lead to significant time and money costs.
Falling loads from an overhead crane could be the result of:
 Operator incompetency. You must ensure your employees are adequately trained so they
are able to carry out their roles competently and safely.
 Slipping. If you don’t secure loads properly it can result in slipping material.
 Mechanical failure. The risk of mechanical failure can be reduced if you ensure a
competent person carries out routine inspections, maintenance and repairs at suitable
intervals.
 Two blocking. Two blocking occurs when an uppermost hoist line component (i.e the
load block, hook block, overhaul ball) touches the upper block, boom tip or similar
component. When two blocking occurs, increased tension is placed on the line which can
result in falling loads or crane components.
B. Electrical Hazards
Around 50% of accidents involving overhead cranes are a result of a metal part of a crane coming
into contact with a power source (i.e a high-voltage power line). There’s a risk of a crane’s hoist line
or boom touching energized power lines when moving materials nearby or underneath. While
those directly touching the crane are the most likely to be electrocuted, any workers in the vicinity
are also at risk. Therefore, one accident can result in multiple deaths and injuries. Around 200
fatalities per year are the result of contact with power lines, so it’s crucial that pre-job planning is
carried out prior to starting work.
C. Crane Overload
The majority of crane structural failures and upsets are the result of somebody overloading a crane.
If you exceed a crane’s operational capacity, you are likely to subject it to structural stresses and
cause irreversible damage.
You could overload a crane if you:
 Swing or suddenly drop loads.

 Hoist loads beyond the cranes capacity.
 Use defective components.
 Drag loads.
 Side-load a boom.
D. Crane Safety Tips
When working with cranes, there will always be hazards. However, you can minimise the risks by
ensuring you take appropriate precautions to undertake all operations safely.
To carry out your crane operations safely, you should:
 Appropriately train all employees. As an employer, you have a legal responsibility to

provide appropriate health and safety training to all your employees so they’re competent
at their jobs. By training your employees you’ll increase workplace safety, satisfaction and
profits as you reduce injuries, fatalities, accidents and sickness absence.
 Ensure employees know they must not stand under loads and ensure operators never
lift a load over an employee. You must never stand under a crane or have a load lifted
over you. It’s crucial your employees are aware of this and avoid walking through any zones
where cranes are overhead.
 Know, understand and comply with the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment
Regulations 1998 (LOLER). To find out more about your legal responsibilities under
LOLER, have a look at our LOLER FAQ Guide.
 Carry out routine maintenance and repairs of all on-site equipment at appropriate
intervals. Part of your legal responsibility under LOLER involves carrying out routine,
periodic maintenance and repairs to ensure your machinery is in safe working condition.
 Ensure a supervisor is present on site at all times when cranes are in operation.
 Make employees aware of, and strictly enforce, your load and lifting limits.
 Ensure clear warning signals are displayed on-site when needed. You must display the
relevant hazard signs in all danger zones on-site to warn your employees of the potential
hazards. You must also ensure all your employees know and understand all the warning
signs so they are aware of when they are entering a danger zone.
 Select appropriate PPE for all employees. You must ensure your employees wear
appropriate foot, head and eye protection, along with any other PPE you have identified in
your risk assessment.
 Properly safety-plan all jobs before starting work. You must also decide who’s in charge
of pre-job safety planning prior to any cranes arriving on-site.
(high speed training, 2018)
8.4.3 Crane Safety

A. Tower crane lifting
The lifting capacity of Tower crane depends on various factors.
The limitation for lifting weight starts from the base of the tower crane. Each and every component of
the tower crane affects the load lifting capacity of the tower crane.
For a typical tower crane Maximum unsupported height – 80 meters (265 feet) Maximum Reach – 70
meters (230 feet), Maximum Lifting Power – 19.8 tons (18 Metric Tons), 300 tonne-meters.
Counterweights – 20 tons (16.3 Metric Tons).
If the crane height is more than 265 feet, then some means of sturdy support is required. It may be
some steel wires fixed from the crane mast to the different parts of the building. The maximum weight
that the tower crane can lift is 18 Metric Tons. However the quantity of weight to be lifted keeps on
decreasing as the distance from crane center increases. So it is always better to lift loads keeping them
as close as possible to the crane’s center.
The factor 300 tonne-meter is instrumental in understanding the load limitation. It is the moment of the
load lifted about the crane’s center. So moment = load * distance.
A 300 tonne-meter limit can be inferred as a load of 10 tons being lifted at a distance of 30 meters from
the center of the crane. So moment about the crane’s center is 10 tons * 30 meters = 300 tonne-meter.
B. Tower crane load capacity

Basic precautions for a Tower Crane with respect to a load being lifted:
Maximum load limit switch: This switch along with its accessories monitors the pull (strain) on the cable
and thus does not allow the maximum load limit to cross 18 tons, after which it trips the motor and
gives audible and visual alarms.
Load moment limit switch: This limit switch along with its accessories ensures the load-moment (tonne-
meter) rating does not exceed beyond the given limit, after which the hoist motor and traversing motors
are tripped with audible and visual alarms.
These towers are held at the base by concrete structures/pads, with the help of anchor bolts. These
concrete slabs are made ready several weeks before the arrival of the tower cranes. These concrete
pads weigh about 2 tons.
To illustrate how to read a crane chart, we’ve chosen the chart for the Terex RT345XL, a rough terrain
crane with a maximum lift capacity of 45 tons.
(Grúas y aparejos, n.d.)
C. Mobile crane lifting capacity

Over what operating areas will the load be handled? Working Area charts define specific areas of the
crane that relate to loading ratings.
Areas such as Over the Side, Over the Rear, Over the Front, and 360-degree Rotation lead you to specific
load charts. Make certain you know the area where the load will be lifted from, the area the load will
pass through, and the area the load will be placed.
Base lifting capacities on the area with the least load rating according to the working area chart. The
combined information to this point will lead you to one or more pages within a load chart.
D. How to calculate crane load capacity?

Does the crane have sufficient load hoist reeving? Reeving charts indicate the type of wire rope and the
number of parts of wire rope required to lift loads. A reeving chart which indicates 28,000 lbs. capacity
for a two-part reeving will require more reeving prior to making a lift that exceeds 28,000 lbs.
To determine how much load the crane can safely handle you must also know the length of the boom
(hydraulic cranes show boom lengths in a row at the top of the load chart), and the load radius of the
suspended load (hydraulic cranes show radius in a column on the left side of the load chart).
When boom length and/or radius is between the values printed on the load chart you must select the
boom length and/or radii with the least load rating.
Keep in mind that a shorter boom length may have a lesser rating. You cannot assume that taking load
values from the next longer boom length is safe. (Grúas y aparejos, n.d.)
E. LOAD RATING
3.7.1. Every tower crane should be equipped with a substantial and durable load chart, with clearly
legible letters and figures and having the following information:
3.7.1.1. Crane model number;
3.7.1.2. Serial number;
3.7.1.3. Date of manufacture;
3.7.1.4. A full and complete range of the manufacturer’s approved crane load ratings of all stated
operating radii
(or jib angles) for each recommended counterweight, jib length, tower height or other installation
conditions;
3.7.1.5. Lifting speed instructions;
3.7.1.6. Recommended parts of hoist reeving, size and type of rope for various crane loads;
3.7.1.7. Essential precautionary or warning notes relative to limitations on equipment & operating
procedures;
3.7.1.8. Drum data, available line pull, permissible line pull, line speed and rope spooling capacity;
3.7.1.9. Wind velocity operating limits.
3.7.2. Load chart should be securely attached to the cab in a location easily visible to the operator
while seated at his control station.
3.7.3. When crane is operational from the remote control console, the load chart should be attached
to a substantial plate secured to the console. (occupational safety and health center, n.d.)
8.4.4 WIRE ROPE AND REEVING
5.9.1. The hoist and trolley ropes should be installed in accordance with the crane manufacturer’s
instruction.
(occupational safety and health center, n.d.)
A. Wire Rope Requirements

o BreakingStrength
 Ruleof thumb
o B.S. (tons) = D2 (mm) /20
o Rope Criteria
 over 7 strands are severed in onelay
 1/3 diameter of individualwire
 kinks, birdcage or otherdamages
o At least 2 wire of rope shall remain in the drum when the hook is placed
at the lowest portion
o BrokenWires
8.5 Basic Rules for Safe Operation of Crane

8.5.1 Pre-Operation
A. Pre-Operation
 Barricade areas in which personnel could be trapped orcrushed.
 Mark the location of all underground utilityservices
 Check engines, controls, brakes, safety devices for normaloperation
 Make sure that all personnel in the area are wearing the required safety
equipment, such as regulation hard hats and bright coloredvests.
 Keep unauthorized persons clear of the workarea.
 Plan on how to implement trafficcontrol
 Make sure no one is near the machine when the operator turns iton.
 Make sure that seat belts and any other safety devices are in working
order prior to operation.
 Display safety warning signs when operating heavy equipment (e.g.
work operated platform)
8.5.2 Operation
B. Operation
 Operator use safetybelt
 Do not carry or use crane beyond the ratedload
 Never move load overpeople.
 Never allow personnel to ride on aload.
 Center the crane over the load before starting tohoist.
 Keep hoisting ropes vertical
 No sidepull
 Do not leave suspended loadunattended.
 Keep hook block more than 2m above the floor when not inuse.
 Use tagline to stabilize and controlloads.
 Respond to signals from designated signalmanonly.
 Follow standard procedure when working nearpowerlines
A. Mobilization or Transport of Crane

 Load restriction of trailer carrying such HeavyEquipment
 LoadrestrictionsandwidthclearancesasimposedbytheDepartmentofPublicW
orks and Highways(DPWH)
 Onlydulycertifiedoperatorsareallowedtoloadandunloadheavyequipmenttotrailer
 Equipment to be transported must be properly secured to thetrailer
B. Erection/Set-Up of Crane
 Existing hazards must beavoided
 Standards checklist of steps and procedures must beobserved
 List of necessary equipment, tools and materials must be available and
properly utilized
C. Riggers Responsibility
 Make sure that only authorized persons are riding in theequipment
 Responsible for the proper selection of lifting equipment as per loadconfiguration
 Responsible in directing the loadsafely.
 Position himself in full view of the craneoperator.
 Fully qualified and experienced with performing theoperations
 Constant communication with the crane operator at all times with either
hand signals or byradio
 Responsible for keeping all unauthorized personnel outside the crane’s
operating radius.
 To able to communicate with radio where the crane operator is out ofrange
 To understand the companies, rules and regulation, color coding and
certification of liftingequipment
8.6 Operating on slope for mobile crane
Mobile cranes travelling with freely suspended loads should avoid slopes, unless a load is within the
manufacturer's allowable rated lifting capacities. That is, the total freely suspended load, including
the mass of material and load handling equipment, that the crane can safely lift under ideal
conditions at a given boom length and load radius. Cranes should be operated on firm level ground
(to within 1 per cent gradient, 0.6°) with their tyres inflated to the correct pressure.
Some crane manufacturers provide derating charts, which help to determine a crane's rated lifting
capacity on a certain side slope. For slopes that are allowed by a manufacturer, the following factors
should be considered:
Operations should be undertaken according to the crane manufacturer's instructions – in
particular, refer to the crane operations manual for consideration of any decrease in the rated
capacity due to external influences ie deration.
Inspect ground conditions, especially after wet weather, before lifting and moving loads. The
ground should be level and capable of supporting the crane and its load. Plan the path of travel
before operating the crane. It may be necessary to improve ground conditions.
Crane operators and crane crew must be trained and competent in 'pick and carry' operations and
have received the crane manufacturer's information for this type of operation.
With 'pick and carry' operations, the load should be carried with the minimum boom length, as
close to the ground as possible and moved at a comfortable walking pace.
When moving the load, attach tag lines to prevent load swing which can reduce the crane's capacity
by inducing a side load on the boom. These can be held by the dogman or attached appropriately.
The side slope inclinometer is to be used as a guide only. It is only accurate when the crane's
articulation is straight ahead with no load.
Consider the additional effect of wind loading, especially on loads with a large wind area.
Prepare a safe work method statement and implement risk control measures for any reduced lifting
capacities.
Use rated lifting equipment, such as slings or spreader beams.
Except when the movement of a crane and its load is being directed by a dogman, the operator
should be able to observe the hook, load attaching device and load. The dogman should be seen by
the operator and should not be positioned between the load and the crane.
Cranes are also limited in their fore and aft slope rated lifting capacity when used in 'pick and carry'
operations. Stay within the manufacturer's limitations and follow any instructions. When climbing
or descending a slope the centre of gravity of the suspended load moves towards the tipping point,
thereby reducing the crane's forward stability.
Operators should keep the load up-hill of the crane ie drive in reverse down a slope to keep the load
close to the crane.
Operators should turn with a long radius, to reduce the articulation of the crane. Articulation
reduces the rated capacity of the crane.
Arrangements should be made to keep non-crane crew personnel away from the vicinity of the
lifting operation.
(safe work, 2013)
8.7 What is Rigging Equipment?
Rigging equipment referrers to the devices and elements used to lift and manoeuvre objects
safely, as part of a planned system implemented by a team of riggers. This encompasses a variety of
components which are used to secure and distribute the load in question, in order to facilitate the
moving process and ensure that it is completed successfully. Industries which often require the
services of rigging equipment include construction, engineering and event staging.
Like all lifting operations, hoisting and rigging should be performed with public and employee
safety as a primary focus. In order to comply with health and safety legislation along with industry
standards, organisations should carefully consider two following elements:
1. Operation Planning: Before the lifting applications begin, teams should carefully consider
the demands of the lift and conduct a thorough risk assessment.
2. Equipment: The first point will dictate how the rigging equipment is selected and used.
Riggers must ensure that the overall rigging setup and individual elements are appropriate
for the size and weight of the load in question, in order to avoid overloading the equipment,
which can lead to damage and serious safety hazards. The rigging equipment itself should
also be sourced from reputable suppliers, in order to ensure that the products are of a
suitable standard and quality. In order to maintain this quality, the items should then be
regularly tested to ensure that it continues to meet safety standards.
8.8 What are the different types of rigging equipment?
8.8.1 Wire Rope Slings
Wire rope slings are available in a range of lifting capacities, providing users with a strong and
flexible solution for performing lifting operations.
Buy or hire wire rope slings >

8.8.2 Polyester Webbing Slings
Our lifting slings are available in a range of different designs and weight specifications.
Buy or hire webbing slings >

8.8.3 Chainslings
Chainslings offer a durable lifting solution, which comes with a convenient hook system for easy
attachment. Not only
8.8.4 Spreader Beams
Spreader beams are a modular lifting solution which are designed to be used in a variety of
configurations, depending on the requirements of the lifting operation. These beams can be used
with both synthetic lifting slings and wire rope slings.(safety liting gear, 2017)
8.9 Sling inspection
A specific procedure for sling inspection is the best safeguard against injury, death and property
damage. It is important that you employ a three stage, level of inspection to ensure that slings are
inspected with the appropriate frequency. It is also important that all inspections must be done by
trained and qualified personnel.
To detect possible damage, you should perform a visual inspection of the entire sling and also feel along
its entire length, as some damage may be felt more than seen. You should look and feel for any of the
types of conditions listed in the Removal from Service Criteria, see "Removal from Service". "Warning
Info" depicts examples of some of the types of damage, but note that they are relatively extreme
examples provided for illustration purposes only.
If you identify ANY of these types of damage in a sling, remove it from service immediately, even if the
damage you see or feel is not as extensive as shown under "Warning Info". Slings that are removed from
service must be destroyed and rendered completely unusable unless they can be repaired and proof
tested by the manufacturer. Never ignore sling damage or attempt to perform temporary field repairs of
damaged slings, (i.e., tie knots in the sling, etc.). It is very important that slings are regularly and
properly inspected.
If you are not sure whether or not a sling is damaged, DO NOT USE IT.
8.9.1 SLING INSPECTION SYSTEMS

INITIAL INSPECTION
The Web Sling and Tie Down Association defines the initial level of inspection as, “Before any new or
repaired sling is placed in service, it shall be inspected by a qualified person to ensure that the correct
sling is being used, as well as to determine that the sling meets the applicable requirements”.
FREQUENT INSPECTION
The Web Sling and Tie Down Association defines the frequent level of inspection as one that is done by
the user or other designated person daily or before each shift in NORMAL service conditions. When
SEVERE service conditions exist, the sling must be inspected before each use. See page 476, Sling Service
for definitions of Normal, Severe and Special Service. The entire sling shall be thoroughly examined and
removed from service if damage is detected. OSHA and ASME stipulate that, “before each day or shift,
the sling and all fastenings and attachments shall be inspected for damage and defects by a competent
person designated by the employer”. If you are unsure if the daily or pre-shift inspection has been done,
take the time to inspect the sling before you use it. WSTDA, OSHA and ASME provide minimum
guidelines. Never assume that slings have been inspected by others.
PERIODIC INSPECTION
All slings must be inspected “periodically” by designated personnel at regular intervals. In order to
validate the Frequent Level of Inspection, the Periodic Inspection should be done by someone other
than the individual(s) who performs the Frequent Inspection. The interval is based upon: the frequency
of use, severity of the service conditions, the nature of the work being performed and experience gained
during the inspection of slings used in similar circumstances. Recommendations to prevent damage
must be evaluated to improve the service life of the replacement slings. Periodic Inspection intervals
shall not exceed one year intervals.
8.9.2 The entire web sling must be inspected regularly and it shall be
removed from service if ANY of the following are detected:
 If sling identification tag is missing or not readable.
 Holes, tears, cuts, snags or embedded materials.
 Broken or worn stitches in the load bearing splices.
 Knots in any part of the sling webbing.
 Acid or alkali burns.
 Melting, charring or weld spatter on any part of the web sling.
 Excessive abrasive wear or crushed webbing.
 Signs of ultraviolet (UV) light degradation.
 Distortion, excessive pitting, corrosion or other damage to fitting(s).
 If provided, exposed red core yarn. However, if damage is present and red yarns are not
exposed,
 DO NOT USE the sling.
 Any conditions that cause doubt as to the strength of the web sling.
(lift it, n.d.)

8.10 Wire rope sizing
Wire rope is a complex mechanical device that has many moving parts all working in tandem to help
support and move an object or load. In the lifting and rigging industries, wire rope is attached to a crane
or hoist and fitted with swivels, shackles or hooks to attach to a load and move it in a controlled matter.
It can also be used to lift and lower elevators, or as a means of support for suspension bridges or towers.
Wire rope is a preferred lifting device for many reasons. Its unique design consists of multiple steel wires
that form individual strands laid in a helical pattern around a core. This structure provides strength,
flexibility, and the ability to handle bending stresses. Different configurations of the material, wire, and
strand structure will provide different benefits for the specific lifting application, including:
 Strength
 Flexibility
 Abrasion resistance
 Crushing resistance
 Fatigue resistance
 Corrosion resistance
 Rotation resistance
8.10.1 Components of Wire Rope

There are four basic components that make up the design of a finished wire rope:
1. Wires made from metal that form a singular strand

2. Multi-wire strands laid around a core in a helical pattern
3. A fiber or steel core
4. Lubrication
8.10.2 Strand Patterns

Single Layer – The most common example is a 7 wire strand with a single-wire center and six wires of
the same diameter around it.
Filler Wire – Two layers of uniform-size wire around a center with the inner layer having half the number
of wires as the outer layer. Small filler wires, equal to the number in the inner layer, are laid in valleys of
the inner wire.
Seale – Two layers of wires around a center with the same number of wires in each layer. All wires in
each layer are the same diameter. The large outer wires rest in the valleys between the smaller inner
wires.
Warrington – Two layers of wires around a center with one diameter of wire in the inner layer, and two
diameters of wire alternating large and small in the outer later. The larger outer-layer wires rest in the
valleys, and the smaller ones on the crowns of the inner layer.
Combination – A combination strand is constructed using any combination of two or more of the
patterns listed above. (mazzella companies, 2018)
The 6X19 & 6X36 classification of wire ropes is good for fatigue resistance and to withstand abrasion or
crushing on the drum.
6 x 19S (Seale) -This is a good rope to withstand abrasion or crushing on the drum but its fatigue
resistance is decreased.
 6 x 25FW (Filler Wire) - To most wire rope users, 6 x 19 means 6 x 25 filler wire. It is a common
rope in the 6 x 19 classification.
 6 x 26WS (Warrington Seale) - A standard 6 x 26WS design provides the best rope for a wide
range of applications. In general, we recommend the use of a 6 x 26WS In any application where
a 6 x 25FW is used.
 Abrasion resistant
 Crush resistant
 Fatigue resistant
MANUFACTURING SPECS
Diameter 1/4" - 1/4" -
1/4" - 2 1/2" 1/4" - 2 1/2"
Range 2 1/2" 2 1/2"
Number of
6 6 6 6
Outer Strands
Number of
Wires Per 19 25 26 36
Strand
Warrington Warrington
Wire Pattern Seale Filler
Seale Seale
8.11 Precautions in the use of wire rope

 Be sure you know the correct use of the equipment, the slinging procedures and the
sling strength factors to be applied before lifting.
 Use wire rope slings at rated limits.
 Check the manufacturer's chart for sling properties.
 Examine slings for wear, fatigue, crushed or broken wires, kinking, ballooning or "bird-
caging", heat damage, etc. Check both before and after using slings to detect any
damage or defects. See Hoist wire rope for more inspection tips.
 Attach the sling securely to the load and appliance and position hooks to face outwards.
 Protect slings by using corner saddles, paddings or wood blocks.
 Inspect and tighten fittings regularly.
 Ensure the load is balanced and will not tilt or fall.
 Center the sling load to prevent the load from shifting suddenly and causing a high
impact load.
 Ensure that the load is free to be lifted.
 Keep fingers and toes clear when tensioning slings and when landing loads.
 Make a trial lift and trial lower to ensure everything is working in a safe manner.
 Reduce rope stress with slow starts and stops.
 Position hooks of multi-leg slings facing outward from the load.
 Back hook free legs to the master link to avoid lashing legs which might accidentally
become engaged.
 Keep wire rope slings well lubricated and inspect them often. Use non-acidic lubricants.
 Remove damaged slings from service and tag appropriately.
 Store slings on racks in a clean, dry place and protect from corrosion.
8.12 SUMMARY
Moving large, heavy loads is crucial to today's manufacturing and construction industries. Much
technology has been developed for these operations, including careful training and extensive workplace
precautions. There are significant safety issues to be considered, both for the operators of the diverse
"lifting" devices, and for workers in proximity to them. Different safety procedures before during and
after using crane is very important to preserve and protect the life of workers and community.
9 FALL HAZARD
9.1 Objectives
• Identify factors that contribute to common fall hazards
• Explain how to analyze work areas for fall hazards
• Discuss hierarchy of controls for fall hazards
• Describe Occupational Safety and Health Standard (OSHS) regulations and resources that
address fall protection
A fall hazard is anything in a workplace that could cause accidental loss of balance or body support
and result in falling. Members of a workplace are encouraged to foresee falling hazards and eliminate or
control them by taking precautionary measures before they cause injuries.
Fall hazards can be found on every construction site:
• Building structures
• Exterior constructionareas
• Scaffolds
• Stairs
• Ladders
9.2 Elevated locations which require increased fall hazard awareness

9.2.1 1086.01: General Provisions (OSHS)
Workmen working in unguarded surface above open pits or tanks, steep slopes, moving machinery and
similar locations, or working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters (20 ft.) or more above water or
ground, temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold construction or where otherwise exposed to
the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb, shall be secured by safety belts and life lines. In
situations where safety belts and life lines in guarded platforms and scaffolds or temporary floors are
not feasible, safety nets shall be provided and installed.
9.3 Appropriate methods of protection such as eliminating the fall

hazard, preventing employee exposure, controlling the fall
9.3.1 Identifying Fall Hazards
A fall hazard is anything in the workplace that could cause an unintended loss of balance or bodily
support and result in a fall. Fall hazards cause accidents such as the following:
• A worker walking on top of an elevator to return to the inside of the elevator falls off unguarded side
into the elevator shaft.
• A makeshift scaffold with no rails or fall protection results in a 5 foot fall leaving one dead.
• A worker falls through a 60” open pipe 30’ to his death.
Fall hazards are foreseeable. You can identify them, eliminate exposure to them, eliminate
them or control them before they result in injuries or death. Some of the factors that contribute to fall
accidents and fatalities include: scaffolds; ladders; roofs; tops of equipment and other elevated work
surfaces.
9.3.2 Analyzing Work Areas for Fall Hazards

Analyzing the work area is another important step in fall hazard prevention. Analyzing the work area
may include: reviewing blueprints before work begins; anticipating upcoming fall hazards as work
progresses; reviewing current hazards on the site, and developing a pre-planning checklist.
9.3.3 Anticipate Upcoming Fall Hazards as Work Progresses

Additionally, unique fall hazards should be addressed before any exposure. The safety director or site
fall protection competent person never wants to be caught off guard with surprise hazards or
exposures. To avoid, what is known as putting out fires, these individuals must always be prepared. One
method is to review the job for the fall hazards that will be present in the future. The following should
assist in addressing this issue:
1. Review the blueprints for upcoming processes/hazards.
2. Discuss the work process with the maintenance manager, superintendents and workers to identify
where new hazards may develop.
3. Ask the foreman for assistance in recognizing what hazards may develop in the future.
9.3.4 Review for Current Hazards on Site

If the job has already progressed beyond the point where review of the blueprints will not be effective,
then the site must be reviewed for current hazards. The review for current hazards will allow the fall
protection competent person to address the fall exposures in order to eliminate or minimize the hazard.
9.3.5 Pre-Planning Checklist

An important aspect of fall hazard prevention is planning. An assessment of all fall hazards, even
potential fall hazards, must be done before appropriate corrective measures are considered. In addition,
a fall hazard assessment can also determine training needs and fall rescue methods.
If proper planning isn’t done at the onset, time and materials will be wasted and, consequently,
unexpected costs will rise. More importantly, fatalities and severe injuries have resulted from simply not
making the time or effort to effectively identify and control fall hazards. The following is a checklist to
assist you in your efforts to pre-plan for fall prevention/protection. It is preferable that this checklist be
used before any designing or work begins to be most effective in eliminating falls and related hazards.
1. Begin the process by identifying those areas where exposure to falls will or already do exist such as:
 Scaffolds
 Ladders
 Roof and roof openings including skylights
 Open sided floors and floor openings
 Structural framing
 Aerial lift platforms
 Tops of equipment
 Permanent and temporary working platform
 Leading edge
 Hoist areas
 Ramps, runways and walkways
 Wall opening
 Stairways
 Working over dangerous equipment
 Potential for falling objects
 Housekeeping concerns
2. Do you have a written fall protection program?
3. If the work has not begun, or is in progress, have you surveyed the site to identify where/what
the fall hazards are on the job?
4. Is it possible to provide or install fall prevention/protection measures before there is an
exposure? Some possible examples include:
a. Install guardrails before allowing workers on the floor.
b. Install safety nets, stanchions, lifelines to structural steel before members are lifted into place.
c. Don’t cut floor opening until prepared to fill with specified object.
d. Attach a self-retracting lanyard or work platform with standard railing to the top of equipment
during installation.
5. Is there a competent person on site for fall protection (Required by Construction Standards)?
6. Does the person understand the fall protection standard, trained to select the proper fall
protection measures/systems, and understand the differences between the following systems
and their use:
 Fall prevention.
 Fall protection.
 Active fall protection.
 Passive fall protection
Fall Hazard Prevention The hierarchy of fall hazard control includes: elimination of fall
hazards, prevention (Engineering Controls) of falls, and control (Training and PPE) of falls.
9.4 Duty to have fall protection

1910.28(b)(13)(i)
When work is performed less than 6 feet (1.6 m) from the roof edge, the employer must ensure
each employee is protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint
system, or personal fall arrest system.
1910.28(b)(13)(ii)
When work is performed at least 6 feet (1.6 m) but less than 15 feet (4.6 m) from the roof edge, the
employer must ensure each employee is protected from falling by using a guardrail system,
safety net system, travel restraint system, or personal fall arrest system. The employer may use
a designated area when performing work that is both infrequent and temporary.
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)
When work is performed 15 feet (4.6 m) or more from the roof edge, the employer must:
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(A)
Protect each employee from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, travel restraint
system, or personal fall arrest system or a designated area. The employer is not required to
provide any fall protection, provided the work is both infrequent and temporary; and
1910.28(b)(13)(iii)(B)
Implement and enforce a work rule prohibiting employees from going within 15 feet (4.6 m) of the
roof edge without using fall protection in accordance with paragraphs (b)(13)(i) and (ii) of this
section.
9.5 Components of personal fall arrest system
Body Harness: Straps which may be secured on the employee in a manner that will distribute the
fall arrest forces over the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to other
components of a personal fall arrest system via D-rings.
Inspection: Inspect harness prior to donning (see checklist). Formal semi-annual inspections are also
conducted and date of last inspection placed on tag (see checklist).
Maintenance and Storage: Harnesses should only be cleaned with a mild detergent and warm
water, toweled off to remove excess water, and then hung by D-Ring to dry. Never place these
harnesses in a dryer or expose to excessive heat. All equipment should be stored in a cool dry place and
not subjected to direct sunlight. Harnesses are not repairable. If any part of the harness is damaged or if
the harness is subjected to a fall arrest the harness must be removed from field service and replaced.
Variations:
• Harnesses may be constructed with padded shoulders, butt pads, and waist pads which provide
additional comfort when worn for long periods of time.
• Harnesses can be non-conductive where all hardware parts are covered in insulating covers for
electrical protection
• Straps can be constructed of Kevlar when abrasion resistance required or Nomex for work involving
welding or other hot work.
Lanyards: A flexible strap that has a connector at each end for connecting the body harness to an
anchorage point. Inspection: Inspect lanyard prior to donning (see checklist). Formal semi-annual
inspections are also conducted (see checklist).
Maintenance and Storage: Lanyards should only be cleaned with a mild detergent and warm
water, toweled off to remove excess water, and then hung to dry. Never place in a dryer or expose to
excessive heat. All equipment should be stored in a cool dry place and not subjected to direct sunlight.
Variations:
• A shock absorbing lanyard reduces the shock from a fall and should be used wherever possible at Yale.
• Self-retracting lifelines are a deceleration device containing a drum-wound line which can be slowly
extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal employee movement.
After the onset of a fall, the lifeline automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall. These lifelines
provide additional mobility.
lanyards
Connectors: A device, which is used to connect parts of the personal fall arrest system together. It
may be an independent component of the system, such as a carabineer, or it may be an integral
component of part of the system (such as a d-ring sewn into a harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn
to a lanyard or self-retracting lanyard). All connectors must have locking features to avoid unclipping.
Maintenance and Storage: wipe clean and store dry Variations: Snap hooks, carabineers
Anchorage: An engineered and designed point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or deceleration
devices. Anchorages must be able to sustain a 5,000 lb pull force for each person tied off to it.
Maintenance and Storage: wipe clean and store dry if not permanent. Variations: Anchors may
be mounted temporarily (top row) or permanently (second row).
Examples include: Anchor straps, friction bolts, Beam anchors, D-bolt and D-ring anchors A special type
of anchorage is the horizontal life line. In this case a line is suspended between two anchorage points.
The connector of a personal fall arrest system connects to the line
9.6 Proper wear and use of personal fall arrest system and its
components
The attachment of the body harness must be located in the center of the wearer's back, near the
shoulder level, or above the head.
Body harnesses are designed to minimize stress forces on an employee's body in the event of a
fall, while providing sufficient freedom of movement to allow work to be performed.
 Do not use body harnesses to hoist materials.

 As of January 1, 1998, body belts are not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system,
because they impose a danger of internal injuries when stopping a fall.
Connectors:
Connectors, including D-rings and snaphooks, must be made from drop-forged, pressed or formed
steel, or equivalent materials. They must have a corrosion-resistant finish, with smooth surfaces and
edges to prevent damage to connecting parts of the system.
D-Rings:
D-Rings must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds, and be proof-tested to a minimum
tensile load of 3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or becoming permanently deformed.
Snaphooks:
Snaphooks must have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds, and be proof-tested to a
minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds without cracking, breaking, or becoming permanently
deformed. They must also be locking-type, double-locking, designed and used to prevent the
disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper with the connected member.
Unless it is designed for the following connections, snaphooks must not be engaged:
 Directly to webbing, rope, or wire.

 To each other.
 To a D-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached.
 To a horizontal lifeline.
 To any object which is incompatibly shaped in relation to the snaphook such that the connected
object could depress the snaphook keeper and release itself.
9.6.1 Using of fall arrest systems Safely
 Ensure that personal fall arrest systems will, when stopping a fall:
 Limit maximum arresting force to 1,800 pounds.
 Be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet nor contact
any lower level.
 Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance to
3½ feet.
 Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of a worker
free falling a distance of 6 feet, or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less
 Remove systems and components from service immediately if they have been subjected to
fall impact, until inspected by a competent person and deemed undamaged and suitable for
use.
 Promptly rescue employees in the event of a fall, or assure that they are able to rescue
themselves.
 Inspect systems before each use for wear, damage, and other deterioration, and remove
defective components from service.
 Do not attach fall arrest systems to guardrail systems or hoists.
 Rig fall arrest systems to allow movement of the worker only as far as the edge of the
walking/working surface, when used at hoist areas.
Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment must be independent of any
anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms, and capable of supporting at least 5,000
pounds per employee attached, or must be designed and used as follows:
 As part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least two.
 Under the supervision of a qualified person.
Webbing are the ropes and straps used in lifelines, lanyards, and strength components of body
harnesses. The webbing must be made from synthetic fibers.
Vertical lifelines or lanyards must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds, and be
protected against being cut or abraded. Each employee must be attached to a separate vertical
lifeline, except during the construction of elevator shafts, where two employees may be attached to
the same lifeline in the hoistway, provided:
 Both employees are working atop a false car that is equipped with guardrails.
 The strength of the lifeline is 10,000 pounds (5,000 pounds per employee).
 All other lifeline criteria have been met.
Self-retracting vertical lifelines and lanyards that automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet or less
must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds when in the fully extended
position. If they do not automatically limit the free fall to 2 feet or less, ripstitch lanyards, and tearing
and deforming lanyards, must be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds
when in the fully extended position.
Horizontal lifelines are to be designed, installed, and used under the supervision of a qualified
person, and as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at
least two.
On suspended scaffolds or similar working platforms with horizontal lifelines that may become
vertical lifelines, the devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline must be capable of locking in
both directions on the lifeline.
9.7 SUMMARY
During this session, you have been introduced to:
 Factors that contribute to fall hazards

 Analysis of work areas for fall hazards
 The eight-step approach to fall protection
 OSHS resources addressing fall protection
10 Temporary structures
10.1 OBJECTIVES
 Define the different Scaffold
 Dicsuss the different Hazards in Scaffold
 Identify different parts of Scaffold
 Explain different Occuaptional Safety and Health Standard in temporary structures.
10.2 Definition of scaffold

“Scaffold” refers to a temporary or movable platform supported on the ground or suspended, used
for access and/or working at considerable heights above ground.
10.3 Classification of scaffold
“Supported Scaffold” means one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, posts, legs,
posts, frames or similar rigid support.
“Suspended Scaffold” means one or more platforms supported by ropes or other non-rigid means
from an overhead structure(s).
“Trestle Scaffold” refers to scaffolds in which the supports for the platform are step ladders, tripods
or similar movable contrivances.
10.4 Scaffolding hazards

While there are different types of scaffolds, there are a number of risks and hazards common to all, as
well as corresponding safety measures you can take to mitigate these hazards.
Here’s a list of common work at heights hazards:
 Improper safety measures when raising and dismantling scaffolding

 Lack of guardrails
 Overhead electrical wires and risk of electrocution
 Planks slipping or breaking
 Rolling scaffolds
 Overloading platforms
 Climbing on scaffolding
10.4.1 Raising and dismantling scaffolding
When erecting scaffolding, a common hazard is not providing an appropriate platform for the worker as
they are installing the next lift.
Also, failure to install tie-ins may result in the scaffolding swaying enough to topple someone off their
working platform, especially when the platform is not sufficient.
Accidents are frequently reported in situations where the worker was only working from a platform of
one or two planks.
10.4.2 Lack of guardrails

The use of guardrails is recommended for any platform higher than 5 feet, but this precaution is often
not observed which has resulted in falls and serious injuries.
Many falls from scaffolds are from platforms of less than 10 feet high, so a guardrail should be
considered an important control measure.
10.4.3 Overhead electrical wires

Contact with electrical wires puts workers in serious danger. Scaffold electrical hazards include failing to
observe safe distances from electrical lines, especially when hoisting scaffolding on a jobsite.
10.4.4 Planks slipping or breaking

If scaffold planks are unsecured, overloaded or in bad condition, they can break or slide which causes
many falls and injuries.
10.4.5 Rolling scaffolds

Moving a rolling scaffold while workers are still on the platform can be a very dangerous practice and
can cause workers to fall or slip, especially if the working platforms are already insufficient and/or if any
of the planks are loose or loaded down too heavily.
10.4.6 Overloading platforms

Placing excessive weight on a working platform can cause planks to crack or break. Another common
problem is when working material overhangs the scaffold platform and causes the platform to tip and
slide.
10.4.7 Climbing on scaffolding

Climbing up and down a scaffolding platform rather than using appropriate equipment like ladders
poses another serious risk and has resulted in many falls and injuries.
If the scaffolding has not been secured properly, this practice also poses a risk to other workers on the
platform.
10.5 Parts of Supported Scaffolds

10.6 Amended Rule 1414: Scaffoldings
10.6.1 Specific requirements of scaffolding

A. General Requirements
 Every scaffold shall be of good construction of sound materials and strength for the purpose
for which it is intended;
 Timber used for scaffolds shall be in good condition, the bark completely stripped off, and
not painted or treated in any manner that defects cannot be easily seen; and
 All materials and parts of scaffold not in use or intended for reuse shall be kept under good
condition and separate from other materials unsuitable for scaffolds.
B. Specific Requirements
 Timber/bamboo scaffolds shall be limited to a height of 6meters from the ground or base.
For over 6 meters height, steel scaffolds shall be used.
 Structural steel when used as load bearing members of scaffolding shall be destressed at
welded or bent joints and design construction approved by the appropriate authority.
 All manufactured scaffolds and its accessories shall follow the manufacturers’ designs and
specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall be
certified true by a qualified testing laboratory. For manufactured scaffolds more than 6
meters in height shall be designed by structural engineer and approved by appropriate
authority.
 All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a
working load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer and
approved by the appropriate authority.
C. Design and Stability.
(1) Design
 A design instruction, including all data relevant to the design of the scaffold, shall be prepared
by the end user to serve as the starting point for subsequent work decisions, design work,
calculations, and drawings;
 The design shall be in accordance with recognized engineering principles taking into
consideration the variability of materials, workmanship, methods of construction, site
conditions, construction tolerances and the space for scaffolds;
 Scaffolds shall be designed with regard to ease and safety of erection and dismantling;
 Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without failure at least
four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds shall have six (6) times
factor of safety; and
 All scaffolds designed by a structural engineer shall be approved by appropriate authority.
(2) Strength and Stability of Scaffolds

All scaffolds shall have vertical members(posts) diagonally and horizontally braced to prevent lateral
movement; 3.2.2. All scaffolds shall have no splices between the points of support of load carrying
horizontal members and secured to prevent lateral movement;
3.2.3 The footing, sills or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable of carrying twice the
maximum intended load without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes, loose
brick, or concrete blocks shall not be used to support scaffolds;
3.2.4 Scaffold posts shall bear on a foundation of sufficient size and strength to spread the load from the
posts over a sufficient area to preventsettlement. All postsshall be set plumb;
3.2.5. Any damaged or weakened scaffold members from any cause shall be immediately
repaired,replaced or discarded;
3.2.6. Scaffolds shall not be loaded in excess of the working load for which they are intended;
3.2.7 Scaffoldsshall be anchored orsecured to permanent orrigid structures. In the absence of

permanent structures guys and and sway bracing and/or outrigger shall be used;
3.2.8 Scaffold components produced by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the
components fit together without force and the scaffold’s structural integrity is maintained by the user.
It shall likewise not be modified in order to intermix themunless designed by the structural engineer;
and
3.2.9 Front-end loaders and similar types of equipment shall not be used to supportscaffold platforms
unlessthey have been specifically designed by the manufacturer or such use. Fork- lifts shall not be used
to support scaffold platforms.
D. Scaffolds Inspection and tagging
o All scaffold material delivered on site shall be visually inspected either
upon delivery or before it is erected/installed. Any defective material
shall be repaired, replaced or discarded.
o All Scaffoldings shall be inspected prior touse.
o Site inspection shall be carried out before actual erection to check
ground conditions, overhead wires, obstructions, changes in surface
elevation, and structuralsupport.
o Sitepreparationshallbeperformedtoensurethatthesoilarelevelandfirm,m
udand soft soil are replaced with compacted gravel or crushed stone,
and on sloping grounds, the area where mudsills rest shall be leveled by
excavating rather thanbackfilling.
o Inspection and tagging shall be performed by a qualified or competent
person who shall confirm, based on the evaluation, that the supporting
surfaces are capable of resisting the loads to beimposed.
o Inspections should be carried out daily and everyshift.
o All scaffold identification tags shall be of a solid green, yellow or red
color with black lettering. All scaffold tags shall be hanged in every
scaffold accesspoints.
 GREEN – Scaffolds is safe foruse
 YELLOW - Scaffold has been modified to meet work requirements, and as a
result could present a hazard to the user. Situation requiring Yellow tags shall
be closely supervised.
 RED “DANGER – UNSAFE TO USE” - Shall be used during erection and
dismantling when the scaffold is left unattended. Red tag shall be used when all
green or yellow tags has beenremoved.
o Alltherecordsoftheinspectionshallbeavailableonsiteandmadeavailableto
proper authority uponrequest.
(1) D.O 128- 13 1414.04: Inspection of Scaffold Components Before Erection.
4.1. All scaffold material delivered on site shall be visually inspected either upon delivery or before it is
erected/installed. Any defective materialshall be repaired, replaced or discarded.
4.2 Lumber with two (2) nail holes aligned crosswise or four (4) nail holes along itslength shall not be
used as horizontal load bearing member of scaffolds.
1414.05: Site Inspection and Preparation.
5.1. Site inspection shall be carried out before actual erection to check ground conditions, overhead
wires, obstructions, changesin surface elevation, and structural support.
5.2. Site preparation shall be performed to ensure that the soil are level and firm, mud and soft soil are
replaced with compacted gravel or crushed stone, and on sloping grounds, the area where mudsills rest
shall be leveled by excavating rather than backfilling.
10.7 Tube and coupler scaffold

a) When platforms are being moved to the next level, the existing platform must be left undisturbed
until the new bearers have been set in place and braced before receiving the new platform.
b) Couplers must be made of a structural metal, such as drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural-
grade aluminum. Gray cast iron is prohibited.
c) Transverse bracing forming an “X” across the width of the scaffold must be installed at the scaffold
ends, and at least at every third set of posts horizontally (measured from one end only), and every
fourth runner vertically.
d) Bracing must extend upward diagonally to opposite sides of the scaffold, such as from the inner posts
or runners to the next outer posts or runners, or vice versa
e) Building ties should be installed at the bearer levels between the transverse bracing or as per
recommendation of designer/structural engineer.
f) On straight run scaffolds, longitudinal bracing across the inner and outer rows of posts must be
installed diagonally in both directions, and extend upward from the base of the end posts to the top of
the scaffold at approximately a 45-degree angle but not more than 60 degree.
g) On scaffolds whose length is greater than their height, longitudinal bracing must be repeated
beginning at least at every fifth post.
h) On scaffolds whose length is less than their height, longitudinal bracing must be be installed from
the base of the end posts upward to the opposite end posts, and then in and then in alternating
directions until reaching the top of the scaffold.
i) Bracing must be installed as close as possible to the inter- section of the bearer and post or
runner and post. j) Bearers must be installed transversely between posts.
k) When bearers are coupled to posts, the inboard coupler shall bear directly on the runner coupler,
and be as close to the posts as possible.
l) Bearers must extend beyond the posts and runners, and provide full contact with the coupler.
m) Runners must be installed along the length of the scaffold scaffold, located at level heights on
both the inside and outside posts. Runners shall be spaced vertically at 1.8m (6 ft.) to 2m (7 ft.) on
centers.
n) On outside posts of tube and coupler scaffold, guardrails and midrails may be used in lieu of
outside runner. o) Runners on straight runs must be interlocked to form continuous lengths, and
coupled to each post.
10.8 Guardrail System

a) Guardrail systems shall be installed along all open sides and ends of platforms, and must be in
place before the scaffold isreleased for use by personnel otherthan erection/ dismantling crews.
b) Walkways located within a scaffold shall have guardrail systems installed within 24cm (9½ in.)
of and along at least one side of the walkway.
c) Each toprail or equivalent member of a guardrail system shall be able to withstand a force of at
least 100 kg (220 pounds) applied in any downward or horizontal direction, at any point along its
top edge. The height of toprails on supported scaffolds shall be 91 cm (36 in.).
d) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, etc., shall be able to
withstand a force of at least 68 kg (150 pounds) applied in any downward or horizontal direction,
at any point along the midrai lor other member.
i. When midrails are used, they shall be installed at a height approximately midway between the
toprail of the guardrail system and the platform surface.
ii. When screens and mesh are used,they shall extend from the toprail ofthe guardrailsystem to the
scaffold platform, and along the entire opening between the supports.
iii. When intermediate members (such as balusters or additional rails) are used, they shall be no
more than 48 cm (19 inches) apart.
e) Guardrails shall not be rough to prevent punctures or lacerationsto personnel and to
preventsnagging of clothing, which may cause personnel to lose their balance.
f) Ends of rails shall not extend beyond their terminal posts, unless they do not constitute a
projection hazard to personnel.
g) Cross bracing may serve as a midrail when its crossing point is between 50 and 75 cm (20 and 30
in) above the work platform and install toprail
h) Cross bracing may serve as a toprail when its crossing point is between 96 and 122 cm (38 and
48 in.) above the work platform and install midrail
Falls from portable ladders (step, straight, combination and extension) are one of the leading
causes of occupational fatalities and injuries.
10.9 Ladder safety

Read and follow all labels/markings on the ladder.
 Avoid electrical hazards! – Look for overhead power lines before handling a ladder. Avoid
using a metal ladder near power lines or exposed energized electrical equipment.
 Always inspect the ladder prior to using it. If the ladder is damaged, it must be removed
from service and tagged until repaired or discarded.
 Always maintain a 3-point (two hands and a foot, or two feet and a hand) contact on the
ladder when climbing. Keep your body near the middle of the step and always face the
ladder while climbing (see diagram).
 Only use ladders and appropriate accessories (ladder levelers, jacks or hooks) for their
designed purposes.
 Ladders must be free of any slippery material on the rungs, steps or feet.
 Do not use a self-supporting ladder (e.g., step ladder) as a single ladder or in a partially
closed position.
 Do not use the top step/rung of a ladder as a step/rung unless it was designed for that
purpose.
 Use a ladder only on a stable and level surface, unless it has been secured (top or bottom) to
prevent displacement.
 Do not place a ladder on boxes, barrels or other unstable bases to obtain additional height.
 Do not move or shift a ladder while a person or equipment is on the ladder.
 An extension or straight ladder used to access an elevated surface must extend at least 3
feet above the point of support (see diagram). Do not stand on the three top rungs of a
straight, single or extension ladder.
 The proper angle for setting up a ladder is to place its base a quarter of the working length
of the ladder from the wall or other vertical surface (see diagram).
 A ladder placed in any location where it can be displaced by other work activities must be
secured to prevent displacement or a barricade must be erected to keep traffic away from
the ladder.
 Be sure that all locks on an extension ladder are properly engaged.
 Do not exceed the maximum load rating of a ladder. Be aware of the ladder’s load rating and
of the weight it is supporting, including the weight of any tools or equipment.
10.10 Five rules of ladder safety
Rule 1: Use common sense. Many of the OSHA Ladder Safety Requirements are ones that are
necessary to list, but only because people on the site – because they’re hot and tired and think they
can manage – will disregard their common sense to get things done.
Examples of common sense standards from OSHA Ladder Requirements:
 1926.1053(b)(13) – The top or top step of a stepladder shall not be used as a step.
 1926.1053(b)(4) – Ladders shall be used only for the purpose for which they were
designed.
 1926.1053(b)(16 – 17) – Portable/fixed ladders with structural defects shall either be
immediately marked in a manner that readily identifies them as defective, or be tagged with
“Do Not Use” or similar language. Defective portable/fixed ladders shall be withdrawn from
service until repaired.
Rule 2: Take care of your equipment. This means frequently checking to make sure that your
ladder and ladder add-ons are clean, sturdy, and functioning properly.
Example of equipment care standards from OSHA Ladder Safety Regulations:
 1926.1053(b)(2) – Ladders shall be maintained free of oil, grease, and other slipping
hazards.
 1926.1053(b)(15) – Ladders shall be inspected by a competent person for visible defects on
a periodic basis and after any situation that could affect their safe use.
 1926.1053(b)(18) – Ladder repairs shall restore the ladder to a condition meeting its
original design criteria before the ladder is returned to use.
Rule 3: Understand the limits of the equipment. Ladders are useful tools, certainly, but they’re
simple tools with limitations. Knowing where your ladder is strong, where it is weak, and how
much weight it can handle goes a long way towards preventing an accident.
Examples of understanding equipment limits from OSHA Ladder Regulations:
 1926.1053(b)(3) – Ladders must not be loaded beyond the maximum intended load for
which they were built, nor beyond their manufacturer’s rated capacity.
 1926.1053(b)(13) – The top or top step of a stepladder shall not be used as a step.
 1926.1053(a)(7) – Do not tie or fasten together ladders to create longer sections unless the
ladders are specifically designed for such use.
 1926.1053(b)(6) – Ladders shall be used only on stable and level surfaces unless they are
secured to prevent accidental displacement.
 1926.1053(b)(11) – Ladders shall not be moved, shifted, or extended while occupied.
Rule 4: Understand the limits of your employees. Don’t let someone’s bad habits cost you. Make
sure your employees understand what constitutes risky, unsafe practices, and do your best to
eliminate these behaviors.
 1926.1053(b)(20) – When ascending or descending a ladder, the user shall face the ladder.
 1926.1053(b)(21) – Each employee shall use at least one hand to grasp the ladder when
progressing up and/or down the ladder.
 1926.1053(b)(22) – An employee shall not carry any object or load that could cause the
employee to lose balance and fall.
Rule 5: Know the numbers. Angles, measurements and weight limits are extremely important
when it comes to ladders. Setting up a ladder too close to a building or failing to note the minimum
clear distance between side rungs can be a costly mistake to make. Taking the time to understand
these figures before using a ladder in your project will save you the time spent on damage control
down the line.
Examples of important calculations from OSHA Ladder Standards:
 1926.1053(b)(1) – When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing surface,
the ladder side rails shall extend at least 3 feet (.9 m) above the upper landing surface to
which the ladder is used to gain access; or, when such an extension is not possible because
of the ladder’s length, then the ladder shall be secured at its top to a rigid support that will
not deflect, and a grasping device, such as a grab rail, shall be provided to assist employees
in mounting and dismounting the ladder. In no case shall the extension be such that ladder
deflection under a load would, by itself, cause the ladder to slip off its support.
 1926.1053(b)(5)(iii) – Fixed ladders shall be used at a pitch no greater than 90 degrees
from the horizontal, as measured to the back side of the ladder.
 1926.1053(a)(1) – Ladders must be able to support the following weights without failure:
Non-Self- Self- Extra Heavy

Ladder Supporting Supporting Duty Type 1A
Fixed Ladders
Type Portable Portable Plastic or Metal
Ladders Ladders: Ladders
4 times the 4 times the 3.3 times the Every rung must be capable of supporting a
Weight maximum maximum maximum concentrated load of 250 pounds at the center of the
intended load intended load intended load rung. Any two rungs must be capable of supporting 2
loads of 250 pounds simultaneously plus anticipated
loads caused by ice buildup, winds, rigging, and impact
loads resulting from the use of ladder safety devices.
 1926.1053(a)(3)(i – iii) – Rungs, cleats and steps must be spaced between 10 inches (25cm)
and 14 inches (36cm) apart, measured from the center lines. Exceptions to the rule (all
measurements from center lines):
Extension Section of Trestle
Ladder Type Step Stools Base of Extension Trestle Ladders
Ladders
Minimum Spacing 8in (20cm) 8in (20cm) 6in (15cm)
Maximum Spacing 12in (31cm) 18in (31cm) 12in (31cm)
 1926.1053(a)(4)(i – ii) – Minimum clear distance between side rails for different ladder
types:
Portable
Ladder Type Individual-Rung/Step Ladders Fixed Ladders
Ladders
11.5in
Minimum Clear Distance 16in (41cm) 16in (41cm)
(29cm)
 1926.1053(a)(13 – 15) – The minimum perpendicular clearance between the centerline of

rungs and an obstruction:
Fixed Ladder Rungs
Fixed Ladder (obstruction Elevator Pit
Ladder Type (obstruction on climbing
behind ladder) Ladder
side)
Minimum Perpendicular
7in (18cm) 4.5in (11cm) 30in (76cm)
Clearance
If unavoidable obstructions are encountered, the minimum perpendicular clearance may be

reduced to 24 inches (61 cm), provided that a deflection device is installed to guide employees
around the obstruction
 1926.1053(a)(16) – Through fixed ladders at their point of access/egress shall have a step-
across distance of not less than 7 inches (18 cm) nor more than 12 inches (30 cm) as
measured from the centerline of the steps or rungs to the nearest edge of the landing area. If
the normal step-across distance exceeds 12 inches (30 cm), a landing platform shallbe
provided to reduce the distance to the specified limit.
10.11 Fall Protection.

12.1. For Supported Scaffold Fall protection equipment shall be provided on any scaffold 2m (6 feet) or
more above ground. Personnel performing work from a supported scaffold shall be protected by
guardrail from falling from all open sides and ends of the scaffold. Open sides and ends shall be allowed
when the scaffold distance is 25 cm (10 in) or less from the structure being worked on.
12.1.1. Fall Arrest System

a) Personal fall-arrest systems used on scaffolds are to be attached by lanyard to a vertical lifeline,
horizontal lifeline, or any rigid structural member.
b) When vertical lifelines are used, they shall be fastened to a fixed safe point of anchorage,
independent of the scaffold, and be protected from sharp edges and abrasion. Safe points of anchorage
include structural members of buildings, but not standpipes, vents, electrical conduit, etc., which may
give way under the force of a fall. Two or more vertical lifelines shall not be attached to each other, or to
the same point of anchorage.
c) When horizontal lifelines are used, they shall be secured to two or more structural members. Life lines
shall be made of good quality manila rope of atleast 1.9 cm (3/4 in.) diameter or equivalent material
such as nylon rope of at least 1.27 cm (1/2 in) diameter and shall be of sufficient strength to support a
weight of 1140 kgs (2500 lbs) without breaking.
10.12 Clearance from power lines

the scaffold standard states that scaffolds shall not be erected, used, dismantled, altered, or moved
such that they or any conductive material handled on them might come closer to exposed and
energized power lines than the applicable minimum approach distance table in the scaffold
standard. Under the table, for insulated lines of less than 300 volts, the minimum clearance distance
is 3 feet; for uninsulated lines, it is 10 feet.
Thus, as you correctly noted, construction workers working from scaffolds close to but not on
overhead power lines must meet the clearances found in the table referenced in 29 CFR
1926.451(f)(6). It requires that a scaffold used in proximity to an insulated power line of less than
300 volts be no closer than 3 feet. We believe the article you reference is in error. Thank you for
bringing this to our attention.
10.13 Protection from Falling Objects

All materials, equipment, and tools, which are not in use while on the scaffold shall besecured against
accidental displacement.
10.14 Other types of scaffolds

10.14.1 Supported Scaffold
o Mobile Scaffold: In the use of mobile scaffolds, which are manually propelled, the
following must be observed:
a) It should be of stable construction and weighted at the base to prevent
overturning;
b) It shall be only be used on firm and even surface;
c) It shall be securely braced;
d) It shall not be moved when any worker is on the scaffold and all tools and
materials are not secured;
e) When manual force is used to move the scaffold, it must be applied as close to the
base as practicable, but not more than 1.2 m (4 feet) above the supporting surface;
f) When free standing, the height of the mobile scaffold should not exceed four(4)
timesthe base width dimension;
g) When outrigger frames are used to increase base width dimension, itshall be
installed on both sides of the scaffold;
h) All casters must be secured to frame legs or screw jacks with pins, bolt & nut, and
other secured means. Weight of tower should not exceed the capacity of the casters
and should be designed to support four (4) timesthe maximum intended load;
i) To prevent movement of the scaffold while it is being used in a stationary
position,scaffold casters and wheelsshall be locked either with positive wheel locks,
wheel and swivel locks or equivalent means; and
j) Platforms must not extend beyond the base supports of the scaffold, unless
stability is ensured by outrigger frames or equivalent devices.
10.14.2 Ladder Scaffolds or Ladder Jack Scaffolds:

o A ladder scaffold shall be used only when:
a) Work is of such light nature and the material required for the work is
light and can be hung on the ladder; and
b) The distance between the ladders of the scaffold is less than 3 m (10 ft).
10.14.3 Frame Scaffolds:

a) When moving platforms to the next level, the existing platform shall be left undisturbed until the
new end frames have been set in place and braced prior to receiving the new platforms.
b) Frames shall be braced by a cross, horizontal, or diagonal braces, or combination thereof, which
secure vertical members together laterally. The cross braces shall be of such length as will
automatically square and align vertical members so that the erected scaffold is always plumb, level,
and square. All brace connections shall be secured.
10.15 Training and competency requirements
10.15.1 “Competent Person”

refers to one who is capable of identifying existing and potential hazards in the surroundings or working
conditions, and who has the authority to take prompt corrective action to eliminate them; person must
be a holder of Scaffold Erector NC II and COSH training.
10.15.2 “Qualified Person”
refers to one who, by possession of a recognized technical degree, certificate, or professional standing,
or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has successfully demonstrated his/her ability
to solve or resolve problems related to the subject matter, the work, or the project.
10.15.3 Scaffolds Erector

All scaffolds erector must undergo the standard scaffold training and assessment prescribed by DOLE
and TESDA
Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:
 One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization
 Must be a holder of TESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC ll
10.16 SUMMARY
There are numerous types of scaffolds, including supported, suspended, and rolling. Scaffolds are
crucial in the construction industry, and save both time and money when used properly. However,
there are several concerns that employers and employees alike must be aware of when erecting,
working on, or disassembling any type of scaffold.
Following Occupational Safety and Health Standard regulations shall be the basis in working of
scaffold and ladder to ensure the safety of workers and other people who might be affected.
11 Environmental Safety
11.1 OBJECTIVE:
After the end of the session the participants would be able to:
- Understand the importance of work environment measurement.
- Will be able design types of sampling and measurement methodology and strategies
to be use in a certain type of workplace.
- Have knowledge in interpreting the measured hazards.
11.2 INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
Industrial Hygiene - is both a science and an art devoted to the anticipation, recognition,
evaluation, prevention, and control of those environmental factors or stresses arising in or from the
workplace which may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort
among workers or among citizens of the community. (AIHA, n.d.)
11.3 RECOGNITION OF HAZARDS

To be effective in recognizing and evaluating on-the-job hazards and recommending controls,
industrial hygienists must be familiar with the hazards' characteristics.
 Physical
 Chemical
 Biological
 Ergonomics
11.3.1 PHYSICAL
A. NOISE
Noise is basically a sound that is loud, unpleasant and causes disturbance. Noise is also defined as
the unwanted sound. In industry unwanted sounds comes from sound producing equipment such
as milling machine, power generators, blasting process, heavy equipment, machineries and others.
(1) TYPES OF NOISE

• Continuous – noise that is produced constantly
• Impulse – noise consists of separate pulses, may or may not repeat a pattern and can have
higher or lower sound levels
• Intermittent – noise that has suddenly burst and can startle you by its fast and surprising
nature.
(Guest Editor, 2017)
Noise Arm’s Length Rule
“If two (2) people with no hearing impairment have to raise their voices or shout to be heard in a
distance of less than arms length from each other, the sound level is potentially hazardous.”
Noise levels in different industries in the Philippines
INDUSTRY NOISE LEVEL
Textile / Weaving 102 to 104 dBA
Iron and Steel Rolling Mills 94 to 99 dBA
Car/Grinding 94 to 96 dBA
Stamping 95 to 97 dBA
Cement/Mill Area 100 to 102 dBA
Wire and Cable Stranding 100 to 102 dBA
B. Illumination
Illumination is the magnitude of the stream of light falling on the surface. Illumination is
very essential in the workplace to attain a very high integrity of work.
(1) Types of artificial lighting

General Lighting – provides fairly uniform lighting, an example would be ceiling fixtures that light
up large areas.
Local Lighting – increases light levels over the work and immediate surroundings.
Localized-General Lighting – Uses overhead fixtures in addition to ceiling fixtures to increase
lighting levels for particular task. ( Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, n.d.)
C. Extreme Temperature
Extreme temperature refers to the workplace ambient temperature conditions that are way beyond
(too much high or low temperatures) the normal ambient temperature. (ERGONOMICS 4 SCHOOL,
n.d.)
Heat-related fatality cases show that workplaces with temperatures above 70 degrees Fahrenheit may
have a heat hazard present when work activities are at or above a moderate workload. Assessing worker
exposure in conditions that may present a heat hazard is critical for knowing when to implement a heat-
related illness prevention program. (osha, n.d.)
(1) Factors affecting heat exposure

 Thermal Factors:
Ambient temperature and Humidity
 Physical Workload:
Light, moderate and heavy
 Work-Rest Regimen:
Percentage (%) of work and rest
D. Extreme pressure
Extreme pressure refers to the exposure of an individual to below or greater than normal
atmospheric pressure.
The air around you has weight, and it presses against everything it touches. That pressure is called
atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as
gravity pulls it to Earth.
As the pressure decreases, the amount of oxygen available to breathe also decreases. At very high
altitudes, atmospheric pressure and available oxygen get so low that people can become sick and
even die. (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, n.d.)
E. Vibration
Vibration is a physical factor that acts on the human body by transmission of mechanical energy
from sources of oscillation. Workers in various industries are subjected to vibration from
machinery they work with.
This vibration may be divided into two types

(1) General Or Whole-Body Vibration
that acts on the body of a sitting or standing person through supporting surfaces
(2) Hand – Arm Vibration(Segmental) (HAV)
local vibration that is mainly transmitted to the hands and arms by motion such as drilling.
Hand-held power tools used in manufacturing, quarrying, public utilities, mining and
construction, agriculture and forestry [1] have given rise to peripheral circulatory
disturbances of peripheral nerves, muscles, bones and joints. (Departments of aPublic
Health, and bPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine,, n.d.)
F. Radiation
Radiation refers to the process of emission or transmission of energy as waves or moving
particles through space or through a medium. Electromagnetic radiation, particle radiation,
acoustic radiation and gravitational radiation are examples of radiations. Radiation can be
categorized as either ionizing or non-ionizing radiations.
11.3.2 Chemical
Chemical Safety is achieved by undertaking all activities involving chemicals in such a way as to
ensure the safety of human health and the environment. It covers all chemicals, natural and
manufactured, and the full range of exposure situations from the natural presence of chemicals in
the environment to their extraction or synthesis, industrial production, transport use and disposal.
How do chemicals become a hazard?
When they become airborneand the concentration is excessive…..
CHEMICAL HAZARDS NATURE/FORM
Organic Solvents Vapor
Acids/Bases Mists
Dust/Particulates Powder/Fibers
Heavy Metals Fumes
Gases Gas
How do chemicals become airborne?

When they undergo different processes such as heating, spraying, plating, mixing.
A. Chemical hazards
 Solvents / Vapor
 Dust / Particulates
 Heavy Metals / Fumes
 Gasses / Smoke
 Acids / Mist
(1) Vapors
- Gases formed when liquid evaporates, associated with solvents, adhesives and alcohols.
Example: hydrocarbons, (toluene), ketones (methyl ethyl ketones), esters (ethyl acetate), ether (ethyl
ether), alcohols (ethyl alcohol).
Occupational Exposure
- Degreasing of metals
- Painting
- Gluing woods, and
- Installing wall paper and vinyl tiles
(2) Fumes
Volatilized solids that condense when they contact air. Very small, solid particles created
when hot vapor reacts with the air to form an oxide
Examples: lead fumes, chromium fumes, tin fumes
• Soldering operation
• Welding operation
(3) Mist
- Spherical airborne liquid droplets created by bubbling, boiling, spraying. etc. of a liquid or
by condensation from air supersaturated with a vapor.
Example: associated with acids, formaldehyde, phenols, etc.
Occupational Exposure:
• Spraying acids on walls (pre-painting activity)
• Oil mist used in cutting operation.
(4) Gases
- Aero form fluid which have neither shape nor specific volume but tends to expand
indefinitely.
- Do not have warning odor at a dangerous concentration.
Examples: chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia carbon dioxide, SOx, NOx
- Aero form fluid which have neither shape nor specific volume but tends to expand
indefinitely.
- Do not have warning odor at a dangerous concentration.
Examples: chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia carbon dioxide, SOx, NOx
- Exhaust from engines (hydrocarbons, CO2 & CO)
- Sewers and dumpsite (methane)
- Excavation (methane & H2S)
(5) Particulates
- Solid particles capable of being blown about or suspended in the air.
It is classified according to size:
• Total Dust -all dust particles in the area
• Respirable Dust -a fraction of total dust which passes through a selector whose size is 7
microns and below in diameter. A size which is most likely to lodge in the human lung
• Inhalable Dust – dust that can be trapped in the nose, throat and upper respiratory tract
Occupational Exposure:
• Cement mixing.
• Cutting of Tiles.
• Demolition.
• Excavation.
(6) Fiber Glass

- a type of material consisting of extremely fine filaments of glass that are combined in yarn
and woven into fabrics, used in masses as a thermal and acoustical insulator, or embedded in
various resins to make boat hulls, fishing rods, and the like.
(7) Asbestos
- The term use to describe a group of naturally occurring fibrous mineral silicates.
- Mineral which consists of needle-shaped and thread-like fibers.
- Comes from the Greek word meaning “incombustible”
Uses of asbestos
• Fire proof clothing;
• Roofing felts or related products;
• Asbestos cement roofing;
• Asbestos cement flat sheet;
• Friction materials;
• High temperature textiles products;
(a) Safety and Health Standard on the use of and management of asbestos in the
workplace
Department Order 154-16
Section 3 Asbestos safety and Health program – the employer shall ensure the development
and Implementation of an asbestos safety and health program (ASHP) for the workers in the
compliance with RULE 1045 of occupational safety and health standard (OSHS) Annex “A”
Occupational diseases of the IRR of PD 626. The ASHP shall include the ff:
 Hazard Identification and risk assessment

 Information and Education
 Access of occupational health /medical services
 Medical examination
 Post retirement medical monitoring shall be facilitated by the ECC and OSHC
 Reportorial requirements
 Compensation/rehabilitation
(b) DO No. 136-14 : Guidelines for the Implementation of GHS in Chemical
Safety Program in the Workplace
 Serves as Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) to implement the provisions of GHS in
the industrial workplace sector;
 Amends the chemical labelling provisions in Rule 1090 of the Occupational Safety and
Health Standards;
 Issued by DOLE in consultation with tripartite partners: industry and workers group and
other governme which serves as the national regulation
Hazard Communication Standard: Safety Data Sheets
Section 2: Hazard(s) Identification
This section identifies the hazards of the chemical presented on the SDS and the appropriate
warning information associated with those hazards. The required information consists of:
 The hazard classification of the chemical (e.g., flammable liquid, category1).

 Signal word.
 Hazard statement(s).
 Pictograms (the pictograms or hazard symbols may be presented as graphical
reproductions of the symbols in black and white or be a description of the name of the
symbol (e.g., skull and crossbones, flame).
 Precautionary statement(s).
 Description of any hazards not otherwise classified.
 For a mixture that contains an ingredient(s) with unknown toxicity, a statement describing
how much (percentage) of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) with unknown acute
toxicity. Please note that this is a total percentage of the mixture and not tied to the
individual ingredient(s)
Section 3: Composition/Information on Ingredients
This section identifies the ingredient(s) contained in the product indicated on the SDS, including
impurities and stabilizing additives. This section includes information on substances, mixtures, and
all chemicals where a trade secret is claimed. The required information consists of:
Substances
 Chemical name.
 Common name and synonyms.
 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number and other unique identifiers.
 Impurities and stabilizing additives, which are themselves classified and which contribute
to the classification of the chemical.
Mixtures
 Same information required for substances.
 The chemical name and concentration (i.e., exact percentage) of all ingredients which are
classified as health hazards and are:
 Present above their cut-off/concentration limits or
 Present a health risk below the cut-off/concentration limits.
 The concentration (exact percentages) of each ingredient must be specified except
concentration ranges may be used in the following situations:
 A trade secret claim is made,
 There is batch-to-batch variation, or
 The SDS is used for a group of substantially similar mixtures.
Chemicals where a trade secret is claimed
 A statement that the specific chemical identity and/or exact percentage (concentration) of
composition has been withheld as a trade secret is required.
11.3.3 Biological
Biological hazards are type of hazards that arises from anything that has life such as
bacteria, viruses that can be carried by animals and transmitted through unhealthy workplace
environment.
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Enzymes
• Micro-organism
11.3.4 Ergonomic Hazards

Ergonomic hazards are work environment stressors that can affect the physical and
psychological wellbeing of an individual.
A. Physiological Ergonomic Hazards

- This refers to the ergonomic hazards that destroys the physical wellbeing of a human body when
doing or performing their given task in their work areas.
B. Psychosocial Ergonomic Hazards

- This refers to the ergonomic hazards that destroys the mental well being of the body that was
caused by the organization.
11.4 Hazard recognition

The “recognition” step in the process is the step where determines where the hazard is present that
they “anticipated” in the first place.
Recognition of the different hazards can be accomplished through….
 Walk-through survey / Ocular inspection
 Review of process involved
 Knowing the raw materials used, products and by products
 Gathering of worker’s complaints
 Safety Data Sheet (SDS
11.5 WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT

Upon completion of the module, the learner will be able to:
1) Discuss Work Environment Measurement (WEM) and its importance in evaluating
the hazards in the workplace and monitoring exposure of workers;
2) Comply with industrial hygiene-related OSHS provisions and other issuances, laws
and guidelines; and
3) Explain the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) and its importance in evaluating workers’
exposure.
Once the types of hazards have been pinpointed, we can now evaluate or measure the
hazards through the use of appropriate measuring instrument. . We call this work this
Work Environment Measurement (WEM). This is one the technical services offered by the
Occupational Safety & Health Center and its accredited WEM provider.
11.5.1 Definition of Work Environment Measurement

WEM – is the determination of the environmental hazards and their hazardous effect on
workers’ health through direct measurements of hazards.
11.5.2 Rule 1070 of Occupational Safety and Health Standards

Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHs) Rule 1070
Rule 1070 is OSH standard for occupational health and environmental control. It has seven
(7) rules:
OSHS Rule 1071 – General Provisions
“This rule establishes TLVs for toxic and carcinogenic substances and physical agents
which may be present in the atmosphere of the work environment. TLVs refer to airborne
concentration of substances and represent conditions under which it is believed that nearly
all workers may be repeatedly exposed
OSHS Rule 1072 – TLVs for Airborne Contaminants and Rule 1073 (Tables)
These refer to TLVs of airborne contaminants for “time weighted concentration for an 8-
hour workday and a total of forty-eight 48 hours of work exposure per week.” TLVs tables
for airborne contaminants, mineral dusts, and human carcinogens are also established.
OSHS Rule 1074 – Physical Agents
This refers to TLVs for physical agents particularly noise or “sound pressure that
represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed without adverse effect on their ability to hear and understand normal speech.
OSHS Rule 1075 – Illumination
“All places where persons work or pass or may have to work or pass in emergencies, shall
be provided during time of use with the adequate natural lighting or artificial lighting or
both, suitable for the operation and the special type of work performed.”
OSHS Rule 1076 – General Ventilation
This is about General Ventilation that encompasses the workroom condition for air supply,
temperature, humidity, and odor. It states that:
“Suitable atmospheric conditions shall be maintained in workrooms by natural or artificial

means to avoid insufficient air supply, stagnant or vitiated air, harmful drafts, excessive
heat or cold, sudden variations in temperature, and where practicable, excessive humidity
or dryness and objectionable odors.”
OSHS Rule 1077 – Work Environment Measurement
“WEM shall mean sampling and analysis carried out in respect of the atmospheric working
environment and other fundamental elements of working environment for the purpose of
determining actual condition therein.”
If the TLVs are exceed the hazards that may be injurious to workers may be deemed to
exist in the workplace. These hazards should be controlled.
11.5.3 DO 160-16 Guidelines on the Accreditation of Consulting Organizations
to Provide WEM Services
11.5.4 Purpose of WEM
It is conducted for the following purposes:
1. To determine magnitude of harmful environmental agents.
2. To physically check environment through measurements.
3. To predict harmfulness of a new facilities, raw material, production processes and

working methods:
4. To monitor worker exposure to harmful substances
5. To evaluate the effectiveness of the environmental control measured adopted to

improve the workplace; and
6. To maintain favorable environment condition
11.5.5 Types of Work Environment Measurement / Monitoring

The types of sampling can be done when doing a WEM
1. Personal Monitoring- is a measurement of a particular employee’s exposure to

airborne contaminant. The measuring device is placed as close as possible to the
contaminant entry port to the body. For example, when monitoring an air
contaminant that is toxic. The measurement device must be placed close to the
breathing zone of the worker. The data collected closely approximate the
concentration of contaminant by which the worker is expose to.
2. Area/Environmental Sampling is the measurement of the contaminant
concentration in the workroom. The measuring device is placed adjacent to the
workers normal workstation or at fixed location in the work area. This kind of
monitoring does not provide a good estimate of work exposure but help to pinpoint
areas with high or low exposure level of contaminants.
3. Biological Monitoring involves the measurement of the change of the composition of
the body fluids, tissue or expired air to determined absorption of a potentially
hazardous material. Examples are measurements of lead and mercury in the blood
or in the urine.
The following are the instrument used to measure the different hazards.
a. Lux meter for illumination
b. Psychomotor for humidity
c. Anemometer for air movement
d. Smoke tester to air direction
e. Glove Thermometer for heat
f. Sound level Meter of noise.
WEM should be conducted on the regular basis. It should be done at least once a year.
Note: To avail of the service, fill up and submit the WEM REQUEST FORM found in
the OSHC Website.
A. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS

The results of the measurements are compared with the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) set
by the Occupational safety and Health standards. Threshold Limit Value (TLV).
Analytical Equipment Sample

Gas Chromatograph Solvents
High Performance Liquid Chromatograph Inorganic chemicals
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Metals
Phase Contrast Microscope (PCM)/ Fourier Asbestos fibers / quantitative (fiber
Transform Infra-red Spectrocopy (FTIR) count) and qualitative analysis.
X-ray Diffractometer Mineral dust
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Acids and Other Chemicals
1. Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for airborne Contaminants are exposures guidelines
that have been established for airborne concentration of many chemical compound.
For reference, see Table 8, 8a and 8d of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards. Threshold Limits Value for Note refer to the sound pressure that
represent condition under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be
separated exposed without adverse effect on their ability to hear and understand
normal speech. The OSH Standards has established a regulation for Noise Exposure,
which sets allowable noise level based on the numbered of hour of exposure
unprotected.
The collected samples from the WEM are analyzed in the laboratory. Some of the analytical
instruments used are as follows: UV-VIS Spectrophotometer for analyzing acids, AAS for
heavy metals, Gas Chromatograph for organic solvents, and X-ray Diffractometer, Fourier
Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrocopy, and Phase Contrast Microscope (PCM) for
quantitative and qualitative analysis of asbestos and silica.
C. Comparison of measurement results with standards
Laboratory analysis results are compared with the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs). These
are exposure guidelines that have been established for airborne concentration of many
chemical compounds. Concentrations of hazards that exceed the TLVs can cause adverse
effects to humans. There are three categories of TLVs:
1. Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration for a
normal 8-hour workday or 40-hour workweek to which nearly all workers may be
repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects.
Computation for Time Weighted Average:

TWA Concentration = C1T1 + C2T2 + ..... + CnTn
T1 + T2 ………+Tn
Where C1.....Cn = different mass concentration obtained at different sampling time
T1.....Tn = sampling time
Where C1.....Cn = different mass concentration obtained at different sampling time
T1.....Tn = sampling time
Example: Exposure Level to Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Gas

H2S Concentration (ppm) Sampling Time
5 2 hours
15 4 hours
2 1 hour
5 1 hour
TWA Concentration = {(5ppm)(2 hrs) + (15ppm)(4 hrs) + (2ppm)(1 hr) + (5ppm)(1 hr)} ÷
{2hrs +
4hrs+ 1hr + 1hr}
TWA Concentration of H2S = 9.625 ppm
TLV for H2S is 10 ppm. So, the exposure is below TLV
2. Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is the maximum concentration to which workers

can be exposed continuously for 15 minutes without suffering from any of the following:
a. Irritation
b. Chronic or irreversible tissue damage
c. Narcosis of sufficient degree to increase the likelihood of accidental injury, impair
self-rescue or materially reduce work efficiency.
2. Ceiling (TLV-C) is the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of
the working exposure; otherwise, the exposed workers might be vulnerable to
serious risks.
TLV tables
Reference: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), TLVs and
BEIs.
11.5.6 Summary of Evaluation of Health Hazards
The evaluation of Health hazards is dependent on the comparative data from the actual
WEM of the company against the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) indicated in the OSH
Standards. The hazard evaluation process will recognize and evaluate chemical, physical,
biological, and ergonomic hazards within the workplace to determine if proper controls are
present and control unacceptable exposures.
Measurements in WEM must be within or not exceed the prescribed TLV. This will also be
indicative that hazard controls are effective. Should the measurements exceed on the
prescribed TLV standards, hazard controls must be further strengthened. Rigorous
monitoring to the workers who are exposed must be done to prevent the development of
occupational disease and to detect early development of its stage. However, this is already
a reactive move. OSH always aims best to its prevention which is controlling the health
hazards.
Informational research, on-site work area visits and staff interviews are usually the
operational portion of the process.
Other guidelines and standards which are not specified in the OSH standards (e.g American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists/ ACGIH, Occupational Safety and Health
Administration/ OSHA) may be used to evaluate health hazards in the workplace.
Whatever the results are, it is important that all efforts through effective hazard controls/
OSH programs must be exerted for the protection of workers’ health.
11.5.7 Controlling of Hazards

A. Control Measures
After recognizing, measuring and evaluating the hazards present in the
construction site Safety Officer or an Industrial Hygienist must provide appropriate

control measure to protect workers against the hazards. Hazards can be control from
its source, pathways and in the receiver.
Hierarchy of Control Measures
Hierarchy of control measure refers to a system used in industry to minimize or
eliminate exposure of workers to various hazards and reduce risk. It is a widely accepted
system promoted by numerous safety organizations. This concept is taught to managers in
industry, to be promoted as standard practice in the workplace. In providing control

measure to
the hazards in the workplace the following control measure should be considered
according to
its hierarchy, from the highest to the least priority.
1) Engineering Control Measure
2) Administrative Control Measure
3) Personal Protective Equipment or PPE
(1) Engineering Control Measure

Engineering Control Measure is a type of control measure that eliminates or
reduces exposure of workers to safety and health hazards through the use of
engineering methodology. Engineering controls are methods that are built into the
design of a plant, equipment or process to minimize the hazard. Engineering controls
are a very reliable way to control worker exposures as long as the controls are
designed, used and maintained properly. It is the most efficient but also the most
expensive among the other control measures. The following listed below are the
example of engineering control measures.
a) Adequate planning and design
b) Substitution of materials used
c) Modification in process / equipment
d) Maintenance of equipment
e) Isolation or shielding
f) Wet method
g) Industrial Ventilation
(2) Administrative Control Measure

Administrative Control Measures are type of controls that alter the way the work is done,
including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards
and
operating procedures. The following are the example of the administrative control
measures.
a) Reduction of work periods
b) Adjusting work schedules
c) Job rotation
d) Training, education and orientation of supervisors and employees
e) Good housekeeping
f) Good communications: Signals and signage
g) Work Practice Ethics
h) Emergency Preparedness
(3) Personal Protective Equipment

Personal protective equipment or PPE is the last line of defense of workers
against the identified hazards. It is also the least priority in giving control measures to a
given hazard. PPE is only used when Engineering and Administrative control measures
were not applicable in addressing the hazards.
11.6 SUMMARY
WEM is an exposure assessment process of measuring the magnitude, frequency and duration of
exposure to physical and chemical hazards. Industrial Hygiene focuses essentially on a preventive
approach through the minimization of exposure to work environment hazards thereby preventing
an occupational disease.
Occupational Health
1.1 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the session, participants will be able to:
1. Explain the principles of Industrial Hygiene;
2. Identify the different classifications of Occupational Health Hazards
1.2 Occupational Health Hazards
Health hazards are chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic factors in our
environment that can have negative impacts on our short- or long-term health.
Understanding the risks of these hazards can help us to take action to avoid or mitigate
these risks. (Public Health Ontario, 2019)
1.2.1 Classification of Health Hazards

A. Physical
Physical hazards are factors or conditions within the environment that can harm the
worker’s health (Physical Hazards, n.d.). Physical hazards monitored by industrial
hygienist include exercise level of noise and vibration, pressure, illumination,
temperature extremes, oxygen, deficiency and radiation.
(1) Extreme Temperature (Heat)
The healthy human body maintains its internal temperature around 37°C. Variations,
usually of less than 1°C, occur with the time of the day, level of physical activity or
emotional state. A change of body temperature of more than 1°C occurs only during illness
or when environmental conditions are more than the body's ability to cope with extreme
heat.
As the environment warms-up, the body tends to warm-up as well. The body's internal
"thermostat" maintains a constant inner body temperature by pumping more blood to the
skin and by increasing sweat production. In this way, the body increases the rate of heat
loss to balance the heat burden.
In a very hot environment, the rate of "heat gain" is more than the rate of "heat loss" and
the body temperature begins to rise. A rise in the body temperature results in heat illnesses
(Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016).
(a) Heat-Related Illness

The risk of heat-related illness varies from person to person. A person's general health
influences how well the person adapts to heat (and cold).
Those with extra weight often have trouble in hot situations as the body has difficulty
maintaining a good heat balance. Age (particularly for people about 45 years and older),
poor general health, and a low level of fitness will make people more susceptible to feeling
the extremes of heat.
Medical conditions can also increase how susceptible the body is. People with heart
disease, high blood pressure, respiratory disease and uncontrolled diabetes may need to
take special precautions. In addition, people with skin diseases and rashes may be more
susceptible to heat. Other factors include circulatory system capacity, sweat production
and the ability to regulate electrolyte balance.
Substances -- both prescription or otherwise -- can also have an impact on how people
react to heat.
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) reports that several
studies comparing the heat tolerances of men and women have concluded that women are
less heat tolerant than men. While this difference seems to diminish when such
comparisons take into account cardiovascular fitness, body size, and acclimatization,
women tend to have a lower sweat rate than men of equal fitness, size and acclimatization.
This lower sweat rate means that there can be an increase in body temperature. Other risk
factors are shown in Figure 0-1 (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2016)
.
Figure 0-1. Risk factors for Heat-related illness

A heat-related illness occurs when there is an
increase in the worker's core body
temperature above healthy levels. As core
temperature rises, the body is less able to
perform normal functions. As core
temperature continues to increase, the body
releases inflammatory agents associated with
damage to the liver and muscles. This
process may become self-sustaining and
generate a run-away inflammatory response,
the "systemic inflammatory response"
syndrome that often leads to death.
The terms heat stress and heat strain represent the relationship and difference between
external factors and the body's core temperature control mechanisms:
Heat Stress – The net heat load to which a worker is exposed. Physical exertion,
environmental factors, and clothing worn all contribute to heat stress.
Heat Strain – The body's physiological response to heat stress (e.g., sweating).
The body's natural way to keep the core body temperature from rising to unhealthy levels
is through an increase in heart rate and sweating. When these are not enough to keep the
core body temperature from rising, the result is heat-related illness or death. Elevated core
body temperatures may cause the following illnesses:
 Heat Stroke
 Heat Exhaustion
 Heat Cramps
 Heat Syncope
 Heat Rash
 Rhabdomyolysis
Heat Stroke is the most serious heat-related illness and should be treated as a medical
emergency. Heat stroke occurs when the body becomes unable to adequately dissipate
heat, losing the ability to regulate core body temperature. The core body temperature rises
rapidly, the sweating mechanism may fail, and the body is unable to cool down. When heat
stroke occurs, the body temperature can rise to 41oC (106°F) or higher within 10 to 15
minutes. Thinking clearly, perception, planning, and other mental processes become
impaired, and the worker may be unable to recognize dangerous situations. Heat stroke
can cause death or permanent disability if emergency medical treatment is not given.
Symptoms include confusion, clumsiness, slurred speech, fainting/unconsciousness, hot
dry skin, profuse sweating, seizures, and high body temperature.
Heat Exhaustion is often a precursor to heat stroke. It is often accompanied by elevated

core body temperatures around 38°C–39°C (100.4°F–102.2°F). Symptoms may include
headache, nausea, dizziness, fatigue, weakness, thirst, heavy sweating, irritability, and a
decreased urine output.
Heat Cramps are caused by the body's depleted salt and water levels from excessive
sweating resulting in muscle cramps or spasms. They usually occur in the muscles used
during work. The symptoms include spastic contractions and pain in voluntary muscles
mainly in the arms, legs, or torso.
Heat Syncope usually occurs after prolonged standing or sudden rising from a sitting or
supine position. Heat syncope symptoms include light-headedness, dizziness, and fainting.
Dehydration and inadequate acclimatization often contribute to heat syncope.
Heat Rash is skin irritation caused by excessive sweating. Excessive moisture and sweat
obstructs sweat ducts and forms itchy and painful red pimple/blister clusters and skin
lesions. It is exacerbated in hot and humid weather and common on the neck, chest, groin,
armpits, elbow creases, and behind the knees.
Rhabdomyolysis is a medical condition, sometimes caused by heat stress and prolonged
physical exertion, in which muscle fibers rapidly break down, die, and release electrolytes
and proteins into the bloodstream. Left untreated, this can lead to kidney damage, seizures,
irregular heart rhythms, and death. Symptoms include muscle cramps, muscle pain, dark
urine, weakness, inability or decreased ability to perform physical exercise at the normally
expected level or duration (i.e., exercise intolerance), and joint pain/stiffness.
Heat-related Illness Prevention Program

Heat-related illness prevention is most effective when management commits to identifying
and reducing exposure to heat stress hazards (i.e., heat hazards). The heat-related illness
prevention program should establish how the employer will determine if workers are
exposed to a heat hazard based on environmental conditions (e.g., weather or indoor
temperature and humidity), clothing, and workload. The heat-related illness prevention
program should also include policies/procedures for controlling heat hazards.
The most effective way to prevent heat-related illness and fatality is to reduce heat stress in
the workplace (e.g., increase air movement, reduce temperature, reduce humidity, and
protect workers from solar radiation or other radiant heat sources). The following are
some engineering controls that may reduce heat stress:
 Use air conditioning

 Increase general ventilation
 Provide cooling fans
 Run local exhaust ventilation where heat is produced (e.g., laundry vents)
 Use reflective shields to block radiant heat
 Insulate hot surfaces (e.g., furnace walls)
 Stop leaking steam
 Provide shade for outdoor work sites
When engineering controls are not enough to keep worker exposure below the AL or TLV,
administrative controls are another way to prevent a worker's core body temperature from
rising. Some administrative controls that may reduce heat stress include:
 Acclimatize workers starting the first day working in the heat
Employers should have an acclimatization plan for new and returning workers. An
effective heat acclimatization program gradually increases an unacclimated worker’s
exposure to heat over a 7-14 day period. By building up tolerance to the heat , this
process can help ensure safety and increase productivity by reducing mistakes as a
result of heat fatigue (Rise, 2019).
 Re-acclimatize workers after extended absences
 Schedule work earlier or later in the day
 Use work/rest schedules
 Limit strenuous work (e.g., carrying heavy loads)
 Use relief workers when needed
When engineering and administrative controls are not enough, PPE is a way to provide
supplemental protection. PPE that can reduce heat stress include:
 Fire proximity suits
 Water-cooled garments
 Air-cooled garments
 Cooling vests
 Wetted over-garments
 Sun hats
 Light colored clothing
 Sunscreen
An effective heat-related illness prevention program should include a worker

acclimatization program, heat alert program, and medical monitoring program. It should
also establish an effective training program that includes how to recognize heat-related
illness symptoms and what to do when there is a heat-related illness emergency.
(2) Radiation
In physics, radiation is a process in which energetic particle or energy or waves travel
through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; ionizing and
non-ionizing. The energy radiates (i.e., travel outward in straight lines in all direction)
from its source. Both ionizing and non-ionizing and non-ionizing radiation can be
harmful to organism and can results in change to the natural environment.
(a) Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation is a type of energy released by atoms that travels in the form of
electromagnetic waves (gamma or X-rays) or particles (neutrons, beta or alpha). The
spontaneous disintegration of atoms is called radioactivity, and the excess energy
emitted is a form of ionizing radiation. Unstable elements which disintegrate and emit
ionizing radiation are called radionuclides (World Health Organization, 2016).
Exposure
Workers can be exposed to ionizing radiation from radiation-producing machines,
such as X-ray equipment. X-ray equipment is used in various occupational settings,
including security operations, healthcare, manufacturing and construction, and food
and kindred products processing (Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
n.d.).
Radiation damage to tissue and/or organs depends on the dose of radiation received.
Beyond certain thresholds, radiation can impair the functioning of tissues and/or
organs and can produce acute effects such as skin redness, hair loss, radiation burns,
or acute radiation syndrome. These effects are more severe at higher doses and
higher dose rates. For instance, the dose threshold for acute radiation syndrome is
about 1 Sv (1000 mSv). (World Health Organization, 2016)
In occupation where their exposed to ionizing radiation, time shielding are important
tools in ensuring workers safety. Danger from radiation increases with the amount
time one is exposed to it. Hence the shorter the time of exposure the smaller the
radiation danger.
Distance also is a valuable tool in controlling exposure to both ionizing and non-
ionizing radiation. Radiation levels from some sources can be estimated buy
comparing the square of the distance between the workers and the source. For
example: at a reference point of 10 feet from a source, the radiation is 1/100 of the
intensity of 1 foot from the source. Shielding also is way to protect against radiation.
The greater the protective mass between a radioactive source and the worker, the
lower the radiation exposure.
(b) Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing radiation is the term given to radiation in the part of the electromagnetic
spectrum where there is insufficient energy to cause ionization. Instead the energy is
converted to heat, and depending on the exposure time and the energy concentration of the
radiation, it can lead to burns. Therefore, those working with non-ionizing radiation must
take precautions to ensure they are not exposed to excessive levels of NIR.It includes
electric and magnetic fields, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible
radiation.
Extremely Low Frequency Radiation (ELF)
Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) radiation at 60 HZ is produced by power lines, electrical

wiring, and electrical equipment. Common sources of intense exposure include ELF
induction furnaces and high-voltage power lines
Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation
Microwave radiation (MW) is absorbed near the skin, while Radiofrequency (RF) radiation
may be absorbed throughout the body. At high enough intensities both will damage tissue
through heating. Sources of RF and MW radiation include radio emitters and cell phones.
Infrared Radiation (IR)
The skin and eyes absorb infrared radiation (IR) as heat. Workers normally notice
excessive exposure through heat sensation and pain. Sources of IR radiation include
furnaces, heat lamps, and IR lasers.
Visible Light Radiation
The different visible frequencies of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum are "seen" by our
eyes as different colors. Good lighting is conducive to increased production, and may help
prevent incidents related to poor lighting conditions. Excessive visible radiation can
damage the eyes and skin.
Ultraviolet Radiation (UV)
Ultraviolet radiation (UV) has a high photon energy range and is particularly hazardous
because there are usually no immediate symptoms of excessive exposure. Sources of UV
radiation include the sun, black lights, welding arcs, and UV lasers.
Non-ionizing radiation also is dealt with by shielding workers from the source. Sometimes
limiting exposure time to non-ionizing radiation or increasing the distance in an effective.
Laser radiation, for example, cannot be controlled effectively by in posting time limit. An
exposure can be hazardous that is faster than the blinking of an eye. Increasing the distance
from a laser source my require miles before the energy level reaches appoint where the
exposure would not be harmful (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.).
(3) Illumination
Both natural and artificial (local) lighting influences our health and wellbeing. It directly
affects our mood and alertness. The effect of lighting on vision is the most obvious impact
on the workforce. In the workplace, there are different sources of lighting. There are (2)
two: Daylight and Electrical Light
Daylight
This the natural light during the day. How much daylight reaches inside a building depends
on the architecture of the building, the amount and direction of sunlight.The amount of
daylight entering the workplace can be controlled with tinted glass, window blinds,
curtains, and awnings. Daylight is desirable in the workplace providing it does not cause
glare or make the work area too bright. Remember, not enough light can also be a problem
so even in workplaces where daylight is available, it is essential to have a good electric
lighting system.
Electrical Light
The amount of light, the colour of the light itself and the colour that objects appear vary
with the type of electric lighting. The lighting must match the workplace and the task
Basic Types of Artificial Lighting
There are 3 basic types of lighting:
 General lighting
General lighting provides fairly uniform lighting. An example would be ceiling
fixtures that light up large areas.
 Localized-general lighting
uses overhead fixtures in addition to ceiling fixtures to increase lighting levels for
particular tasks.
 Local (or task) lighting

increases light levels over the work and immediate surroundings. Local lighting often
allows the user to adjust and control lighting and provides flexibility for each user.
Depending on how the illuminance is delivered, the result can either be comfortable or
uncomfortable. Visual problems and discomfort occur when the lighting makes it difficult
for workers to see what they are supposed to see while performing their jobs, which in turn
can affect their performance negatively. Aspects of lighting that can commonly cause visual
discomfort are insufficient or excessive lighting, shadows, veiling reflections, glare and
flicker.
Glare is caused by bright light sources which can be seen when looking in the range from
straight-ahead to 45 above the horizontal. There are two types of glare: and reflected.
 Direct glare occurs when a bright light source is directly in the field of vision of a worker.
This can impair the worker's vision or distract him/her from their work. To reduce
direct glare, shield the light source from the workers line of sight. For natural light, this
could mean the installation of blinds, and for other light sources, this could mean using
lamp shades or other similar devices (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and
Safety, 2018).
 Indirect glare occurs when bright light is reflected from a nearby surface into the
worker's eyes. This normally occurs because the background of the work surface is
composed of a dark and glossy or shiny surface. For indirect glare, move lighting sources
or move the worker away from the light source. Also, alter any dark or shiny finishes to
those that are light or matte (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2018).
Poor lighting can affect the quality of work, specifically in situations where precision is
required, and overall productivity. Inadequate lighting not only affects the health of
workers, causing symptoms like eyestrain, migraine and headaches, but is also linked with
a condition called ‘Sick Building Syndrome’. Symptoms of this condition include headaches,
lethargy, irritability and poor concentration. In addition, inadequate lighting within
workplaces can also contribute to a significant cost to the business in the form of:
 Product damage
 Production lost time as a result of accidents
 Time off work due to personal injuries
 Reduced worker’s efficiency
(Health and Safety Middle East, 2017)
(Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2019)
Safety Standards
Light Level or Illuminance, is the total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area.
Usually, standards and norms define the light levels by task. The difficulty is to define the
space in which the task is to be performed. The amount of light being given off by a
particular source, in all directions, is called luminous flux (or “luminous power” or “lux”)
and is a measure of the total perceived power of light. It is measured in lumens. A foot
candle is one lumen of light density per square foot.
Under the Philippine OSH Standards, the Table 1.2-1 shows the minimum lighting levels
per area of operation.
Table 1.2-1. Illumination Levels

Area of Operation Minimum Lighting Levels and Task lux
Cutting cloth 2000 and above (200 foot candles)

Sewing cloth
Finish inspection
Fine assembly
Color grading
Fine machining
Inspection and assembly 1000 (100 foot candles)

Clay enameling and glazing
Electric motor insulating
Coil winding and testing
Chipping
Grinding
Fine core making
Machine shop benchwork
Transcribing handwriting
Indexing references
Accounting
Pattern making
Drafting
Welding 500 (50 foot candles)

Automotive frame assembly
Chemical laboratory
Foundry molding
Metal pouring
Sorting
Core making
Rubber extrusion and tire making
Punch press
Shearing
Stamping
Woodworking
Sizing
Planing
Rough Sanding
Medium quality machine and benchwork
First Aid Station
Paper tasks with LCD monitors in offices
Packaging 300 (30 foot candles)

Barrel washing
Turbine
Clay molding and pressing
Chemical furnace
Tank
Dryer
Evaporator
Extractor
Cleaning and annealing furnace
Plating
Drop-forge shop
Lunch room
Locker room
Rest room
Shower room
General construction plants and shops 100 (10 foot candles)

e.g mechanical/electrical equipment rooms,
carpenter shops, barracks/ living quarters
Tunnel, shaft and general underground work 50 (5 foot candles)

areas, access ways, active storage areas, field
maintenance areas, indoors, warehouses,
corridors, hallways and exitways
(Department of Labor and Employment, 2019)

(4) Noise
Noise is one of the most common physical hazards present in the occupational setting.
Depending on frequency, amplitude (volume) and duration of exposure, hearing protection
may be required. Inadequate hearing protection or prolonged exposure to noise can result
in either temporary or permanent hearing loss. Machinery and equipment are the most
likely sources of hazardous noise in the workplace (Environmental Health and Safety, n.d.).
Although no uniformly standard definitions exist, noise exposure durations can be broadly
classified as continuous-type or impulsive.
All non-impulsive noises (i.e., continuous, varying, and intermittent) are collectively
referred to as “continuous-type noise.”(US Department of Health and Human Services,
1998)
Impact and impulse noises are collectively referred to as “impulsive noise.” Impulsive
noise is distinguished from continuous-type noise by a steep rise in the sound level to a
high peak followed by a rapid decay. In many workplaces, the exposures are often a
mixture of continuous-type and impulsive sounds (US Department of Health and Human
Services, 1998).
Occupational Hearing Loss is the hearing loss that is the direct result of exposure to
dangerous sound levels in the workplace. It can be a Permanent or Temporary Hearing
Loss. Neither surgery nor a hearing aid can help correct a permanent type of hearing loss
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.).
Short term exposure to loud noise can cause a temporary change in hearing (your ears may
feel stuffed up) or a ringing in your ears (tinnitus). These short-term problems may go
away within a few minutes or hours after leaving the noise. However, repeated exposures
to loud noise can lead to permanent tinnitus and/or hearing loss. Certain industries such as
construction, manufacturing and mining are more likely to have workers that suffer from
hearing impairment (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.).
Noise Measurement Units
Noise is measured in units of sound pressure levels called decibels, named after Alexander
Graham Bell, using A-weighted sound levels (dBA). The A-weighted sound levels closely
match the perception of loudness by the human ear. Decibels are measured on a
logarithmic scale which means that a small change in the number of decibels results in a
huge change in the amount of noise and the potential damage to a person's hearing
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.).
Because of a small change resulting to a huge change in the amount of noise, it would be
very difficult to manufacture a sound level meter that had a linear performance, especially
bearing in the mind the range of noise sources to be measured in a work environment. So,
to express levels of sound meaningfully in numbers that are more manageable, a
logarithmic scale is used, using 10 as the base, rather than a linear one. This scale is called
the decibel scale (Pulsar Instruments, 2019).
Figure 0-2. Decibel Scale
Safety Standards
Under the Philippine OSH Standards, the Table 1.2-2 shows the Permissible Noise Exposure
in terms of duration per day.
Table 1.2-2. Permissible Noise Exposure
Duration per day (hours) Sound Level Decibel, A-weighted (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1½ 102
1 105
½ 110
¼ or less 115
*ceiling value: No exposure in excess of 115 dBA is allowed

(5) Vibration
Vibration means the rapid movement to and from or oscillating movement. Vibration
enters the body from the part of the body or organ in contact with vibrating
equipment (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2018).
Segmental vibration exposure affects an organ, part or "segment" of the body. The
most widely studied and most common type of segmental vibration exposure is hand-
arm vibration exposure which affects the hands and arms. Exposed occupational
groups include operators of chain saws, chipping tools, jackhammers, jack leg drills,
grinders and many other workers who operate hand-held vibrating tools (Canadian
Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2018)..
Whole body vibration energy enters the body through a seat or the floor, and it affects
the entire body or a number of organs in the body. Exposed groups include operators
of trucks, buses, tractors and those who work on vibrating floors. Table 1.2-3 lists
examples of vibration exposure in various industries (Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health and Safety, 2018)..
Table 1.2-3. Examples of occupational vibration exposure per industry
Industry Type of Vibration Common Source of Vibration

Agriculture Whole body Tractors
Boiler making Hand-arm Pneumatic tools
Construction Whole body Heavy equipment vehicles
Hand-arm Pneumatic tools, Jackhammers
Diamond cutting Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools

Forestry Whole body Tractors
Hand-arm Chain saws
Foundries Hand-arm Vibrating cleavers

Furniture manufacture Hand-arm Pneumatic chisels
Iron and steel Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Lumber Hand-arm Chain saws
Machine tools Hand-arm Vibrating hand tools
Mining Whole body Vehicle operation
Hand-arm Rock drills
Rubber Hand-arm Pneumatic stripping tools

Sheet Metal Hand-arm Stamping Equipment
Shipyards Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Shoe-making Hand-arm Pounding machine
Stone dressing Hand-arm Pneumatic hand tools
Textile Hand-arm Sewing machines, Looms
Transportation Whole body Vehicles
(Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2018).
Repeated exposure to high levels of vibration is known to cause injury to workers over
time. The risk of vibration induced injury depends on the average daily exposure. An
evaluation of the risk takes into account the intensity and frequency of the vibration, the
duration (years) of exposure and the part of the body which receives the vibration energy.
Vibration affects the musculoskeletal system of the workers. Disorders associated with the
vibration hazard are as follows:
Hand arm vibration (HAV)

HAV is caused by regular exposure to high levels of vibration from hand held tools and
equipment. It could also be caused by holding materials in contact with grinding or cutting
operations(Public Health Scotland, 2019).
HAV can affect workers who use power tools and cutting equipment such as
 grinders
 polishers
 strimmers
 chainsaws
 power drills
 road breakers.
The vibration transmitted from the tools or materials to the hands and arms could
damage sensory nerves, muscles and joints which is called hand arm vibration
syndrome (HAVS)(Public Health Scotland, 2019).
Vibration white finger
This is a condition caused by damage to the circulatory system in the hands and fingers as a
result of contact with vibrating tools. The symptoms are
 tingling
 numbness
 whitening appearance to the fingers.
After the attack, the fingers affected may become painful, red and throbbing as the
circulation returns. These symptoms may become more severe and frequent with
continued exposure to vibration, especially in cold weather. This can eventually lead to
permanent disability(Public Health Scotland, 2019).
Whole body vibration

Whole body vibration is caused by sitting, standing or lying on a vibrating surface. This
could lead to
 headaches
 motion sickness
 chronic back pain
 stomach problems
 sleep and visual disturbances.
Using vehicles off road increases the risk of jolts and jarring. For this reason , employees
that drive or operate heavy plant and vehicles such as construction plant, agricultural
machines and quarry vehicles are especially at risk. Vibration transmitted through the
feet can also be a problem for employees that stand on the platforms of stationary plant
such as rock crushers. (Public Health Scotland, 2019)
B. Chemical
Another health hazard that pose a threat to the workers’ health are chemicals. Exposure to
these chemicals pose a wide range of health effects that can range from acute irritations,
chronic diseases such as cancer, and can even cause fatality.
Harmful chemical compound in the form of solids, liquid, gases, mists, dust, fumes, and
vapor enter the body through by inhalation (breathing), absorption (through direct skin
contact) or ingestion (eating or drinking) as shown in Figure 0-3(Introduction to Safety in
the Use of Chemicals, 2004). The degree of worker’s risk from exposure to any given
substance depends on the nature and potency of the toxic effects, and the magnitude and
duration of exposure (Chemical Hazards, n.d.).
Figure 0-3. Routes of Entry of chemicals
Airborne contaminants can occur in the gaseous form (gases and vapours) or as aerosols,
which include airborne dusts, fumes, mists, and vapor. These are discussed below:
(1) Dust
These is solid particles generated by handling, crushing, grinding, rapid impact,

detonation, and decrepitating (breaking a part by heating) for organic or inorganic
materials, such as rock, ore, metal, coal wood and grain. Dust is term used in
industry to described airborne solid particle that range in size from 0.1 to 25 (=
1/10,000 cm = 1/25,000 um; is the abbreviation for micron). A person with normal
eyesight can detect individual dust particle as a small as 50 um diameters. There is a
smaller particle called “respirable dust” which can penetrate into the inner recesses
of the lungs. Nearly all the particle larger than 10 um diameters are trapped in the
nose throat trachea or bronchi from which they are either expectorated or
swallowed.
(2) Fumes
Fumes are formed when volatilized solids such as metal are condensed in cool air.
This solids particle that’s makes fumes are extremely fine, usually less than 10 um.
In most cases, the hot material reacts with the air to form an oxide. Examples are
lead oxides fumes from smelting and iron oxide fumes from arc welding. Fumes also
can be formed when a material such as magnesium metal is burned or when
welding or gas cutting is done on galvanized metal.
(3) Mists
These are suspended liquid droplets generated by chemical condensing from the
gaseous to the liquid state or by a liquid breaking into a dispends states by splashing
foaming or atomizing. Mist is formed when a finely divided liquid is suspended in
the atmosphere. Example are the oil mists produced during cutting and girding
operations, acids mists from electroplating, acid or alkali mists from pickling
operations, spray-paint mists from spraying operation and condensation of water
vapor in to tog or rain.
(4) Vapor
The gaseous forms of substances that appear normally in
the solids or liquid state at room temperature and
pressure are called vapor. The vapor can be change back
to the solid or liquid state either by increasing the
pressure or by decreasing the temperature. Evaporation
is the process by which a liquid is change into the vapor
state and mixed with the surrounding atmosphere.
Solvent that boil at relatively low temperature will vaporize readily at room
temperature.
The effects of chemicals may be seen immediately (acute) or may show up months or
years after the exposure (chronic). The effect will depend on the type of the chemical, the
route of entry, and the degree of exposure. These hazardous effects must be well
communicated to all workers. That is why, part of the sound management of chemicals is
the GHS (Globally Harmonized System).
C. Biological
Figure 0-4. Biological hazards

Biological hazards refer to organisms or organic matters produced by these organisms that
are harmful to human health. These include parasites, viruses, bacteria, fungi as shown in
Figure 0-4(Mughal, 2015). In general, there are three major of routes of entry for these
micro-organisms into our body, i.e. through the respiratory system, transmission through
contact with body fluids of the infected or contact with contaminated objects.
Occupations and workplaces where people may come into contact with biological hazards:
 Medical staff, cleaning staff and laboratory technicians in the medical profession;
 Healthcare services;
 Cleaning services and property management;
 Employees in environmental hygiene services such as liquid waste and rubbish
collection and disposal;
 Agriculture, fishery, veterinary services, and manufacturing industries that use
plant- or animal based raw materials, such as paper and paper products, textile,
leather and furs and related products;
 Indoor workplaces like entertainment premises, restaurants and hotels, where
employees generally work in enclosed areas with central air-conditioning: – Any
microorganism breeding inside the air-conditioning system or cooling towers may
spread in the workplace through the air-conditioning system. In the office building,
the furnishing materials like carpets and wallpapers, the potted plants and places
that are wet and damp or utensils that hold water are likely to be the breeding
ground for microorganisms.
(Occupational Safety and Health Council, n.d.)
In this topic, we will be discussing three (3) endemic diseases and one (1) emerging
infectious disease which are easily transmitted from one person to another. These
are Tuberculosis, HIV/ AIDS, Hepatitis B and COVID 19.
(1) T
uberculosis
Tuberculosis is an
airborne disease
caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. About 1 million Filipinos have active
TB disease. This is the third highest prevalence rate in the world, after South Africa and
Lesotho. It is a highly curable disease. Yet, it is the number one killer among all infectious
diseases. Every day more than 70 people lose their lives to TB in the Philippines needlessly.
Many of these patients develop drug resistant tuberculosis, which are more expensive and
difficult to treat (World Health Organization Western Pacific Philippines, 2019).
Figure 0-5. TB transmission from one person to another
The bacteria that cause TB is spread through the air from person to person when a person
with TB disease coughs, speaks, or sings as shown in Figure 0-5(Goldman, 2018). People
nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. There are two types of TB
conditions: latent TB infection and TB disease.
TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called latent TB infection.
In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight
the bacteria to stop them from growing. People with latent TB infection do not feel sick, do
not have any symptoms, and cannot spread TB bacteria to others.
If TB bacteria become active in the body and multiply, the person will go from having latent
TB infection to being sick with TB disease. For this reason, people with latent TB infection
are often prescribed treatment to prevent them from developing TB disease (Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, 2019).
Symptoms do not appear unless a patient has active TB. People with TB disease may
spread TB bacteria to others. The most common symptom of active pulmonary tuberculosis
is coughing that lasts two or more weeks. Other symptoms are low grade fever, night
sweats, fatigue, losing weight without trying as shown in Figure 0-6(TB Online, n.d.),
decreased or no appetite, chest pains and coughing up blood as shown in Figure
0-7(Queensland Health, 2018).
Figure 0-6. Patients with Tuberculosis
Figure 0-7. Signs and Symptoms of TB
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) issued Department Order (DO) No. 73-
05: Guidelines for the Implementation on Policy and Program on Tuberculosis Prevention
and Control in the Workplace to assist companies in strengthening TB prevention efforts
through enterprise-level policies and programs. This DO was signed on March 31, 2005
(Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2019).
(2) HIV and AIDS
HIV/ AIDS has become one of the diseases that has become relevant to the work force especially in
the Philippines. A UNAIDS Report on the global HIV epidemic states that the number of new
infections in the Philippines has more than doubled in the past six (6) years from an
estimated 4,300 in 2010 to an estimated 10,500 in 2016. The Philippines has become the
country with the fastest growing HIV epidemic in Asia and the Pacific, and has become one
of eight countries that account for more than 85% of new HIV infections in the region
(Department of Health, n.d.) .
While the Philippines has controlled the HIV epidemic among female sex workers, the
country noted a shift in the epidemic in 2007, notably among males who have sex with
males then persons who inject drugs, and has therefore scaled-up services tailored to other
key risk populations since that time. The Philippine data showed that in 2016, 83% of
newly reported HIV cases occurred among males who have sex with males (MSM) and
transgender women who have sex with males (TGW). Majority of the new infections are
occurring among 15 to 24-year-old MSM and TGW (Department of Health, n.d.). This data
is significant because companies may have to adapt to this workforce and make sure that
their affected workers’ health and well-being are protected.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
HIV is a virus that attacks cells that help the body fight infection, making a person more
vulnerable to other infections and diseases. It is spread by contact with certain bodily fluids
of a person with HIV, most commonly during unprotected sex (sex without a condom or
HIV medicine to prevent or treat HIV), or through sharing injection drug equipment. If left
untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when the body’s immune system is badly
damaged because of the virus.
A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when:

 the number of their CD4 cells (white blood cells) falls below 200 cells per cubic
millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system,
CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.) OR
 they develop one or more opportunistic infections regardless of their CD4 count.
Without HIV medicine, people with AIDS typically survive about 3 years. Once someone has
a dangerous opportunistic illness, life expectancy without treatment falls to about 1 year.
Transmission
You can only get HIV by coming into direct contact with certain body fluids from a person
with HIV who has a detectable viral load. These fluids are:
 Blood
 Semen (cum) and pre-seminal fluid
 Rectal fluids
 Vaginal fluids
 Breast milk
For transmission to occur, the HIV in these fluids must get into the bloodstream of an HIV-
negative person through a mucous membrane (found in the rectum, vagina, mouth, or tip of
the penis); open cuts or sores; or by direct injection (HIV.gov, 2020).
HIV is not spread by:
 Air or water
 Mosquitoes, ticks or other insects
 Saliva, tears, or sweat that is not mixed with the blood of a person with HIV
 Shaking hands; hugging; sharing toilets; sharing dishes, silverware, or drinking
glasses; or engaging in closed-mouth or “social” kissing with a person with HIV
 Drinking fountains
 Other sexual activities that don’t involve the exchange of body fluids (for example,
touching).
(HIV.gov, 2020)
Risk Factors
Behaviours and conditions that put individuals at greater risk of contracting HIV include:
 having unprotected anal or vaginal sex;

 having another sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as syphilis, herpes,
chlamydia, gonorrhoea and bacterial vaginosis;
 sharing contaminated needles, syringes and other injecting equipment and drug
solutions when injecting drugs;
 receiving unsafe injections, blood transfusions and tissue transplantation, and
medical procedures that involve unsterile cutting or piercing; and
 experiencing accidental needle stick injuries, including among health workers
(World Health Organization, 2019)
Symptoms
There are several symptoms of HIV. Not everyone will have the same symptoms. It depends
on the person and what stage of the disease they are in.
Below are the three stages of HIV and some of the symptoms people may experience.
Stage 1: Acute HIV Infection
Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, about two-thirds of people will have a flu-like
illness. This is the body’s natural response to HIV infection. Flu-like symptoms can include:
 Fever
 Chills
 Rash
 Night sweats
 Muscle aches
 Sore throat
 Fatigue
 Swollen lymph nodes
 Mouth ulcers
These symptoms can last anywhere from a few days to several weeks. But some people do
not have any symptoms at all during this early stage of HIV.
Stage 2: Clinical Latency
In this stage, the virus still multiplies, but at very low levels. People in this stage may not
feel sick or have any symptoms. This stage is also called chronic HIV infection.
Without HIV treatment, people can stay in this stage for 10 or 15 years, but some move
through this stage faster.
If the patient takes HIV treatment every day, exactly as prescribed and get and keep an
undetectable viral load, the patient can protect his/her health and prevent transmission to
others. But if his/her viral load is detectable, the patient can transmit HIV during this stage,
even when no symptoms are shown.
Stage 3: AIDS
If the person has HIV and not on HIV treatment, eventually the virus will weaken the body’s
immune system and will progress to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). This is
the late stage of HIV infection.
Symptoms of AIDS can include:
 Rapid weight loss

 Recurring fever or profuse night sweats
 Extreme and unexplained tiredness
 Prolonged swelling of the lymph glands in the armpits, groin, or neck
 Diarrhea that lasts for more than a week
 Sores of the mouth, anus, or genitals
 Pneumonia
 Red, brown, pink, or purplish blotches on or under the skin or inside the mouth,
nose, or eyelids
 Memory loss, depression, and other neurologic disorders
(HIV.gov, 2020)
Prevention
Individuals can reduce the risk of HIV infection by limiting exposure to risk factors. Key
approaches for HIV prevention, which are often used in combination, are listed below:
 Male and female condom use

Correct and consistent use of male and female condoms during vaginal or anal
penetration can protect against the spread of STIs, including HIV. Evidence shows
that male latex condoms have an 85% or greater protective effect against HIV and
other STIs.
 Testing and counselling for HIV and STI’s
Testing for HIV and other STIs is strongly advised for all people exposed to any of
the risk factors. This enables people to learn of their own HIV status and access
necessary prevention and treatment services without delay.
 Voluntary medical male circumcision
Medical male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection
in men by approximately 60%. Since 2007, WHO recommends VMMC as an
additional prevention strategy.
 Behaviour change interventions
This is to reduce the number of sexual partners to limit exposure to a partner who
may be infected by HIV
 Use of sterile needles and syringes; not sharing drug-using equipment and drug
solutions
(World Health Organization, 2019)
As the staggering increase of new HIV cases in the Philippines, the government recognizes
the need to address this fully in a multi-sector approach. The government has passed the
Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act or Republic Act 11166, a new law that repeals RA No.
8504 to consider current data on dealing with HIV/AIDS. This is to further prevent the
spread of the virus in the country through awareness, education and prevention programs
especially in the workplaces both of the public and private sector. The Department of Labor
and Employment issued Department Order 102-10: Guidelines for the Implementation of HIV
and AIDS Prevention and Control in the Workplace Program for the private sector to
strengthen this cause.
(3) Hepatitis B
Another disease that is heavily affecting our country is Hepatitis B. In the Philippines,
around one in 10 people have chronic hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is a potentially life-
threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It is a major global health
problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis
and liver cancer (World Health Organization, 2019).
Although, Hepatitis B is not spread through usual workplace activities. There are
occupations such as in the healthcare setting and other occupation which involves potential
exchange of bodily fluids, which pose a high risk of transmission.
Transmission
Hepatitis B is also spread by needlestick injury, tattooing, piercing and exposure to infected
blood and body fluids, such as saliva and, menstrual, vaginal, and seminal fluids. Sexual
transmission of hepatitis B may occur, particularly in unvaccinated men who have sex with
men and heterosexual persons with multiple sex partners or contact with sex workers.
Transmission of the virus may also occur through the reuse of needles and syringes either
in health-care settings or among persons who inject drugs. In addition, infection can occur
during medical, surgical and dental procedures, through tattooing, or through the use of
razors and similar objects that are contaminated with infected blood (World Health
Organization, 2019).
Symptoms
Most people do not experience any symptoms when newly infected. However, some people
have acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including yellowing of the skin
and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. A
small subset of persons with acute hepatitis can develop acute liver failure, which can lead
to death.
In some people, the hepatitis B virus can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later
develop into cirrhosis (a scarring of the liver) or liver cancer (World Health Organization,
2019)
Prevention
The hepatitis B vaccine is the mainstay of hepatitis B prevention. The vaccine has an
excellent record of safety and effectiveness. Since 1982, over 1 billion doses of hepatitis B
vaccine have been used worldwide (World Health Organization, 2019). Other than
vaccination, avoiding the risk factors mentioned such as risky sexual behaviors and
injecting recreational drugs with shared needles are also effective to avoid being infected.
In the workplace, awareness and education are among the preventive strategies against
Hepatitis B under the Department Advisory No.05-10: Guidelines for the Implementation of
a Workplace Policy and Program on Hepatitis B.
D. Ergonomics
Workplace ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace, keeping in mind the
capabilities and limitations of the worker. It is fitting the job to the worker. Poor worksite
design leads to fatigued, frustrated and hurting workers. This rarely leads to the most
productive worker. More likely, it leads to a painful and costly injury, lower productivity and
poor product quality (Workplace Ergonomics, n.d.).
(1) Benefits
An effective ergonomics process can benefit your organization in a number of different ways.
In fact, Washington State Department of Labor and Industries reviewed 250 case studies on
the effects of ergonomics in a variety of settings. They found that ergonomics can have a
profound impact on your organization, including the following five benefits:
(a) Ergonomics reduces costs
By systematically reducing ergonomic risk factors, you can prevent costly WMSDs
(Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders).
(b) Ergonomics improves productivity
The best ergonomic solutions will often improve productivity. By designing a job to
allow for good posture, less exertion, fewer motions and better heights and reaches,
the workstation becomes more efficient.
(c) Ergonomics improves quality
Poor ergonomics leads to frustrated and fatigued workers that don’t do their
best work. When the job task is too physically taxing on the worker, they may
not perform their job like they were trained. For example, an employee might
not fasten a screw tight enough due to a high force requirement which could
create a product quality issue.
(d) Ergonomics improves employee engagement
Employees notice when the company is putting forth their best efforts to
ensure their health and safety. If an employee does not experience fatigue
and discomfort during their workday, it can reduce turnover, decrease
absenteeism, improve morale and increase employee involvement.
(e) Ergonomics creates a better safety culture
Ergonomics shows your company’s commitment to safety and health as a

core value. The cumulative effect of the previous four benefits of ergonomics
is a stronger safety culture for your company.
(Workplace Ergonomics, n.d.)
(2) Ergonomic Risk Factors
Risk factors related to work activity and ergonomics can make it more difficult to maintain the
balance between musculoskeletal fatigue and recovery, and increase the probability that some
individuals may develop a WMSD.
The primary workplace ergonomic risk factors to consider are High Task Repetition,
Forceful Exertions, Repetitive/ Sustained Awkward Postures
(a) High Task Repetition
Many work tasks and cycles are repetitive in nature, and are frequently controlled by
hourly or daily production targets and work processes. High task repetition, when
combined with other risks factors such high force and/or awkward postures, can
contribute to the formation of WMSD. A job is considered highly repetitive if the cycle
time is 30 seconds or less.
(b) Forceful Exertions
Many work tasks require high force loads on the human body. Muscle effort increases
in response to high force requirements, increasing associated fatigue which can lead
to WMSD.
(c) Repetitive/Sustained Awkward Postures
Awkward postures place excessive force on joints and overload the muscles and
tendons around the effected joint. Joints of the body are most efficient when they
operate closest to the mid-range motion of the joint. Risk of WMSD is increased when
joints are worked outside of this mid-range repetitively or for sustained periods of
time without adequate recovery time (Workplace Ergonomics, n.d.).
1.2.2 Health Hazards Identification

As we had discussed the different classification of health hazards, their identification in the
workplace is a step crucial to formulate an effective OSH program. The goal of hazard
identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present in the workplace.
It may help to work as a team and include both people familiar with the work area, as well
as people who are not – this way both the experienced and fresh eye are included to
conduct the inspection (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2018).
(1) When is Hazard Identification done
Hazard identification can be done:
 During design and implementation
o Designing a new process or procedure
o Purchasing and installing new machinery
 Before tasks are done
o Checking equipment or following processes
o Reviewing surroundings before each shift
 While tasks are being done
o Be aware of changes, abnormal conditions, or sudden emissions
 During inspections
o Formal, informal, supervisor, health and safety committee
 After incidents
o Near misses or minor events
o Injuries
To be sure that all hazards are found:
 Look at all aspects of the work and include non-routine activities such as
maintenance, repair, or cleaning.
 Look at the physical work environment, equipment, materials, products, etc. that are
used.
 Include how the tasks are done.
 Look at injury and incident records.
 Talk to the workers: they know their job and its hazards best.
 Include all shifts, and people who work off site either at home, on other job sites,
drivers, teleworkers, with clients, etc.
 Look at the way the work is organized or done (include experience of people doing
the work, systems being used, etc).
 Look at foreseeable unusual conditions (for example: possible impact on hazard
control procedures that may be unavailable in an emergency situation, power
outage, etc.).
 Determine whether a product, machine or equipment can be intentionally or
unintentionally changed (e.g., a safety guard that could be removed).
 Review all of the phases of the lifecycle.
 Examine risks to visitors or the public.
 Consider the groups of people that may have a different level of risk such as young
or inexperienced workers, persons with disabilities, or new or expectant mothers.
Other Information about hazards

It may be necessary to research about what might be a hazard as well as how much harm
that hazard might cause. Sources of information include:
 Safety Data Sheets (SDSs).

 Manufacturer’s operating instructions, manuals, etc.
 Test or monitor for exposure (occupational hygiene testing such as chemical or
noise exposure).
 Results of any job safety analysis.
 Experiences of other organizations similar to yours.
 Trade or safety associations.
 Information, publications, alerts, etc. as published by reputable organizations, labor
unions, or government agencies.
1.2.3 D.O 136-14 Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling

of Chemical
For chemical hazards, a system was formulated to provide uniform hazard communication
that is used globally. GHS stands for the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labelling of Chemicals. GHS defines and classifies the hazards of chemical products, and
communicates health and safety information on labels and safety data sheets). The goal is
that the same set of rules for classifying hazards, and the same format and content for
labels and safety data sheets (SDS) will be adopted and used around the world. An
international team of hazard communication experts developed GHS.
GHS covers all hazardous chemicals and may be adopted to cover chemicals in the
workplace, transport, consumer products, pesticides and pharmaceuticals. The target
audiences for GHS include workers, transport workers, emergency responders and
consumers.
DO No. 136-14 : Guidelines for the Implementation of GHS in Chemical Safety

Program in the Workplace
 To protect the workers and properties from the hazards of chemicals
• To prevent and reduce the incident of chemically induced accidents, illnesses and
death resulting in the misuse of chemicals
The two major elements of GHS are:
1. Classification of the hazards of chemicals according to the GHS rules:
GHS provides guidance on classifying pure chemicals and mixtures according to its criteria
or rules.
2. Communication of the hazards and precautionary information using Safety Data Sheets
and labels:
Figure 0-8 GHS Label Elements & Symbols (Advatages label , n.d.)
Labels - With the GHS, certain information will appear on the label. For example, the
chemical identity may be required. Standardized hazard statements, signal words and
symbols will appear on the label according to the classification of that chemical or mixture.
Precautionary statements may also be required, if adopted by your regulatory authority.
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) - The GHS SDS has

16 sections in a set order, and minimum
information is prescribed. (Canadian Centre
for Occupational Health & Safety, 2020)
Figure 0-9 Safety Data Sheet

1.2.4 Labels and Safety data sheet
Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a summary of important health, safety and toxicological
information on the chemical or the mixture ingredients. It should contain:
1. identification
2. hazard(s) identification
3. composition/information on ingredients
4. first-aid measures
5. fire-fighting measures
6. accidental release measures
7. handling and storage
8. exposure control/personal protection
9. physical and chemical properties
10. stability and reactivity
11. toxicological information
12. ecological information
13. disposal considerations
14. transport information
15. regulatory information
16. other information
The SDS should conform to the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification and
labeling of chemicals.
The GHS is an international standard for classifying chemicals and communicating its
hazards. It is a basis for establishing a comprehensive national chemical safety program,
and a comprehensive approach to defining and classifying hazards and communicating
information on labels and safety data sheets. Under DOLE Department Order 136-14
The GHS was developed in Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment
and Development (UNCED) held in Brazil in 1992.
Benefits of GHS – All countries, international organizations, chemical producers, and users
of chemicals will benefit from the GHS as it will:
 enhance the protection of humans and environment
 facilitate international trade in chemicals
 reduce the need for testing and evaluation of chemicals
 assist countries and international organizations to ensure the sound
1.3 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE

Upon completion of the module, the learner will be able to:
1) Discuss medical surveillance and biological monitoring as strategies in examining

health conditions of workers;
2) Explain the role of these strategies in preventing occupational illnesses; and
3) Describe the different steps in conducting medical surveillance
An important facet in Occupational Health is Medical Surveillance. Medical Surveillance

isthe systematic assessment of employees exposed or potentially exposed to occupational
hazards. This assessment monitors individuals for adverse health effects and determines
the effectiveness of exposure prevention strategies.
To appreciate the role of medical surveillance in Occupational Health, one must understand
the parameters of how an occupational or work-related disease develops. It is often
mistakenly thought that an exposure to the health hazards in the workplace will always
cause adverse health effects. But this is not specifically true, there are factors that influence
development of a work-related/ occupational disease. These are the (1) Workplace
Factors and (2) Worker’s Susceptibility.
Workplace Factors
Workplace Factors Description
Exposure duration • length of time of being vulnerable to

work hazards; low level exposure to
the hazard over extended period of
time increases the risk of disease
Magnitude • level or dose of exposure: as the

concentration of a hazard is
increased the likely it can do more
harm
Timing of Exposure • this is related to exposure duration,

a worker who is continuously exposed
to the hazard for several periods in a
day is more at risk
Multiplicity of exposure • Exposures to mixtures of hazards or

several chemicals at the same time
can cause synergistic or cumulative
effects
(Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2019)
Despite having similar exposure to workplace hazard, workers may be affected

differently due to non-occupational factors/ Worker’s Susceptibility.
Worker’s Susceptibility Factors Description
Age • an important factor since elderly and

young workers have altered metabolic
processes, which allow a buildup of
toxic substances in which a normal
adult can easily neutralize
Sex • some agents may have a target toxicity.

Some may be toxic to female workers
and not toxic to male workers or vice
versa.
Genetic • refers to the inherent genetic make-up

of an individual such as allergies,
sensitization
Medical History • is important to identify previous

illnesses, which may be aggravated by
substances, or agents found in the
workplace
Lifestyle • smoking, alcohol consumption,

physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, drug
abuse, among others can alter a worker’s
natural defense mechanisms and
increase the chance of developing ill-
effects

Weighing in the workplace factors and the worker’s susceptibility is our guide and
reference to carefully monitor any development of occupational disease/ illness
from the vulnerable/ susceptible work force and also maintaining the level of health
status of the healthy work force from the start and end of their employment.
1.3.1 Workplace monitoring and its different strategies
The challenge of Occupational health lies on the difficulty of recognizing the development
of the work-related diseases and occupational disease clinically of the workers. Aside from
the non-specificity of clinical and pathological characteristics of these diseases, the long
latency period before the worker exhibits the symptoms is also a major difficulty.
A good example of this is the latency period of the harmful effects of asbestos, a naturally
occurring silicate mineral used in some industries. It takes more than 15 years for the
exposed workers to develop asbestosis (lung disease caused by asbestos) and an even
longer period of 10-45 years for workers to develop lung cancer/ mesothelioma.
Now the question lies on, how can we protect our worker’s health before it is too late? This
is where our workplace monitoring and its strategies come in.
A. Monitoring in the workplace
In this context, Monitoring is referred to as systematic, continuous and repetitive health-

related activities that should lead to corrective action. These are monitoring activities done
systematically and periodically monitored. Example in chemical exposure, employers
should monitor and record the exposure of workers to hazardous chemicals to ensure their
safety and health. They should ensure that workers are not exposed to chemicals to an
extent which exceeds exposure limits or other exposure criteria for the evaluation and
control of the working environment. Based on the monitoring data, employers should
assess the exposure of workers to hazardous chemicals.
Types of Monitoring:
 Ambient/ Environmental
 Biologic Monitoring
 Medical Surveillance
The Ambient or Environmental Monitoring is already discussed in Topic 2.3. Work

Environment Measurement. Airborne concentrations of hazardous chemicals measured by
the accredited service providers is monitored to ensure the safety and health of workers
against inhalation risks. These must be weighed against the standards given and must not
exceed the prescribed values. These must be done as frequently as deemed necessary but
not to exceed more than a year.
All of the results of these three types of monitoring cannot be used as a stand-alone
reference and must be compared collectively to determine effectivity of controls and
monitoring worker’s exposure.
1.3.2 Role of biological monitoring and medical surveillance as part of

workplace monitoring
Another type of monitoring is the Biological monitoring and Medical Surveillance. While
Environmental monitoring measures the working conditions, biological monitoring and
medical surveillance indicates the biological response of the exposed workers, whether it
has a positive healthy response or to a negative response which can lead to illness. A good
indicator of effectivity of health hazard control is monitoring the health of the exposed
workers and its biological parameters. In general, the role of the latter is:
 To check that control measures are working;

 To have an early detection of job-related health problems; and
 To check that health and safety procedures are understood and followed
(HSE Science and Research Centre, n.d.)
These data will provide trends or emerging patterns in workplace hazards and illnesses.
1.3.3 Biological monitoring
Biological monitoring was defined in a 1980 seminar, jointly sponsored by the European
Economic Community (EEC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
and Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) (Berlin, Yodaiken and Henman
1984) in Luxembourg as “the measurement and assessment of agents or their
metabolites either in tissues, secreta, excreta, expired air or any combination of
these to evaluate exposure and health risk compared to an appropriate reference”.
Monitoring is a repetitive, regular and preventive activity designed to lead, if necessary, to

corrective actions; it should not be confused with diagnostic procedures.
Biological monitoring is one of the three important tools in the prevention of diseases due
to toxic agents in the general or occupational environment, the other two being
environmental monitoring and health surveillance.
The sequence in the possible development of such disease may be schematically represented as
follows: source-exposed chemical agent—internal dose—biochemical or cellular effect
(reversible) —health effects—disease. The relationships among environmental, biological,
and exposure monitoring, and health surveillance, are shown in Figure 0-10
Figure 0-11The relationship between environmental, biological and

exposure monitoring, and health surveillance
When a toxic substance (an industrial chemical, for example) is present in the environment,
it contaminates air, water, food, or surfaces in contact with the skin; the amount of toxic
agent in these media is evaluated via environmental monitoring.
As a result of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, a certain internal dose of
the toxic agent (the net amount of a pollutant absorbed in or passed through the organism
over a specific time interval) is effectively delivered to the body, and becomes detectable in
body fluids. As a result of its interaction with a receptor in the critical organ (the organ
which, under specific conditions of exposure, exhibits the first or the most important
adverse effect), biochemical and cellular events occur. Both the internal dose and the
elicited biochemical and cellular effects may be measured through biological monitoring.
Health surveillance was defined at the above-mentioned 1980 EEC/NIOSH/OSHA seminar

as “the periodic medico-physiological examination of exposed workers with the objective
of protecting health and preventing disease”.
Biological monitoring and health surveillance are parts of a continuum that can range from
the measurement of agents or their metabolites in the body via evaluation of biochemical
and cellular effects, to the detection of signs of early reversible impairment of the critical
organ. The detection of established disease is outside the scope of these evaluations.
A. Goals of Biological Monitoring

Biological monitoring can be divided into (a) monitoring of exposure, and (b) monitoring of
effect, for which indicators of internal dose and of effect are used respectively.
The purpose of biological monitoring of exposure is to assess health risk through the
evaluation of internal dose, achieving an estimate of the biologically active body burden of
the chemical in question. Its rationale is to ensure that worker exposure does not reach
levels capable of eliciting adverse effects. An effect is termed “adverse” if there is an
impairment of functional capacity, a decreased ability to compensate for additional stress, a
decreased ability to maintain homeostasis (a stable state of equilibrium), or an enhanced
susceptibility to other environmental influences.
Depending on the chemical and the analysed biological parameter, the term internal dose
may have different meanings (Bernard and Lauwerys 1987). First, it may mean the amount
of a chemical recently absorbed, for example, during a single workshift. A determination of
the pollutant’s concentration in alveolar air or in the blood may be made during the
workshift itself, or as late as the next day (samples of blood or alveolar air may be taken up
to 16 hours after the end of the exposure period). Second, in the case that the chemical has
a long biological half-life—for example, metals in the bloodstream—the internal dose could
reflect the amount absorbed over a period of a few months.
Third, the term may also mean the amount of chemical stored. In this case it represents an
indicator of accumulation which can provide an estimate of the concentration of the
chemical in organs and/or tissues from which, once deposited, it is only slowly released.
For example, measurements of DDT or PCB in blood could provide such an estimate.
Finally, an internal dose value may indicate the quantity of the chemical at the site where it
exerts its effects, thus providing information about the biologically effective dose. One of
the most promising and important uses of this capability, for example, is the determination
of adducts formed by toxic chemicals with protein in haemoglobin or with DNA.
Biological monitoring of effects is aimed at identifying early and reversible alterations

which develop in the critical organ, and which, at the same time, can identify individuals
with signs of adverse health effects. In this sense, biological monitoring of effects
represents the principal tool for the health surveillance of workers. (Encylopedia of
Occupatinal Safety and Health, n.d.)
1.3.4 Medical surveillance

A. Definition of medical surveillance
Medical surveillance, as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Standard, it is a
program of medical examinations and tests designed to detect and monitor potential health
effects from hazardous chemical or physical exposures in the workplace to enable early
treatment or other steps to protect employee health. Medical surveillance is conducted in
conjunction with other employer measures – such as workplace practices and engineering
controls – to prevent occupational injury and illness.
B. Purpose of medical surveillance

Medical surveillance is the analysis of health information to look for problems that may be
occurring in the workplace that require targeted prevention. Thus, surveillance serves as a
feedback loop to the employer. Surveillance may be based on a single case or sentinel
event, but more typically uses screening results from the group of employees being
evaluated to look for abnormal trends in health status. Surveillance can also be conducted
on a single employee over time. Review of group results helps to identify potential problem
areas and the effectiveness of existing worksite preventive strategies. The following
resources contain medical surveillance information including specific hazards and
surveillance guidelines (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)
C. Steps in conducting medical surveillance

Medical Surveillance is useful when:
 Diseases in question are associated with particular exposure or industry; and
 Workers are among high-risk groups such as:
 workers who are new to a hazardous job
 workers returning after injury or illness
 workers with concurrent condition or illness which can be adversely affected
by the workplace hazard
 workers exposed to very hazardous substances or work processes
The Medical Surveillance of Occupational Diseases are done through these steps:
 Hazard and Exposure Assessment
There must be an assessment of hazards and the worker’s assessment which
considers the following:
o Types of substances;
o Process involved;
o Exposure pathways;
o Exposed population; and
o Estimate intensity, frequency and duration of exposure to toxic agent.
 Identification of Target Organ Toxicities for Each Hazard

After determining the hazard exposure, the known specific target organ toxicities
must be identified. One sources of this is the SDS of the chemical used.
EXAMPLE
Causative agent Industry/process Diseases
Inorganic dusts Mining, sandblasting, Pheumococoniosis

construction, Silicosis
manufacturing Asbestosis
Molds Agriculture Framers lungs
 SELECTING MEDICAL SCREENING TEST

After determining the target organ systems that the hazards will be affecting,
medical examinations shall be performed for screening and detecting early
pathological processes.
o INTERVAL OF SCREENING TEST
1. Pre-placement or baseline
This is the time of the first hire or first exposure. Under Rule 1960 of the
OSHS, this is the Entrance Health examination. Pre-employment Physical
examination shall be conducted to determine the physical condition of the
prospective employee at the time of hiring and to prevent the placement of a
worker on a job where, through some physical or mental defects, may be
dangerous to his fellow workers or to property.
2. Periodical Examination
This is required by regulation or as recommended by the physician. The
Annual Medical Examination under Rule 1967.03 of the OSHS is done
periodically to follow-up previous findings, to allow early detection of
occupational and non-occupational diseases, and determine the effect of
exposure of employees to health hazards.
3. Separation from employment/ End of Exposure

Under Rule 1967.09 of the OSHS, an employee leaving the company, if
necessary, be examined by the occupational health physician:
- to determine if the employee is suffering from any occupational disease;
- to determine whether he is suffering from any injury or illness which
has not completely healed; and
- to determine whether he has sustained an injury.
4. Special/ Transfer Examination

After accident or unanticipated exposure, medical examination are
required such as when exposed to lead, mercury, hydrogen sulfide and
other chemicals.
In occupations where there is a risk to the health of the worker either due to toxic
substances they handle or of the environment in which they work, only persons who are
pronounced medically fit shall be employed.
When occupational disease have been detected in workers and continued employment
might jeopardize their health, their employment shall be discontinued until after their
complete or satisfactory recovery. If circumstances permit, such workers shall meanwhile
be given some other job consistent with their state of health and which shall not impede or
retard their recovery.
A return to work examination shall be conducted for workers who came from absences due
to illnesses/ diseases for the following reasons:
(1) to detect if illness of the worker is still contagious;
(2) to determine whether the worker is fit to return to work, and
(3) After prolonged absence for health reasons, for the purpose of determining its
possible occupational causes.
 INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RECOMMENDATION

This is determined whether there is an individual pattern or a group pattern
according to the medical results or tests.
o Individual
This requires individual action. If an individual tests are abnormal,
recommendations can be removal of the exposure or referral for further
tests.
o Group pattern
This is a more complicated case. If a group of workers come up with poorer
lab results. This requires further investigation and study. Was there
overexposure? Are the control measures ineffective? Determne the relation
between hazard exposure and test results.
 COMMUNICATION OF RESULTS
The communication of results must be handled delicately such as in preserving
confidentiality of the workers and at the same time, handled urgently especially if it
involves a group. All information must communicated properly according to
protocol so effective measures can be immediately planned and implemented. Other
guidelines are as follows:
o Ensure of confidentiality (uses job code, job titles or other exposure
surrogates instead of the names of individual employees.
o Over all findings and trends must lead to sound recommendation for
prevention
o Communicate to the Safety and Health Committee for them to continuously
initiate, facilitate, and review new/ existing preventive OSH programs
 RECORDKEEPING
There must be organized keeping of records so that information will be readily
available anytime. These data are also important reference to evaluating effectivity
of the controls implemented or to any of the OSH programs aimed for workers’
health and safety.
o Medical recordkeeping – test results, interpretations, records of notifications
o Requirements, procedures, and interpretations of findings for health
surveillance as specified by national legislation.
o Physical Examination
 Complete system review
o Occupational History
 Descriptions of all jobs held
 Work exposure
 Symptoms or illness at previous at previous jobs
 Personal protective equipment uses
o Medical History of workers
 Personal Illness
 Family health problems
 Lifestyle (e.g. smoking, drugs use etc.)
 EVALUATION OF CONTROL MEASURES

As we had established, these monitoring must result to corrective actions. It will
not be enough the control measures be implemented. It should always be followed
by evaluation through studying the fluctuations/ trends of the data (e.g medical
cases) being monitored as a predicted response to the control measures for the
addressed health hazard.
Occupational Health Program
In response to the monitoring activities, the employer shall organize and maintain an
occupational health program to achieve the following objective:
(1) Assess the worker’s physical, emotional and psychological assets as well as his
liabilities in order to facilitate his proper placement and ensure the suitability of
individuals according to their physical capacities, mental abilities and emotional
make-up in work which they can perform with an acceptable degree of efficiency
without endangering their own health and safety and that of their co-workers;
(2) Protect employees against health hazards in their working environment in
order to prevent occupational as well as non-occupational diseases;
(3) Maintenance of a healthful work environment by requiring occupational health
personnel to conduct regular appraisal of sanitation conditions, periodic inspection
of premises, including all facilities therein, and evaluate the working environment in
order to detect and appraise occupational health hazards and environmental
conditions affecting comfort and job efficiency.
Difficult and challenging as it may seem, monitoring the workplaces is an important facet
towards a safe and healthy workplace. In attaining this, it will need a participatory
approach from the workers, management and stake holders. It requires coordinated
interventions based on knowledge from standards, guidelines, scientific data and best
practices (Occupational Safety and Health Center, 2017).
D. Standards, Policies and Guidelines for Medical Surveillance And Biological
Monitoring
OSHS RULE 1050 – Notifications and Keeping record of accidents and/or Occupational
Illness
 Employers work accident/illness report IP6

 Annual work accident report exposure data report IP6-B
 Annual Medical Report Form-47-A
OSHS RULE 1070 – Occupational Health and Environmental Control
 Threshold Limit Values (TLVS)

 Permissible exposure
 Work Environment Measurement
OSHS Rule 1960 – Occupational Health Services

1.3.5 Summary
The need to reduce the risk of getting ill and maintain the well-being is very important to the
workforce and productivity. Industrical hygiene highlights the occupational health hazard, identification
and control. With the parameters stated in OSH standards and best practices that are practicable to be
implemented at the workplace, we can guarantee a healthy well being.
13 CoViD-19 Prevention Measures
(1) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be able to:
- Explain how COVID-19 virus is transmitted.

- List the COVID-19 symptoms.
- Identify the policies and other labor issuances for the prevention and control of COVID-19 set
by the Government inside and outside the workplace.
- Define vulnerable workforce
An emerging infectious disease that has gripped the world into a pandemic is the
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease caused by a
new strain of the coronavirus, currently designated as the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2). Globally, more than 7 million have succumbed to the
disease and almost half a million have died.
Transmission
According to current evidence, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people

through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Droplet transmission occurs when a
person is in in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory symptoms
(e.g., coughing or sneezing) and is therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and
nose) or conjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets. Indirect
contact with surfaces in the immediate environment or with objects used on the infected
person can be a mode for transmission.
Symptoms
Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory
illness and recover without requiring special treatment.
Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after exposure to the virus. People with these
symptoms may have COVID-19:
 Fever or chills
 Cough
 Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
 Fatigue
 Muscle or body aches
 Headache
 New loss of taste or smell
 Sore throat
 Congestion or runny nose
 Nausea or vomiting
 Diarrhea
Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.
There are no specific vaccines or treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many
ongoing clinical trials evaluating potential treatments (World Health Organization, n.d.)
Current practice
As the Philippines declared COVID 19 as a public health emergency through Proclamation

No. 922, the government mounted a multi-sectoral response to the COVID-19, through the
Interagency Task Force (IATF) on Emerging Infectious Diseases chaired by the Department
of Health (DOH). Through the National Action Plan (NAP) on COVID-19, the government
aims to contain the spread of COVID-19 and mitigate its socioeconomic impacts.
Because of its easy transmission and the absence of vaccine, the protection of workers in
the workplace puts emphasis on the Occupational Safety and Health. In fact, the
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and Department of Labor and Employment
(DOLE) issued Interim Guidelines on Workplace Prevention and Control of COVID 19. The
following safety and health standards shall be implemented in all workplaces:
 Increasing physical and mental resilience

 Reducing transmission of COVID 19
 Minimizing contact rate
 Reducing risk of infection from COVID 19
(a) Increasing physical and mental resilience
This focuses on the efforts of promoting healthy habits to workers. A person with a healthy
and effective immune system has the ability to combat the effects of the disease.
Emphasizing everyday actions to stay healthy such as:
 eating nutritious and well-cooked food;

 drinking plenty of fluids;
 avoiding alcoholic beverages and smoking
 having adequate rest with at least 8 hours of sleep; and
 exercising regularly
Enjoining companies in providing free medicines and vitamins and providing referral for
workers needing counselling or needing intervention regarding on their mental health
concerns are also part the workplace’s policy.
(b) Reducing transmission of COVID 19

The following guidelines are done to prevent transmission of COVID 19 in the workplace:
 POLICY, PLANNING AND ORGANIZING
Develop and post a statement of management’s commitment and responsibilities to reduce

the risk of exposure to the virus and transmission of COVID-19 at the workplace in
consultation with worker representatives.
Businesses and employers can prevent and slow the spread of COVID-19 within the
workplace. Employers should respond in a way that takes into account the level of disease
transmission in their communities and revise their business response plans as needed.
Health and safety committee together with employers (top management) human resources,
line managers, pandemic response team, labor union and other key personnel must work
together to address concerns.
AT THE WORKPLACE ENTRANCE

• Enforce queueing at least 1-meter radius (front, side, back). Provide floor markers/ chairs
in place to enforce the distance;
• Provide hand washing stations/ alcohol dispensers in strategic locations ;
• Enforce No Mask No Entry Policy;
• Accomplish daily health symptoms questionnaire;
• Check temperature of workers and record; and
• Disinfect equipment or vehicle entering the operational hub.
Figure 13-1Sample flow chart At the Workplace Entrance
HEALTH CHECKLIST
TEMPERATURE CHECK
 Sore Throat
 Body pains
 Headache Fever =/> 37.5 C
Fever =/> 37.5 C
 Cough
 Colds
 Fever in the
past few
days
 Close contact YES ON ANY OF THE ISOLATE and recheck
w/ confirmed LISTED ITEM(S) temperature after 5 minutes
COVID-19
 Contact w/
anyone w/
above
No Fever <37.5 C
symptoms in
the past 2 Fever =/> 37.5 C
weeks?
proceed
 Travel to
outside proceed proceed
Philippines to to
 Travel to any
area in NCR isolation
and other
area MAY ENTER
regions THE
confirmed to WORKPLACE
have COVID-
19 cases
Health
personnel
in proper Further
PPE assessment
Call DOH
hotline
NONE OF THE (MHO/CHO
/BHERT)
ABOVE
SEND HOME
• Disinfect by soaking shoes, foot
wear on doormat with disinfectant
MAY ENTER THE
• Hand disinfection
COMPANY
• MANDATORY USE OF FACE MASK.
INSIDE THE WORKPLACE (during working hours)

• Clean and disinfect at least once every 2 hours all work areas and frequently handled
objects; • Medical Advice management
• Refer to MHO/CHO • May
• Avoid touching surfaces that are potentially
use company vehicle if
warranted with precaution of
contaminated or frequently touched by
others; proper use of PPE.
• Provide sufficient clean water and soap in all washrooms and toilets;
• Encourage workers to wash hands frequently and avoid touching face;
• Provide sanitizer/ alcohol disinfectants in corridors, conference areas, elevators,
stairways and areas where workers pass;
• Observe Physical distancing 1-2 meter (front, side, back);
• Practice respiratory etiquette at all times by using tissue or inner portion of elbow to
cover nose and mouth when sneezing, coughing; and
• Practice proper disposal of tissue in close bins.
WORK AREA
• Wear masks and other appropriate PPE* at all times;
• May place physical barriers ie. improvised plastic table shields;
• Cover keyboards for ease of disinfection every after use at the end of the shift;
• Refrain from sharing of pens and other office supplies ; and
• Apply disinfection measures: spray w/ hand held sprayer or wipe at least every after
shift.
BREAK TIME (cafeteria, pantry, canteen, etc)

• Implement optimal allowable seats, discourage conversing with people;
• Place signages;
• Eat in your work area if possible and safe;
• Prohibit sharing of meals
• Bring your own utensils, cups etc.
• Disinfect generally 3 or more times per shift to include after all breaks and meals
• Replace used masks after eating following proper disposal protocols
ELEVATOR, SWITCHES, DOOR KNOBS, HAND RAILS, etc.

• Clean hands immediately after handling any of the above
• Provide sanitizers on strategic locations
• Face the elevator wall and following floor markings for distancing
• Promote one-way use of staircases and paths to reduce direct human to human contact
GOING HOME
• Disposable used PPE (masks) must be placed in a separate plastic and disposed in
designated infectious bins.
• After use, washable masks must be kept in a closed plastic bag (refrain from putting in
your pocket or inside your personal belongings)
• Kissing or hugging family members must be avoided before taking a bath first
• Used uniform or outfit must be discarded in a separate hamper away from family
members or immediately soak in water with detergent
• Essentials brought home like ID tags, bags, keys etc. should be securely placed outside the
house
• Cellphones and gadgets must be frequently sanitized; and
• Physical distancing in vehicles or in any form of transportation must be followed
(Philippine College of Occupational Medicine, Inc., 2020)
(c) Minimizing contact rate
• Adopt an alternative work arrangement such as shift work, staggered work hours and
work from home arrangement;
• Discourage prolonged face-to-face interaction between workers and with clients by

utilizing video conferencing, short meetings with minimum participants;
• Limit number in enclosed spaces;
• Encourage use of stairs with physical distancing (unidirectional if possible); and
• Roving officer ( e.g. safety officer) shall ensure physical distancing and observance of
health protocols.
VULNERABLE WORKFORCE
High risk pregnancy, 60 y.o and above, any age with comorbidities or pre-existing illness
(uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled diabetes, recurrent asthma attacks, COPD,
cancer, blood dyscrasias, chronic liver and kidney diseases or with immunocompromised
status)
Employers are highly encouraged to allow work from home, alternative workplace
accommodation, working hour shifts.
ATTIRE
Encourage wearing of shorter sleeves for ease of hand washing (except in jobs that need
long sleeve protection ex: chemical handling, construction etc.)
• Avoid neckties, wearing of jewelries and accessories
• Encourage Females to wear pants instead of skirts
• Wear closed comfortable shoes with socks, safety shoes and boots
• Do not repeat used clothing
(d) Reducing risk of infection from COVID 19 (worker becomes a COVID 19
suspect)
 The worker shall immediately proceed to the designated isolation area and never
remove his/her mask;
 Clinic personnel attending to the workers should wear appropriate PPEs and, if
needed, require the transport of the affected worker to the nearest hospital;
 PCR testing shall be done and results reported by hospital to DOH;
 Decontamination of workplace:
Workplace shall be decontaminated with appropriate disinfectants. After
decontamination of the work area, work can resume after 24 hours. Workers
present in the work area with the suspect COVID-19 worker shall go on 14 days
home quarantine.
 For worker who is sick or as fever but not a COVID 19 case:
Employer must advise the worker to take prudent measures to limit the spread of
communicable diseases, as follows:
 Stay at home and keep away from work or crowds; ii.
 Take adequate rest and plenty of fluids; iii.
 Practice personal hygiene to prevent spread of disease; and
 Seek appropriate medical care if there is persistent fever, difficulty of
breathing, or weakness.
(DTI and DOLE INTERIM GUIDELINES ON WORKPLACE PREVENTION AND

CONTROL OF COVID-19, 2020)
All workers must comply to the program policy against COVID 19. As this disease is highly
preventable if rules are followed, it is important that workers are educated and made
aware of their crucial role in controlling its spread. Workers must be trained and educated
of the disease process and the company’s policy/ guidelines.
(e) Other Issuances for COVID-19 Prevention
 DOH Interim Guidelines on the Return-to-Work DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM
0220
 LABOR ADVISORY NO. 18 SERIES OF 2020 – GUIDELINES ON THE COST OF COVID-
19 PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES
 Joint memorandum circular No. 20- 04 (DTI and DOLE)
13.2 SUMMARY
Employees’ awareness on COVID-19 transmission, symptoms and associated consequences

are significant. Guidelines from the Inter-Agency Task Force on Managing Emerging Infectious
Diseases, Department of Health, Department of Trade and Industry and Department of Labor and
Employment should be appropriately communicated by the employer to the workforceand implement
the prevention and control highlighting the protection of most at risk persons (MARP). Full
compliance by the employer and employee is necessary.
14 Personal Protective Equipment
Objectives
- Give the meaning of PPE  

- Cite the features OSHS Rule 1080 which refers to Personal Protective Equipment and Devices  
- Determine the types of PPE and their uses  
- Explain the best practices in the use of PPE’s  
- Identify the types of PPE’s and importance of having a PPE program  
Personal protective equipment, commonly referred to as "PPE", is equipment worn to minimize exposure to
hazards that cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses. These injuries and illnesses may result from contact with
chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, mechanical, or other workplace hazards. Personal protective equipment
may include items such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or muffs, hard hats, respirators, or coveralls,
vests and full body suits.
14.1 RULE 1080 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES
1081.01: Every employer as defined in 1002

(1) Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes, face,
hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the
process or environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical
irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of
the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.
(2) Deduction for the loss or damage of personal protective equipment shall be governed by
Article 114, Book III, Labor Code of the Philippines, and Section 14, Rule VIII, Book III,
Omnibus Rules Implementing the Labor Code.
14.1.1 R.A. 11058 An Act Strengthening Compliance with OSH and Providing Penalties for
Violations thereof SEC 8. Workers’ Right to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Every employer, contractor or subcontractor, if any, shall provide his workers, free of charge, protective
equipment for their eyes, face, hands and feet, and lifeline, safety belt or harness,
gasordustrespiratorsormasks,andprotectiveshields whenevernecessarybyreasonofthe
hazardousworkprocessorenvironment,chemical,radiological,mechanicalandotherirritants or hazards capable of
causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical
contact. The cost of the PPE shall be part of the safety and health program which is a separate pay item pursuant
to Section 20 of thisAct.
14.2 Determine the types of PPE and their uses
14.2.1 HeadProtection
Hard Hat or Safety Helmet - A rigid device that is worn to provide protection for the head and
which is held in place by a suitable suspension.
 TypeIIHelmetsareintendedtoreducetheforceofimpactresultingfromablowtothe top or
sides of the head. This form of impact, for example, may result from contact with the sharp
corner of a sidebeam.
A. Electrical Classes
 Class E (Electrical) - are intended to reduce the danger of contact with higher
voltage conductors. Test samples are proof-tested at 20,000 volts (phase to ground) for
3 minutes. Leakage shall not exceed 9 milliamperes. At 30,000 volts, the test sample
shall not burnthrough.
 Class G (General) - are intended to reduce the danger of contact with low
voltageconductors.Testsamplesshallbeproof-testedat2200volts(phasetoground) for 1
minute. Leakage shall not exceed 3milliamperes.
 Class C (Conductive) - are not intended to provide protection against contact with
electrical hazards. On the hand, Class C hard hats may include vented options that
provide increasedbreathability.
14.2.2 Eye and FaceProtection

 Spectacles - Intended to shield the wearer’s eyes from a variety ofhazards.
 Goggles - Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding the eyes. Aside from
impact/flying particles, also protects the worker from liquid droplets, gases &vapors.
• Direct Ventilation
- Use against impact or prevent flying particulates from entering
under or around thegoggles.
- Preventfogging.
• IndirectVentilation
- Required if hazardouschemical.
- Also provide protection against irritating gases andvapors.
 Face Shield - Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over
goggles for extraprotection.
14.2.3 Hearing Protection Effect ofNoise
 Psychological - Can frighten, upset, and disrupt concentration, sleep, orrelaxation.
 Distraction - Interference with communication, resulting in interference with job
performance andsafety.
 Physiological - Noise induced aural pain or even hearingloss.
A. Factors that Contribute to Hearing Loss
 How loud the sound is? (Noiseintensity)
 Howlongistheexposure?(Lengthofdailyexposureordurationofexposureinyears)
 How often is the exposure?(Frequency)
(1) Permissible Noise Exposures
Hours of Continous Noice Level in Decibels

Exposure (dBA)
8 90
6 92
4 95
3 97
2 100
1.5 102
1 105
Arm’s Length Rule - “If two people (with no hearing impairment) have to raise their voices or
shout to be heard in a distance of less than an arm’s length from each other, the sound level
is potentially hazardous.”
(2) Noise Rate Reduction (NRR)

 The “noise reduction rating” or “NRR” of hearing protection is measured indecibels.
 The NRR is found on the earmuff or earplug package. The higher the number, the greater
the protection(attenuation).
 The actual effective protection is seven decibels less than rating onpackage.
(3) Types of hearing Protection
Earplugs – Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out noise. To work effectively,
they should fit snugly into the ear canal.
 Foam type(disposable)
 Formable(reusable)
 Semi-aural
Earmuff - A device composed of a headband with two cushioned ear cups that form a seal
around the outer ear, covering it completely and blocking out the noise.
 Headband
 Neckband
 Hard hatmounted
14.2.4 RespiratoryProtection
A. 2 Types of RespiratoryHazards
1. Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere - Lack of oxygen in the air. This is a serious
situation that can result in lost of consciousness in minutes. It can occur in enclosed areas
such as tanks, vessels, and largepipelines
2. ContaminatedAir
 Particulates - Tiny particles that float in the air. They can be trapped in
respiratory system and cause irritation or short/long-term healthproblems
Gases & vapors - Invisible contaminants mixed in the air. They can irritatethe respiratory system and cause
short/long-term health problems, and when highly concentrated, can cause suffocation. Gases are often
produced by chemical processing and high-heat operations. Vapors, on the other hand, can be found where
solvent
 cleaning, painting, or refining takesplace.
 Combination
(1) 2 Types of Respirators
1. For Oxygen DeficientAtmosphere
Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing
area.
2. For ContaminatedAir
Air Purifying Respirator (APR) - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone,
either trap particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors.
 chemically protectivegloves.
 Manufacturer's guides will be followed to select the glove. General
information on commonly used chemicals are as follows:
Caustic Soda: Neoprene or
Nitrile Rubber Petroleum
Fuels: Nitrile Rubber
Acids: PVC or Neoprene
Activities involving chemical and physical hazards require a thin chemically

protective glove with an outer leather or cloth glove.
(2) Air Purifying Respirators
 DisposableType
• FoamType
• Polypropylene
 CartridgeType
• QuarterMask
• HalfMask
• Full FaceMask
ThePermissibleExposureLimit(PEL) is alegallimitforpersonalexposureto
asubstance, usually expressed in part per million (ppm), or sometimes in
milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3). .
(3) Care and Maintenance

A program for the maintenance and care of respirators shall be adopted to the
type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved and shall include the
following basic services:
 Inspection for defects (including leakchecks)

 Cleaning anddisinfecting
 Repair and storage
14.2.5 Hand and Arm Protection
Common Hand and
ArmInjury
 Burns
 Bruises
 Abrasions
 Cuts
 Punctures
 Fractures
 Amputations
 Electrocution
A. Hand Protection
The kind of gloves used depends primarily on the material or equipment
being handled. The following are some guidelines on hand protection:
 Gloves are to be used when hands are exposed to sustained heat

andsparks, wet concrete, friction, abrasion, corrosive materials, solvent or
chemical contact, electrical exposure,etc.
 Activitiesinvolvingpotentialphysicalinjuryfromhot-
work,abrasion,orpinching hazards require the use of leather or clothgloves.
Activities involving potential contact with corrosive materials require the use of
Maintenance employees operating solvent washing stations will wear chemically

resistant gloves. Nitrile gloves will be worn for organic solvent use. The chemical
resistance of the
Nitrileglovewillbecheckedagainstmanufacturer'sinformationtoensurethattheNit
rileglove is suitable.
Gloves should not be used near moving machinery as they can be caught and
trap the hand before it can be released from the glove.
(1) Electrical safety gloves are categorized by the level of voltage

protection they provide (PNS ASTM D120:2016)
Rubber insulating gloves must be tested before first issue and every six months
thereafter. If the insulating gloves have been electrically tested but not issued for
service, they may not be placed into service unless they have been electrically
tested within the previous 12 months.
An alternating glove color program is suggested to help ensure all gloves in use
are in the
propertestcycle.Thisprogramcreatesavisualreminderofthepropertestcyclebyusin
gone color for the first six months and a different color for the following
sixmonths.
14.2.6 Foot and Leg Protection
Foot and LegInjury

 Fractures
 Punctures
 Burns
 Cuts
 Amputations
 Electrocution
A. PNS ASTM F2412:2016 (ASTMF2412-11)
This Standard Test Methods for Foot Protection was approved for adoption as
Philippine National Standard by the Bureau of Philippine Standards upon the
recommendation of the Technical Committee on Personal Safety – Protective
Clothing and Equipment (BPS/TC56).
B. Standard Specification for Performance Requirements
Impact Resistance (I/75) for the toe area of footwear requires a minimum
clearance of 12.7
mmformen’sand11.9mmforwomen’safteranominalimpactof75foot-
pounds(101.7J).
CompressionResistance(C/75)forthetoeareaoffootwearrequiresaminimumclearanceof
12.7 mmformen’sand11.9mmforwomen’saftercompressionof2500lbs.(11,121N).
Puncture Resistance (PR) properties of the footwear puncture resistant device.PR
constructed or manufactured footwear with puncture resistant device shall be

capable of withstanding a force load of not less than 1200N (270 lbs) without the
test pin visually penetrating beyond the face of the material.
C. Electrical Properties of Safety Shoes
Electrical Hazard HAZARD (EH) resistance of the footwear. EH constructed or

manufactured footwear with electric shock resisting soles and heels capable of
withstanding an application of 18,000 volts (root mean square (RMS) value) at
60 Hz for 1 minute with no current flow or leakage current in excess of 1.0
milliampere under dry conditions.
Static Dissipative (SD) properties of the footwear. SD constructed or
manufactured footwear willprovideforaresistance ofbetween 1and100meg
ohmswhen50voltsareappliedviaan electrode to the hand of a person wearing the
SD test sample on a conductive groundplate.
14.3 Explain the best practices in the use of PPE’s

You should follow these eight tips for achieving PPE best practices and safety compliance:
 Have a written PPE policy. Putting your policy in writing sets the standard, and equips
those filling that role in the future to hit the ground running – while keeping you in
compliance with OSHA regulations.
 Check state and federal regulations. Check federal, state and local regulations specific
to your industry. If you’re not sure how, call your professional or industry association for
help, or speak with an experienced and qualified consultant.
 Enforce wear. Employees should be wearing appropriate PPE for their job activities and
hazards at all times. Hold all levels of management accountable, and be willing to enforce it.
CEOs or other senior executives visiting the assembly line should don the same PPE they
require of others in that work area. In fact, a CEO visit with the right PPE can go a long way
to helping enforce the standard.
 Cross-check your PPE against Material Safety Data Sheets. Hazardous materials and
chemical data sheets will contain recommendations for personal protective equipment.
Ensure that your MSDSs on hand accurately reflect the chemicals and other hazardous
substances in the workplace, and make sure that you have all the equipment on hand as
recommended on the sheets.
 Enforce rules on contractors working on your worksites. While contractors are

generally expected to provide their own PPE, it’s still your responsibility to enforce safety
procedures on your own property or on worksites where you are the general contractor
with overall responsibility. Employees, however, are fully your own responsibility in all
cases.
 Ensure you have the correct hard hats. Not all hard hats are created equal. There are
three classes:
 Class A: Provides protection against up to 2,200 volts of electricity.
 Class B: Provides protection against up to 20,000 volts, plus substantial protection against
penetration and falling objects.
 Class C: No protection against high voltage
 Pay attention to details. Don’t just be satisfied with having gloves that look protective,
for example. Does the situation require non-slip gloves? Do they only protect workers
against heat and burns, or are they also resistant to electrical current? If so, to what
voltage? Is that adequate, given the hazards present in your workplace?
Bring the same level of critical inquiry to all your other PPE needs
 Keep inspection records. Someone should be responsible for inspecting and signing off
on your PPE at regular intervals, verifying that the necessary equipment is present and
serviceable, and that lost or damaged items are replaced. (leaders choice, 2017)
14.4 Show the capability in identifying the types of PPE’s

Once the need for PPE has been established, the next task is to select the proper type. Two
criteria need to be determined:
 the degree of protection required, and

 the appropriateness of the equipment to the situation (including the practicality of the
equipment being used and kept in good repair).
The degree of protection and the design of PPE must be integrated because both affect its
overall efficiency, wearability, and acceptance.
The following are guidelines for selection:
14.4.1 Match PPE to the hazard
There are no shortcuts to PPE selection. Choose the right PPE to match the hazard. On some
jobs, the same task is performed throughout the entire job cycle, so it is easy to select
proper PPE. In other instances, workers may be exposed to two or more different hazards.
A welder may require protection against welding gases, harmful light rays, molten metal
and flying chips. In such instances, multiple protection is needed: a welding helmet,
welders goggles and the appropriate respirator, or an air-supplied welding hood.
14.4.2 Obtain advice
Make decisions based on thorough risk assessment, worker acceptance, and types of PPE
available. Once you have determined your PPE needs, do research and shop around.
Discuss your needs with trained sales representatives and ask for their recommendations.
Always ask for alternatives and check into product claims and test data. Try out PPE and
test it to see that the equipment meets all of your criteria before it is approved.
14.4.3 Involve workers in evaluations
It is extremely important to have the individual worker involved in the selection of specific
models. This assistance in selection can be achieved by introducing approved models into
the workplace for trials in which workers have the opportunity to evaluate various models.
In this way, much information regarding fit, comfort, and worker acceptability will be
gained. When choosing PPE, workers should select among two or three models, allowing
for personal preferences. PPE should be individually assigned.
14.4.4 Consider physical comfort of PPE (ergonomics)
If a PPE device is unnecessarily heavy or poorly fitted it is unlikely that it will be worn. Note
also that if a PPE device is unattractive or uncomfortable, or there is no ability for workers
to choose among models, compliance is likely to be poor. When several forms of PPE are
worn together, interactions must be kept in mind (e.g., will wearing eye wear interfere with
the seal provided by ear muffs?). Use every opportunity to provide flexibility in the choice
of PPE as long as it meets required legislation and standards.
14.4.5 Evaluate cost considerations
The cost of PPE is often a concern. Some programs use disposable respirators because they
appear to be inexpensive. However when the use is evaluated over time, it is possible that a
dual cartridge respirator would be more economical. Engineering controls might prove an
even more cost effective solution in the long term and should be considered before PPE.
14.4.6 Review standards
Performance requirements of all standards must be reviewed to ensure that exposure to
injury will be minimized or eliminated by using PPE. If PPE is exposed to hazards greater
than those for which it is designed, it will not deliver adequate protection.
In Canada, various standards exist and the most recent should be used for guidance in the
selection process. For example, the CSA Standard Z94.3-15 “Eye and Face Protectors”
outlines types of eye wear protectors recommended for particular work hazards. The OSH
Answers on eye and face protection has more information on this topic.
14.4.7 Check the fit
When the selection has been made, the “fitting” component should be put in place. The key
is to fit each worker with PPE on an individual basis. At the time of fitting, show each
worker how to wear and maintain PPE properly.
In some cases, individual fitting programs should be carried out by qualified personnel. For
example, for eye protection this qualified person could be an optometrist, an optician, a
manufacturers' representative or a specially trained staff member, such as a nurse.
Eye wear should cover from the eyebrow to the cheekbone, and across from the nose to the
boney area on the outside of the face and eyes. When eye wear/glasses sit halfway down
the nose, protection from the hazard of flying particles is reduced, sometimes to the point
where no protection is given. The calculated degree of protection will not be achieved in
practice unless the PPE is worn properly at all times when the worker is at risk.
14.4.8 Perform regular maintenance and inspections
Without proper maintenance, the effectiveness of PPE cannot be assured. Maintenance
should include inspection, care, cleaning, repair, and proper storage.
Probably the most important part of maintenance is the need for continuing inspection of
the PPE. If carefully performed, inspections will identify damaged or malfunctioning PPE
before it is used. PPE that is not performing up to manufacturers specifications, such as eye
wear with scratched lenses that have lost their ability to withstand impact should be
discarded.
Procedures should be set up to allow workers to get new PPE or replacement parts for
damaged PPE, and help them to keep the PPE clean. For example, respiratory protection
devices require a program of repair, cleaning, storage and periodic testing.
Wearing poorly maintained or malfunctioning PPE could be more dangerous than not
wearing any form of protection at all. The workers have a false sense of security and think
they are protected when, in reality, they are not.
14.4.9 Conduct education and training

No program can be complete without education and training to make sure PPE is used
effectively. Education and training should cover why it is important, how to fit and wear
PPE, how to adjust it for maximum protection, and how to care for it.
Emphasize the major goals of the program and reinforce the fact that engineering controls
have been considered as the primary prevention strategy. It is not good enough to tell
someone to wear a respirator just because management and/or legislation requires it. If
the respirator is intended to prevent lung disorders, the workers must be informed of the
hazards.
Workers and their supervisors will require education and training in when, where, why,
and how to use the equipment to achieve the necessary level of protection. Include workers
who are exposed on a regular basis as well as others who might be exposed on an
occasional basis, for example, in emergencies or when temporary work is performed in
dangerous areas.
14.4.10 Get support from all departments
Once the program is under way there will be a continuing need for involvement from
management, safety and medical personnel, supervisors, the health and safety committee,
individual workers, and even the suppliers of the chosen PPE.
Education and training programs should continue on a regular basis.
14.4.11 Audit the program
As with any program or procedure implemented in an organization, the effectiveness of the
PPE program should be monitored by inspection of the equipment and auditing of
procedures.
Annual audits are common but it may be advisable to review critical areas more frequently.
It would be useful to compare the safety performance to data before the program began.
This comparison would help determine the success or failure of a program.(Canadian
Centre for Occupational Health & Safety, n.d.)
14.5 How do I design a PPE program?
A PPE program must be comprehensive. It requires commitment and active participation at

the planning, development, and implementation stages from all levels: senior management,
supervisors, and workers. A good PPE program consists of these essential elements:
 hazard identification and risk assessment

 selection of appropriate controls
 selection of appropriate PPE
 fitting
 education and training
 management support
 maintenance
 auditing of the program
The organization's occupational health and safety policy should be a statement of

principles and general rules which serve as guides to action. Senior management must be
committed to ensuring that the policy and procedures are carried out. PPE programs must
be, and must be seen to have equal importance with all other organizational policies,
procedures, and programs.
The appointment of a program coordinator will help to make sure the program is
successful.The coordinator has the responsibility to make sure that each of the elements of
a program is in place and operational.
A program must be planned carefully, developed fully and implemented methodically. The
beneficial effects of the program should be publicized widely, and the target date set well
ahead for compliance. If the use of PPE is new, time should be allowed for workers to
choose a style that fits best, to become accustomed to wearing PPE, and comply with the
program, with no enforcement action taken until the target date.
Note: It would not be acceptable to gradually phase in a PPE program when there is a need
to enter hazardous atmospheres, or where failure to use the equipment poses a significant
risk of injury.
The greater the workers' involvement in all stages of the program, the smoother the
program will be to implement and operate. Users must be educated about why the PPE is to
be worn and trained how to properly use it. The method of implementation affects the
acceptance and effectiveness of the whole program.
In addition, worker compliance with the PPE program is likely to be poor if a PPE device is
unattractive, uncomfortable, or is imposed on the worker with little choice in the selection.
Offer some flexibility in terms of various models or makes of the required PPE where
possible (while maintaining appropriate protection).
The protection provided will be dramatically reduced if workers remove the PPE for even
short periods of time. The loss of protection during the periods when the PPE is not worn
may easily outweigh the protection when it is used.
For example, in order to get full benefit, hearing protectors must be worn all the time
during noisy work. If hearing protectors are removed only for a short duration, the
protection is substantially reduced. The following table gives a maximum protection
provided for non-continuous use of an ideally fitted “100%” efficient hearing protector.
For example, when hearing protection is rated with an attenuation of 25 dB, if one takes off
his/her hearing protector for 5 minutes in an hour the maximum protection will be
reduced to no more than 11 dB.
Impact of removing hearing protection
Time removed Maximum 25 dB

(in 1 hr) Protection is reduced
to (dB)
0 min no reduction
1 min 17
5 min 11
10 min 8
30 min 3
60 min 0
Source: Removal of hearing protectors severely reduces protection. Health and Safety
Executive, UK (no date).
Ear protectors must be used ALL THE TIME to get full benefit.(Canadian Centre for
Occupational Health & Safety, n.d.)
14.6 Summary
Personal protective equipment (PPE) though the least effective in the hierarchy of controls
should be supplied and worn at all times as per PPE program, safety data sheet requirements
and HIRAC. The employer should ensure that it should always be available for the workers and
appropriately worn.
15 Demolition Safety
Objectives
- Describe the hazards of demolition works  

- Identify good planning and technique for safe manual, mechanical, and
explosive demolition works 
- Explain the control measures  to reduce the risk of demolition works and
to control its associated hazards.
Demolition- means the tearing down, razing or removal of a building or structure or portion thereof, for
the purpose of complete or partial removal of buildings or structures, or to prepare for reconstruction or
remodeling of a building or structure.
15.1 Rule 1417 Demolition

All demolition operations of building or other structure over six (6) meters high shall be under
supervision of a competent person. No person except the workers who are directly engaged in the
demolition shall enter a demolition area to within a distance equal to 1 1/2 times the height of the
structure being demolished, where this distance is not possible the structure shall be fenced around and
no unauthorized person shall be allowed within the fenced area.
15.2 Planning in safe demolition works
15.2.1 Points to be included in demolition during planning
 Location of the building to be demolished.
 Time duration required for the completion of demolition operation
 Type of the building structure
 Ground properties
 Adjacent buildings and its strength
 Procedure/Sequence of the demolition operation
 Equipment requires for demolishing
 Method of handling hazardous materials if any
 Method of handling final debris
HAZARDS CONSEQUENCES
Falling from height through openings and

Broken bones, fractures, fatalities
fragile materials
Uncontrolled/premature collapse Injuries, fatalities, structural damage
Noise Temporary or permanent hearing problem
Dust and flying debris Respiratory problems
Vibration from tools and vehicles HAVS – Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome
Live services – gas, electric, water Fire, electric shocks and explosions.
Property damage, injury/loss to persons in

Fire
vicinity.
Unguarded machinery Punching, shearing, crushing, stabbing
A. OSHS Rule 1417.02 Demolition Work

(1) On every demolition work, danger signs shall be posted around the structure and all doors
and opening giving access to the structure shall be kept barricaded or guarded.
(2) Demolition work shall not commence until:
(a) all necessary steps have been taken to prevent injury to any person or damage to adjoining
property, and
(b) all existing gas, electrical and other services likely to endanger a worker shall have been
shut off or disconnected.
(3) Prior to demolition all glass shall:
(a) be removed from windows and other locations, or
(b) otherwise shall be protected so that there is no possibility of breakage at any stage of the
demolition.
(4) Shoring or other necessary measures shall be taken to prevent the accidental collapse of
any part of the building or structure being demolished or any adjacent building or structure
endangering the workers.
(5) Demolition shall proceed systematically, storey by storey, in a descending order and the
work on the upper floors shall be completely over before removing any of the supporting
members of the structure on the lower floor. This shall not prohibit the demolition on section,
in the same descending order if means are taken to prevent injury to workers and damage to
property.
(6) All precautions shall be taken to avoid damage from collapse of a building being
demolished or any part of it when any part of the framing is removed from a framed or partly
framed building.
(7) No building or any part of the structure shall be overloaded with debris or materials to
render it unsafe and hazardous to persons working.
(8) Adequate precautions shall be taken to avoid danger from any sudden twisting, springing
or collapse of any steel or ironwork cut or released.
(9) No workers shall stand on top of wall, pier or chimney more than six (6) meters (18 ft.)
high unless safe flooring or adequate scaffolding or staging is provided on all sides of the wall,
three (3) meters (9 ft.) away from where he is working.
(10) A truss, girder, or other structural member shall not be disconnected until it has been: (a)
relieved of all loads other than its own weight, and
(b) provided with temporary supports.
(11) Stairs and stair railings, passageways and ladders shall be demolished last.
(12) When demolition is suspended or discontinued all access to the remaining part of the
building shall be fenced or barricaded.
15.3 Method of demolition such as manual, mechanical and explosives

demolition
15.3.1 OSHS RULE 1418: Mechanical Demolition
The demolition area where work is done by mechanical devices such as weight balls or power
shovels shall:
(a) be barricaded for a minimum distance of 1 1/2 times the height of the structure.
(b) not allow entrance of unauthorized persons.
(c) arranged and maintained so the mechanical devices used shall not cause any damage to
adjacent structures, power lines or public road.
15.3.1 OSHS RULE 1419: Explosives

A. 1419.01: Supervision
(1) A competent person shall be appointed in charge of and personally present at a blasting
operations who shall supervise the fixing of all charges and other blasting, activities.
(2) The names of persons designated to handle, transport, prepare or use dynamite or other high
explosives shall be posted in the field office and on or in the magazine.
(3) No person inexperienced in handling dynamite or other high explosives shall handle, transport,
prepare or use dynamite, unless the inexperienced person work under the personal supervision of
a person with experience in blasting operations.
(4) A record of explosives received and used shall be properly maintained and open for inspection
by the enforcing authority.
B. 1419.02: Blasting
(1) Only the quantity of dynamite required for immediate use in blasting of a part of a building or
other structure shall be removed from the magazine.
(2) No holes shall be drilled: (a) within 3.3 m. (10 ft.) of a hole containing explosives or blasting
agents; (b) within 6.6 m. (20 ft.) of a hole being loaded with explosives or blasting agents.
(3) Every firing circuit in connection with blasting operations shall be broken in a suitable manner
at a safe distance from the blasting area.
(4) When a charge is fired, steps shall be taken to see that persons employed are in a position free
from the explosives or from flying objects.
(5) The applicable provisions of Rule 1140 shall also apply to the use, handling, and storage of
explosives in construction industry(occupational safety and health center, n.d.)
15.4 Demolition Hazards

Demolition involves the knocking down of buildings to clear ground, but it also includes smaller
works in maintenance and renovation, such as the dismantling of parts of structures (e.g. one part
of a steel-framed building) or the removal of walls (e.g. to create open-plan rooms). The hazards
associated with demolition are very similar to those encountered in other types of building work,
with a few additions.
Demolition hazards vary depending on the nature of the work, but typical hazards include:
 The premature collapse of structures.

 Work at height.
 Plant and machinery.
 Contact with live overheads.
 Contact with buried services.
 Movement of vehicles.
 Noise and vibration.
 Hazardous substances from previous use of the building.
 Biological hazards from vermin or stagnant water.
 Sharp objects, including glass and nails from the demolition, or syringes left by
trespassers.
 Manual handling.(Health and Safety, 2018 )
15.5 Controls Measures

Risk Assessment must be carried out regularly by the competent and experienced team. Staff
connected with the operation must be trained with safe systems of work, importance and usage
of PPE, demolishing plan, sequence of operation, hazardous material handling and disposal,
operation methodology and emergency response plan before and during the operation.
Training must be provided before and during the operation to the staff connected with the
operation on safe systems of work, importance and usage of PPE, demolishing plan, sequence of
operation, emergency response plan, hazardous material handling and disposal.
Restricted Area is one of the most important aspect in these types of hazardous operations.
People must be segregated from the caution zone by deploying watchmen, by creating the
buffer zone and site hoardings around the demolition area.
Supervision must be carried out by qualified and authorized person. Continuous monitoring
by the competent and experienced engineer/team will reduce the probability of things from
becoming worse.
Advanced technology in demolition is very limited but can be used effectively wherever
applicable, like demolishing the building or any structure in reverse order of construction. Can
install some temporary props to the adjacent structures to support the unstable structures.
Housekeeping must be adapted to make surroundings as safe as possible like removal of
debris as it is the most commonly found waste in the demolition operation. Housekeeping
prevents the undesired floors/walls collapsing.
Lighting and ventilation must be adequately provided by the building owner/contractor in
the worksite as there are not only trip hazards but also material fall hazards associated in the
demolition work. There must be natural and as well as artificial lighting inside the worksite.
Personal protective equipment like safety helmets, gloves, goggles, boots, safety belts and
respiratory mask are to be supplied by the owner for all the workers who are about to take part
in the demolition work.
Emergency equipment like fire hose reel, fire extinguisher, first aid box, and other should be
provided at ease access to the workers.
Environment pollution must be in high priority since the demolition operation deals with the
high concentrations of noise and dust pollution hazards. There should be a lot of care required
not only in breaking of walls or structures but should also be careful in material lowering.
Rules and Regulations. During the demolition operation, all the applicable statutory rules and
regulations must be adapted and followed accordingly.
Responsibility must be given to owner of the building or the contractor to provide protection
against all kinds of damages that occur to environment, people’s health and property during
demolition.
Methodology has been always advised to wet the walls or materials before breaking and
lowering, to control the formation and dispersion of the dust.
Competence should be must for the supervisor and signal man to monitor and as well as to
give signals to the workers to lower or hoist the materials.
LOTO – lockout and tag out for all the hazardous points or service lines like electric, gas, steam,
sewer etc. should be blinded or shut-off both inside and around the building before start of the
demolition. If the hazardous substance service lines cannot be isolated, then it must be ensured
that the operation and the utilities are under control.
Avoid demolition work during night and adverse weather conditions. If required, Safe system
of work should define the process of demolition and adequate precautions to be ensured.
Fire hazards are associated with the hot works which produces sparks, flames, or heat. Fire
plan must be kept up to date as the escape routes and fire points may differ in the time of
structural alteration. Alarm systems must be installed, trained and secured.(ASK - EHS, 2019).
15.6 Summary
Demolition works have many identified hazards such as falling objects, premature
collapse fo structure, noise, dust and flying debris, fire, etc. These hazards should be
controlled through the implementation of available engineering controls, safety signs,
training, toolbox talk, use of suitable adequate personal protective equipment and
other accepted precautions. These measures should be documented and included
through the use of HIRAC document. Inspection and audit are necessary to ensure that
the controls are implemented and effective.
16 Routine Site Safety Inspection
Objectives
- Explain the purpose of safety and health inspection

- Identify the elements of effective safety and health inspection program
- Identify the types of inspection and qualificationof a good OSH
inspector
- Explain the importance of monitoring the implementation of corrective
action.
A safety inspection is a formalized and properly documented process of identifying hazards in

the workplace.
Safety inspections come in all different forms depending on the environment being tested, but
they generally compare results against acceptable standards to ensure that a given
environment falls within acceptable safety limits.
It is also known as a safety audit.
16.1 Elements of effective safety and health inspection programs

There are many options on how to proceed, but the key to an effective inspection program is
preparation, which includes addressing each of the following.
A. Type
First, you need to determine what type — or types — of inspections you intend to do. Those can be
classified into three different categories:
 Planned— This type of inspection is scheduled in advance with the deliberate intention of
detecting unsafe conditions or procedures (for example, a department inspection)
 Continuous or informal— This type of inspection is meant to complement the planned
inspection, but is typically done on a more frequent basis, often daily and part of a work
process or routine (for example, a daily forklift inspection)
 Unplanned— This type of inspection is unanticipated and typically not done on a routine
basis (for example, after a ladder tips over)
B. Frequency
You must also determine how often inspections will be done. lexibility to establish a schedule given
the circumstances and variables in their workplace.
C. Personnel
Generally, inspections are performed by a member or a team of members from the safety
committee, but managers, supervisors, employees, maintenance personnel, and other individuals
from within a company may do inspections or be part of the inspection process. Utilizing many
people from different areas of the company to do inspections improves the odds of finding hazards
in your workplace.
D. Training
Regardless of who does inspections at your company, you need to adequately prepare them for the
process. Unless the individuals who will be doing the inspection have a well-rounded background in
safety, they need training or education on safety procedures or regulations pertinent to the areas,
equipment, or processes to be inspected. This will allow them to adequately identify unsafe
conditions or procedures they may not have otherwise noticed.
E. Scheduling
Although spot inspections of equipment and procedures are useful, it is helpful to arrange
schedules where most of the equipment will be operating and employees will be working. On the
other hand, the inspection team should ensure their work can be carried out at a time and in a way
that does not interfere with production processes. Avoid particularly heavy workflow periods,
unless the point of the inspection is to see if those time periods generate more hazards than at
other times.
Also, consider asking supervisors of the areas to be inspected to be present. They can provide
valuable insight to particular production processes or work hazards unique to the area. Questions
can be answered, some infractions may be able to be fixed on the spot, and the supervisor can show
the inspector the area properly.
F. Equipment
Equipment might be necessary to effectively carry out certain inspections, and will depend upon
several factors, including:
 How in-depth the inspection will be

 What is being inspected
 The background of the inspector
Equipment could include personal protective equipment. You want inspectors to be protected just
like any other employee. They might also need a camera, flashlight, sampling devices (e.g., air
monitoring equipment or electrical testing equipment), paper, etc.
And very importantly, if your inspectors aren’t certified or knowledgeable on how to use some of
the safety equipment, you need to provide additional training or additional personnel (like an
industrial hygienist) who can help with the technical issues.(Stroschein, 2017)
16.2 Purposes of safety and health inspection
Workplace inspections help prevent incidents, injuries and illnesses. Through a critical examination
of the workplace, inspections help to identify and record hazards for corrective action. Health and
safety committees can help plan, conduct, report and monitor inspections. Regular workplace
inspections are an important part of the overall occupational health and safety program and
management system, if present.
Inspections are important as they allow you to:
 listen to the concerns of workers and supervisors

 gain further understanding of jobs and tasks
 identify existing and potential hazards
 determine underlying causes of hazards
 recommend corrective action
 monitor steps taken to eliminate hazards or control the risk (e.g., engineering controls,
administrative controls, policies, procedures, personal protective equipment)
16.3 Types of Inspection

16.3.1 FormalInspection
 Periodic / Regular Planned Inspections – those scheduled made at regular
intervals.
 Continuous Inspections / Observation – made where most of time are
spent on observing certain equipment and/oroperation.
 Special Inspections – necessary due to installation of new equipment or
new processes,etc.
16.3.2 InformalInspection
 Intermittent / Spot Inspections – made at irregular intervals and it
includes unannouncedinspections.
16.3.3 Personal requirements for a Safety Inspector
 Tactful and diplomatic

 Good analytical and problem-solving skills
 Good communication and interpersonal skills
 Good observational skills
 Able to work independently or as part of a team
 Able to work at heights and in various weather conditions
 Integrity and sound judgment.(the good university guide, n.d.)
16.4 How frequent should inspections be done?

The purpose is to keep the workplace free of hazards. The schedule should state:
 when to inspect each area or item within the workplace

 who carries out the inspection
 what degree of detail to inspect each area or item
How often inspections are performed will depend on several factors:

 the frequency of planned formal inspections may be set in your legislation
 past incident records
 number and size of different work operations
 type of equipment and work processes - those that are hazardous or potentially
 number of shifts - the activity of every shift may vary
 new processes or machinery
 legislative requirements for your jurisdiction
High hazard or high-risk areas should receive extra attention.

It is often recommended to conduct inspections as often as committee meetings. Do not conduct an
inspection immediately before a committee meeting but try to separate inspections and meetings
by at least one week. This time allows for small items to be fixed and gives the committee an
opportunity to focus on issues requiring further action.
16.5 Preparing of conducting site safety inspection
Planning is essential for an effective inspection.

16.5.1 What to Examine
Every inspection must examine who, what, where, when and how. Pay particular attention
to items that are or are most likely to develop into unsafe or unhealthy conditions because
of stress, wear, impact, vibration, heat, corrosion, chemical reaction or misuse. Include
areas where no work is done regularly, such as parking lots, rest areas, office storage areas
and locker rooms.
16.5.2 Workplace Elements
Look at all workplace elements – the people, the environment, the equipment and the
process. The environment includes such hazards as noise, vibration, lighting, temperature,
and ventilation. Equipment includes materials, tools and apparatus for producing a product
or a service. The process involves how the worker interacts with the other elements in a
series of tasks or operations.
There are four distinct phases in carrying out and managing workplace safety inspections:
A. Plan theinspection
 Agree the areas to beinspected.
 Create and publish the workplace safety inspectionschedule.
 Make sure management is aware of any health and safety concerns, and,
where possible, suggest ways of eliminatinghazard.
 Set up briefing meeting to review any previous inspection reports,
accident or injury reports, employee concerns, and follow-upactions.
 Creating Checklists
- Write down every potential hazard within the category that
you know exists in your workarea.
- Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked any
conditions that need to be checked & note the locations of the
hazards alreadylisted.
- Have employees review your list to make sure you have
included all of the hazards & identified the locations of eachone.
16.6 PPE to be used

For inspections, wear personal protective equipment (PPE) where required. If you do not have PPE
and cannot get any, do not enter the area. List this as a deficiency during the inspection. Re-inspect
the area when PPE is provided.
16.7 Inspection report

A safety observation report is a tool used by safety officers to document hazards as well as safety
commendations in the workplace. It is a comprehensive report that includes photo evidence and
detailed descriptions of key safety observations. Performing and documenting regular safety
observations can ensure a safe workplace as well as share best practices with other teams.
Begin your safety observation by critically examining key areas of your workplace (examples
above) and identify them according to the following:
1. Safety Mentions
Identify what is being done correctly in terms of safety. These observations should be based on best
practices, encouraged and shared with other teams.
2. Opportunity for Improvement
Identify observations that could benefit from best practices or safety ideas you may have. These
items do not pose an immediate safety risk but could be improved to further defenses or improve
processes and communication.
3. Critical Item
Identify areas which pose risk of injury or harm to workers. These items should be addressed
immediately and communicated directly to the office manager and relevant teams.
Include a brief description of the safety observation and photo evidence with a detailed caption. A
summary of recommendations and needed corrective measures are also included in the report to
address all areas important to health and safety
16.8 Implementation of corrective action
16.8.1 Step 1: Understand System Requirements (Plan)
Seeking understanding before action is the first step in creating an effective corrective action
system. While quality standards spell out the various requirements, it may take some due diligence
to understand exactly what needs to be done.Documentation needs and corrective action
procedural requirements must be accurately assessed in order to minimize implementation
missteps.
16.8.2 Step 2: Plan the Process (Plan)

Planning is the design phase where decisions are made regarding the framework and mechanics of
a corrective action system, including how to integrate the system into current operations.
16.8.3 Step 3: Develop and Document (Do)

In this development stage, a cohesive corrective action system is created according to a well-
developed plan. Teams are formed and given the authority and responsibility to fully develop the
program.
Team duties include making sure the corrective action system is structured properly and is
functional and compatible with existing quality management elements that provide
nonconformance alerts.
16.8.4 Step 4: Conduct Training (Do)

Implementing any new system can significantly upset the norm, creating anxiety for those affected
by the change. For something as big as a corrective action system that reaches across business
operations, changes in management demand adequate training.
Training should involve interactive learning events that tie directly to job duties and should include
hands-on practice, with on-the-job learning sessions, tabletop simulations, case studies, or a mix of
all three.
16.8.5 Step 5: Implement (Do)

After training, implementation of the corrective action system should take place as soon as possible
to lessen the gap between training and actual use of new skills and knowledge.
In this step, corrective action procedures go live, and system mechanisms are fully operational.
Instructions and methods are in place for designated personnel to thoroughly manage corrective
actions.
16.8.6 Step 6: Test the System (Check)

After several corrective actions travel full circle, the next feat is to check that the system performed
as intended. The goal is to verify functionality and use. The check can happen by auditing a
sampling of corrective actions from system input to investigation, resolution, and closure.
Audit findings may contribute to future corrective actions and changes. Where changes are made, it
is important to notify and train affected personnel.
16.8.7 Step 7: Adjust and Improve (Act)
In a perfect world, everything goes according to plan. In the real world, glitches are likely. For this
step, adjustments are made to improve the corrective action process.
Actions are taken to fine-tune the system to the point that nonconformances are reliably detected,
evaluated, and resolved. The goal is to make corrective action management a consistent and
effective process through continuous improvement.
A proper corrective action system detects and resolves nonconformances. By including the Plan-Do-
Check-Act cycle in implementation efforts, launching a successful corrective action system is well
within reach.
16.9 Monitoring of implemented corrective action

Review the information from regular inspections to identify where corrective action was
needed. Determine if these actions have been taken. Use older reports to identify trends.
Analysis of inspection reports may show the following:
 priorities for other corrective action

 need for improving safe work practices
 insight about why incidents are occurring in particular areas
 need for education and training in certain areas
 areas and equipment that require more in-depth hazard analysis
The health and safety committee can review inspections, identify trends, and monitor the
progress of the recommendations. This analysis can be used as part of the continual
improvement process for the occupational health and safety program or management system.
16.9.1 Summary
Safety and health inspection identify the hazards present in the workplaces that
requires corrective action. Through OSH inspection and audit, the effectiveness of OSH
programs or policies can be measured. Implementations of corrective action is monitored to
avoid repetition of mistakes and achieve the lowest possible level of risk.
19 Role of Safety Officers
Objectives
- Explain the importance of designating a safety officer on site  

- List the requirement for the accreditation of safety  practitioner in
construction  
- Identify the roles and responsibilities of construction safety officers  
- Cite DOLE-OSHS Rule 1047: Duties of a Safety Man
- Explain the importance of monitoring toolbox meeting
- Identify the benefits and requirements of toolbox meeting  
A construction safety officer ensures that construction workers are following established policies
and safety regulations. A construction safety officer may take on additional roles and
responsibilities, but their primary job is to help create safer construction sites. Construction safety
officers work closely with the Occupational Safety and Heakth Standard
An important person in the company who has an important role of keeping the workplace safe is
the safety officer. The Safety officer is the employee or officer of the company trained by DOLE or
by a DOLE-Accredited Training Organization and tasked by the employer to implement OSH
programs, and ensure that these programs are in accordance with the provisions of the OSH
standards
19.1 Category of Safety Officer

These are very crucial responsibilities to keep the workers safe. Thus, the safety officer/s
must possess the necessary training and experience requirement according to its category
as contained herein. The respective qualifications of safety officers are as follows:
Minimum OSH
Category Prescribed Training on OSH
Experience
Mandatory eight (8)-hour OSH orientation course
Safety Officer 1 and -
(SO1)
Two (2) - hour trainers’ training
Safety Officer 2 Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic

-
(SO2) OSH training course applicable to the industry
a. Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic OSH training At least two
course applicable to the industry;
b. Additional forty-eight (48) hours of (2)
Safety Officer 3 advanced/specialized occupational safety
years of
(SO3) training course relevant to the industry;
and experience in
c. Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH OSH
standards.
a. Mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH training

course applicable to the industry;
b. Additional eighty (80) hours of advanced/
specialized occupational safety training
course relevant to the industry; Actual
c. An aggregate of three hundred twenty experience
(320) hours of OSH related training or
Safety Officer 4
experience (additional training may be as SO3 for at
(SO4)
converted to years of experience where least
eighty [80] hours of training may equal to
one [1] year of experience and vice four (4) years
versa.);
and
d. Other requirements as prescribed by the
OSH standards.
19.2 Requirement to be an accredited safety practitioner in

construction
Under Rule 1030 of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as amended by Department
Order No. 16, Series of 2001, the Accreditation of Practitioners, Consultants and Organizations on
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) is issued to OSH Personnel and Training Organizations to
assist the Department in instituting new and update existing programs to ensure safe and healthful
working conditions in all places of employment (Article 162 Book IV, Title I, of the Labor Code of
the Philippines, as amended).
19.2.1 Client/s/Applicant/s
a. Qualifications of Practitioners who are qualified to practice OSH in the Philippines: Must
have completed the prescribed 40-hour Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training
Course from DOLE accredited or recognized organizations.
b. Must have relevant experience in occupational safety and health. Three (3) years experience
is required if applicant is duly licensed, four (4) years experience, if graduate of any 4 or 5
years college course without license and ten (10) years experience if college undergraduate.
c. Relevant experience shall mean actual work experience on OSH or a combination of actual
work experience and attendance or participation in various trainings, seminars and other
related learning processes.
19.3 Roles and responsibilities of construction safety officers

The main responsibility of a safety officer is keeping employees, the company, and the surrounding
community safe from safety and environmental hazards. The responsibilities of the safety officer
are clearly defined under Department Order 198-18, Section 14. In the implementation of OSH
program, safety officers shall be employed or designated with the following duties and
responsibilities:
a) Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH
committee; Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation
being undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
b) Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any time
whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation by
providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards; and
c) Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and
procedures provided by the OSH standards.
19.4 OSHS Rule 1047: Duties of the Safety Man
The principal function of the Safety Man is to act as the employers’ principal assistant and
consultant in the application of programs to remove the hazards from the workplace and to correct
unsafe work practices. For this purpose, the Safety Man has the following duties:
(1) Serves as Secretary to the Health and Safety Committee. As such, he shall: a. prepare minutes of
meetings; b. report status of recommendations made; c. notify members of the meetings; and d.
submit to the employer a report of the activities of the committee, including recommendations
made.
(2) Acts in an advisory capacity on all matters pertaining to health and safety for the guidance of the
employer and the workers.
(3) Conducts investigation of accidents as member of the Health and Safety Committee and submits
his separate report and analysis of accidents to the employer.
(4) Coordinates all health and safety training programs for the employees and employer.
(5) Conducts health and safety inspection as member of the committee.
(6) Maintains or helps in the maintenance of an efficient accident record system and coordinates
actions taken by supervisors to eliminate accident causes.
(7) Provides assistance to government agencies in the conduct of safety and health inspection,
accident investigation or any other related programs.
(8) For purposes of effectiveness in a workplace where full-time safety man is required, he shall
report directly to the employer.
Tool box meeting or gang meeting
“Tool box meeting or gang meeting” refers to daily meeting among workers and their
respective supervisors for the purpose of instructions, discussion and proper briefing on
the planned work, the assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of
accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible accidents and
other related matters.
 10-15 minute on-the-job meetings held to keep employees alert to work-

related accidents andillnesses.
 Proven technique for safe workhabit.
 Explain the role of each worker (proper workassignment);
 Confirm the qualification and skill of eachworker;
 Discover safety problems by danger searchingactivity;
 Check clothing and protective devices of workers (hang-over, lack of sleep,etc.)
19.5 Here are some Importance and Benefit of Toolbox Talks

19.5.1 PREVENTING ACCIDENTS :
Promotes safety awareness, encourages employee involvement in the safety
program.Introduces workers to new safety rules, equipment, preventive practices and
motivates workers to follow standard operating procedures.
19.5.1 TRAINING:
Toolbox Talks Helps when reviewing new laws or industry standards, company policies,
and procedures.The market is continuously altering and evolving and without consistent
knowing, your workers are going to fall behind without any method to capture up. Toolbox
talks not only keep your crew up to date on the latest safety news however on how safety is
altering and advancing.
19.5.1 GOOD COMMUNICATION:

Opening lines of interaction in an everyday setting keeps little things from slipping through the
cracks and going unnoticed. If there are tools that are broken or outdated, this is a method to let
management understand they need to be replaced or to remind other employees not to use them.
19.6 Requirements in conducting toolbox meeting

 ManagementSupport
 CarefulPreparation
 MeetingProceeding
19.6.1 Who Should Attend the TBM
All employees must attend their specific TBM.
19.6.2 How to Conduct TBM

 Prepare theworkers
 Define thejob
 Procedure &responsibility
 Precautions needed
• hazards present
• safety & healthreminders
• use ofPPE
19.6.3 Planning for Tool Box Meeting
 When should the meetings beheld?
 Who will be required to attend themeetings?
 What topics will be discussed at themeetings?
 What kind of preparations will be required for themeetings?
 What kind of records will be kept of themeetings?
18.7 Summary
In order to ensure that the Construction Safety and Health Program is implemented, the number
of Safety Officer to be deployed onsite as per DOLE DO-13 and DO 198-18 Section 14 is required. He or
she should be qualified and competent to work hand in hand with the employer or his representatives
and should be aware of the roles and responsibilities as indicated in the DOLE OSH Standards. Safety
Officers should also monitor that toolbox talk or gang meeting is conducted appropriately and
effectively prior to any commencement of job or task having significant risk level.
20 Emergency Preparedness
Objectives:
- List the types of natural and man-made emergencies  

- Describe the elements of Emergency Preparedness Program (i.e. Fire,   Earthquake,
Chemical spill, severe weather occurrence, Floods, etc.)
- Explain Fire Brigade organizational structure  Evacuation Drill and procedures
A workplace emergency is a situation that threatens workers, customers, or the public; disrupts or
shuts down operations; or causes physical or environmental damage.
20.1 Natural Emergencies

Natural emergencies are the hardest toplan for and predict due to theirverynature. A natural
emergencycould occur as a result of flooding,severeweather such as hurricanes or tornadoes, or
forest fires. When planning for natural emergencies you should consider that they will
likely not be limited only your workplace, which could affectlogistical responses..
20.2 Work-related Emergencies/Man Made

These are the biggest group of emergencies that a workplace may experience, these emergencies
are caused by factors relating directly to the work conducted. Work-related emergencies could be
things such as chemical spills, explosions, machinery malfunction, or dangerous gas releases.
20.2.1 Civil Emergencies

This final group of workplace emergencies are emergencies that stem from civil factors. These
emergencies are likely to be rarer than work-related or nature emergencies, but that doesn’t
mean they are any less serious. Civil factors could be things such as protests, strikes, or workplace
violence or harassment, either employee-to-employee or client-based.
20.3 Emergency Management

Emergency Management is about managing risks to communities and the environment. It is the
core business of Emergency Services but every individual and organisation has a part to play.
Emergency Management is about:
 Prevention
 Preparedness
 Response and
 Recovery.
20.3.1 Prevention
Includes policies, procedures and activities that prevent an emergency, reduce the chance of an
emergency from happening, or reduce the damaging effects of unavoidable emergencies.
20.3.2 Preparation
Activities And Procedures To Make Sure YourOrganization Is Ready To Effectively Respond
20.3.3 Response
Includes actions taken to save lives and prevent further property damage in an emergency
situation. Response is putting your preparedness plans into action.
20.3.4 Recovery
Includes actions taken to return to a normal or an even safer situation following an emergency.
20.4 Preparing for Common Emergencies

20.4.1 This Emergency Action Plan
(EAP) establishes guidelines for all reasonably foreseeable workplace emergencies. Because each
emergency situation involves unique circumstances, the guidelines provide general guidance only.
Thoughtful actions based on situation assessment are always required when responding to an
emergency. It is also important to note that emergency guidelines do not necessarily represent
sequential series of steps
20.4.2 How to alert workers of an emergency?

The following apply during fires and other workplace emergencies requiring evacuation:
• The fire alarm will be activated and personnel will calmly evacuate using designated escape routes
giving vocal alarms of “FIRE”, etc.
• Personnel will look into rooms as they leave the suite and notify personnel to exit; do not delay your
evacuation for this purpose.
• Personnel will assemble and remain in the evacuation Assembly Area. Leaving the group or failing to
report to the evacuation Assembly Area can cause unnecessary effort locating personnel believed to be
missing.
• Immediately notify your Floor Captain or the Emergency Coordinator of missing or unaccounted for
personnel.
• Stay alert and listen for instructions.
• Await guidance to disperse, return to the building or take additional measures.
• In the event of a Medical or other emergency that does NOT require evacuation, CALL 911 to alert
Police and notify the Emergency Coordinator.
20.4.3 TRAINING DO WORKERS NEED

 Educate Workers About The Types Of Emergencies
 Function And Elements Of The Emergency Action Plan
 Discuss Any Special Hazards On Site Such As Flammable Materials, Toxic Chemicals,
Radioactive Sources, Or Water-reactive Substances.
 Minimize Confusion.
20.5 FIRES
20.5.1 Fire Emergency Plan
If a fire is reported, pull the fire alarm, (if available and not already activated) to warn
occupants to evacuate. Then Dial 911 to alert Fire Department. Provide the following
information:
• Business name and street address
• Nature of fire
• Fire location (building and floor)
• Type of fire alarm (detector, pull station, sprinkler waterflow)
• Location of fire alarm (building and floor)
• Name of person reporting fire
• Telephone number for return call
***Emergency Coordinator and Floor Captains to direct evacuation of personnel***
Evacuation Procedures
• Evacuate building along evacuation routes to primary assembly areas outside.
• Redirect building occupants to stairs and exits away from the fire.
• Prohibit use of elevators.
• Evacuation team to account for all employees and visitors at the Assembly Area.
20.5.2 SEVERE WEATHER AND NATURAL DISASTERS

A. Tornado:
• When a warning is issued by sirens or other means, seek shelter inside. The
following are recommended locations for shelter:
o Small interior rooms on the lowest floor and without windows,
o Hallways on the lowest floor away from doors and windows, and
o Rooms constructed with reinforced concrete, brick, or block with no windows.
o When a warning is issued by sirens or other means, seek shelter inside.
• Stay away from outside walls and windows.
• Use arms to protect head and neck.
• Remain sheltered until the tornado threat is announced to be over.

B. Earthquake:
• Stay calm and await instructions from the Emergency Coordinator.
• Keep away from overhead fixtures, windows, filing cabinets, and electrical power.
• Assist people with disabilities in finding a safe place.
• Evacuate as instructed by the Emergency Coordinator or the designated official.
C. Flood:
• Be ready to evacuate as directed by the Emergency Coordinator.
• Follow the recommended primary or secondary evacuation routes.
• Climb to high ground and stay there.
• Avoid walking or driving through flood water.
• If car stalls, abandon it immediately and climb to a higher ground.(cstsonline, n.d.)
20.6 REQUIRED FIRE SAFETY PROGRAMS/MEASURES

20.6.1 IMPLEMENTING RULES AND REGULATIONSOF THE FIRE CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES 2008 (RA 9514)
A. Fire brigade team
 Evaluate fire loss possibilities.
 Provide systems and procedure for fire risk control.
 Counsel with the different departments-facility engineering, maintenance, planning, operation and
service department.
 Interpret laws, codes, ordinances and related standards applicable to fire risk management.
 Organize and train the company fire brigade.
 Schedule periodic inspection of fire protection equipment.
 Assume administrative command of fire control operations.
 Provide reports of loss from fires and other emergencies.
B. MEMBERS OF FIRE BRIGADE TEAM
 COMMUNICATION PERSONNEL / TELEPHONE OPERATOR
o Promptly notify the Bureau of Fire of any incident of fire when orderly by an authorized officer.
 SECURITY TEAM / CROWD CONTROLLER
o Clear the area and passageways for the eventual use of evacuating occupants and personnel.
o Clear the fire lanes of parked vehicle and other obstructions for the easy access of the Bureau of
Fire equipment and other emergency vehicles.
o Isolate and secure the emergency area and other important areas, allow only emergency vehicles
and authorized persons in the area.
FIRST AID TEAM MEMBERS AND DRIVER OF EMERGENCY VEHICLES
 Administer first aid treatment to victims/injured persons.
 Transport and accompany the victim to the nearest hospital
RESCUERS AND SALVAGE TEAM MEMBERS
 Team Leaders will supervise the rescue operation.
 Transport victims to the treatment area for proper treatment.
 Conduct salvage operations, evacuate the building or area of its valuable contents using the
following order of property.
FIRE BRIGADE MEMBERS POSITION AND ACTIONS DURING FIRE OPERATION

Direct and supervise all
FIRE BRIGADE teams of actions to be
CHIEF Central Command Station taken during operation
Assist Fire Chief in the
supervision of all teams
ASST. FIRE Designated area by the for action to be taken
BRIGADE CHIEF Fire Chief during the operation.
Notify all brigade
members, sound alarm,
call fire stations &
COMMUNICATION Communication Center related disaster
PERSONNEL Station response groups.
Pacify & control crowd,
direct evacuees to the
nearest route of
Fire Exits, Doors, escape/exit, account &
Hallways, Stairways & relay info need for
EVACUATION Evacuation Area rescue.
Report to the Brigade
Chief for instruction on
the conduct of the
Search Areas & Pre- search and rescue
SEARCH & Designated Evacuation operation & report for
RESCUE Areas accounting after search.
Provide first aid to all
injured or needing
medical attention &
Pre-Designated direct transport of
Evacuation Area / victims to the nearest
MEDICAL Treatment Area hospital.
Cordon and secure
operation involved area
& control evacuees &
vehicle movements
SECURITY & Outside vicinity or Areas especially space for
TRAFFIC( Crowd designated by the Fire responding fire engines
Controller) Brigade Chief & other teams
Response to the
announced alarm and
fight fire immediately,
report the veracity &
FIREFIGHTING Location of Fire condition of fire.
19.7. Summary
Emergency can arise anytime. However, an organization who is committed and
prepared to implement a systematic emergency plan can mitigate its impact, regardless of the
types of emergencies that will arise. Trained personnel, adequate system communication, well
structured emergency organization, etc will be helpful in controlling emergencies.
21 EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM
21.1 Objectives
- Cite the main functions of Employee’s Compensation Commission

- Explain the purpose of Employee’s Compensation Plan (ECP), coverage and
benefits
- Identify the compensable diseases and injuries   
- List the types of Disability and their corresponding benefits  Attaining ECP
Benefits
21.2 Main functions of ECC

Work Contingency Prevention is not a 100% guarantee against work-connected sickness, injury or
death. That’s why there is the Employee’s Compensation Program.
https://youtu.be/IeVqkthwrBo?list=PLHFy0zzxi4Bn1un9XbO7DYKmMyK7q-hFJ
Employee’s Compensation Program
Designed to provide employees and their families with income benefits and medical and other
benefits in the event of work-connected sickness, injury or death.
21.3 Purpose of ECP and employees covered of benefits

21.3.1 Who are covered under the Employees’ Compensation Program?
1. Private sector workers who are compulsory members of the Social Security System
(SSS) and sea-based Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs).
2. Government sector employees who are members of the Government service
Insurance System (GSIS), including members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines,
elective government officials who are receiving regular salary and all casual,
emergency, temporary and substitute or contractual employees.
21.3.2 When shall coverage of the employees under the Employees’
Compensation Program start?
Employees shall be covered starting on the first day of their employment.
21.3.3 Compensable Diseases

 Not any disease is compensable
 Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable
 List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set
 Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the
 disease to be compensable
 Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish causal
connection with
• the nature of his work or
• the working environment
21.3.4 Compensability of Injuries

For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the injury must be the
result of an accident arising out of or in the course of employment.
A. Work- Connected Injuries
Seven Instances Where Injury can be Compensable

 Happened at the workplace
 2.Happened while performing official function
 Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer
 When going to or coming from work
 While ministering to personal comfort
 While in a company shuttle bus
 During a company sponsored activity
 Assault in the workplace, going to/coming from work, outside but doing official
function
B. Excepting Circumstances
 Intoxication
 Notorious negligence
 Willful intent to injure oneself or another
21.3.5 ECP benefits
A. ECP Benefits
 Loss of Income Benefit - Medical Benefits Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is
compensated, it is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that
is being compensated.
 Carer’s Allowance
 Death Benefits
 Rehabilitation Services
Figure 21.3-1 Primary Benefits (Employees Compensation Commission, 2018)
BENEFIT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT
TEMPORARY TOTAL DAILY ALLOWANCE Minimum Php 110/ day

DISABILITY or SICKNESS Maximum Php 480/day
(TTD)
PERMANENT PARTIAL MONTHLY PENSION Based on salary credit and
DISABILITY (PPD) length of employment (years)
PERMANENT TOTAL MONTHLY PENSION + 10% FOR Based on salary credit and
DISABILITY (PTD) EACH QUALIFIED DEPENDENT length of employment (years)
CHILDREN
DEATH MONTHLY PENSION + 10% FOR Based on salary credit and
EACH QUALIFIED DEPENDENT length of employment (years)
CHILDREN
FUNERAL ONE-TIME PAYMENT Php 30,000
Figure 21.3-2 Secondary Benefits
BENEFIT DESCRIPTION AMOUNT
MEDICAL REIMBURSEMENT OF OUT-OF-POCKET Reimbursement based on

MEDICAL EXPENSES expense limitations under
the Program
REHABILITATION PROVISION OF: Based on expense

1. PHYSICAL/OCCUPATION limitations
AL THERAPY under the program
2. ARTIFICIAL
LIMBS/ASSISTIVE DEVICES
3. LIVELIHOOD OR
VOCATIONAL TRAINING
COURSES
CARER’S ALLOWANCE SUPPLEMENTAL ALLOWANCE FOR Php 1, 000 per month

CARE-GIVING NEEDS OF
PERMANENTLY DISABLED EC
PENSIONERS
B. Types of Disability
 Temporary Total Disability (TTD)
 Permanent Total Disability (PTD)
 Permanent Partial Disability (PPD)
C. Daily Income Benefit for TTD

 for disability not exceeding 120 days
 paid from first day of disability
 may go beyond 120 days but not to exceed 240 days
21.3.6 Requirements in availing ECP Benefits
A. When shall EC claims be filed?
EC claims must be filed within a period of three years from:
In case of sickness, from the time the employee was unable to report for work; In case of injury,
from the time of the incident; In case of death, from the date of death.
The filing of disability or death benefits either under the SSS law or the GSIS law within three years
from the time the cause of action accrued would stop the running of the prescriptive period.
B. Where are EC claims filed?

All EC claims may be filed by the claimant at his option in the GSIS Regional Office (for the public
sector) or SSS Branch (for the private sector) nearest to his place of work or residence.
C. Who are the employees’ beneficiaries?

The beneficiaries shall be either primary or secondary, and determined at the time of employee’s
death.
The following beneficiaries shall be considered primary:
a) The legitimate spouse living with the employee at the time of the employee’s death until he
remarries; and
b) Legitimate, legitimated, legally adopted or acknowledged natural children, who are
unmarried, not gainfully employed, not over 21 years of age, or over 21 years of age
provided he is incapacitated and incapable of self-support due to physical or mental defect
which is congenital or acquired during minority.
The following beneficiaries shall be considered secondary:
a) The legitimate parents wholly dependent upon the employee for regular support;
b) The legitimate descendants and illegitimate children who are unmarried, not gainfully
employed, not over 21 years of age, or over 21 years of age provided he is incapacitated and
incapable of self-support due to physical or mental defect which is congenital or acquired
during minority.
Primary beneficiaries shall have priority claim to death benefits over secondary beneficiaries.
Whenever there are primary beneficiaries, no death benefit shall be paid to his secondary
beneficiaries. (Employees Compensation Commission, n.d.)
21.4 Summary
Employee’s Compensation Commission plays a big role in supporting the workers

or its beneficiaries in case of exposure to the imminent danger allowing the accident
or illness to occur. All workers and their families having an employer-to-employee
contract relationship can have their rights to avail the ECP and other ECC benefits.
22 OSH Legislation & Programming
22.1 Objectives
- Explain the importance of Republic Act 11058 and DOLE Department Order 198-18
- Identify the purpose of construction safety and health program (CSHP)  
- List the safety and health program criteria  
- Cite the legal basis for implementing and monitoring CSHP  and its elements 
- Describe the salient features of the occupational safety and health standards  and D.O
No. 13 
22.2 OSH LAW Republic Act No. 11058 entitled "An Act Strengthening
Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and Providing
Penalties for Violations thereof"
President Duterte has signed into law the measure which ensures a safe and healthful workplace for workers
by affording them full protection against all hazards in their work environment. President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
on 17 August 2018, while the IRR was approved and signed by Secretary Silvestre H. Bello III on 06 December
2018.
The Republic Act No. 11058 or "An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health
Standards" (OSHS) also imposes penalties on employers that do not to follow the health and safety standards
set by the Philippine labor code and international guidelines.
Figure 22.2-1 Workers while working in Construction (Vergara, 2018)

22.3 Construction safety and health program
“Construction safety and health program” refers to a set of detailed rules to cover the processes and practices
that shall be utilized in a specific construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including the personnel
responsible and the penalties for violations thereof.
22.4 Legal basis for implementing CSHP

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 13 Series of 1998 GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed
in the construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate
vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships
in the construction industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction industry, taking
into consideration industry practices and applicable government requirement, the following guidelines are
hereby issued for all concerned:
22.5 Elements of the CSHP

1.0 Statement of Commitment to Comply with OSH Requirements
2.0 Company Safety and Health Policy
3.0 Project Details
4.0 Construction Safety & Health Committee

5.0 Composition of Construction Safety and Health Committee (CSHC)
6.0 Duties of the CSH Committee shall include but are not limited to the following:
7.0 Duties of the Safety Man/Officer
8.0 Dangerous Occurrence or Major Accident

9.0 Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and Facilities
10.0 Safety & Health Promotion & Education
11.0 Specialized Instruction and Trainings
12.0 Toolbox Meeting

13.0 Responsible for the Toolbox Meeting
14.0 Accident/Incident/Illnesses Investigation & Reporting
15.0 Conducting and documenting the accident/illnesses investigation
16.0 Compliance with Government Requirements

17.0 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
18.0 Protection of the General Public
19.0 Safety Signages
20.0 Construction Workers Skills Certification
21.0 Testing & Inspection of Construction Heavy Equipment
22.0 Control Measures on Construction Activities
23.0 First-Aid, Health Care Medicines and Equipment Facilities
24.0 Workers Welfare Facilities
25.0 Medical Surveillance
26.0 Working Hour & Break Time
27.0 Construction Waste Disposal
28.0 Emergency Preparedness
29.0 Penalties/Sanctions
30.0 Attachments
22.6 Monitoring and evaluation of safety and health policies / program

Once a safety and health program is established, it should be evaluated initially to verify that it is being
implemented as intended. After that, employers should periodically, and at least annually, step back and assess
what is working and what is not, and whether the program is on track to achieve its goals. Whenever these
assessments identify opportunities to improve the program, employers, managers, and supervisors—in
coordination with workers—should make adjustments and monitor how well the program performs as a
result. Sharing the results of monitoring and evaluation within the workplace, and celebrating successes, will
help drive further improvement.
Program evaluation and improvement includes:
 Establishing, reporting, and tracking goals and targets that indicate whether the program is making
progress.
 Evaluating the program initially and periodically thereafter to identify shortcomings and opportunities for
improvement.
 Providing ways for workers to participate in program evaluation and improvement.
22.6.1 Action item 1: Monitor performance and progress
The first step in monitoring is to define indicators that will help track performance and progress. Next, employers,
managers, supervisors, and workers need to establish and follow procedures to collect, analyze, and review
performance data.
22.6.2 Action item 2: Verify the program is implemented and is operating

Initially and at least annually, employers need to evaluate the program to ensure that it is operating as intended, is
effective in controlling identified hazards, and is making progress toward established safety and health goals and
objectives.
22.6.3 Action item 3: Correct program shortcomings and identify opportunities to improve
Whenever a problem is identified in any part of the safety and health program, employers—in coordination with
supervisors, managers, and workers—should take prompt action to correct the problem and prevent its recurrence.
22.7 Salient features of the occupational safety and health standards
Objective:
At the end of this module participants will be able to:
 Identity different department orders issued

 Explain the important of OSH legislation in the Philippines
 Discuss on how to comply with new Safety law RA 11058 and its IRR D.O 198-18
22.8 Description of OSH regulatory framework

OSH in Philippines is regulated by a wide range of laws. The main OSH provisions shall be found in particular
in: the Philippine Labor Code (mainly Book IV), the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) 1978.
The Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and other government agencies have issued hazard-specific
guidelines, departmental orders and implementing rules on OSH matters. Newly Sign Republic Act 11058 also
known AN ACT STRENGTHENING COMPLIANCE WITH OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF.
22.9 Competent national authority for safety and health at work

The Labour Code indicates that:
"The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational
safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces
and institute new, and update existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places
of employment."
(Art. 162)
"It shall be the responsibility of the Department of Labor and Employment to conduct continuing studies and
research to develop innovative methods, techniques and approaches for dealing with occupational safety and
health problems; to discover latent diseases by establishing causal connections between diseases and work in
environmental conditions; and to develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no
employee will suffer impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of
his work and working conditions."
(Art. 163)
"The Department of Labor and Employment shall develop and implement training programs to increase the
number and competence of personnel in the field of occupational safety and industrial health."
(Art. 164)
The Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely responsible for the administration and enforcement
of occupational safety and health laws, regulations and standards in all establishments and workplaces
wherever they may be located; however, chartered cities may be allowed to conduct industrial safety
inspections of establishments within their respective jurisdictions where they have adequate facilities and
competent personnel for the purpose as determined by the Department of Labor and Employment and subject
to national standards established by the latter."
(Art. 165(a))
"The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall, by appropriate orders, set and enforce mandatory occupational
safety and health standards to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces
and institute new, and update existing, programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places
of employment".
(Art. 165(b))
The Occupational Safety and Health Standards indicate that "by virtue of the powers vested in the Department
of Labor and Employment under Article 162 of the Labor Code of the Philippines, this Occupational Safety and
Health Standards is hereby promulgated for the guidance and compliance of all concerned". (International
Labour Organization, n.d.)
22.9.1 What is Labor Standards?

LABOR STANDARDS refer to the minimum requirements prescribed by existing laws, rules and regulations
relating to wages, hours of work, cost of living allowance and other monetary and welfare benefits, including
occupational, safety and health standards.
22.9.2 Article 128 Visitorial and Enforcement Power.

1. The Secretary of Labor and Employment or his duly authorized representatives, including labor
regulation officers, shall have access to employer’s records and premises at any time of the day or night
whenever work is being undertaken therein, and the right to copy there from, to question any employee and
investigate any fact, condition or matter which may be necessary to determine violations or which may aid in
the enforcement of this Code and of any labor law, wage order or rules and regulations issued pursuant
thereto.
2. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 129 and 217 of this Code to the contrary, and in cases where
the relationship of employer-employee still exists, the Secretary of DOLE or his duly authorized
representatives shall have the power to issue compliance orders to give effect to the labor standards
provisions of this Code and other labor legislation based on the findings of labor employment and enforcement
officers or industrial safety engineers made in the course of inspection. The Secretary or his duly authorized
representatives shall issue writs of execution to the appropriate authority for the enforcement of their orders,
except in cases where the employer contests the findings of the labor employment and enforcement officer and
raises issues supported by documentary proofs which were not considered in the course of inspection. (As
amended by Republic Act No. 7730, June 2, 1994).
An order issued by the duly authorized representative of the Secretary of Labor and Employment under this
Article may be appealed to the latter. In case said order involves a monetary award, an appeal by the employer
may be perfected only upon the posting of a cash or surety bond issued by a reputable bonding company duly
accredited by the Secretary of Labor and Employment in the amount equivalent to the monetary award in the
order appealed from. (As amended by Republic Act No. 7730, June 2, 1994).
3. The Secretary of Labor and Employment may likewise order stoppage of work or suspension of
operations of any unit or department of an establishment when non-compliance with the law or implementing
rules and regulations poses grave and imminent danger to the health and safety of workers in the workplace.
Within twenty-four hours, a hearing shall be conducted to determine whether an order for the stoppage of
work or suspension of operations shall be lifted or not. In case the violation is attributable to the fault of the
employer, he shall pay the employees concerned their salaries or wages during the period of such stoppage of
work or suspension of operation.
4. It shall be unlawful for any person or entity to obstruct, impede, delay or otherwise render ineffective
the orders of the Secretary of DOLE or his duly authorized representatives issued pursuant to the authority
granted under this Article, and no inferior court or entity shall issue temporary or permanent injunction or
restraining order or otherwise assume jurisdiction over any case involving the enforcement orders issued in
accordance with this Article.
5. Any government employee found guilty of violation of, or abuse of authority, under this Article shall,
after appropriate administrative investigation, be subject to summary dismissal from the service.
6. The Secretary of DOLE may, by appropriate regulations, require employers to keep and maintain such
employment records as may be necessary in aid of his visitorial and enforcement powers under this Code.
22.9.3 DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 183-17 REVISED RULES ON THE ADMINISTRATION

AND ENFORCEMENT OF LABOR LAWS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 128 OF THE LABOR
CODE, AS RENUMBERED
— This Revised Rules is aimed to further strengthen the implementation of the visitorial and enforcement
powers under the Labor Code, as renumbered towards securing a higher level of compliance with labor laws
and standards and ensuring continuity and sustainability of compliance at workplaces.
General Provisions
Section 1. Modes of Implementation - The visitorial power of the Secretary of Labor and Employment or
his/her duly authorized representatives shall be implemented through any of the following:
a. Routine Inspection;
b. Complaint Inspection; or
c. Occupational Safety and Health Standards Investigation
Section 2. Designation and Assignment - At the start of every year, the Secretary of Labor and Employment
shall issue a list of Labor Inspectors with general authority to inspect establishments’ compliance with labor
laws and social legislation. The general authority shall include investigation of OSH standards violation
Section 5. Conduct of Technical Safety Inspection - The conduct of technical safety inspection by Labor
Inspectors who are mechanical or electrical engineers shall be governed by the Revised Technical Safety
Inspection
e. Period to Correct Violations — All inspected establishments with noted violations are required to institute
their respective corrective actions within the following prescribed periods:
a.1.1 If the violation to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), remediation thereof shall be elected within
three (3) days from receipt of the Notice of Results. However, if the lack of the required PPE is of such nature
that it can be reasonably expected to cause death or serious physical harm, the employer may suspend work or
the affected employees may stop working until the required PPE is provided. During the period of work
suspension, the employer shall pay the wages of the said employees as if they have reported for work.
b. Formulation and Submission of Action Plan. — During the conduct of Routine Inspection, the Labor
Inspector shall state in the Notice of Results the summary of violations, the corresponding remediations to be
made, and the deadline when the said remediation should be made or completed. The establishment with OSHS
violations shall prepare an Action Plan, with the assistance of the Labor Inspector, to remediate the violations
with a copy thereof furnished to both management and employees’ representative for unorganized.
c. Verification or Validation of Compliance and Follow-up Inspection. — The following shall be
undertaken to assist employers to institute corrective actions:
c.1 Remediation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards Violation. - Within five (5) days after receipt
of the status report, the Labor Inspector shall conduct a verification inspection with representatives from the
employer and employees to verify whether the Action Plan has been fully implemented.
c.2 Occupational Safety and Health Standards. - The Regional Director shall immediately issue a
Compliance Order in the following instances:
c.2.1 Failure or refusal of the employer to formulate an Action Plan;
c.2.2 Failure or refusal of the employer to submit a status report within the five-day prescribed period;
c.2.3 Failure or refusal of the employer to fully implement the Action Plan within the scheduled date of
remediation; and
c.2.4 Failure of the employer to provide the appropriate PPE and to submit proof of compliance thereof
within three (3) days from receipt of the Notice of Results. (Bureau of Working Conditions, n.d.)
22.10 National OSH research programme or institute

The services of the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) shall cover the preventive (primary,
secondary, tertiary prevention) aspects of occupational safety and health in every workplace, public or
private.The Center shall serve as the authority on Occupational Safety and Health in the areas of research,
training and information dissemination and technical services.
The Center shall undertake studies and researches on all aspects of occupational safety and health. It shall
focus on studies:
1. to prevent and reduce occupational and work-related injuries and illnesses;
2. to continuously review and support the updating of the list of occupational illnesses as prescribed in PD 626,
Employees’ Compensation and State Insurance Fund; and
3. to aid standard setting and enforcement of OSH Standards.
• Rules And Regulations Implementing Executive Order No. 307 (S 2(a)) (International Labour Organization,
n.d.)
22.11 OSH LAW Republic Act No. 11058 entitled "An Act Strengthening
Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and
Providing Penalties for Violations thereof"
President Duterte has signed into law the measure which ensures a safe and healthful workplace
for workers by affording them full protection against all hazards in their work environment.
President Rodrigo Roa Duterte on 17 August 2018, while the IRR was approved and signed by
Secretary Silvestre H. Bello III on 06 December 2018.
The Republic Act No. 11058 or "An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and
Health Standards" (OSHS) also imposes penalties on employers that do not to follow the health and
safety standards set by the Philippine labor code and international guidelines.
Figure 22.11-1 Workers while working in Construction (Vergara, 2018)
Section 3 - DEFINITION OF TERMS
“Certified first-aider” – refers to any person trained and duly certified to administer first aid by
the Philippine Red Cross (PRC) or any organization authorized by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment
“Competency Standards” – refers to industry-determined specification of proficiency required for

effective work performance.
“Covered Workplaces” – refers to establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work
is being undertaken wherein the number of employees, nature of operations and risk or hazard
involved in the business require compliance
“Low risk establishment” - refers to a workplace where there is low level of danger or exposure to
safety and health hazards and not likely or with low probability to result in accident, harm or injury,
or illness.
“Medium risk establishment”- refers to a workplace where there is moderate exposure to safety
and health hazards and with probability of an accident, injury or illness, if no preventive or control
measures are in place.
“High risk establishment”- refers to a workplace wherein the presence of hazard or potential
hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not only within but also
persons outside the premises of the workplace (e.g. construction, mining, petrochemical, etc.)
Section 5 - WORKERS’ RIGHT TO KNOW
Information materials used pursuant to this Section shall be made readily available and accessible
to workers. New-hired workers shall be provided instructions, orientations and trainings prior to
start of work. The instructions, orientations, and trainings shall be properly documented by the
employer, and shall be included in the permanent records of the worker in the establishment.
The workers’ OSH seminar and other trainings/orientations as required by the employer and by
any law shall be at no cost on the worker and considered as compensable working time.
Section 6 - WORKERS’ RIGHT TO REFUSE TO UNSAFE WORK
The worker has the right of refusal to work without threat or reprisal from the employer if, as
determined by the DOLE, an imminent danger situation exists. The employer or safety officer
cannot require the workers to return to work where there is continuing imminent danger to life or
health.
Workers affected by the existence of an imminent danger situation may be temporarily assigned to
other areas within the workplace provided there is no impending issue with safety and health.
Section 7 - WORKERS’ RIGHT TO REPORT ACCIDENTS
Workers and their representatives shall have the right to report accidents, dangerous occurrences,
and hazards to the employer, to the DOLE and to other concerned government agencies exercising
jurisdiction as the competent authority in the specific industry or economic activity. There shall be
no retaliation from the part of the employer pursuant to the reporting of any accident.
Section 8 - WORKERS’ RIGHT TO PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
The cost of the PPE shall be part of the safety and health program which is a separate pay item
pursuant to Section 20 of this Rules.
All PPE shall be of the appropriate type as tested and approved by the DOLE based on its standards.
The usage of PPE in all establishments, projects, sites and all other places where work is being
undertaken shall be based on the evaluation and recommendation of the safety officer.
Section 12 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
Covered workplaces shall develop and implement a suitable OSH program which shall be posted in
prominent places. Covered workplaces shall be guided by a format prescribed by DOLE. For with
less than ten workers and low risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers. – The OSH
program, which shall be duly signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
For medium to high risk establishments with ten (10) to fifty (50) workers and low to high risk
establishments with fifty-one (51) workers and above. – The OSH program, which shall be duly
signed by the employer, must include at least the following:
The OSH program shall be communicated and be made readily available to all persons in the
workplace. It shall be updated periodically whenever the DOLE, other regulatory or government
agencies and institutions promulgate new rules, guidelines and other issuances related to workers’
safety and health.
The company shall ensure that the core elements of OSH program are integrated in the company
OSH program such as management commitment and employee involvement, workplace risk
assessment, hazard prevention and control, safety and health training and education, and OSH
program evaluation.
The company shall submit a copy of the OSH program to the DOLE Regional, Provincial, Field or
Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the workplace. A duly signed company commitment to
comply OSH requirements together with the company OSH program using the prescribed template
shall be considered approved upon submission EXCEPT for Construction Safety and Health
Program (CSHP) which shall need approval by DOLE prior to construction.
OSH programs in the pre-approved template may be modified by DOLE as necessary based on
existing laws, rules and regulations, and other issuances or upon validation of the program during
inspection. If there is a modification made by the company, the company shall submit a revised
copy of the OSH program to DOLE.
The company shall review and evaluate the OSH program at least once a year or as necessary, to
ensure that its objectives are met towards an improved safety and health performance.
Section 13 - OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE
To ensure that the safety and health program is observed and enforced, a Safety and Health
Committee shall be organized in covered workplaces.
Section 14 - SAFETY OFFICER

In the implementation of OSH program, the required safety officers shall be employed or designated
with the following duties and responsibilities:
 Oversee the overall management of the OSH program in coordination with the OSH
committee;
 Frequently monitor and inspect any health or safety aspect of the operation being
undertaken with the participation of supervisors and workers;
 Assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection at any
time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct of an accident investigation
by providing necessary information and OSH reports as required by the OSH standards;
and
 Issue Work Stoppage Order (WSO) when necessary based on the requirements and
procedures provided by the OSH standards.
Safety officer/s of all workplace must possess the necessary training and experience requirement
according to its category as contained herein. The respective qualifications of safety officers are as
follows:
Category Prescribed Training on OSH Minimum OSH Experience
Mandatory eight (8)-hour OSH orientation course

Safety Officer 1 (SO1) and -
Two (2) - hour trainers’ training
Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic

Safety Officer 2 (SO2) -
OSH training course applicable to the industry
a. Mandatory forty (40)-hour basic
OSH training course applicable to
the industry;
At least two
b. Additional forty-eight (48) hours
(2)
of advanced/specialized
Safety Officer 3 (SO3) years of
occupational safety training
experience in
course relevant to the industry;
OSH
AND
c. Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH

standards.
a. Mandatory forty (40)-hour OSH Actual experience

Safety Officer 4 (SO4)
training
as SO3 for at least
course applicable to the industry; four (4) years
a. Additional eighty (80) hours of

advanced/
specialized occupational safety training
course relevant to the industry;
c. An aggregate of three hundred twenty
(320) hours of OSH related training or
experience (additional training may be
converted to years of experience where
eighty [80] hours of training may equal to
one [1] year of experience and vice versa.);
AND
d. Other requirements as prescribed

by the
OSH standards.
Minimum classification and number of safety officer for all covered workplaces shall be as
follows:
Number of Workers Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk
1 to 9 One (1) SO1 One (1) SO1 One (1) SO2
10 to 50 One (1) SO1 One (1) SO3

One (1) SO2
51 to 99
One (1) SO2 and
One (1) SO2 One (1) SO2 and
100 to 199 One (1) SO3
One (1) SO3
Two (2) SO2 or One (1) SO2 and

200 to 250 Two (2) SO3
One (1) SO3 One (1) SO3
Two (2) SO2 and One (1) SO2 and

251 to 500 Two (2) SO3
One (1) SO3 Two (2) SO3
Two (2) SO2 and One

501 to 750 One (1) SO2 and
(1) SO3 Two (2) SO3
Two (2) SO3
751 to 1000 Two (2) SO3
Every additional
Additional One (1) SO3
250 or fraction - -
or SO4
Thereof
Every additional
Additional One (1) SO3
500 or fraction Additional One (1) SO3 -
or SO4
thereof
Safety officers engaged in micro and small establishments, low to medium risk, shall be engaged in
safety programs including other tasks designated to him/her by his/her employer.
In the case of a contractor or subcontractor, at least one (1) safety officer must be deployed at each
specific area of operations to oversee the management of the OSH program of its own workforce.
Section 15 - OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES
Covered workplaces shall have qualified occupational health personnel such as certified first-
aiders, nurses, dentists, and physicians duly complemented with the required medical supplies,
equipment and facilities.
TRAINING FOR OH PERSONNEL
The number of health personnel, which may be classified as full time (FT) or part-time (PT),
equipment and facilities, and the amount of supplies shall be proportionate to the total number of
workers and the risk or hazard involved in the workplace, the ideal ratio of which shall be as
follows:
First-Aider : Standard first aid training
OH Nurse : At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training course for OH Nurses
OH Dentist : At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training course
OH Physician : At least fifty-six (56)-hour Basic OSH training course for OH Physicians
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSONNEL
Number Low Risk Medium to High Risk
of OH OH OH First- OH OH OH
First-Aider
Workers Nurse Dentist Physician Aider Nurse Dentist Physician
1-9 1 - - - 1 - - -
10-50 1 - - - 1 - - -
51-99 1 1 FT - - 1 for 1 FT 1 PT
every 50 1 PT and
100-199 1 workers 2 PT
1 FT
1 PT or a
2 PT 1
fraction 1 PT and
200-250 2 2 FT and
thereof 1 FT
1 FT
1
2 PT
Additional 2 PT and
251-500 2 FT 2 PT and
of 1 for 1 FT
1 FT
every 100
501-750 - -
workers or a 3 PT and
3 PT or 1
fraction
PT and 1 FT 1 FT
751-1000 - -
thereof
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND FACILITIES
Low Risk Medium to High Risk

Number of
OH OH OH First- OH OH OH
Workers First-Aider
Nurse Dentist Physician Aider Nurse Dentist Physician
2 PT,
2 PT and
1 FT, and
1 FT DOLE
1001- 1 FT DOLE
- Certified -
2000 Certified
1 for
OSH
Additional every 50 OSH
practitioner
of 1 for 1 workers 1 Practitioner
or a
every 100 4 PT and 2 FT and
fraction
workers or a 1 FT DOLE thereof 1 FT DOLE
fraction
> 2000 - Certified - Certified
thereof
OSH OSH
practitioner practitioner
Every 250
workers or 1 FT or 4
- - - - 1 FT -
a fraction PT
thereof
Every 500
workers or
a - 1 FT - 1 FT or 4 PT - - - -
fraction
thereof
PT = 4h/d, 3d/w; FT = 8h/d, 6d/w OH personnel shall be placed in shift with the highest number
of workers
For OH dentists: Alternatively, establishments can enter into a Memorandum of Agreement

(MOA) for dental services for workers; provided that the requirements for dental facilities are
met.
For OH physicians: If more than 1 PT physician is required, a physician must be present in all
work days of the establishment.
Number Low Risk Medium to High Risk

of
First aid treatment Clinic(number of First treatment
Clinic(number of beds)
Workers room beds) room
1-9 - 1 -
10-50 1 - 1 -
51-99 2 1
1
100-199
200-250 2
2
251-500
Additional 1 for Additional 1 for
501-750 every 100 workers every 50
or a workers or a
751- Additional 1 for
1000 fraction thereof every 200 Additional 1 for every 100 workers
fraction thereof
1001- workers or a or a fraction thereof
2000 fraction thereof
> 2001
Section 21 - COST OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM

The total cost of implementing a duly approved OSH program shall be an integral part of
the operations cost. It shall be a separate pay item in construction and in all contracting or
subcontracting arrangement.
Section 23 - VISITORIAL POWER OF THE SECRETARY OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT
Department Order No. 183, Series of 17 and the manual on execution of judgments shall govern the
procedures in the conduct of inspection, mandatory conference, issuance of order and execution
thereof.
Section 28 - PROHIBITED ACTS AND ITS CORRESPONDING PENALTIES
A mandatory conference not later than 72 hours shall be held to determine whether the WSO will
be lifted or not.
Should there be two (2) or more non-compliances, all penalties shall be imposed; provided the total
daily penalty shall not exceed one hundred thousand pesos (₱ 100,000.00).The penalties shall
be computed on a per day basis until full compliance reckoned from the date of the notice of
violation or service of the compliance order to the employer.
The Regional Director shall, after due notice and hearing impose the appropriate administrative
fines taking into consideration the damage or injury caused and risk involved including the severity
and frequency of the OSH violations and size of the establishment
Any willful failure or refusal of an employer, contractor or subcontractor to comply with the
Imminent danger - One (1) day
PPE - Three (3) days
Not exceeding Ninety (90) days based on the approved action

Others -
plan
following OSH standards below or with a compliance order issued by the Secretary of Labor and
Employment or his/her authorized representative shall be penalized of the administrative fines as
follows:
Registration of establishment to DOLE ₱20,000.00
Provision of job safety instruction or orientation prior to work ₱20,000.00
Provide worker’s training (first aid, mandatory workers training, mandatory OSH
₱25,000.00
training for safety officers and health personnel)
Provision of safety signage and devices ₱30,000.00

Provision of medical supplies, equipment and facilities ₱30,000.00
Submission of reportorial requirements as prescribed by OSH

₱30,000.00
Standards
Provision of safety officer and/or OH personnel ₱40,000.00
Provision of certified personnel or professionals required by OSH

₱40,000.00
Standards
Establishment of a safety and health committee ₱40,000.00
Formulation and implementation of a comprehensive safety and
health program ₱40,000.00
Provide information on hazards and risk (absence of chemical safety
data sheet, no written SOP in materials handling, lifting etc., no permitting system for
₱40,000.00
confined spaces/hot works, no lock-out/tag-out system etc.)
Provide sanitary and welfare facilities ₱40,000.00
Use of approved or certified devices and equipment for the task ₱50,000.00
Provision of PPE or charging of provided PPE to workers ₱50,000.00
Compliance with DOLE issued WSO ₱50,000.00
Compliance to other OSH standards ₱40,000.00
When the violation exposes the worker to death, serious injury or serious illness, the imposable
penalty shall be One Hundred Thousand Pesos (₱100,000.00).
An employer, contractor or subcontractor who was found to have repeatedly violated the same
prohibited act shall be penalized of the corresponding fine plus an additional fine equivalent to
fifty percent (50%) thereof for every instance of repeat violation.
If any of the following acts is present and there is non-compliance, the penalty of one hundred
thousand pesos (₱100,000.00) administrative fine shall be imposed separate and in addition to the
daily administrative fine imposed above:
 Repeated obstruction, delay or refusal to provide the Secretary of Labor and

Employment or any of its authorized representatives access to the covered workplace, or
refusal to provide or allow access to relevant records and documents or obstruct the
conduct of investigation of any fact necessary in determining compliance with OSH
standards;
 Misrepresentation in relation to adherence to OSH standards, knowing such
statement, report or record submitted to DOLE to be false in any material aspect; or
 Making retaliatory measures such as termination of employment, refusal to pay,
reducing wages and benefits or in any manner discriminates against any worker who has
given information relative to the inspection being conducted. (Bureau of Working
Conditions, n.d.)
22.11.1 LABOR ADVISORY NO. 04 Series of 2019
GUIDE FOR COMPLIANCE OF ESTABLISHMENTS TO DO 198-18
In the interest of the service and pursuant to the effective implementation of “Republic Act No.
11058 “An Act Strengthening Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Standards and
Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof” and its Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR)
issued through Department Order No. 198-18 which took effect on 25 January 2019, covered
establishments are hereby advised of the following:
Classification of Establishments - The establishment shall be responsible in determining its own

level of classification (low risk, medium risk, high risk) based on Hazards Identification and Risk
Assessment and Control (HIRAC) conducted by the company. Results of the HIRAC and number of
workers shall be the bases for determining the required minimum number of safety officer, OH
personnel, medical services and facilities pursuant to Section 14 and Section 15 of the IRR/DO 198-
18.
Appointment of Safety Officer - The safety officer shall be certified by the company’s Human
Resource (HR) unit/section based on the qualification requirements such as completion of the
prescribed training and minimum years of OSH experience as provided for under Section 14. Thus,
the appointment of its own safety officer/s and the appropriate category level of Safety Officer (i.e.
Safety Officer 1, Safety Officer 2, Safety Officer 3 and Safety Officer 4) shall be issued by the
company.
Mandatory Workers’ OSH Seminar - Establishments are encouraged to immediately conduct

mandatory Workers’ OSH Seminary for all workers/employees at no cost to the workers and
attendance to such seminar shall be considered as compensable working time. The Training Module
for the OSH Workers’ Seminar prescribed by the DOLE can be downloaded from BWC website:
www.bwc.dole.gov.ph. The mandatory Workers’ OSH Seminar may be conducted by the safety
officer of the establishment or any DOLE accredited/certified OSH practitioner or consultant.
OSH Program - The company may opt to use the OSH Program template prepared by DOLE in
compliance with Section 12 which shall be submitted to the DOLE Regional, Provincial, Field or
Satellite Office having jurisdiction over the establishment. Copy of the OSH Program template can
be downloaded at BWC website: www.bwc.dole.gov.ph.
OSH Reports - Employers shall submit to DOLE the following reports:

Employer’s Work Accident/Injury/Report (WAIR) for work related cases resulting to disabling
injuries/conditions.
Annual Work Accident/Injury Exposure Data Report (AEDR) to be submitted (with or without
accident cases) on or before January 30 following the covered year.
Annual Medical Report (AMR) to be submitted on or before March 31 following the covered year.
OSH Committee Report (i.e. Minutes of meeting at least on a quarterly basis)
For work accidents cases which result in serious injuries and/or deaths, the employer or the
worker shall immediately notify the nearest DOLE office having jurisdiction over the workplace
through the fastest means of communication whichever is available.
All covered employers, contractors, sub-contractors and workers are hereby enjoined to coordinate
and perform the required duties and responsibilities as provided for in the OSH Law to ensure a
safe and healthful workplace for all.
22.12 Selected OSHS Provisions and other OSH Related Law
What will be discussed instead are the significant and major provisions. These are significant in the
sense that these are the most often-asked questions and which relates to items that will seriously
affect the operations of the company. These are:
 Rule 1001 - Purpose and Scope

 Rule 1005 - Duties of Employers, Workers and other Persons
 Rule 1012.02 – Abatement of Imminent Danger
 Rule 1050 – Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents and/or Occupational
Illnesses
 Rule 1070 – Occupational Health and Environmental Control
 Rule 1081.04: No person shall be subjected or exposed to a hazardous environmental
condition without protection.
 Rule 1981.01: Types of Inspection:
 Rule 1990 – Final Provisions
 Republic Act 6969
 Republic Act 9165
 Presidential Decree 626
 Presidential Decree 856 – Code on Sanitation
 Republic Act 8504 – An act promulgating policies and prescribing measures for the
prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the Philippines,
22.13 Salient features of the D.O No. 13

Objective
 To ensure the protection and welfare of workers employed in the construction industry
 To ensure protection and welfare of the general public within and around the immediate
vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the promotion of harmonious employer
employee relationships
 To take into consideration industry practices and applicable gov’t. requirements
22.13.1 Department Order No. 13 : Otherwise known as the Guidelines

Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry
A. Definitions of Terms
Construction SH Committee - the general SH committee for a construction project site that shall be the
overall coordinator in implementing OSH program
Construction SH Officer - any employee/worker trained and, in addition to the regular duties and
responsibilities, tasked by his employer to implement OSH programs in accordance with the provisions
of the OSH Standards
Construction SH Program - a set of detailed rules to cover the processes and practices that shall be
utilized in a specific construction site in conformity with the OSHS including the personnel responsible
and the penalties for violation thereof.
Emergency Health Provider - any person or organization who is certified or recognized by DOH and who
can provide the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergency h0ospital, including
emergency treatment of workers on site, emergency transport and care of injured workers to the
nearest hospital, with adequate personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete immediate treatment
of injuries or illnesses.
22.13.2 Section 4: Coverage
The guidelines shall apply to all construction activities, including demolition, whether owned by the
private or the government sector
22.13.3 Section 5: Construction Safety and Health Program

Before the start of the actual construction, The construction project manager shall prepare and submit
to DOLE Regional Office a comprehensive construction safety and health program.
 Safety and Health Committee

 Safety Policies
 Penalties and Sanction
 Orientation, Instruction and Training
 Waste Disposal
 Executed and verified by the construction project manager or project manager
 Shall be submitted to Regional Offices for approval or modification
 cost shall be integrated into the project cost, provided it shall be a separate pay item.
22.13.4 Section 6: Personal Protective Equipment

All employers must provide personal protective equipment for all employees needing such equipment.
All other persons entering the construction site must wear the necessary protective equipment. The
equivalent cost for the provision of PPE shall be an integral part of the project cost.
 For Specialty Construction Workers
 For all other persons authorized or allowed within the construction site
 Free of charge
22.13.5 Section 7: Safety Personnel

A means of coordination was established wherein the main or general contractor shall have overall
management and coordination of all safety and health officers /personnel working within the
construction site. All full-time safety and health personnel must be accredited by DOLE. (use tabulation
from D.O 198-18 Section 14)
22.13.6 Section 9: Construction Safety Signages

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of workers,
but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard requirements of the OSHS.
 Usage of PPE
 Falling/ falling objects
 Explosives and flammable substances
 Tripping or slipping hazards
 Toxic or irritant airborne contaminants/substances
Electrical facility  Dangerous moving parts of machines
 Fire alarms/ fire fighting  Instructional signs/ Update of man-hours lost
22.13.7 Section 10: Safety on Construction Heavy Equipment

Pre-Construction – Operators tested and certified by TESDA – Heavy equipment tested and certified by
DOLE or its recognized organizations • During Construction – Mobilization or transport of heavy
equipment – Standard procedure in erection and dismantling – Routine inspection
22.13.8 Safety Inspection

Safety Inspection is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a
health and safety problem.
22.13.9 Section 12: Safety and Health Information

A detailed safety and health information system is included in the guidelines. These include orientation,
instructions, and training for workers; means of conveying safety related information to all workers and
specialized instructions and trainings for specialty workers and operators
22.13.10 Section 13: Construction Safety and Health Training

All safety personnel assigned within the construction site are required to undergo the basic construction
safety training course prescribed by the Bureau of Working Conditions. Continuing training (minimum of
16 hours per year) for all full-time safety personnel shall also be a responsibility of each constructor.
A. Specialized Instruction and Training

 Operation of construction equipment
 Erection or dismantling of scaffold
 Excavation works
 Workers engaged in pile-driving
 Erection of steel structural frames and tall chimneys
 Handling hazardous substances and materials
 Rigging and signaling
 Operation of construction equipment
 Erection or dismantling of scaffolds
 Excavation works
 Handling of explosives
 Workers engaged in pile-driving
 Compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons
 Erection of steel structural frames and tall chimneys
 Handling hazardous substance and materials
 Rigging and signaling
22.13.11 Section 14: Construction Safety and Health Reports

The monthly submission of summary reports to DOLE is required. The summary reports shall include
safety committee meeting agreements, accident investigation reports, and hazard assessments with
corresponding remedial action/measures required. Notification of major accidents to DOLE within 24
hours
22.13.12 Section 15: Construction Worker’s Skills

A Skills certificate shall be required for construction related occupations which have been classified as
“Critical Occupations” by TESDA. An occupational shall be considered as critical –  When it may affect
and endanger people’s lives and limbs  When it involves the handling of hazardous tools, equipment,
supplies  When it requires a relatively long period of education and training  When the performance
of the job may compromise the safety, health and environment concerns within the immediate vicinity
of the construction site.
A. Construction Workers Skills Certificate

TESDA shall:
• establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations
• prepare guidelines on skills testing and certification
• accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skill training and trade testing
• extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations
22.13.13 –Section 16: Worker’s Welfare Facilities

The employer shall provide for adequate supply of safe drinking water, adequate sanitary and washing
facilities in order to ensure humane conditions of work.
22.13.14 Section 17: Cost of Construction Safety and Health Program

The total cost of the Construction Safety and Health Program Shall be a mandatory integral part of the
construction project. It shall be treated as a separate pay item and reflected in the project’s bid tender
documents
22.13.15 Section 19: Violations and Penalties
Violations committed by constructors as determined by DOLE after due process shall be considered as
prima facie case of a construction mal-performance of grave consequence under RA 4566 (Constructors’
Licensing Law) as amended and pertinent IRR. In cases of imminent danger situations, the
procedures/requirements of the OSHS and DOLE regulations shall be applied.
22.13.16 Section 20: Effectivity

The Guidelines shall be immediately effective, that is, 15 days after publication in newspapers of general
circulation, as provided in Article 5 of the Labor Code. D.O. No. 13, s.1998 was signed on July 23, 1998
and published on August 1, 1998 in the Philippine Daily Inquirer and on August 3, 1998 in People’s
Tonight
22.14 Summary
- Explain the importance of Republic Act 11058 and DOLE Department Order
198-18
- Identify the purpose of construction safety and health program (CSHP)  
- List the safety and health program criteria  
- Cite the legal basis for implementing and monitoring CSHP  and its
elements 
- Describe the salient features of the occupational safety and health standards
 and D.O No. 13 
Through the implementation of Republic Act 11058 or “An Act Strengthening
Compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Sandards and Providing Penalties for
Violations Thereof”, DOLE Department Order 198-18 and Department Order No. 13 or
Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry, we can
ensure that the workforce will be protected and their rights on having a safe and healthy
working environments are guarded. The implementation of the construction safety and
health program (CSHP) should be monitored by the employer with the assistance and
support of his project team and safety officers to avoid legal sanctions and penalties. The
right to know should be given to employees to communicate their responsibilities to ensure
that they will participate in the program.
2.3 Philippines
Occupational accidents and diseases cause human suffering and loss. Their economic cost is high,
with some 2 million workers dying each year from work-related accidents and diseases, and the
figure is on the increase in spite of efforts to make inroads.
The Philippine Government estimates that 2.2 million Filipino workers in medium and large
enterprises enjoy effective occupational safety and health (OSH) protection and services. In other
words, 17 of 18 persons in the nation’s workforce of 38.8 million do not benefit from acceptable
working conditions. Studies substantiate that OSH conditions in micro-firms and the informal
sector pose risks and hazards.
The ILO Country Office for the Philippines (CO-Manla) supports programmes to promote a culture
of safety and health that bring OSH services to those that need them the most. A range of
government and non-government agencies are partners, with beneficiaries that include agrarian
reform farmers, informal workers and trade unions and their members. The office works with
constituents – governments, workers and employers organizations to promote ratification of the
Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 2006 (No.187) .
A national occupational safety and health culture is one in which the right to a safe and healthy
working environment is respected at all levels, where governments, employers and workers
actively participate in securing a safe and healthy working environment through a system of
defined rights, responsibilities and duties, and where the highest priority is accorded to the
principle of prevention.
3 Unsafe Act and Unsafe Condition
3.1 Objectives
 Explain the importance of Work system in organization
 Identify the different types of accident
 Differentiate unsafe Act from Unsafe Condition
 Explain the contributing Factors to Unsafe act
 Compare Indirect from Direct Causes of Accident
3.2 Systems of Work
A work system is a system in which human participants and/or machines perform work (processes
and activities) using information, technology, and other resources to produce products/services for
internal or external customers
are very important when it comes to Health and Safety. They are an important part of Risk
Assessments, and help to achieve a controlled completion of work with minimum risk.
A Safe System of Work is a formal procedure which results from systematic examination of a task in
order to identify all the hazards.It defines safe methods to ensure all hazards are eliminated or risks
minimised.
There are 4 key work system:
People – are people who perform the work
Equipment – anything kept, furnished, or provided for a specific purpose. the act of equipping a
person or thing
Material -the elements, constituents, or substances of which something is composed or can be

made
Environment- includes the organizational, cultural, competitive, technical, and regulatory

environment within which the work system operates
3.3 Types of Work Accidents
Though there are countless different ways a construction worker may get hurt on the job, there are a
number of regularly cited types of accidents. The top ten construction accidents are as follows:
Falls. Construction workers often perform their jobs from high places such as scaffolding, rooftops, or
ladders. Falling from high places is the number one most common construction accident, causing
almost 35% of construction injuries.
Falling Debris. Tools, building materials, pieces of scaffolding, or other supplies can do serious damage
if they fall from significant heights and land on a worker.
Electrocutions. Until construction is complete, there are often exposed wires, unfinished electrical
systems, and downed power lines.
Explosions or burns. Even if exposed wires do not electrocute anyone, they still may spark explosions or
fires. Gas leaks can pose a similar threat, as well.
Slip and falls. Construction sites often have extra materials, tools, and debris lying around over which
workers could trip. Moreover, there are often slippery surfaces that can cause slip and falls.
Machinery accidents. Construction workers regularly operate large and/or dangerous machinery, such
as jackhammers, cranes, bulldozers, or even smaller power tools like nail guns and drills, all of which
may cause serious injury.
Getting trapped in between materials. Even if materials do not fall and directly strike a worker, they
can trap a worker between a wall and the material, causing broken ribs or cutting off a worker’s oxygen
intake.
Trench or ground collapses. Trenches and other excavations are often necessary for building sites.
However, this causes the ground and surrounding areas to be unstable and can collapse on workers who
may be in or around the trench.
Getting hit by a vehicle. This is a common accident on highway construction sites, when speeding or
distracted drivers hit workers with their vehicles.
Overexertion. Construction crews often work long hours in the elements, including extreme heat and
humidity. This can cause injury from dehydration, fainting, or even strokes.
3.4 UNSAFE ACT UNSAFE CONDITION
Objectives
 Understand the basic work accident causationtheories;
 Define accidents, unsafe acts and unsafeconditions;
 Categorize and specify different situations and practices that comprise
unsafe/unhealthy acts andconditions.
 Unsafe/Unhealthy Act – a violation of safeprocedure
• Act ofomission
• Act ofcommission
 Unsafe/Unhealthy Condition – seen as a physical or chemical property in the
material Unsafe/UnhealthyAct-
Anyactthatdeviatesfromagenerallyrecognizedsafewayorspecified method of doing a job
and which increases the probabilities for anaccident.
Unsafe/Unhealthy Condition - The physical or chemical property of a material,
machine or the environment that may result in injury to a person, damage or
destruction to property and other losses;
3.4.1 Factors Contributing to Unsafe/Unhealthy Acts

1. Unaware
 No or lack ofknowledge
• Not trained
• Insufficienttraining
• Impropertraining
• Communicationbarrier
2. Unable
 Lack of skills
• Lack of noexperience
• Limitedunderstanding
 Physicallimitation
• Defectiveeyesight
• Muscular weakness due tofatigue
• Impairedhearing
• Short inheight
• Too tall inheight
• Slowreactions
3. Unmotivated – Improperattitude
 Shortcut or deviation from the standard & procedureCausation Theory
3.4.2 Iceberg Theory
 Direct Costs(Insured)
• MedicalCosts
• Wasted rawmaterials
• Damaged property /equipment
• Insurancepremium
 Indirect Costs(Uninsured)
 InjuredWorkers
– Loss of productivity due to interruption on the day ofaccident
– Loss of productivity during medicalleave
– Loss of productivity due to follow upcare
 Other employees
– Loss of productivity due to thefollowing:
Work stoppage due toaccident
Participate in rescue operation
Participate in accident investigation (inspection

andinterview)
• Lesser productivity due to thefollowing:

– Slowdown in production for fear that same thing will happen tothem
– Sympathy to the injuredworker
• Additional cost due to completion of addedwork
 Supervisors
• Loss of productivity due to thefollowing:
– Participate in rescueoperation
– Participate in accident investigation (inspection andinterview)
– Preparation of accident investigationreport
 ReplacementWorker
• Hiring andtraining
 Equipment
• Downtime
• Repair orreplacement
3.5 SUMMARY
People, Equipment, Materials, Environment are the most important asset in any organization and we
called them work system. We can Identify different Safety and Health Hazards associated in the Works
System.The health and safety of individuals not only affects the quality of life while at work, but also the
lives, and standard of living of the family and community. There is, thus, a need to safeguard the health
and safety of the individual in respect of possible exposure to any occupational hazards.
Management has a moral responsibility concerning their employees, their families and the public at
large. The immediate causes of accidents as being, “unsafe Acts and unsafe Conditions” are the primary
causes of occupational accident and illness.
4 CONSTRUCTIONS SITE PREMISES
4.1 Objectives:
 Discuss different Occupational Safety and Health Standard for Construction site premises
 Explain different safety practices in Construction site premises
 Discuss the workers welfare facilities under Occupational Safety and Health Standard and other
D.O Issuances.
4.2 Gates
(1) Where the premises are surrounded by fencing, separate entrance and exit gates shall
be provided for pedestrian, vehicular and railroad traffic.
(2) Gates for pedestrian traffic shall be located at a safe distance from those for vehicular
and railroad traffic, shall be of sufficient width to permit the free passage of employees
during rush hours, and, if possible, shall be so located not to cross vehicular or railroad
traffic.
4.3 Roadways
(1) Roadways for automobiles, tractors, or other vehicles shall be soundly constructed
with good wearing surfaces.
(2) Roadways shall be of adequate width, and where used by, two-way traffic shall be at
least twice the width of the widest vehicle normally used plus 1.25 m. (4 ft.). Sufficient
clearance from overhead structures shall be provided.
(3) Where the installations of grade or level crossing cannot be avoided such crossing shall
be protected.
(4) Adequate railings or walls shall be provided along bridges, slopes and sharp curves
4.4 Parking of Vehicles
Regulations covering the use of driveways for entry and exit, speed limits, space
allotments and methods of parking shall be provided and strictly enforce where parking
space is provided for automobiles of the employee.
4.5 Walkways:
(1) Safe walkways shall be constructed along the shortest line between important points.
(2) Walkways shall not be located under the eaves of buildings where they may become
slippery.
(3) Where it is necessary for pedestrians to cross railroad tracks or vehicular roadways,
bridges or
underpasses shall be provided, and the track or roadway should be fenced to prevent
direct crossing at
such points.
(4) Walking along railroad tracks by unauthorized persons shall not be allowed.
(5) Railings shall be installed along walkways, on bridges on steep slopes, at slippery
places and at
places where pedestrians are liable to injury by passing vehicles.
4.6 Welfare facilities
Workers’ Welfare Facilities The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to
ensure humane working conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.
a) If the water is used in common drinking areas, it should be stored in closed containers
from which the water is dispensed through taps or cocks. Such containers should be cleaned and
disinfected at regular intervals not exceeding fifteen (15) days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water supply that is not
fit for drinking purposes.
16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work clothes
b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter. 16.3 Suitable living
accommodation for workers, and as may be applicable, for their families
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilities for men and women workers.
4.7 SUMMARY
Construction sites have a number of known dangers and are in a near constant state of change,
which can cause some construction site accident. Construction site accidents are associated in
different location it is very important to learn different occupational safety and health standard in
construction site premises.
Safety in construction Site premises is very important and be sure from entrance/gate we are
aware the safety practices and standard. Parking of vehicles, Roadways and even the worker
welfare facilities is important in occupational safety health to ensure the safety inside workplace.
4.1 Construction site hazards
4.1.1 Objectives:
 Discuss the occupational safety and health Hazards
 Identify the 2 major hazards in construction
 Explain the way to identify hazards
 Discuss the overview of Hazards Control
Hazard - The potential of an Act or Condition that can likely cause personal injury or
damage to property, or combination.
construction was found to be the main industry for fatal injuries to workers. Main source
of hazard are listed below
4.1.2 Safety Hazards - Something that has a potential forinjury

 Sources of Safety hazards in construction site
o Poor Housekeeping
o Electrical
o Fire
o Mechanical
4.1.3 Health Hazards - Something that has a potential to cause illness Causes
 Sources of Safety hazards in construction site
o Physical
o Biological
o Chemical
o Ergonomics
o Mental
4.1.4 Ways to Identify Hazards

One of the "root causes" of workplace injuries, illnesses, and incidents is the failure to identify or
recognize hazards that are present, or that could have been anticipated. A critical element of any
effective safety and health program is a proactive, ongoing process to identify and assess such
hazards
To identify and assess hazards, employers and workers:
A. Collect existing information about workplace hazards
Collect, organize, and review information with workers to determine what types of hazards may be
present and which workers may be exposed or potentially exposed. Information available in the
workplace may include:
 Equipment and machinery operating manuals.

 Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
 provided by chemical manufacturers.
 Self-inspection reports and inspection reports from insurance carriers, government agencies, and
consultants.
 Records of previous injuries and illnesses, such as OSHA 300 and 301 logs and reports of incident
investigations.
B. Inspect the workplace for safety hazards

Hazards can be introduced over time as workstations and processes change, equipment or tools become
worn, maintenance is neglected, or housekeeping practices decline. Setting aside time to regularly
inspect the workplace for hazards can help identify shortcomings so that they can be addressed before
an incident occurs.
C. Identify health hazards

Identifying workers' exposure to health hazards is typically more complex than identifying physical
safety hazards. For example, gases and vapors may be invisible, often have no odor, and may not
have an immediately noticeable harmful health effect.
D. Conduct incident investigations

Workplace incidents –including injuries, illnesses, close calls/near misses, and reports of other
concerns– provide a clear indication of where hazards exist. By thoroughly investigating incidents
and reports, you will identify hazards that are likely to cause future harm. The purpose of an
investigation must always be to identify the root causes (and there is often more than one) of the
incident or concern, in order to prevent future occurrences. (OSHA, n.d.)
4.2 Hierarchy of hazard control measures
The hierarchy starts with the controls perceived to be most effective and moves down to those
considered least effective:
 Elimination – Physically remove the hazard

 Substitution – Replace the hazard
 Engineering controls – Isolate people from the hazard
 Administrative controls – Change the way people work
 Personal protective equipment– Protect the worker with PPE
4.3 SUMMARY
The word hazard which is common to both is a potential source of harm or an adverse health effect
on the person involved. To understand the difference between the two types of hazards, we first
need to understand the difference between health and safety. Health is described as the level of
efficiency of the functioning of an individual’s body.Safety hazards increase the risk level to which a
person is exposed and can bring about immediate effects if not dealt with properly. An example can
be of a construction worker falling from the ladder and injuring his skull since he did not use the
advised safety helmet.
Overall, the goal of hazard identification is to find and record possible hazards that may be present
in your workplace. Identifying hazards will help us what kind of control will be going to use.
4.4 Construction Safety Signage

4.5 OBJECTIVE
Hazards exist in every workplace, but how do you know which ones have the most potential to harm
workers? By identifying Safety hazards at your workplace, you will be better prepared to control or
eliminate them and prevent accidents, injuries, property damage and downtime. This topics will help us
to identify hazards in different situation which accident will occur due to poor housekeeping, electrical
activity, Fire, no proper construction signage.
(1) SECTION 1: CONSTRUCTION SAFETY SIGNAGE

Rule 1060.01 Premises of Establishments
Buildingpremisesshall haveadequatefire, emergencyordanger

signandsafetyinstructions of standard colors and sizes visible at all times.
(2) DO 13 Section 9 Construction Safety Signage

Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of hazards existing
in the
workplace.Signageshallbepostedinprominentpositionsatstrategiclocationsand,as
faras practicable, be in the language understandable to most of the
workersemployed.
(3) Warning Sign

A visual alerting device in the form of a label, placard or other marking which
advises the
observerofthenatureanddegreeofpotentialhazards,probableconsequenceofinvol
vement with the hazards and how it can beavoided.
 Safety Signsand Labels : ANZIZ535.4
 ColorCodes : ANZIZ535.1
 SafetySymbols : ANZI Z535.3
4.5.2 Location - Safety signs shall be placed such that they will:
 Be readily visible to the intendedviewer
 Alert the viewer to the potential hazard in time to take appropriateaction
4.5.3 Panel - Area of safety sign having distinctive background color different
from adjacent areas of the sign, which is clearly delineated by a line,
border or margin
 Signal Word Panel - Area of safety sign that contains the signal word and
the safety alertsymbol
 Message Panel - Area of the safety sign that contains the word messages
which identify the hazard, indicate how to avoid the hazard and advise of the
probable consequence of not avoiding thehazard
 Symbol/Pictorial Panel - Area of the safety sign that contains thesymbol/pictorial
(1) Standard Color of Signs
A. Safety Red: Fire Protection andDanger
 To call attention to fire protection equipment apparatus andfacilities
• Fire stations and equipment (fire extinguishers, pumps,
buckets, hose, hydrant)
• Fire extinguishing systems (valves, alarm, sprinklerpiping)
• Fire protection materials (doors,blankets)
 To identify Dangers, Stop signals (red lights placed on barricades at
temporary obstructions or on temporary construction); stop button for
electrical switches used for emergency stopping ofmachinery
B. SafetyYellow:Caution-
Todesignatecautionandformarkingphysicalhazards,suchas striking against,
stumbling, falling, tripping and caught in between. Solid yellow, yellow and black
stripes, yellow and black checkers or yellow with suitable contrastingbackground
C. Safety Green: Safety, Designating Safety - Location of first aid equipment;

location of safety devices; safety bulletin boards
D. Safety White: Traffic - White, black, or a combination of these are the basic
colors forthe
designationoftrafficandhousekeepingmarking.Solidwhite,solidblack,singlecolorstrip
ping or alternate stripes of black andwhite.
E. Safety Orange – To designate dangerous parts of machines and energized
equipment which may cut, crush, shock or otherwise injure, and to emphasize such
hazards when enclosure doors are open or when gear, belt, or other guards around
moving equipment are open or removed, exposing unguardedhazards
F. SafetyBlue:Precaution–
Todesignatecaution,limitedtowarningagainststartinguseof, or the movement of
equipment which is under repair or being workedupon
G. SafetyPurple:Radiation–
Todesignateradiationhazards.Yellowisusedincombination with purple for markers,
such as tags, labels, signs and floormarkers
4.6 Electrical safety at project site

Better awareness and understanding on:
• The possible hazards caused by electricity
• Explain basic concept of electricity.
• Safety measures and practices to avoid those hazards
• Applicable Statutory requirements on safety standards regarding electrical works,
equipment.
V
olts
Ampere = -
---------------
-
Ohms
Electric Circuit - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity
connected together to permit electrons to travel in a continuous stream.
4.6.1 Reasons Why Accident Usually Happens at Low Voltage

 It is where the publicmoves
 Workmen are lessexperienced
 It is treated lessdangerous
4.6.2 Dangers from Electricity
 Shock
 Burn
 Fire
4.6.3 Electric Shock Occurrence Mechanism
 Breakdown ofinsulation
 Human body comes in contact with bareconductor
 Current flows through the humanbody
4.6.4 Effect to the Human Body

 Disturbance to normal bodyfunction
 Burns on bodytissue
 Secondary accident
 Involuntary grip
 Ventricularfibrillation
 Death
4.6.5 Protection against hazards of electricit

Electrical accidents are largely preventable through safe work practices. Examples of these practices include
the following:
 deenergizing electric equipment before inspection or repair,

 keeping electric tools properly maintained,
 exercising caution when working near energized lines, and
 using appropriate protective equipment.
4.6.6 Importance of lockouts & tag-outs
LOTO - is a safety practice that protects employees and visitors from uncontrolled hazardous energy
that may escape from machines or equipment during isolation or servicing. When potentially hazardous
equipment is identified for maintenance, it will be placed on LOTO which includes adding a visual lock
and tag to the energy isolation points. The lock and tag not only create a barrier to prohibit usage, but
also create awareness to employees so they know not to use or go near the machinery or equipment on
LOTO.
LOTO is a very serious safety practice that helps to provide protection to employees. Equipment and
machinery identified for LOTO are capable of unexpected start-ups which may result in the harmful
release of hazardous energy
4.7 Fire Safety

Objectives
 Recognize the causes and extent of fireincidents.

 Describe the chemistry, behavior and concept offire.
 Understand the principles of fire prevention, suppression andcontrol.
 Recognize the important elements of an effective Fire SafetyProgram
4.7.1 2017 BFP Fire Incident Report

Fire incidents went down by 51%, comparing data gathered from January to June
2016 to the same period this year.
 26,969 Fire incidents in the first semester of2016
 13,215 Fire incidents in the first semester of2017
4.7.2 Common Cause of Fire Death

Inhalation of Toxic fumes such as Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2),
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCn), Nitrous Oxide (N2O) / Nitrogen, Dioxide (NO2),
Fluorides (F) and Chlorides (Cl).
Fire – the result of the chemical combination of a combustible materials with

oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
4.7.3 Basic Chemistry of Fire
 Fuel or Combustible Materials- A material which contains chemical

elements that will react with oxygen, and under proper conditions,
producefire.
 Oxygen- 16% of oxygen is needed to sustainedfire.
 Heat-
Sufficientheattoraisethetemperatureoffuelsurfacetoapointwherechemical
union of the fuel and oxygenoccurs
 Chemical Chain Reaction - vapors of gasses, which distilled during
burning process of material, are carried into theflame
4.7.4 Heat Transfer (How Fire is Spread)
 Conduction – transfer of heat from one body toanother

 Convection – caused by movement of heat gasses produced by any
burning material
 Radiation – transfer of heat rays in straightrays
4.7.5 Classes of Fire

Class A Fire
 Description: Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as wood,
cloth, paper, rubber andplastics
 Extinguishing Method: Water is used in cooling or quenching effect to
reduce the temperature of the burning material below its
ignitiontemperature
Class B Fire
 Description: Fires involving flammable liquids, greases andgases
 ExtinguishingMethod:Thesmotheringorblanketingeffectofoxygenexclusionis
most effective. Other extinguishing methods include removal of fuel and
temperature reduction
Class C Fire
 Description: Fires involving energized electricalequipment
 Extinguishing Method: This fire can sometimes be controlled by non-
conducting extinguishing agent. The safest procedure is always to attempt to
de-energized high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or B fire depending
upon the fuelinvolved.
Class D Fire
 Description: Fires involving combustiblemetals
 ExtinguishingMethod:Theextremelyhightemperatureofsomeburningmetals
makes water and other common extinguishing agents ineffective. There is no
agent available that will effectively control fires in all combustible metals.
Special extinguishing agents are available for control of fire in each of the
materials and are marked specifically for themetal.
Class K Fire
 Description: Kitchen Fire (Recently recognized by NFPA 10. Fires involving

combustible vegetable or animal non-saturated cooking fats in commercial
cooking equipment.)
4.7.6 Fire Extinguisher

 First-aid firefighting equipment designed for use on fires in their earlystages
 Neededevenifthepropertyisequippedwithautomaticsprinklers,standpipeand
hose, other fixed protectionequipment
 Designed to be used close to the burningmaterials
4.7.7 Proper Use of Fire Extinguisher
 Start approximately 6-8 feet from thefire
 Pull thepin
 Aim thenozzle
 Squeeze the triggerslowly
 Sweep while moving towards thefire
 10-lb fire extinguisher lasts only 10-20 seconds. It should be usedcorrectly.
 When the fire is extinguished, stop pulling the trigger. In the event of
a re- ignition, at least there would still be contents inside theunit.
 Ensure that you have an escape path in case the fire is notextinguished
4.8 Construction Site Housekeeping

4.8.1 SECTION 2: CONSTRUCTION SITE HOUSEKEEPING
Rule 1060 OSHS – Premises of Establishments
Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building,
yards, machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes,
operations, storage and filling of materials
Housekeeping is important because it lessens accidents and related injuries and

illnesses. It therefore improves productivity and minimizes direct/indirect costs
of accidents/illnesses. Housekeeping means putting everything in its proper
place. It is everybody’s business to observe it in the workplace.
4.8.2 The 5S of Good Housekeeping

The 5S, a Japanese concept that aims to optimize time for production, is a very
practical, simple and proven approach to improving housekeeping in the
workplace.
A. SEIRI (sort/eliminate) - Take out unnecessary items anddispose

Step 1 - Look around your workplace and dispose all unnecessary items
Step 2 - Set aside items with Disposal Notice decide if they are necessary or not
B. SEITON (systematize/organize) - Arrange necessary items in good order

foruse”
Step 1 - Eliminate unnecessary items from your workplace. Think of
what things
shouldremainintheworkplace,takingintoaccounttheflowofwork,from
thepoint of view of safe and efficientoperation
Step 2 - Decide with your colleagues where to put things. The

principle is to put most frequently needed items close to the user.
Step 3 - Make a list of things with their location and put it on

locker/cabinets and inform everyone in the workplace.
Step 4 - Indicate the places where fire extinguishers are located,

passages of forklifts/carts, and wherever necessary, warnings signs
for safety precautions,etc
C. SEISO (sweep/clean/polish) - Clean yourworkplace

The following are suggested for Seiso (Sweep) operation:
 Do not wait until things getdirty.

 Clean your workplace, including machines and equipment tools and
furniture, regularly so that they do not have a chance to getdirty
 Put aside 3 minutes everyday for Seiso(Sweep)
D. SEIKETSU (sanitize/standardize) - Maintain high standard ofhousekeeping
Maintain a workplace that is free from germs and stains. Make a schedule for
thorough cleaning of your workplace.
E. SHITSUKE (self-discipline/training) - Do things spontaneously w/o being told or

ordered
Make every one practice 4S’s spontaneously and willingly as a habit or
a way of life Practice 4S’s regularly until such time when everyone
becomes fond of 5S
4.9 SUMMARY
To prevent accident, injury and property damage it is very important to identify safety hazards. Some
Safety hazards are associated in different situation and activity included the poor housekeeping, Fire,
electrical activity, poor construction signage.

Cosh SMVP

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1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE

At the end of this COURSE, the participants must be able to:

2.2 Global OSH Situationer

Report in the Construction Industry

5.1 DIFINITION OF TERMS

Excavation – Any man-made cut, cavity or depression in an earth surface that is

Trench Excavation – A narrow excavation where the depth of a trench is

5.2 General requirements prior to excavation

 Soil conditions must be evaluated.

5.2.4 Surface Crossing

Exceptions to the requirement for excavation protective systems include

 Excavations are made entirely in stablerock.

A. Sloping - Protective systems include sloping and benching systems, shield

C. Shoring or Shielding - Shoring provides support to excavation walls. It is

E. Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring - Hydraulic trench support systems can be

5.2.8 Choosing a Protective System

 Securely connect members of supportsystems

Before work starts and as needed throughoutshifts.

Employees must be immediately evacuated from any excavation under the

 A possible cave-in isidentified.

The dangers of excavations come from the possibility of cave-ins, in addition to

5.4 Types of soils and the maximum allowable slopes

(All slopes stated below are in the horizontal to vertical ratio)

SIMPLE SLOPE -- GENERAL

SIMPLE SLOPE -- SHORT TERM

5.5.1 Inadequate Protection Systems in Place

5.5.3 Excavated Materials Located Too Close to the Trench

5.6 Shoring and Timbering (Rule 1413:01)

• The greatest risk in an excavation is a cave-in.

• A competent person is responsible to inspect the excavation.

Some examples include the following:

6.2 Main types of portable power tools

6.3.1 Safety precautions in the use of portable electric tools

A. Work Area Safety

E. Power Tools Care and Servicing

6.4 How do you use pneumatic tools safely?

 Use the proper hose and fittings of the correct diameter.

6.5 Use of lock-out / tag-out system

 Why the lockout/tag out is required (repair, maintenance, etc.).

A lockout/tag out program will help prevent:

 What is going to be locked/tagged out.

Figure 1: Electrical lockout

Figure 2: Hydraulic and Pneumatic lockout

E. 5. Dissipation (removal) of residual or stored energy

 Inspecting the tool before use

 To establish the minimum requirements under DO No. 13 Section 10 (Safety on

7.1 Types of Heavy Construction Equipment

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 1

7.1.3 Dragline Excavator

Drag line Excavator

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 2

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 3

7.1.8 Pile Driving Equipment

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 4

(The Constructor Civil Engineering home, n.d.)

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 5

Several conditions can contribute to struck-by injuries and fatalities, including:

 Falling materials and loads.

A construction carpenter died

(osh academy, n.d.)

7.3 Responsibilities of workers, working near heavy equipment

 Be familiar with the equipment and the operator’s manual.

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH MANUALS 6