2.

6 The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college

students in China
Since December 2019, a COVID-19 epidemic has been spreading
throughout China and other parts of the world. The epidemic has brought not
just the possibility of infection-related death, but also intolerable psychological
stress. Living in cities, living with parents, and having a regular family income
were all protective factors for college students during the COVID-19
pandemic. Having a relative or an acquaintance infected with COVID-19, on
the other hand, was an independent risk factor for anxiety. COVID-19-related
stressors such as economic stressors, effects on daily life, and academic
delays were found to be positively associated with the level of anxiety
symptoms of Chinese college students during the epidemic, whereas social
support was found to be negatively associated with their anxiety (Cao et al.,
2020).

So the first literature review that I will be presenting is entitled “The

psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in
China” by Wenjun Cao, Ziwei Fang, Guoqiang Hou, Mei Han, Xinrong Xu,
Jiaxin Dong, Jianzhong Zheng (Cao et al., 2020)

As we all know, the COVID-19 epidemic began around December 2019 and
was detected in Wuhan, China, and has since spread to other parts of the
world. The ongoing spread of the virus, tight isolation measures, and delays in
the opening of schools, colleges, and institutions across the country are
expected to have an impact on college students' mental health. Now, the
researchers in this study researched and analyzed the mental health state of
college students during the epidemic for the following reasons. The first goal
of the researchers is to (1) assess the mental health of college students
during the pandemic; (2) establish a theoretical foundation for psychological
therapies with college students; and (3) create a foundation for the adoption of
national and international policies.

The next point to mention is that the study's target population consists of
some undergraduates from Changzhi Medical College in China. Using
structured questionnaires, the researchers analyzed the mental health of
these students during the COVID-19 outbreak. According to the findings of
this survey, around 24.9 percent of college students have experienced anxiety
or mental health concerns as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. COVID-19-
related stressors such as economic stressors, effects on daily life, and
academic delays were found to be positively associated with the level of
anxiety symptoms of Chinese college students during the epidemic, whereas
social support was found to be negatively associated with their anxiety.
2.1 Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Mental Health
Outcomes among Youth: A Rapid Narrative Review
This narrative review emphasizes the negative psychological impact of
the pandemic outbreak and the high vulnerability of the young in the
development of psychological distress, emphasizing the importance of
focusing on young people's mental health during the pandemic and the need
for structured and tailored psychological support and interventions aimed at
improving university students' Quality of Life after the pandemic experience
(Cielo et al. , 2021).

Next study is the Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on

Mental Health Outcomes among Youth: A Rapid Narrative Review by
Cielo, Federica, Randi Ulberg, and Dina Di Giacomo. 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the increasing literature on COVID-
19 in order to investigate the psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic,
lockdown restrictions, and extreme measures to prevent the spread of corona
virus on mental health outcomes among youth. Furthermore, researchers
intended to examine COVID-19-related risk variables in order to identify
potentially stressful events associated with the propagation of coronavirus.

The researchers of this study used descriptive analyses to map the literature
for the present narrative review on the psychological impact of the COVID-19
outbreak among youth.  They sought to compile the most recent scientific
research on the impact of mental health issues on young people in relation to
the COVID-19 outbreak and lockdown settings.

This study's findings also revealed that various factors were linked to
psychological symptoms related to the COVID-19 epidemic. Socio-
demographic factors, gender, age, and living conditions all have a substantial
impact on mental health. During the COVID-19 outbreak, the female gender
was associated with higher levels of anxiety and depression than the male
gender. One study, on the other hand, found no gender difference in negative
emotional reactions to pandemic measures. In any event, most research
demonstrate that girls have more psychological symptoms than males, such
as anxiety and depression.

As a result, the researchers concluded that the epidemic and lockdown

measures had a significant impact on various mental symptoms in young
people, including anxiety, mental distress, sadness, psychological wellness,
and sleep habits. The psychological impact was related to the experience of
various intense stressors, such as academic viewpoints, widespread e-
learning adoption, economic barriers, social constraints, and everyday living
side effects associated with the COVID-19 outbreak.
2.3 Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a threat to
almost everyone’s mental health. Previous illness epidemics instilled
widespread dread in the public, resulting in anxiety and fear-related actions.
There are numerous unknowns about the novel coronavirus that is wreaking
havoc around the world, including the likelihood of a catastrophic conclusion.
Distress, worry, sadness, and insomnia were all noted in the general public
(Tee et. al, 2020).

So, the next literature review is the psychological impact of COVID-19

pandemic in the Philippines by Michael L. Tee, Cherica A. Tee, Joseph P.
Anlacan, Katrina Joy G. Aligam, Patrick Wincy C. Reyes, Vipat Kuruchittham,
Roger C. Ho 2020

According to Tee et al., (2020), determining the prevalence of negative mental

health concerns in a society during this pandemic and mitigating its
psychological risks and consequences is critical.

The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of mental symptoms

as well as the risk and protective factors that contribute to psychological
stress among social media users in the Philippines during the COVID-19
pandemic. They employed a survey method and conducted it in the first
month after COVID-19 was designated a pandemic and enhanced community
quarantine was established in the Philippines.

According to the study, females are more affected than males. Less educated
individuals, singles, children and adolescents, and those without children
reported high levels of stress, anxiety, despair, and psychological effect.
When compared to those who are working, students reported a stronger
psychological impact as well as more depressive, anxiety, and stress
symptoms.

As a result, the researchers concluded that during the early stages of the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, one-fourth of respondents reported
moderate-to-severe anxiety, one-seventh reported moderate-to-severe stress
levels, and one-sixth reported moderate-to-severe depression and
psychological impact of the outbreak. Female gender, youth age 12-21 years,
single status, students, presence of specific physical symptoms (i.e.,
headache, cough, chills), recent imposed quarantine by a health authority,
prolonged stay at home, poor self-reported health status, feeling of too much
unnecessary worry about COVID-19, concerns about family members getting
sick, and feeling of discrimination by other countries were associated with a
greater psychological impact of the pandemic.

So that concludes the review of related literature; Ms. Arong will discuss
methodology next.
- The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college
students in China

- Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Mental Health

Outcomes among Youth: A Rapid Narrative Review

- Psychological impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines