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GONDER UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGNEERING

Course title: Machine design Course code: 3161 ESTS: 6

Academic year: 2016/17 Semester: 
Section: 3

Project  PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

Instructor: Mr PUNEET.U
Submitted by: ABRAHAM ABEBE ID.NO 0040/07
YALEW ANDALE ID.NO 1198/07
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Abstract
This technical paper presents design, and analysis of pressure vessel. High pressure rise is
developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe forces. In the design
of pressure vessel safety is the primary consideration, due the potential impact of possible
accident. There have a few main factors to design the safe pressure vessel. This writing is
focusing on analysing the safety parameter for allowable working pressure. Allowable working
pressures are calculated by using Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition.
The corruption of the vessel are probability occur at maximum pressure which is the element
that only can sustain that pressure. Efforts are made in this paper to design the pressure vessel
using ASME codes & standards to legalize the design.

Acknowledgment
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First we would like to thanks for GOD to do this project and then we would like to
acknowledge for our instructor Mr PUNEET.U for given all information, procedure and to give
reference book and sample. Finally we would like thanks our classmate to support us by shearing
acknowledge and give same advice.
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Table of content page

Chapter 1, Introduction……………………………………………………..1
1.1, Definition of unfired pressure vessel…………………………..2

1.2, History of pressure vessel………………………………………2

1.3, Application of pressure vessel………………………………….3

1.4, classification of pressure vessel………………………………...3

1.5, Component of pressure vessel …………………………………5

1.6, Problem statement…………………………………...…………7

1.7, Objective………………………………………………………..7

1.7.1, General Objective…………………….………………….7

1.7.2, Specific Objective……………………………………….7

1.8, Scope of project…………………………………………………7

1.9, Methodology…………………….………………………………8

Chapter 2, Literatures review……………………………………...9

Chapter 3, Design analysis…………………………………..…….11
3.1 Material selection…………………………………….11
3.2 Design pressure………………………………………11
3.3 Design temperature…………………………………..12
3.4 Design of shell……………………………………….13
3.5 Design of head……………………………………….17
3.5.1 Stress analysis of ellipsoidal head……………..17
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3.6 Design of nozzle and reinforcement………………....17

3.7 Support……………………………………………….21
3.7.1 Saddle support design………………………….22
3.7.2 Dead weight of vessel and contents……………23
3.8 Selection of standard flange…………………………30
3.9 Gaskets………………………………………………31
3.10 Design of welled……………………………………..31
3.11 Design of bolt………………………………………..32
CHAPTER 4, Result and discussion………………………………..33
4.1 Method of fabrication…………………………………35
4.2 Maintenance…………….……………………………..36
4.3 Guidance………………………………………………37
4.4 Cost analysis…………………………………………..37

List of table
Table 1.lay out of pressure vessel…………………………………..12
Table 2.design temperature…………………..…………………….13
Table 3.parameter of saddle support……………………………….24
Table 4.value of constant (k)………………………………………27
Table 5.standader flange…………………………………………..32
Table 6.result and conclusion……………………………………..35
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Table 7.cost analysis………………………………………………38

List of graph
Figure 1.chart of determining of optimum L/D ratio…………..…15
Figure 2.total length of nozzle……………………………………19
Figure 3.horizontal saddle support…………………………….…23
Figure 4.graph of constant K6…………………….…………..….30
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PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored may
undergo a change of state inside a pressure vessel as in case of steam boiler or it may a
combine with other reagents as in a chemical plant.

Vessels, tanks and pipelines that carry, store or receive fluids are called pressure vessel.
A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure differential between inside and
outside. The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for some isolated
situations. Pressure vessel is often a combination of high pressure together with high
temperature and in some cases flammable fluids or high radioactive materials. In addition
these vessels have to be designed carefully to cope with the operating temperature and
pressure. The pressure vessel is designed with great care because rapture of a pressure vessel
means an explosion which may cause loss of life.

Pressure vessels may theoretically be almost any shapes made of section spheres and
cones are usually employed. A common design is a cylindrical with hemispherical ends caps
or heads.

When the vessels walls is thin, the stresses distribution throughout its thickness will
not vary significantly and so we will assume that it’s uniform or constant.

The design rule in the codes and limited to vessels of cylindrical or spherical and
ellipsoidal shapes under internal or external pressure and to head and nozzles attachment for
such vessels rules for more complicated types of construction and for loading other than that
due to pressure are beyond the scope of the codes to include such rule would turn the code in
to design hand book and it would restrict the designer in working out his design in
accordance with acceptable engineering principles. The code receives that the shell provided
details of construction that will be as safe as those provided by the rules of the code. Some
problem of designers of ellipsoidal pressure vessels that have their axis vertical and subjected
to applied forces in addition to internal and external pressure the vertical forces considered
are the weight of any attachments to vessels.

Finally, pressure vessel are refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under
internal and external pressure and operate under the pressure.
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The main goal in pressure vessel design is to assure safe and satisfactory performance of a
vessel or piping, stress classification provides vehicle for reaching the goal.

1.1 Definition of unfired pressure vessel

An unfired pressure vessel is any type of pressure vessel that is not fired. This means that they
are not exposed to combustion or burner fire. Since it is an unfired vessel, there is a lesser risk of
overheating.

Unfired pressure vessels are very helpful in preventing corrosion by being an instrument of heat
exchange. With these vessels, the occurrence of corrosion due to extremely high temperatures
and other related factors can be prevented.

A pressure vessel is created to house fluids that are subjected to pressure and is connected to
other machinery. It can be a single chamber or composed of more.

There are two forms of pressure vessels: fired and unfired. A fired pressure vessel is partially or
totally open to burners and combustion gases and is prone to overheating. Examples of fired
vessels include thermal oil heaters related to organic liquid piping systems as well as boilers that
are used to generate hot water or steam.

On the other hand, unfired pressure vessels can act like heat exchangers, used to cool and heat
fluid when combined with another fluid. These usually consist of several adjacent chambers and
tube bundles. Another example of an unfired pressure vessel is a steam generator that is related
to the piping systems for producing steam. Steam generators are used more often than boilers in
generating steam, since these are safer alternatives and capable of reducing the extent of damage
associated with corrosion.

Unfired pressure vessels are commonly seen in industrial settings that deal with:

 Machinery (pressurized equipment)

 Automation
 Electricity
 Fire protection
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1.2 History of pressure vessel

The simplest reference to the design of pressure vessel was made in about 1495 by
Leonardo da Vinci in his codex madder quoting from a translation. Leonardo wrote “we
shall describe how air can be forced under water to lift a very heavy weight that is how to fin
skins with air once they are secured to weights at bottom of the water. And there will be
description of how to lift weights by tying them to submerged ships full of sand how to
remove the sand from the ships.”
Leonardo's pressurized bags of air, it implemented, did not kill or injure large number of
people and therefore did not force the need for a pressure vessel code. That distinction must
go to the early model steam generators.
Large pressure vessels were invented during the industrial revolution particularly in Great
Britain to be used as boilers for making steam to drive steam engine. Designs of certification
come about as the result of total boiler explosions. In an early effort to design a tank capable
of withstanding pressure up to 10,000 psi (69mpa) and 6 inch (150mm) diameter tank was
developed in 1919 that was spirally wound with two layers of high tensile strength still wire
to prevent sidewall by rupture and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise
high tensile rods.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, steam become the chief source of power and spurred the
industrial revolution

1.3 Application of pressure vessel

Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in both industry and the private sector.
They appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receivers and domestic hot water
storage tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are diving cylinders, recompression chambers,
distillation towers, autoclaves, and many other vessels in mining operations, oil refineries and
petrochemical plants, nuclear reactor vessels, submarine and space ship habitats, pneumatic
reservoirs, hydraulic reservoirs under pressure, rail vehicle airbrake reservoirs, road vehicle
airbrake reservoirs, and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as ammonia, chlorine, propane,
butane and LPG. The pressure vessels are used fluid to store such as liquid vapours and gases
under pressure. Major uses of pressure vessels are as follows.

 Pressure vessels are used in steam boilers

 Pressure vessels are also used in storage of chemical in chemical plants
 Use in storage of petroleum products (petrol, diesel etc.)
 It is also used in engine cylinders.
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1.4 Classification of pressure vessels

Pressure vessels can be classified in different categories as follows:-

1.4.1 According to the dimensions

The pressure vessel according their dimension may be classified as thin shell or thick
shell the ratio of equal thickness (t) of the shell to its diameter(D) deciding the factor.

a) Thin shell: - if the ratio of t/d is less than 1/10 is called thin shells.

b) Thick shell: - if the ratio of t/D is equal or greater than 1/10 is called thick shell used in high
pressure cylinder, guns, barrels and other equipment where as thin shells are used in boiler,
tanks, and pipelines.

1.4.2 According to the end construction

This can be classified in two groups:-

a) Open end construction pressure vessels

b) Closed end construction pressure vessels

1.4.3 According to the geometrical shapes

a) Cylindrical geometrical shapes

b) Conical and;

c) Spherical vessel with one or two cones.

1.4.4 According to the position arrangement

a) Horizontal pressure vessel

b) Vertical pressure vessel

c) Spherical pressure vessel

1.4.5 According to the materials

The pressure vessels are according the material classified as:-
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a) Brittle material pressure vessels

b) Ductile material pressure vessels

1.4.6 According to the direction of force acting on the wall of

vessels
a) Subjected to internal pressure (pi)

b) Subjected to external pressure (p)

1.5 Components of pressure vessel

There are four components of pressure vessels:-

A. Head
B. Shell
C. Nozzle and
D. Support

A. HEAD

All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell
section). Heads are typically curved rather than flat heads. Curved configurations are stronger
and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads can also be
used inside a vessel. Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical,
conical, and flat are the common types of heads.

B. SHELL

The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells
are welded together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel
shells are cylindrical or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and fabricated
in a wide range of diameters and lengths.

C. NOZZLE
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A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure

vessel. The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit
easy disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications:-

 Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

 Attach instrument connections, (e.g. level gauges, thermos wells, or pressure gauges).
 Provide access to the vessel interior at many ways.

Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g. a heat exchanger or mixer)

D. SUPPORT

The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. In all cases the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weights,
wind, and earthquake loads. Calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and
foundation for the pressure vessels. Typical kinds of supports are as follows:-

I. Skirt support

Tall, vertical, cylindrical, pressure vessels are typically supported by skirt. A

support skirt is a cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the
vessel or to the bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are
welded to the vessel near the mid-plane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough
to provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell does not cause
high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.

II. Leg support

Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the
lower portion of the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum
diameter is typically 2:1. The number of legs needed depends on the drum size
and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically used for spherical
pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical drums and
spherical pressurized storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns
or pipe sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.
III. Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support
spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive
local stress in the shell at the support points. The width of the saddle among
other design details is determined by the specific size and design conditions of
the pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or anchored to its
foundation.
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IV. Lug support

Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell may also be used to support
vertical pressure vessel. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the
range of 2:1 to 5:1. Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are
located above grade within structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to
horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning loads;
however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal expansion
of the drum.

1.6 Problem Statement

Vessel failures can be grouped into four major categories, which describe why a vessel failure
occurs. Failures can also be grouped into types of failures, which describe how the failure occurs.
Each failure has a why and how to its history
It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because the wrong material was selected! The
designer must be as familiar with categories and types of failure as with categories and types of
stress and loadings. Ultimately they are all related.
● Material- Improper selection of material; defects in material.
● Design- Incorrect design data; inaccurate or incorrect de-sign methods; inadequate shop
testing.
● Fabrication- Poor quality control; improper or insufficient fabrication procedures including
welding.

1.7 Objective
1.7.1 General Objective
The general objective this is to know the general and basic process and procedure of

Designing of different mechanical components. Help us to general knowledge to what to

Do and what procedure to follow and

 To knows special standards of thickness and diameter.

 To understand the position of opening in head or shell.
 To read different standardized tables graphs.
 To estimate the type of head, shell, support, opening and nozzles
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1.7.2 Specific Objective

The specific objective of this design project to design horizontal pressure vessel position with
saddle support by estimate the inner service pressure at 6.3 Mpa and service temperature at
300°C for purpose of con`ain alcohol by taking suitable head and proper material.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

In sophisticated pressure vessels encountered in engineering construction; high
pressure, extreme of temperature and severity of functional performance requirements pose
exciting design problems. The word “DESIGN” does not mean only the calculation of the
detailed dimensions of a member, but rather is an all-inclusive term incorporating:

1. The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure;
2. The method of stress analysis employed and significance of result;
3. The selection of materials and its environment behavior.

The increasing use of vessel has given special emphasis to analytical and
experimental method for determining their operating stress. Of equal
importance is the appraising the significance of these stresses. This appraisal
entails the means of determining the values and extent of the stress and
strains, establishing the behaviour of the material involved, and evaluating the
compatibility of these two factors in the media or environment to which they
are subjected. Knowledge of material behaviour is required not only to avoid
failure, but also equally to permit maximum economy of material choice and
amount used.

1.9 Methodology
Methodology the part of the process that describes overall the process of
design pressure vessel in this part method, tasks, phase, techniques and tools
of design project describes.

1. Select the type of pressure vessel its arrangement (position) and

support.
2. Knowing the working pressure or internal pressure and temperature.
3. Knowing the property of the medium (for this project medium is
alcohol).
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4. Select a suitable material for all components such as shell, head,

support and opening that handle the medium on its internal pressure
and critical temperature and also by its mechanical property.
5. Reading the desirable design and tensile stress from table by using the
medium temperature.
6. Design of head.
7. Design of shell.
8. Design of opening.
9. Design of nozzle.
10. Design of support.
11. Design of weight.
12. Cost analysis of the design pressure vessel.
13. The discussion result and conclusion.
14. Reference book.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Modi A J, Jadav C.S concluded that the radial stresses in case of hemispherical head pressure
vessel is low compared to other types of head, in this paper author study the comparative
structural behaviour of different types of geometry of pressure vessel, the head is under internal
uniform pressure, the analytical and finite element method used for finding stresses in pressure
vessel, the aim is finding best head for specific parameter with finite element analysis of thin
cylindrical pressure vessel, here three types of geometry consider like hemisphere, flat and
ellipsoidal and computation result compared with finite element analysis.

Nishant M. Tandel, Jignesh M parmar presented work on A review on pressure vessel design
and analysis, this paper deal with vessel are subjected to various applied forces acting in
combination with internal or external pressure and some design principle, design of pressure
vessel is governed by ASME pressure vessel code, design of different pressure vessel concerned
with element such as shell, dish end, operating man hole, support leg, based on standard and
code and evaluation of shell and dish end analysed by means of analysis, and this paper they
concluded that finite element analysis is an extremely powerful tool foe pressure vessel and also
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concluded the design method to be used in pressure vessel are depend upon stresses and internal
or external pressure

Yogesh Borse Avadesh Sharma presented work on Modelling of Pressure Vessels with
different End Connections using Pro Mechanical, author used here only three types head
hemispherical, elliptical and tori spherical In this paper authors, describes its basic structure and
the engineering finite element modelling for analysing, testing and validation of pressure vessels
under high stress zones, Analysis results do not suggests the use of Toro spherical end
connection with the same thickness due to more displacement occurs in this type of head.

Dražan Kozak Ivan Samardžić worked on stress analysis of cylindrical vessel with changeable
head geometry, The main objective of this paper is numerical analyses of cylindrical pressure
vessel with changeable head geometry (semi-elliptical and hemispherical heads) and comparison
of results in means of precision and time needed for getting the solution, comparison of
analytical and numerical results for pressure vessel with hemispherical heads is shown, In this
paper a numerical analysis of pressure vessel with hemispherical and semi-elliptical heads is
performed, with three types of elements: SOLID 95, PLANE 183 and SHELL 181. It is
concluded that in both cases of pressure vessel heads, using of PLANE 183 element presents the
best approach, because of minimal number of elements for meshing, shortest calculation time,
this type of axisymmetric element could be recommended in such cases, when the total
symmetry of model is considered.

balicevic, D Kozak, D. Karlievic presented work on ANLYTICAL and NUMERICAL

solution of internal forces by cylindrical pressure vessel with semi elliptical heads, in this paper
the solution for internal forces and displacement in the thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessel
with ellipsoidal head using general theory of thin walled shell of resolution have been proposed,
distribution of the forces and displacement in thin walled shell are given in mathematical form,
finite element analysis of the cylindrical vessel with semi-elliptical head has been done by using
ANSYS 10 code for to confirms analytical solution, here ellipsoidal head model made as
axisymmetric problem to avoid bending effect on the contact between heads and cylinders and
author concluded principal stresses calculated analytically are very close to the finite element
result( the difference is less than 3%)
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V. N. Skopinsky had worked on stresses in ellipsoidal pressure vessel heads with non-central
nozzle, the objective of this paper is more investigation of shell intersection problem, the shell
theory and finite element method are used for stress analysis of nozzle connections in ellipsoidal
heads of the pressure vessel, here nozzle is considerably displaced on ellipsoidal head from head
axis is considered in this paper, the feature of numerical procedure, structural modelling of
nozzle-head shell intersections and SAIS special-purpose computer program are discussed. The
result of stress analysis and parametric study of ellipsoidal vessel head with a non-central nozzle
under internal pressure loading are presented, in many practical design, the nozzle is placed at a
relatively large distance from the head axis. Special consideration of these case is given in this
analysis, this stress analysis result better understanding of this poorly investigated problem and
give the possibility of achieving a more reliable design of nozzle connections on the pressure
vessel heads, also the SAIS program can be used for design optimization purpose e.g. nozzle
location finding.

James j Xu, benedict C. Sun, Bernard Koplik work on local pressure stress on lateral pipe-
nozzle with various angle of interaction, this paper report variation of local pressure stress factor
at the junction of pipe-nozzle when its angle varies from 90 to 30 degree, the circumferential and
longitudinal stress at four symmetric points around the pipe nozzle junction are plotted as
function of an angle, the ALGOR finite element software was employed to model for the true
pipe-nozzle geometry, the numerical stress result come from parameters beta and gamma which
are the nozzle mean radius and pipe thickness, at angle 90 degree at this angle result had low
value local stress, these stress increase as angle of interaction is decrease from 90 degree and
stress value more decrease when angle is decrease from 45 degree, the inside crotch point B has
worst circumferential stress value, and concluded that angle 90 degree local pressure stress are
same at point A and B as same as point C and D due to symmetry. And it had low stress value
than other angle

Pravin Naral and P S Kachare presented work on structural analysis of nozzle attachment on
pressure vessel design, they said if the nozzle is kept on peak of the dished end it do not disturb
the symmetry of the vessel, but if it is placed on the placed on the periphery of the vessel, it may
be disturb the symmetry of the vessel. Size, diameter, angle, etc. of nozzle connection may
significantly vary even in one pressure vessel, these nozzle cause geometric discontinuity of
vessel wall, so a stress concentration created around an opening, the junction may fail due to
high stress ,so detailed analysis is must be required, in this paper conduct a study analysis, what
will be the effect of the nozzle angle and increase number of nozzle on the periphery of pressure
vessel until the symmetry is achieved, and find out optimum angle such that the stress are
maintained within limits. in this paper first one nozzle placed on top on shell and calculated
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stresses with finite element analysis, then two nozzle placed with angle 60 degree from each
other, then again two nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, then also again two
nozzle placed at angle 180 degree from each other ,then three nozzle placed at angle 60 degree
from each other, then again three nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other, then four
nozzle placed at angle 60 degree and again four nozzle placed at 90 degree from each other and
calculated stress from ANSYS software ,from this study they found the result that peak stresses
for symmetrical nozzle attachment is lowest than the others and stress increment factor for
symmetric nozzle attachment is lower than other, here the stress value is minimum at two nozzle
which is placed at angle 180 degree and four nozzle placed at angle 90 degree from each other,
this state that the symmetry nozzle attachment had always lower stress than others.

V.N. Skopinsky, A.B. SMETANKIN presented work on modelling and stress analysis of
nozzle connection in Ellipsoidal head of pressure vessel under external loading, in this paper he
used Timoshenko shell theory and the finite element method, the effect of stress concentration in
external loading has more effect than in the internal pressure, there is an appreciable increase of
the maximum stress for shell in the interaction region even at the small level of nominal stress,
non-radial and offset connection have non-uniform distribution of stress on the interaction curve
between the nozzle and the head, the influence of angular parameter α for non-radial nozzle
connection is shown in this paper, a decrease of maximum effective stress as an angle α increase
is more significant for non-central connection, and in case of torsional moment loading, the angle
affects the stress in opposite manner, the stress in the shell increase as alpha angle increase.

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN ANALYSIS

DESIGN OF HORIZONTAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Table 3.1

Design of horizontal lay out pressure vessel

Parameters Value Unit

Inner service pressure 6.3 Mpa
Nominal volume 1.6 m3
Service temperature 300 ℃
Bottom discharge nominal 65 Mm
diameter
2 longitudinal nominal 125 Mm
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diameter
1 lateral nominal diameter 125 Mm
Medium Alcohol
Position Horizontal
Supporting element Saddle frame

3.1 Material selection

We choose a material of low alloy carbon steel for our design purpose. There are a lot of reason
that makes us to choose low alloy carbon steel for our design purpose. Such as,

 The working temperature of our design

 The working(allowable stress) of the design
 Low alloy carbon steels are very though, hard, corrosion resistant, and wear resistant.
 Low alloy carbon steels have highly machinability, formability and weld ability

3.2. Design pressure

A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be

Subjected in operation.
For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken as the pressure
at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the normal
Working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets. When deciding
The design pressure.
Design pressure: - P D=Pi+ 10/100( Pi) where:- PD=design pressure

Pi=internal pressure

PD¿ 6.3+(0.1× 6.3)

PD¿ 6.93 Mpa

3.3. Design temperature

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The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures. In our case the
design temperature is given as:-

Design temprature ¿ 300 ℃ From the given data.

We take tensile strength and design stress from the table above.
Thus, design stress… … .. σd=235 Mpa.
Tensile strength….σt =550 Mpa .

3.4. Design of shell

According to geometrical shape of a pressure vessel the shape of shell classified in to three thus
are:-
 Cylindrical shell
 Conical wall
 Spherical vessel with one or two cones
We are select Cylindrical shape of shell because of the following reasons:-
 Easy to manufacture
 Installation economical to be maintain
 Shell stress will be greater than that of the two principal stress
To calculate diameter, length and thickness of the shell use the following data and formulas.
Step1:- PD¿ pi+ 0.1 pi
PD¿ 6.93 Mpa .
Step 2:-
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PdDi
t¿ where:- t=thickness
2 SE−Pi
S=design stress
E=joint efficiency
Di=internal diameter

F2¿ c ( SEPd −0.6 ) where:- c=corrosion allowance

¿ 2 m( 235× −0.6 )
1
F2
6.93
F2 ¿ 66.62 mm ≅ 2.62inc
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V= nominal volume (m3)

V= 1.6m3¿ 1.6 ×(3.28ft)3¿ 56.46 ft
L
From the graph value of ratio is approximately 3.8
D
L
=3.8 from this relation L=3.8 D
D
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πD 3 πD 2 L
V= +
12 4
πD 3 πD 2 (3.8 D )
1.6 m3= +
12 4

D=
√
3 1.6
3.246
=0.7899 ≅ 0.79 m

From this value it’s possible to calculate length (L)

Since:- L=3.8 D
We calculate the value of the internal diameter we can simply substitute in the above equation.
So, L=3.8 × 0.79 m
L=3 m .
Now, since every unknown are founded we can get the value of the thickness of the shell using
the following formula.
PdR
t=
SE−0.6 Pd
395
t=6.93 ×
235−0.6× 6.93
t=11.86 mm
But by considering the corrosion allowance,
Tt =t+ c
Tt =11.86+2
Tt =13.86 mm
Step 3:-
Check the thickness of the shell is safe or not by using the condition given before.
Tt < 0.5 Ri
Tt < 0.5× 395
Tt <179.5
Tt =13.86<197.5
The condition is satisfied therefore the shell thickness is safe.
Step 4:-
The volume of shell but;
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πDi 2 2
V= × LS Ls=L− Where Hi=inner head of the ellipsoid
4 3 Hi
0.6241 2
V =π × × 2.87 Ls=3− × 0.79=2.87 m
4 3
V =1.407 m3
Step 5;-Design stress analysis of the shell
Pd × Di
σl=
4 Tt

6.93 ×790
σl=
4 × 13.86

σl=98.75 Mpa <235 Mpa So the shell along the longitudinal stress is safe.
Pd × Di
σh=
2Tt
σh =2σl
σh =197.575 Mpa<235 Mpa So the shell along the hoop stress is safe.

3.5 Design of heads

Our project is design pressure vessel with ellipsoidal head so we take the following formula
to calculate the value of the thickness of head.
PdDi
t=
2 SE−0.2 Pd
t=6.93 ×790 /(2× 235 ×1−0.2 × 6.93)
t=11.68 mm.
By considering corrosion allowance,
t=11.68+2
t=13.68 mm
This value of thickness of head and shell is almost the same and have a little difference between
the values so it’s possible to say that both the thickness of the head and shell are fit or same.
Value of head volume (Vh)
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3
πD
Vh=
12
0.79³
Vh=π ×
12
Vh=0.13 3 m3

3.5.1 Stress analysis of ellipsoidal head

Hoop stress (σh )
PdDi
σh=
2t
790
σh=6.93 ×
2× 14
2
σh=195.525 N /mm < 235 Mpa So our design is safe.
Longitudinal stress(σl )
PdDi
σl=
4t
790
σl=6.93×
4 ×14
2
σl=99.7625 N /mm < 235 Mpa so our design is safe.

3.6 DESIGN OF NOZZLE AND REINFORCEMENT

A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The nozzle
ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy disassembly for
maintenance or access.

Nozzles are used for the following applications:

• Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.

• Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges or pressure gauges).

• Provide access to the vessel interior at manways.

 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

• Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or
mixer).

L=C+t s+A (L=total length of nozzle)

C=Ri-√ ¿ ¿²) (C=inside length of nozzle)

C=790-√(790²−125²)

C=9.95mm

t s=B (t s=shell thickness ¿

t s=¿ 13.86mm

A=100.18mm (A=outside length of nozzle)

L=9.95+13.86+100.18

L=124mm so the length of longitudinal and lateral pipe is the same

D n=125 mm (Nozzle diameter)

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D i=790 mm (Diameter of vessel)

P d Ri
t s=
SE−0.6 Pd
395
t s=6.93 ×
235−0.6 ×6.93
t s=11.86 mm
PdRn
t n=
SE−0.6 × Pd
62.5
t n=6.93 ×
235 ×1−0.6× 6.93
t n=1.876 mm
Now we can calculate the reinforcement limit values
 The limit measured parallel to the vessel wall take the largest value
X =Dn Or X =Rn+ t n +t
X =125 mm Or X =62.5+1.876+11.86
X =125 mm Or X =76.234 mm
So this is the limit of reinforcement measured parallel to the vessel is 125mm.
 The limit of measured parallel to the nozzle take the largest value
Y =2.5t orY =2.5t n
Y =2.5× 11.86 or Y =2.5× 1.876
Y =23.716 mm OrY =4.69 mm
So this is the limit of reinforcement measured parallel to the nozzle is 4.69m,.
1. Area of reinforcement required
Ar=Dn× t r But t r=0.9t
Ar=125 ×0.9 ×11.86
2
Ar=1334.25 m
2. Available area of reinforcement
A1= Area of excessthickness∈the vessel wall

A1=(t−t r )d n
A1= (11.86−0.9 ×11.86 )
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2
A1=148.225 mm
A2= Area of excessthickness∈the nozzle
A2= ( t n −t rn ) 5 t
A2= (1.876−0.9 ×1.876 ) × 5× 11.86
2
A2=11.2mm
A3 =Area of inside extension
A3 =t n ×2 h But h=2.5 t n
A3 =1.876×(2.5 ×1.876) ×2
A3 =17.596 mm2
A 4= Area of weld
0.375 inc ≅ 9.52 mm
A 4=¿

∑ A=¿ A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 + A5=358.2mm2 ¿
But this available area for single longitudinal data pipe since we have 2 longitudinal and 1 lateral
pipe in equal diameter.
∑ Atotal=3 × A=1074.6 mm2
FOR DISCHARGE PIPE
L=C+t s+A (L=total length of nozzle)

C=Ri-√ ¿ ¿²) (C=inside length of nozzle)

C=790-√(790²−65²)

C=2.67mm

t s=B (t s=shell thickness ¿

t s=¿ 13.86mm

A=100.47mm (A=outside length of nozzle)

L=2.67+13.86+100.47

L=117mm length of discharge

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D n=65 mm
A1=(t−t r )d n

(
A1= 11.86−0.9 × 65=76.56 mm
×11.86
2
)
PdRn
t n=
SE−0.6 × Pd
6.93× 32.5
t n=
235× 1−0.6 × 6.93
t n=0.975 mm
A2= ( t n −t rn ) 5 t
A2= ( 0.975−0,9 × 0,975 ) × 5× 11.86
2
A2=5.88mm
A3 =t n ×2 h But h=2.5 t n
A3 =0.975× 2× 2.5 ×0.975
2
A3 =4.753 mm
A 4= A5 =90.25 mm2

∑ A=¿ A1 + A2 + A3 + A 4 + A5=267.69mm 2 ¿
Then the total areal of the nozzle
∑ Atotal=3 ×1074.6 mm2 +267.69 mm2=1342.29mm 2
2 2
1342.29 mm >1334.25 mm
Therefore;-our available area of reinforcement is greater than the required area reinforcement. So
there is no need of additional reinforcement pad is required.
3.7 Support
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure
vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied weight, wind,
and earthquake loads.

Typical kinds of supports are as follow:

• Saddle

• Leg
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• Skirt

• Lug

For our design consideration we choose saddle support.

SADDLE SUPPORT DESIGN

The saddles must be designed to withstand the load imposed by the weight of the vessel and
contents. They are constructed of brick or concrete, or are fabricated from steel plate. The
contact angle should not be less than120 °, and will not normally be greater than150 °. Wear
plates are often welded to the shell to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact
with the saddle.
Thin welded vessel with average diameter is best supported near the head so as to utilize the
stiffing effect of the head. Long thick welded vessel are best supported where the maximal
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

longitudinal bending stress as the mid span. This point varies with the contact angle of saddles.
The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shell is no case be more than 0.2time
the length of the vessel( L )
Contact angle(θ)
Contact angle suggested by the ASME (Association Society of Mechanical Engineering) is 120 °,
for very small vessel.
Table 3
No Parameters Value
1 Maximum weight
2 V 0.575
3 Y 0.15
4 E 0.6925
5 E 0.2875
6 J 0.22325
7 G 0.095
8 t2 7.9
9 t1 5
10 Bolt diameter 20
11 Bolt hole 25

3.7.2Dead weight of vessel and contents.

Dead weights that consider in this design include:

 The weight of the head(Wh).

 Weight of the shell(Ws)
 The weight of insulation(Wi).
 The weight of the medium (weight of alcohol)(Wf ).
 weight of the shell
The following formula is used in calculating weight of shell.

W v =240∗C v ∗D m∗( H v + 0.8∗D m )∗t−−−−−−−−−−−(eqn 1)

 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

Where:

W v= total weight of the shell, excluding internal fittings, such as plates, N

C v = a factor to account for the weight of nozzles, man-ways, internal
supports, etc. which can be taken as:
o 1.08 for vessels with only a few internal fittings,
W v =240∗C v ∗D m∗( H v + 0.8∗D m )∗t
W v =240 ×1.08 ×0.804 (3+0.804)×13.86 ×10−3 But;- D m =Di+ t

W v =792.74 ×13.86 ×10

−3
D m =790+13.86
W v =10.98 KN . D m =803.86 ≅ 804 mm
Weight of the insulation

W i =volume∗density∗gravity−−−−−−−−−−−(eqn)

Find the volume of the insulationWi

Wi=ρgV But;-V =2 πtH and t=3 , H=75 mm
−3
Wi=130× 9.81× 1.41 V =2× π ×75 ×10 × 3
Wi=1.8 KN … … .. ans V =1.41m .
3

Double this to allow for fittings and there for Wi=1.8 KN ×2=3.6 KN .
Weight of working fluid (Wf )
We use the formula below to find out the value of the working fluid of the design which is
alcohol.
Wf =ρgV ………………eqn (1)
But:- V =Vshell+Vhead
2
π di l s
Vshell=
4

(
2 hi
)
2
0.79 d
Vshell=π × × l− But: - hi = and l=3
4 3 4

0.79 2 0.79
Vshell=π × (3−2/3( ))
4 4
3
Vshell=1.405 m … … … … … … … … … … .. ans .
And
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

3
π di
Vhead=2 ×
12
0.792
Vhead=2 × π ×
12
Vhead=0.258 m3 … … … … … … … … … … . ans .
Vtotal=Vshell+Vhead
Vtotal=0.258+1.405
3
Vtotal=1.663 ≈ 1.66 m … … … … … … . ans .
780 Kg
Wf =780× 9.81 ×1.66 Note that ; ρ of alcohol is .
m3
Wf =12.7 KN … … … … … … … … … … ….. ans .
Weight of head(Wh)
In order to calculate weight of head we use the following formula.
Wh=ρgV … … … … … … … … … … … … .. eqn ( 1 )
In this case the density of low carbon steel is required in order to calculate and therefore from
property of low carbon steel its density equal with ρ=7600 Kg/ m3.
3
π di
And V =
12
π 0.793
V=
12
3
V =0.13 m
Wh=7600 ×9.81 ×0.13
Wh=9.62 KN … … … … … … … … … . ans
After calculating those weights, we can find the total weight of the design and total mass the
design.
∴ W total =Wh+Wf +Wi+W v
W total =9.62+12.7+3.6+10.98
W total =36.9 KN =36900 N … … … … . ans
From W =mg m=W /g
So the total mass of the design is calculated by dividing the total weight to acceleration due to
gravity.
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

m=W total /g
36900
m= kg
9.81
m=3761.4 kg … … … … … … … .. ans
[DOCUMENT TITLE]
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Longitudinal stress
At the saddle
Tension at the top and compression at the bottom
2 2
A R −H
+ 1−
L 2 AL
±QA (1− )
4H Where, A=0.2× l
1+
3L
S 1= 2
K R ts
2
A=0.2× 3=0.6 m

S1=
± 17.94 ×103 ×0.6 1− ( ( )(0.6
3
+ 0.9352 −0.79/4 ¿2 ¿ ¿ 2× 0.6 ×3 ) )
2 2
0.335 ×0.395 ×13.86
S1=12.69 Pa=0.01269 Mpa .
' Pdr
S1=S + where; E s=shell joint efficency
2 ES t s
6.96 × 0.385
S1=0.0127+
2 ×1 ×13.86
S1=0.11 Mpa

( )( 2 ( R −H )
)
2 2
QL
1+
4 L2
At mid span 4H
1+
3L 4A
S1=± −
π R2 t s L

( )
2 ( 0.395 −0.1975 )
2 2

17.94 × 3 4
1+
4 9
1+ ( 4 ×0.1975 ) 4 ×0.6
S1= −
9 3
S1=0.07 Mpa .
' Pdr
S1=S +
2 ES t s
6.96 × 0.385
S1=0.07+
2 ×1 ×13.86
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

S1=0.168 Mpa .

 But to check it is safe or not S1plus the stress due to internal pressure ( PR
2t )
s
shell not

exceed the allowable stress value of shell material times the efficiency (85%=0.85) of
girth seems. Our support material is carbon steel with allowable stress of 85Mpa.
greater stress 0.168 −3 '
∴ 0.168>0.11 so stress ratio= = =2.32 ×10 < 1. so it s safe
allowable stress 85 ×0.85 Mpa
R
A>
2
Tangential stress
K2Q
( L−2 A )
R ts
S2=
4
L+
3(H)

S2= (
1.71 ×17.94 3−2× 0.6
0.395 ×13.86 3+ 0.263 )
=3.09 Mpa .

3.09 Mpa
stressratio= =0.010< 1. so its safe.
0.8 ×235 Mpa
L>8 R
Circumstantial at the form of saddle
[DOCUMENT TITLE]
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The value of K 6 read from graph.

−Q K6Q
S4 = −
4 t s ( b+1.56 √ R t s ) 2 t s

−17.94 ×103 3 × 0.003× 103 × 17.94

S4 = −
4 × 13.86 ( 0.006+1.56 √ 0.395 ×13.86 ×10 ) 2¿¿
−3

S4 =0.423 Mpa
S4 0.423 Mpa '
stressratio= = =0.0012<1. so it s safe.
allowable stress 1.5 ×235
Circumstantial at bottom of saddle
S5=−K I Q/¿

−0.76× 17.49 ×106

S5=
13.86 ( 0.006+ 1.56 √ 0.79 × 10 × 13.86 )
−3

S5=5.6 Mpa
S5 5.6 '
stressratio= = =0.048<1. so i t s safe .
allowable stress 0.5× 235

3.8 Selection of standard flanges

Flanges are used to sealed the nozzle. In our design we select standard flanges. Standard from
gas are available in range of types, size and materials and are also used extensively for pipes,
nozzles and other attachments on the pressure vessel.

To select standard from the role is based on their nominal size that fit with the nozzle diameter or
in other cases it is selected by their classes but in our case we select standard flanges based on
the size of the nozzle. The nozzles in our design are 4 type with internal diameter these are; 2
longitudinal 1 lateral are with a diameter of 125mm and the other one has a value of 65mm. so
by using nominal values we can find the values of D, b, h, d2, f, bolting size and no,, k, d3,
r……….etc.

Standard flanges will be specified for most applications. Special designs would be used only if
no suitable standard flange were available; or for large flanges, such as the body flanges of
vessels, where it may be cheaper to size a flange specifically for the duty required rather than to
accept the nearest standard flange, which of necessity would be over-sized. Standard flanges are
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

available in a range of types, sizes and materials; and are used extensively for pipes, nozzles and
other attachments to pressure vessels.

From standard table

Port Size of flange Bolt hole Size of

dia Outside thickness RF cart Pitch No dia bolt
dia height diameter circle dia
s
65 178 22.3 1.6 104.6 139.7 4 19 5/8
125 254 24 1.6 186 21.9 8 22 3/4

3.6 Gaskets
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to machine
flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal under
pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain sufficient
elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load.
A great variety of proprietary gasket materials is used, and reference should be made to the
manufacturers' catalogues and technical manuals when selecting gaskets for a particular
application. Design data for some of the more commonly used gasket materials are given in
Appendix, which is taken from Dr. Sadhu Singh, Design of Machine Elements (Machine design),
fifth edition.
The following factors must be considered when selecting a gasket material:
The process conditions: pressure, temperature, corrosive nature of the process fluid.
Whether repeated assembly and disassembly of the joint is required.
The type of flange and flange face
The gasket factor m is the ratio of the gasket stress (pressure) under the operating conditions to
the internal pressure in the vessel or pipe.
The internal pressure will force the flanges' faces apart, so the pressure on the gasket under
operating conditions will be lower than the initial tightening-up pressure. The gasket factor gives
the minimum pressure that must be maintained on the gasket to ensure a satisfactory seal.
For this particular pressure vessel we select ring joint type gasket material which is made from
iron or soft steel. The selection is based on the above requirement.

3.10 Design of welled

 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

Welled joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edge of two parts to be
joined together, with the application of pressure and a filler material. Weld joint we should be
able to fix the following parameters.

 Type of weld
 Thickness of weld
 Width and length of weld
 Area of weld
 Material type electrode used
The design of a welled joint should satisfy the following basic requirements.

 Give good accessibility for welding and inspection.

 Require minimum amount of weld metal
 Five good penetrations from both sides of the joint if practicable.
 Incorporate sufficient flexibility to avoid due to differential thermal expansion.

3.11 Design of bolt

 For discharge pipe with diameter equal to 65mm.
From the standard table
M12 Bolt
L=38 length of bolt
N=4 No of bolt

Step 1. Calculate thickness

PdDi
t n=
2 SE−0.2 Pd
6.93 × 65
t n= =0.972mm .
2× 235−6.93
By adding corrosion allowance t n=0.972 mm+2=2.972mm .
Step 2. Calculating the forced on each individual bolts.
F
P=
A
F=PA=6.93×( π /4 )× ¿
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

22.99
F ¿= =5.79 KN .
4
Step 3. Calculate stress on M12.
F 5.74/ π
δ= = (12)2 m²²
A 4
δ=50.75 Mpa .
Tensile stress of M12 is 1220Mpa
50.75 Mpa<¿ 1220Mpa. so the it’s safe.
Step 4. Calculate length of thread and unthreaded part.
LT =2 d+ 6 mm
LT =2× 12+ 12mm
LT =30 mm .
∴ length of threaded part Ld=L−Lt
Ld=38−30 mm
Ld=8 mm .
 For lateral pipe with diameter equal to 125mm
From the standard table
M16 Bolt
L=48 length of bolt
N=8 No of bolt

Step 1. Individual force bolt

F=PA
125
F=6.93 × π ×
4
F=85.04 KN
85.08
F ¿=
8
F ¿=10.63 KN .
PdDi
t n=
2 SE−0.2 Pd
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

6.93 × 125
t n= =1.87 mm
2× 235−6.93
By adding corrosion allowance t n=1.87 mm+2=2.87 mm .
Step 2. Calculate stress on M16
F 10.63
δ= =
A π 162
'
δ=52.86 Mpa< 1220 Mpa therefore i t s safe .

Step 3. Calculate length of thread and unthreaded part.

LT =2 d+ 6 mm
LT =2× 16+6
LT =38 mm .
And Ld =L−LT
Ld =48−38=10 mm .

CHAPTER FOUR
Result and Discussion
component Diameter(mm²) Length(m) Volume(m³) Thickness(mm)
1,shell 790 2.87 1,407 13.86
2,head 790 0.03 0.103 13.68
3,nozzle 65 (Bottom 0.117 5.87×10−4 0.975
discharge)

125(2longitudinal 0.124 1.52×10−3 1.876

and1lateral )
reinforcement X =76.234 mm
limit values Y =4.69 mm

Area of Ar=1334.25 m
2

reinforcement
required
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

Available area of A1=148.225 mm 2

reinforcement A2=11.2mm
2

(2longitudinal 2
A3 =17.596 mm
and1lateral ) A 4=¿

Available area of A1=76.56 mm

2

reinforcement A2=5.88mm 2
(Bottom
2
discharge) A3 =4.753 mm
2
A 4= A5 =90.25 mm

4.1 METHOD OF FABRICATION (MANUFACTURING)

The basic manufacturing processes adopted for the fabrication of the vessel is forming.
Forming is the process by which the size of shape of the part is changed by application of force
that produce stress in the part which are greater than yield strength and less than fracture

Strength, depending on the temperature classified in to hot, warm or cold working.

Hot working

When the temperature is above the recrystallization temperature of material.

 T working > T recrystallization *0.5

Cold working

When the temperature is very much below the recrystallization temperature

 T working < T recrystallization *0.3
Warm working
When working temperature is above the room temperature but below the
recrystallization temperature
 T recrystallization *0.5 < T working < T recrystallization *0.3
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

To fabricate a wall designed pressure vessel by good cost and by method we use
the different kinds of method such as fusion, welding, casting, forging, machining,
brazing and soldering and sheet metal forming.
Each method has certain advantages for particular type of equipment however
fusion welding is the most important method .the size, shape service and material
properties of equipment ally may influence the selection of fabrication method. Let
us see different method of fabrication.

A. FORGING-is a method of shaping metal that commonly used for certain

vessels parts such as closure , flange fitting vessel , parts vessel with
thickness greater than 10cm iron are often forged. Other special method of
shaping metal are listed below.
 Pressing
 Spinning
 bending
B. MACHINING-is the only method other than cold forming that can be used
to extract fracture, tolerance close. Tolerance is required for that meting
part of the equipment. Flange face, bushing and bearing surface are usually
machined in order to provide satisfactory arrangement. Laboratory and pilot
plant equipment for over high pressure service is same time machined for
solid stock, paired ingot and forging.
C. FUSION-it is the most widely used methods of fabrication for the
construction of low alloy steel vessel .This method of fabrication for the
construction of virtually un limited with regard to size and is extensively
used for fabrication and craction of large size product used equipment in
field there are two type of fusion welding that are extensively used for
fabrication these are
 The gas welding process in which a combustible mixture of
acetylene and oxygen supply the necessary heat or fusion.
 The electric arc welding process in which the heat of fusion is
supplied by an electric arc.
Arc welding is preferred because of three methods can be used for
vessel shell production.

4.2 Maintenance
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Maintenance needed when the pressure is affected by some external factors. It’s mainly done by
welding. The people who maintain the pressure vessel use ladder which is movable because our
design doesn’t have a ladder in internal port.
Ensure that we are carrying the correct spheres to insure minimal down time when breaking
down occurs as well as insure capital is not un necessary easily break down association .
Each component of asset has to analyzed to determine the input of the asset should it fail, any
component that can cause failure to the asset should be readily available. It should be required
this components can be set as stock or non-stock parts depending on cost and availability.
Work management system insure that our planning and maintenance scheduling system set up
correctly and opening efficiency be applying work management audit system. This system
measures your performance on going bases.
The approach to equipment critically relies on identifying equipment failure has on production.
The failure mode that causes breaking down are identified and the necessary planned
maintenance to address the failure are specified.

4.3 Guidance
Inspection of pressure vessel should be periodically inspected for evidence of linkage, corrosion
comparing or other types of damage and evidence of usage conditions that may cause the value
malfunction. There should be unrestricted vent path on the outlet of pressure vessel. The pressure
installation inspected process should include
 Checking the test data of the pressure vessel.
 Visual extend inspections looking for science of linkage, corrosion allowance or value
tempering.
 Operating the pressure vessel manually provided this would not hazard to personal or
degrade the value or system performance.
 Verifying that a proper pressure vessel has been selected for the system specified
application. Verification can include material compatibility and checking the flow
calculation for accumulated pressure conclusion found in the safety data package.
 [DOCUMENT TITLE]

4.4 Cost analysis

In our pressure vessel design the shell is made of low alloy steel and support is made up of
carbon steel. The cost is given by ETB/KG.
Material ETB/KG
Low alloy steel 29.92
Carbon steel 6.61
Mineral wool 8
 Mass of the shell and its cost
Ms=Vs × ρ But density of low alloy steel=7600Kg/m3
π
Vs= ( Do 2− Di2 ) Ls But Do=790+13.86=804 mm.
4
π
Vs= ( 804 −790 ) 1870 mm
2 2
4
Vs=1.16 ×10−7 m3 .
−7 3 −4
∴ Ms=1.16 ×10 m × 7600=8.816 × 10 Kg .
−4
cost of shell=8.816× 10 × 22.92=8762.2 birr .
since we use low alloy steel for the shell our cost will be 22.92birr
 Mass head and it’s cost
Mh=Vh× ρ
π
Vh= (804 2−7902 ¿× 197.5
6
Vh=2.3 ×10−3 m3 .
−3
∴ Mh=2.3 ×10 × 7600=17.5 Kg
The cost of the head=mass timlow alloy steel cost=17.5 ×22.92=401.1birr .
 Mass Weight of installation
Wi 3600
W i =3.6 KN . ¿ this value Mi= = =367 Kg.
g 9.81
Cost of installation¿ Mi ×8=367 ×8=2935.8 birr . since weuse mineral wool .

 Mass of saddle
Ms=V × ρ=0.63 m ³ ×7850 Kg/ m³
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Ms=4945.5 birr . which means thetotal cost of the saddle will be equal ¿ 4945.5 × 6.61=32689.25 birr
∴ therefore the total cost of the pressure cessel=32689.25 birr+ 401.1 birr+ 8762.2birr +2935.8 birr=44788.5 bir

Conclusion
To conclude, we passed through series of steps to design the pressure vessel from the very
beginning which was material selection and to the cost analysis. For instance we choose different
material for different parts of the pressure vessel according to the working conditions. In addition
to this, we work on the analysis part of the design and we calculate different parameters such as;
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volume, masses, thickness, stress …..etc. Then, we try to analysis the cost since it’s very
important to determine expense and profit. We also try to check weather our design is so or not
in each steps by checking the calculated value with the given value. Generally, the pressure
vessel design is a very careful design in which the designer should be always alert and active
while designing it and the manufacturer while manufacturing it since it’s a complex process and
need a series of steps and a lot of costs to maintenance after fault is made during designing and
manufacturing and also it can be a disastrous if the vessel is used to keep some acids like sulfuric
acid and benzene also alcohol in addition it’s impossible to control such hazard that can be a
cause of death of many people, animals and cause of a serious of environmental pollution such
as; air pollution, water pollution and soil pollution. So once this problem solved and the designer
propose a maximum efficiency of the pressure vessel,
 Maximum profit can be made
 Long last of performance of pressure vessel
 Failure decrease
 Maintenance cost decrease
 Cause of disastrous decrease
 Availability of the pressure vessel increase
 Market control

Recommendation
We would like to suggest that, in pressure vessel design that we made we pass thorough
different steps, calculation and we choose a lot of material for the production of pressure
vessel so our suggestion is that Firstly, while designing the pressure vessel there should be
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lot of care on the manufacturing process of the pressure vessel since its must to assemble
the parts. Secondly we like to suggest that material selection for the design should keep in
mind while designing which means since we use different material for the manufacturing
process of different parts of the pressure vessel we should select different materials for the
parts to be manufactured with in the given parameters. For instance, the material that used
for the bolt, the vessel, the head are different since they functioned and experience
different application. Thirdly, while designing the other thing should be considered is that
is the cost of the pressure vessel. In this case the designer should remember the expense
and the profit in order to minimize the expense and maximize the profit the following
points are very vital. The first is that, using suitable materials for suitable condition. The
second is that using a material with good property to decrease the maintenance cost. The
third point is that choosing best material that can takes long time of functioning and at last,
if the materials with outstanding property are fat difficult to get using the materials that the
designer has and making some changes like, heat treating the material so as to strengthened
it. Finally, the designer should keep those points which are mentioned above to increase
the profit, to have high performance of the pressure vessel. So generally since our aim
should be in the performance while designing the pressure vessel, the correct procedures
and the appropriate analysis also manufacturing processes.

References
 Coulson &Richardson’s chemical engineering, vol 6.
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 Pressure vessel design manual.

 Senior student’s projects on pressure vessel design.
 http//www.google.com.
 Text book of machine element 1&2.
 Magyesy pressure vessel hand book 11th edition.
 Pressure vessel hand book 10th edition.

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