PARTS OF SPEECH

There are 8 parts of speech:

1. Verb — describes an action or experience.
E.g. run, walk, push, eat

2. Noun — names a person, place, things, or idea.

E.g. house, teacher, cup, shop

3. Adjective — describes a noun or a pronoun.

E.g. short, beautiful, red, old

4. Adverb — describes a verb, an adjective or an adverb. The adverb tells us how often,
how, where, or when.
E.g. slowly, yesterday, always

5. Pronoun — replace the name of a person, place, thing or idea in a sentence.

E.g. I, she, our, they, it

6. Interjection — express strong emotion and is often followed by an exclamation

mark.
E.g. Wow! Oh!

7. Conjunction — connect words, phrases or clauses in a sentence.

E.g. and, but, although, or

8. Preposition — describes the place, time or direction. It is used before a noun or

pronoun.
E.g. under, above, in, during
VERBS
Definition: A verb describes an action or state of being.

Types:
1. Action verbs 5. Linking verbs
2. Stative verbs 6. Finite & non-finite verbs
3. Dynamic verbs 7. Helping verbs
4. Regular & irregular verbs 8. Modal verbs

 Action verb
The verb describes the action the subject is doing.

Transitive Intransitive
An action verb that has a definite object An action verb that has no specific object
that is being acted upon. that is being acted upon.

Subject + verb + object Subject + verb

E.g. All is drawing on the board. E.g. Ali is drawing.

 Stative verb
These verbs tell us about the state of mind of the subject, or the relation between the
subject and the object.
Like Fit
Love Sound
Have Remember
Appear Prefer
Believe Think

 Dynamic verb
These verbs describe an actual action or process carried out by the subject, or a sensation
that is felt by the subject.
Eat Go
Run Become
Sleep Read
Walk Learn
Talk Grow

 Linking verb
Links the subject to a noun or adjective. This helps provide additional information about the
subject.
Am Will be
Is Been
Are Might be
Become Seem
Appear Were
  Regular verb
Verbs that form their past participate with 'd' or 'ed'. They don't undergo substantial
changes when changing forms betweem tenses.
Base form Simple past Past participate
Ask Asked Asked
Believe Believed Believed
Discuss Discussed Discussed
End Ended Ended
Listen Listened Listened

 Irregular verb
These verbs don't follow a rule.

Base form Simple past Past participate

Become Became Become
Buy Bought Bought
Choose Chose Chosen
Do Did Done
Fall Fall Fallen

 Finite verb
These verbs show tense, person and number.
— I go, she goes, we went, we want, etc.

For example:
I work at Starbucks.
She laughed at his joke.

 Non-finite verb
These verbs don't show the tense, person or number.

3 types:
Gerund: act like nouns and can serve as a subject or object in a sentence. They end in –ing.
E.g. Writing is my hobby.

Infinitives: consist of 'to + verb'.

E.g. I want to play football.

Participle: is a form of a verb used in a sentence to modify the noun, noun phrase, verb or
verb phrase.
E.g. The girl waiting outside is my friend.
  Modal verb
Indicate the possibility of something happening, show obligation or give permission.
Will Can / Can't
Shall Could /
Couldn't
Would May
Should Must /
Ought to
Might Need

 Helping verb (auxiliary)

Auxiliary verbs help the main verb. These verbs help us identify the tense of when thr action
occurred.

For example:
Anna is moving to a new house.
They were playing in the park.

Am Has / Had /
Have
Is Do / Did
Are Shall / Will
Was / Were Might
Be / Been Being

NOUNS
Definition: A noun names a person, place, things, or idea.

Singular noun Plural noun

— refers to one place, person, thing or — refers to more than one place, person,
idea. thing or idea.
For example: boat, lion, monkey For example: babies, horses, cats

Types:
1. Common noun 5. Countable noun
2. Proper noun 6. Uncountable noun
3. Concrete noun 7. Compound noun
4. Abstract noun 8. Collective noun

 Common noun
Name non-specific places, people and things.
E.g. boy, country, animal

 Proper noun
Name a specific place, person or thing.
E.g. Reiniel, England, January

 Concrete noun
Refers to people or things that exist physically and can be perceived with one of your senses.
E.g. building, bridge, tree

 Abstract noun
Have no physical existence. They refer to ideas, emotions and concepts.
E.g. fear, time, freedom

 Countable noun
Nouns that can be counted as separate units. They have a singular and plural form.
E.g. cup, bike, apples

 Uncountable noun
Nouns that can't be counted as separate units. They only have a singular form.
E.g. liquids, music, gas

 Compound noun
Two or more smaller words that create a noun.
E.g. notebook, toothpaste, friendship

 Collective noun
Refers to a group of people, animals or things.
E.g. audience, army, crowd
ADJECTIVES
Definition: Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns.
Descriptive adjectives Limiting adjectives
Describe the quality of the noun or Limit a specific noun or pronoun being
pronoun. described.

Types:
1. Descriptive adjective 5. Possessive adjective
2. Adjective of quantity 6. Proper adjective
3. Domonstrative adjective 7. Distributive adjective
4. Interrogative adjective

 Descriptive adjective
Attribute adjective
Attribute a quality to the noun they modify. They come directly before the noun.
E.g. That is a beautiful horse.
Predicative adjective
Follows a linking verb and modify the subject of the sentence or clause. For example:
appear, look, seem, be, etc.
E.g. That house looks expensive.

 Adjective of quantity
Describes the amount of the noun or pronoun.
Definite
Tells us exactly how many or how much.
E.g. Two cars —> Cardinal adjective
E.g. First job —> Ordinal adjective
Indefinite
Tells us generally how many or how much.
All, few, many, any, little, much, most, several, etc.
E.g. She left the house a few hours ago.

 Demonstrative adjective
The same as demonstrstive pronouns. They are used as adjectives to poin to specific nouns.
This, that, these, those
For example:
These are my shoes.
Those earrings are expensive.

 Interrogative adjective
Used in an interrogative sentence and modify a noun or noun phrase.
Which, what, whose
For example:
What did you do today?
Which draw are the socks in?
  Possessive adjective
Shows ownership of a noun.
My, your, her, his, their, our, its
For example:
That is my house.
Where is your phone?

 Proper adjective
Modifies a noun or pronoun by adding a proper noun.
British, Russian, Chinese, Irish, French
For example:
British comedy
French croissant

 Distributive adjective
Refers to group members separaty instead of collectively.
Each, neither, either, every, any, one, both
For example:
Neither of them have finished their homework.
One of the pupils answered the question.

ADVERBS
Definition: An adverb describes a verb, an adjective or anothet adverb. The adverb
expresses the time, manner, degree, place and frequency.
Types:
1. Adverbs of time 4. Adverbs of place
2. Adverbs of manner 5. Adverbs of frequency
3. Adverbs of degree

 Adverbs of time
Provide information about the time the verb tales place.
Now Already
Yesterday Today
Tomorrow Last month
Later Last year
Yet Soon

 Adverbs of manner
Provide information about how a verb is done.
Beautifully Easily
Peacefully Cheerfully
Happily Loudly
Slowly Secretly
Quietly Rapidly

 Adverbs of degree
Describe the level or intensity of a verb, adjective or another adverb.
Quite Just
Almosy Absolutely
Barely Fully
Very Hardly
Completely Softly

 Adverbs of place
Tell us where the verb is taking place.
Away Under
Outside Here
In front There
Inside Upstairs
Over Towards

 Adverbs of frequency
Tell us how often something occurs.
Always Occasionally
Usually Seldom
Normally Rarely
Frequently Never
Sometimes

PRONOUNS
Definition: A pronoun replaces the noun in a sentence. A noun names a person, place,
thing or idea.

Types:
1. Personal pronoun 5. Relative pronoun
2. Possessive pronoun 6. Demonstrative pronoun
3. Reflexive pronoun 7. Interrogative pronoun
4. Reciprocal pronoun 8. Indefinite pronoun

 Personal pronoun
Substitutes a specific person or object.

Subject Object
I, You, They, He, She, It, We Me, Him, Her, You, It, Us, Them

 Possessive pronoun
Shows ownership of a noun.
My, Your, Our, His, Her, Its, Their

Independent possessive pronouns aren't followed by another noun.

Mine, Yours, Ours, His, Hers, Its, Theirs

 Reflexive pronouns
Used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same. These pronouns refer back
to the subject of the sentence.
Myself Itself
Yourself Yourselves
Ourselves Themselves
Himself Herself

 Reciprocal pronouns
Used when two or more people are doing the same thing.
Each other, One another

 Relative pronouns
Connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun.
Who Where
Whom When
Whose Why
Which What

 Demonstrative pronouns
Used to point to the specific noun being mentioned. They can be singular or plural.
This, That, These, Those

 Interrogative pronouns
Take the place of a noun in a question.
Who, Whom, What, Which, Whose

 Indefinite pronouns
Used to show unspecified people or objects. They can be singular or plural.
Everyone Few
Somebody Many
All Something
Nobody Anybody
Anything

INTERJECTIONS
Definition: An interjection is used to express strong emotion and is often followed by an
exclamation mark.

 Interjection of greeting
Hey! Hello! Hi!

 Interjection of bidding farewell

Bye! Good-bye! See ya!

 Interjection of joy
Express emotion of happiness
Hurray! Wow! Yay!

 Interjection of praise
Express approval or praise
Great! Well done! Brilliant! Bravo!

 Interjection of attention
Used to draw attention
Look! Listen! Shh!

 Interjetion of surprise
Express sense of surprise
What! Ah! Oh! Wow!

 Interjection of pain
Express strong emotion of grief or pain
Ouch! Ah! Oh!

 Interjection of doubt
Express uncertainty or thinking
Hmm, Um, Er, Uh

CONJUNCTIONS
Definition: A conjunction joins part of a sentence.
Words
I like to eat pizza and chips.

Phrases
We are going to go to the restaurant or to the cinema.

Clauses
I went to visit my friend but she was not at home.

Types:
1. Coordinating conjunction 3. Correlative conjunction
2. Subordinating conjunction 4. Conjunctive adverbs

 Coordinating conjunction
Join words, phrases or clauses of equal importance.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So

 Joining two words or phrases — no comma.

E.g. She likes to eat burgers and fries.
 Joining items in a sentence — comma required.
E.g. He bought apples, bananas, oranges and cherries from the store.
 Joining two independent clauses — comma required.
E.g. I don't like to eat pizza, but I love to eat pasta.

 Subordinating conjunction
Join a dependent and an independent clause together.
Because Before
Although After
If So that
When While
As Than
Wherever Once
Even though As soon as
Till As if

Conjunction dependent clause, independent clause.

Because I have an exam tomorrow, I have to study all night.
Independent clause conjunction dependent clause.
I have to study all night because I have an exam tomorrow.

 Correlative conjunction
Used in pairs to join parts of a sentence of ewual important.
Either...or
Whether...or
Both...and
Neither...nor
Not only...but (also)
Such...that
No sooner...than
As...as
Scarcely...when

For example:
He was singing as loud as he could.
She was so sad that she cried.
I don't know whether to make rice or pizza.

 Conjunctive adverbs
Adverbs act like conjunctions.
Join independent clauses in a sentence.
Accordingly Also
Besides Consequently
Finally Furthermore
Hence However
Likewise Moreover
Nonetheless Otherwise
Similarly Then
Therefore Thus

Independent clause; conjunctive adverb, independent clause.

I love to visit London; however, it takes very long to get there.

Independent clause, Conjunctive adverb, independent clause.

I love to visit London, However, it take very long to get there.

PREPOSITIONS
Definition: A preposition describes the place, time or direction. It is used with a noun,
pronoun or phrase to connect it to another word.

Types:

1. Simple preposition 4. Participle preposition

2. Double preposition 5. Phrase preposition
3. Compound preposition

 Simple preposition
These prepositions are used to describe the location, time or place.
In
Off
Over
Under
At
On
Near
Down
Through

 Double preposition
These prepositions consist of two simpleprepositions used together.
Into
Onto
Upon
Out of
Without
From within
Up to

 Compound preposition
These prepositions consist of two or more words, generally a simple preposition and another
word.
In addition to
In the middle of
Across from
On behalf of
From beneath
In front of
According to
Aside from
As of
 Participle preposition
These prepositions normally end in -ed and -ing.
Concerning
Considering
During
Following
Including
Frustrated
Provided

 Phrase preposition
Include a preposition, an object and the objects modifier. The prepositional phrase modifies
a verb or a noun.
On time
At home
Under the bed
Before work
After school
Near the house
Toward the road

Location Time Movement Manner

Above At Against As
Below After Along By
Behind Before Around In
Beside By Down With
Between During From Like
By From Into On
Inside On Off
In Past On
Near Since Onto
On Through Out of
Over To Toward
Under Until Up
Through Upon Upon

Other prepositions: