Marine Geology, 111 (1993) 231-244 231

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam

Sediment transport pathways in the Skagerrak and Kattegat as

indicated by sediment Chernobyl radioactivity and heavy
metal concentrations

A . K u i j p e r s a, B. D e n n e g ~ r d b, Y . A l b i n s s o n c a n d A . J e n s e n d
aGeological Survey of Denmark, Thoravej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
bDepartment of Marine Geology, Giiteborg University, Box 7064, S-402 32 G6teborg, Sweden
CDepartment of Nuclear Chemistry, Chalmers University of Technology, S-412 96 Giiteborg, Sweden
dDanish Hydraulic Institute, Agern Allee 5, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
(Received May 23, 1991; revision accepted February 19, 1992)

ABSTRACT

Kuijpers, A., Denneg~rd, B., Albinsson, Y. and Jensen, A., 1993. Sediment transport pathways in the Skagerrak and Kattegat
as indicated by sediment Chernobyl radioactivity and heavy metal concentrations. In: G. Liebezeit, T.C.E. van Weering and
J. Rumohr (Editors), Holocene Sedimentation in the Skagerrak. Mar. Geol., 111: 231-244.

The concentration of the heavy metals Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn as well as Chernobyl Cs-137 radioactivity was determined in
surface sediments from the Skagerrak and Kanegat. Sediment samples from adjacent Swedish fiords were analysed as well.
The sampling was carried out between spring 1988 and autumn 1990.
Highest concentrations of heavy metals and largest Cs-137 activities occur in fine-grained organic-rich (> 2% Cot,) sediment
from Swedish inshore waters and locally also in the Kattegat. Regional trends of relative enrichment of the various heavy
metals and Chernobyl Cs-137 with respect to organic carbon was used to determine transport patterns of material enriched
with respective elements.
It can be proven that deposition of fine-grained material transported from the (southern) North Sea by the Jutland Current
is the main mechanism determining the regional accumulation of lead and Chernobyl-derived Cs-137. This mechanism princi-
pally controlls the areal distribution of mercury-enriched material as well, but it is regionally of less importance as far as the
accumulation of Cu and Zn concerns. The Chernobyl Cs-137 data show that a large proportion of the fine-grained material
transported by the Jutland Current originally is river-borne suspension load from (central) western Europe.
The areal enrichment pattern of copper, and on a smaller scale those of mercury and zinc too, points to westerly directed
suspension load transport across the Kattegat. Material enriched with these elements apparently is being discharged from
Swedish industrial and urban centers, in particular the G6teborg area.

Introduction in the western S k a g e r r a k ( N o l t i n g a n d Eisma,

T h e S k a g e r r a k a n d n o r t h e r n K a t t e g a t a r e a is
well k n o w n as one o f the few sites where a
significant a c c u m u l a t i o n o f s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r f r o m
the N o r t h Sea occurs (e.g. E i s m a a n d K a l f , 1987).
A s t u d y o f the e l e m e n t a r y c o m p o s i t i o n o f sus-
p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r in the N o r t h Sea shows
t h a t the influence f r o m the s o u t h e r n N o r t h Sea on
the c h a r a c t e r o f the s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r is strongest
Correspondence to: A. Kuijpers, Geological Survey of Den-
mark, Thoravej 8, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark.
1988). P a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t p a r t o f the s u s p e n d e d
m a t t e r o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m river-discharge in the
s o u t h e r n N o r t h Sea c a n be a s s u m e d to be c o n t a m i -
n a t e d b y a wide r a n g e o f p o l l u t a n t s . B a n a t et al.
(1972) have r e p o r t e d e n r i c h m e n t levels o f n o r t h -
west E u r o p e a n rivers to have reached a f a c t o r o f
5 - 1 0 0 for the h e a v y m e t a l s c o p p e r , zinc, lead,
c a d m i u m a n d m e r c u r y . O b s e r v a t i o n s m a d e in the
D a n i s h sector o f the N o r t h Sea between 1979 a n d
1983 indicate a S - N g r a d i e n t o f the seawater
c a d m i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n suggestive o f a c a d m i u m
source in the G e r m a n Bight (Int. N o r t h Sea Confer-

0025-3227/93/$06.00 © 1993 - - Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.

232
ence, 1987). Heavy metal concentrations in the
surface sediments of Skagerrak and Kattegat have
previously been studied by Olausson et al. (1972).
Furthermore, Pheiffer Madsen and Larsen (1986)
demonstrate that surficial sediments of the Kat-
tegat have been enriched by a factor 2-3 for Zn,
Cd, Pb and by a factor 4-9 for Hg. These rates
are comparable with those measured in recent
Baltic Sea sediments (Erlenkeuser et al., 1974).
It should be noted that for some of the elements
dealt with, as e.g. Pb, atmospheric transport may
significantly contribute to large-scale spreading of
the element (e.g. Murozumi et al., 1969).
Until the beginning of the 1960s artificial
radionuclide input into the marine environment
was exclusively attributable to atmospheric nuclear
bomb testing. When regarding the northwest
European shelf seas, however, since that time the
main source has increasingly been the nuclear
energy industry, in particular reprocessing plants.
In the region dealt with, one nuclear energy station
(Ringhals) is located on the Swedish coast border-
ing the Kattegat. Analysis of sediment sampled
from the surroundings of Ringhals in 1984
revealed, however, that most of the Cs-137 radioac-
tivity originated from the UK reprocessing plant
Sellafield (Notter, 1986). This is attributable to
the current system prevailing in the North Sea,
which favours the transport of radionuclides from
the reprocessing plants in the UK (Sellafield) and
France (La Hague) towards Skagerrak and Kat-
tegat (Kautsky, 1985). A more recent input of
artificial radionuclides is due to the nuclear
accident at Chernobyl in 1986, with fallout having
been particularly severe in the Baltic region (e.g.
Nies and Wedekind, 1987).
Aim of the present study is to determine the
areal enrichment patterns of selected heavy metals
and radionuclides in surface sediments, in order
to reveal sediment transport pathways and to link
these to the regional hydrography. Figure 1 shows
the location of the study area with the sampling
stations.
Hydrography and recent sedimentation
An important characteristic of the hydrography
of the Skagerrak and Kattegat is the variability
A. KUIJPERS ET AL.
of the non-tidal currents prevailing here. A
summary of the regional current pattern has
recently been given by Fonselius (1987, 1990). The
currents are not only controlled by the local wind
conditions, but they are to a large degree also
dependent on the general atmospheric situation
over the northeast Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic
(Dietrich, 1951; Dickson, 1973).
Normally, low salinity water (S<20%o) from
the Baltic flows north through the Kattegat into
the Skagerrak ("Baltic Current"). These water
masses are mainly concentrated at the surface
along the Swedish coast. In the Skagerrak and
Norwegian Channel upper layer outflow follows
the Norwegian coast ("Norwegian Coastal Cur-
rent"). On the other hand, more saline water
masses are transported along the Danish coast
from the North Sea into the Skagerrak ("Jutland
Current") and northern Kattegat (Tomczak, 1968;
Svansson, 1975; Rodhe, 1987).
As illustrated in Fig. 2, the actual hydrographic
conditions can, however, strongly differ from the
general pattern outlined above. This figure shows
a situation of marked salinity gradients in the
northern Kattegat which results from strong
outflow of springtime (melt)water from amongst
others, the G6ta River (G6teborg area) into the
Kattegat.
According to Eisma and Kalf (1987), about 40
million tons (dry weight) of suspended matter is
transported through the North Sea annually. Half
the amount is concluded to originate primarily
from sources in the southern North Sea. These
authors estimate that 50-70% of the suspended
matter is deposited in the Kattegat-Skagerrak-
Norwegian Channel.
Van Weering et al. (1987) indicate a comparable
amount of sediment to accumulate annually in
the Skagerrak. Previously, Rodhe (1973) calculated
that the amount of suspended matter entering the
eastern Skagerrak and Kattegat is in the order of
8 × 10 6 t/yr. Also other observations (Van Weering,
1981; F/ilt, 1982) point to a significant sediment
transport from the Skagerrak into the northern
Kattegat.
In the Skagerrak fine-grained silty and muddy
sediments are deposited only at water depths in
excess of about 70 m. As previously shown by
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYSIN THE SKAGERRAK AND KATTEGAT 233

12 °
+%° + STROMSTAD +

NORWAY .'-
:" V7~
• -, %w
SWEDEN

+ 5 8 °

• :. " ... 7~1"2~ #5 ..:: "~4 ~7 2625

. . . . . . jTo. -,103 - . 7 , _ #2:#9 ca" p
I GOTEBORG
~oI ~ 05
.lo6

/
'

FREDERIKSHAVN
l
~319 .12"_
: 8 ~ 7' ~4
•
........
,,
~..'..
,i •
i ~
•
j6 ~5~1 pl
~1 ~ p

/
/
J
/ / ~ _

~I ~2 ?6

DENMARK

,st-t ....
W "~
\ I+
3°
10 °
+ I 5¢]
Fig. I. Location of the sampling stations with the main features of the regional bathymetry.

Van Weering (1981), the sediment organic carbon records (Van Weering, 1981; Denneg~%rd and
content in this area is well associated with the Liljestrand, 1988).
clay-size fraction. In the northern Kattegat a
significant mud accumulation area is located on Methods
the western slope of the "Djupa R/innan" (Ffilt,
1982). This is the channel running along the Sediment sampling was carried out with RV
Swedish coast in the northern Kattegat (Fig. 1). Svanic, G6teborg University, between April 1988
Pb-210 measurements indicate very high sediment and August 1990. Positioning was by the Decca
accumulation rates of up to 10mm/yr on the navigation system.
slope of the channel (Jensen, 1980). Another area Sediment samples were obtained using a 10 m
of high sediment accumulation rates in excess of piston corer, a 1 m gravity corer and a box corer
4 mm/yr is found in the northeastern Skagerrak (0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 m). Only samples obtained by box
(Van Weering et al., 1987). The fine-grained corer and gravity corer are referred to in the
sediments in these areas commonly are observed present study.
to have a high gas content displayed on seismic After onboard description of the surface sedi-
234
~S z~/322
,,r~/ , / / l i e
l IA,)_.
Fig. 2. Surface water salinity in Skagerrak and Kattegat, April
1987 (Fonselius, 1990).
ment, 2 subcores were taken from the box core.
Additionally, separate samples were obtained from
the 0-2cm and 10-12cm depth interval. These
samples were stored at low temperature in 100 ml
plastic vials and analysed in the laboratory for
Corg, N and the heavy metal content (Hg, Pb, Cd,
Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn). At a number of sites duplicate
box cores were collected in order to obtain large-
quantity (1 kg dry weight) samples for radionuclide
analysis. Before measuring the Cot,, N and heavy
metal content, the subsamples were freeze-dried
and homogenized. After removal of inorganic
carbon (Hedges and Stern, 1983), the sediment
organic carbon and nitrogen content was deter-
mined with a Carlo Erba NA 1500 C/N analyser.
For the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni and
Zn, 1 g of sediment was used and treated with
7 M HNO3.
After filtration, the concentration of various
elements in solution was measured with a Perkin-
Elmer 5000 atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
A graphite furnace atomic absorption technique
A. KUIJPERS ET AL.
was applied for all elements except for Zn (flame).
For mercury, 4 g of sediment was treated with
Aqua Regia (Olausson, 1975) and extracts were
analysed with a flameless mercury analyser (Per-
kin-Elmer Coleman MAS-50).
Artificial radionuclides Cs-134 and Cs-137 were
measured by gamma-spectroscopy at the Danish
Isotope Centre in Copenhagen and at the Institute
of Nuclear Chemistry of Chalmers University of
Technology in Grteborg. Dry samples of 250 ml
were counted for 24 hours with a Ge (Li) detector.
A Quaternary clay from a quarry was used as
calibration standard. The clay was dried and
pulverized. 250 ml was checked for an eventually
original content of Cs-137. The efficiency of the
~,o
Ge (Li) detector obtained from this standard was
15% and the same efficiency was assumed for Cs-
134. Detection limit for Cs-137 was 2 Bq/kg and
for Cs-134 0.5 Bq/kg.
The Cs-137 contribution from Chernobyl was
calculated from the Cs-134 activity assuming a
Cs-134/Cs-137 activity ratio of 0.55 on April 26,
1986. It was further assumed that the short-lived
isotope Cs-134 (T1/2 of about 2 yrs) originates
entirely from the Chernobyl fallout.
For sample standardization, ratios of respective
elements to organic carbon have been calculated.
For each element, the minimum value of this ratio
has been defined to be the reference for the other
samples to compare with. This was done in order
to illustrate the areal enrichment pattern of
respective element with respect to organic carbon.
As for Cs-137 activities known to be mainly
associated with the clay mineral content, this
standardization method will be discussed in more
detail later in this paper.
In order to reduce effects of local patchiness
induced by individual stations, a statistical kriging
treatment using a weighted-moving-average inter-
polation method has been applied to the analytical
data set (Nyborg et al., in prep.). The results thus
obtained have formed the basis for a block grid
for establishing the isoline patterns.
Results
For the present study a selection has been made
from the total number of elements analysed. The
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS IN THE SKAGERRAK AND KATTEGAT
selected elements are Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn as well
as the Cs-137 contribution from the Chernobyl
accident. Only the surface 0 - 2 c m sediment
interval is dealt with. Geographical positions of
the stations are referred to on Table 1.
Sediment sampled is predominantly bioturbated
silty clay and clayey silt. Sediment surface colors
are generally light olive grey (5Y5/2) or moderate
olive brown (5Y4/4). Below a thin (1-2cm)
oxidized surface layer colors turn to mainly (dark)
grey indicative of sub- and anoxic conditions.
Sediments collected off the Danish coast in the
Kattegat and in the southern part of the Skagerrak
are generally coarser and consist of sand. In these
sediments the boundary between the oxidized
surficial sediment la~/er and non-oxic sediment
below is commonly found at greater depth
(> 2 cm). Sand and coarser debris was found at
station 16, northeast of Laes6.
For each individual station the sediment organic
carbon content, the concentration of the heavy
metals and the Chernobyl Cs-137 specific activity
is given in Table 1. In contrast to the results
presented for organic carbon and heavy metals,
not all stations have been analysed for Cs-137.
Data given here are from stations with numbers
between 7 and 84.
Figure 3 shows the areal distribution of the
organic carbon content in the upper 2 cm of
sediment. It should be borne in mind that Figs. 4
to 8 show the results from statistical kriging
treatment of the heavy metal and radionuclide
data. Analytical results for respective elements are
summarized in the following.
Organic carbon (Fig. 3)
The highest values in excess of 3% Co~g were
measured at the stations 76, 77 and 78 in the
south eastern Kattegat. Such high values locally
also occur in Swedish inshore waters near G6teb-
org (stations 62 and 64). A low organic carbon
content (< 1.0%) is typical of the sandy sediments
sampled in the southern Skagerrak. A minimum
value of 0.05% Corg was found here at station
102.
Mercury (Fig. 4)
Sediment sampled near G6teborg contains the
largest amount of mercury with a maximum of
235
859 ng/g Hg measured at station 62. High concen-
trations locally also oCcur in the northern Kattegat
(station 21) and in the northern entrance of the
Sound at station 101. Notably low values, i.e.
below the detection limit ( = 1 0 n g / g H g ) were
measured in the southern Skagerrak at stations
102 and 108. In addition, station 107 yielded a
low concentration of only 17 ng/g Hg.
Copper (Fig. 5)
Copper also had the highest concentration
(40 Ixg/g Cu) at station 62 near G6teborg. High
concentrations were locally found also elsewhere
in the Swedish fjords as well as at stations 77 and
79 in the southeastern Kattegat. Copper concen-
trations are low in sandy sediments from the
southern Skagerrak. A minimum concentration of
0.9 mg/kg Cu was measured in sediment from
station 102.
Lead (Fig. 6)
The highest concentration (37 ~tg/g Pb) was
found in sediment from station 77 in the Kattegat,
with another peak value measured in sediment
from nearby station 79. At inshore station 71 a
nearly similarly high concentration was found.
Low concentrations are typical of the sandy
sediments present in the southern Skagerrak,
where station 102 yielded a minimum of 2 ~tg/g
Pb.
Zinc (Fig. 7)
The highest zinc concentrations occur in the
Swedish fjords with a maximum of 190 I~g/g Zn
measured at station 72. However, high concen-
tration levels were also found off the Swedish
coast, in particular in the southeastern Kattegat
(stations 77 and 79). The zinc concentration is
low in the southern Skagerrak, where a minimum
of 0.9 I~g/g Zn was measured in sediment from
station 102.
Chernobyl Cs-137 (Fig. 8)
Sediments from the Swedish fjords appear to
have the highest specific activity, with a maximum
of 46 Bq/kg (dry weight) Chernobyl-derived Cs-
137 occurring at station 62 located near G6teborg.
Another relatively high value (32.5 Bq/kg) was,
236 A. KUIJPERSET AL

TABLE I

Sampling position, water depth and sediment content of Corg, Cs-134 and
Cs-137 (Chernobyl), Hg, Pb, Zn and Cu
l.ongitude Latitude D~th Corg Ca - 137 C s - 134 Hg lab Zn Cu
E N m % (Chemobyl) Bq~g ng/g p /g ~l/g p~g
BqJkg
01 11.3950 57,2963 33 229 050 250 1~40 130
02 t 1. 3525 57, 27 40 ~)2 1 95 96 0 21 0 103 0 12 0
03 I 1, 31.36 572620 68 212 280 220 930 110
04 11,2581 57,2520 74 195 1610 200 910 120
05 11.2887 57,24 I1 82 209 1590 2~0 970 120
O6 1 I, 24 62 57, 23 79 67 2 18 80 0 230 106 0 ~3 0
07 1 I, 37.46 67.24 09 61 2 18 80 0 23 0 103 0 13 0
K81 I I, 2987 67.26 34 67 18 0 1480 190 88 0 11 0
09 11,5618 " 87,1.518 46 254 350 280 1240 1.50
10 11.5~ 66 87, 07 04 ~5 272 31 0 270 141 0 16 0
11 1 I, 54 44 57, o3 07 49 226 8o0 21 0 I090 13 0
12 11,08 06 67.32.92 40 1 81 140 0 20 0 820 12 0
~3 11,1987 57.34 40 49 1.59 75.0 190 83.0 120
14 11.25,40 37, 36.50 74 1.75 140 80 108.0 23.0 970 120
15 11 2736 87, 50.50 50 166 106 60 910 18.0 770 110
17 10.61 80 57.28.07 37 1.98 148.0 230 93,0 130
16 10.45.52 $7, 25.88 29 182 104 69 99.0 190 660 120
I~ 10158.70 57.32..31 33 1.62 1420 180 720 100
20 11, 02.50 57.3O.39 31 1.24 7.2 41 93.0 150 60.0 90
21 11.05.85 67.40,86 33 1.07 3920 14.0 60.0 10 0
22 1 I. 13.41 57, 3081 40 157 93 53 1250 19.0 78.0 10.0
23 11, 24.43 57, 4033 96 203 21.0 24.0 89.0 11 0
24 11.1810 57, 46.22 62 1.67 7.3 43 115.0 E2.0 70.0 110
25 11,13.40 57. 3343 72 171 14.6 83 12~0 21 0 81.0 110
26 1 I, 04.17 57.54.23 72 15 0 10 0 82 480 13.0 47.0 80
27 10, 5470 57, 6232 93 990 74 0 120 37 0 5.0
28 10.48.50 67, 40.73 90 580 430 90 25.0 4.0
29 I 0. 44.32 57, 4402 22 630 8I 36 46 0 70 -- 40
30 10,47 73 87.3(.49 -- -- 44 25 . . . .
31 11, 26.03 57.28.53 50 1 29 930 170 630 90
32 10.29.74 58, 50.03 110 166 1050 190 830 100
33 10. 29.04 37.37.16 100 1.83 840 220 800 100
3~ 10.39.21 67.67 23 150 2.50 80.0 ~20 87.0 12.0
10.45.03 87.58.14 180 208 119.0 L:~0 98.0 12.0
36 11, 03.83 50. 08.08 140 18 2 1060 200 830 100
37 10.83.10 58. 05.58 190 223 1060 240 99.0 130
38 10. 49.01 58, 92.38 200 226 76.0 26.0 07.0 14.0
39 I0, 05.98 58, 50.11 140 143 1090 17.0 68.0 100
4O 1 I, O3.32. 05, 03.31 13O I 68 78.0 21.0 80.0 100
41 11, 07.30 57, 59.66 87 175 98.0 21,0 77.0 10.0
42 10.50,43 67. 3g.M; 29 124 9O0 15.6 67,6 08
43 10.81.92 67. 33.90 27 1.50 1042 15.8 54,2 76
44~ I 1.01.35 57, 27.84 30 0.99 124 7.1 644 10.3 334 43
11,3131 57, 30.50 60 226 150.2 34.0 110.0 175
44~ 11, 1880 67, 41.04 49 163 141.8 24.9 84.0 128
11.21 10 57, 44.§7 95 2.12 1890 290 950 161
48 11, 21,02 67, 49.82 66 187 179+6 28.4 86.8 12 0
40 11.39.00 67, 26,11 19 048 39.5 89 Z2.8 31
50 11.37.10 57.36.57 16 0.84 12.2 89 57.0 92 331 40
51 10, 6;~.50 67.50,61 93 0.72 771 44 5451 101 31.3 38
82 10.14.50 57, 50.03 78 110 111 83 920 14 2 45.2 63
63 I0, 01.50 67, 51 09 62 123 15.o 8.6 806 160 54).3 70
54 09.52.03 57~ 58.52 99 0.32 O 0 s2.1 7.0 208 22
55 00. 41.01 87.5504 98 0.48 8.1 36 83.1 8.0 23,7 2.6
56 10.13.03 57.67.31 80 1.36 10,0 57 118,2 19.7 643 87
67 I0.15.07 58, 03.48 108 I 71 17.5 100 1294 20.1 63.1 8.7
58 10. 23.10 58, 50.01 160 165 18.4 105 1009 22.3 83.8 8.6
5(~9 11.01.20 57.445.75 41 1 11 13+8 79 103.8 15.0 50.3 7.3
11.12.81 $7. 43.59 42 13O 1369 16.8 81.0 9.3
81 11.31,50 07, 30,50 65 1.o5 504 101 5.0.8 67
82 11, 49.24 57.40.22 11 3.74 48.0 26.2 8588 23.9 15~.0 399
63 11.47.22 57. 40.54 13 1.61 125.8 10.5 75.5 16.8
84 11.41.39 67,40.31 21 3.24 20.8 17.0 375.1 26.7 119.0 25.2
65 11.43.22 57, 46.10 12 2.84 40.1 22,9 548.8 22.6 1420 24.6
66 11.44.41 37.46.44 4 2.71 44.3 25.3 2440 13.2 105.0 17.7
87 11.2t5.33 57.46.09 48 1.57 1138 18.2 73.8 11.1
68 11.10.O5 07.52.50 38 2.09 157 6.9 172.8 17.0 793 13.3
69 1 I. 18.50 57.61.11 91 1,88 193.2 222 926 16.5
70 11.24.34 67.55.25 46 L31 16.7 9.5 104)8 173 73.3 93
71 11.32,42 58. 1999 101 3.21 43.0 25.0 130.9 33.4 1560 233
72 11, 48.46 58. 1895 39 295 28.3 16 0 178.3 22.8 190.0 293
73 11, 45.38 57.5913 16 266 33.7 19.2 1913 296 143.0 243
74 12, 10.25 57, 0452 23 037 O 0 37.0 52 29.7 2.1
76 120246 57, 50.72 50 2.48 19 3 110 749 273 1200 169
78 12,1834 56,5002 32 194 237 135 370 255 1030 ~27
77 12, 39.71 56. 3282 20 389 32 5 185 58 5 36 B 134 0 203
78 12.2978 56.3313 25 330 11.0 83 514 122 519 59
78 12.2363 56, 3O.36 35 316 163 104 270 363 1420 208
80 12. 12,48 56, 3O.92 53 2 95 249 14 2 860 29 9 1300 170
81 11.53.32 56. 89.88 31 0.47 0 0 324 57 3O3 30
82 12.03.67 50.50.03 44 2.55 210 120 365 ,308 1210 18.3
~8~ 12.04.34 50, 50 53 46 0.64 105 60 444 8.9 447 52
I1, 59.22 97, 18.01 34 2.22 195 111 M9 287 1040 168
85 11.09.50 07.37.40 77 1 18 123 4 12 2 97.4 7.4
11.21 ./AS 58. 19.30 32 236 1739 25.8 118,0 16.3
11, ~*,30 50.3150 63 1.82 79.5 20.6 9411.3 12.9
88 11, 04.76 58. 3627 60 1 66 836 18 4 780 9.9
~0 10. f,2.0~ 54. 05.75 76 160 118.8 20.3 89.4 11.4
1 I. 04.24 57, S0.(~ 50 094 95.4 1t 3 54.5 6.6
01 10. 54.42 07.48.85 58 086 87.6 93 44.6 6.3
9~ 10. 46.50 37.40.89 40 057 63.9 98 35,8 4.8
11.00.12 541,~ . 1 6 93 181 1254 19.8 91.3 111
94 11,05.35 58. 50.50 109 232 95.4 27.6 118,0 16.5

10.4750 M , 40.50 215 1459 255 110.0 14.0

97 10.33 M 56.48.32 110 I 58 886 218 81.7 10.9
98 10.48.00 58,40.92 112 210 155.0 266 98.0 126
99 10.0530 58,34.30 148 168 131.3 231 840 11 1
100 12, ~0 18 50.17.33 27 173 574 182 838 11 1
101 12. ; ~ 5 0 50,10.50 24 093 3488 10.3 41 8 64
102 9, 2350 57, 44.15 32 005 O0 2.3 89 09
103 9, 0~ 93 57.47,50 129 053 465 57 30 2 40
104 8.4847 57, 48.07 192 073 37 6 92 36 6 53
105 8.4317 87, 36.09 89 042 250 54 257 30
106 8. 4250 67, 3O.04 64 032 20.5 6.9 18 5 20
107 8, 20.50 57.36.116 64 0.72 16.5 73 24 2 41
105 9.18,O3 57.41.50 266 2.48 0.0 218 794 133
109 9.88.43 $7.44 .~3 304 1.39 48.9 187 604 01
110 II. 93.18 57. 48 92 2O2 O,56 3O.0 89 ~5 3.o
111 0, 00.42 37, 01 0 5 237 10 7 28.0 10 2 34 5 82
112 9,13.91 87.53.90 210 0.70 41,0 91 350 42
113 0, 42.79 50, 03.85 311 131 43,8 11 0 469 80
I '~4 8, 5 7 11 58. 0308 165 1,50 58 5 109 462 69
115 10.3601 S~. 01 O0 180 150 1054 236 t;156 135
118 11, 30 44 57, 11 50 188 208 740 229 1020 148
SEDIMENT T R A N S P O R T PATHWAYS IN THE S K A G E R R A K A N D KATTEGAT 237

,B'sg.
NORWAY ~ *

? SWEDEN

P eo ,oo

:'i)
DENMARK'

(a) +,. ~o. T ~.

Fig. 3. The organic carbon content (%) of surface sediment

(0-2 cm) in Skagerrak and Kattegat. NORWAY ;~)
J
SWEDEN

however, measured in sediment from station 77

in the southeastern Kattegat. Levels below the
detection limit (< 2 Bq/kg) were found at station
74 and 81 in the Kattegat and at station 54 in
the Skagerrak. Generally, sandy sediments in the
southern Skagerrak and northern Kattegat have
a Chernobyl Cs-137 contribution of less than
15 Bq/kg (dry weight). Within this context it is "+.

worthwhile mentioning that Cs-134 specific activi- DENMARK

ties measured were generally between 2.5 and m
9.0 Bq/kg (dry weight; Kuijpers et al., 1989). With
the exception of one station (27), the Cs-137
Hg/Co~
contribution from other sources (e.g. Sellafield)
{b)
clearly exceeded the Chernobyl-derived Cs-137
specific activity by a factor of up to 2.5 at the
Fig. 4. (a) Sediment mercury concentrations (ng/g Hg) in the
maximum. upper 0-2 cm of sediment. The isoline patterns in Fig. 4a and
b have been obtained from statistical kriging treatment of the
Discussion analytical data set. (b) Relative enrichment of mercury with
respect to organic carbon in comparison with the reference
sample (108). Arrows indicate transport pathways of mercury-
Studies on h e a v y m e t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in the enriched material.
surficial s e d i m e n t s o f S k a g e r r a k , K a t t e g a t a n d
a d j a c e n t Swedish fiords were p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d
b y O l a u s s o n et al. (1972), P e d e r s t a d et al. (1980),
238
Fig. 5. (a) Sediment copper concentrations (~tg/gCu) in the
upper 0-2 cm of sediment. The isoline patterns in Fig. 5a and
b have been obtained from statistical kriging treatment of the
analytical data set. (b) Relative enrichment of copper with
respect to organic carbon in comparison with the reference
sample (78). Arrows indicate transport pathways of copper-
enriched material.
A. KUIJPERSET AL.
Fig. 6. (a) Sediment lead concentrations (~tg/g Pb) in the upper
0-2 cm of sediment. The isoline patterns in Fig. 6a and b have
been obtained from statistical kriging treatment of the
analytical data set. (b) Relative enrichment of lead with respect
to organic carbon in comparison with the reference sample
(78). Arrows indicate transport pathways of lead-enriched
material.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS IN THE SKAGERRAK AND KATTEGAT 239

~" , SWEDEN
/ is
•

• se° ~o.~ " : " " "

l/'!.'a' /
NORWAY ~ ~
SWEDEN

+ +, *~7

DENMARK

r
Cso137/C~
(b) ~ ~° 1 \

Fig. 8. (a) Chernobyl-derived specific activity of Cs-137 (Bq/

Fig. 7. (a) Sediment zinc concentrations (ktg/g Zn) in the upper
0-2 cm of sediment. The isoline patterns in Fig. 7a and b have
been obtained from statistical kriging treatment of the
analytical data set. (b) Relative enrichment of zinc with respect
to organic carbon in comparison with the reference sample
(78). Arrows indicate transport pathways of zinc-enriched
material.
kg dry weight) in the upper 0-2 cm of sediment. The isoline
patterns in Fig. 8a and b have been obtained from statistical
kriging treatment of the analytical data set. (b) Relative
enrichment of Chernobyl Cs-137 with respect to organic
carbon in comparison with the reference sample (24). The
arrow indicates the transport pathway of cesium-enriched
material.
240
Lyngby and Brix (1984) and Cato (1977, 1986,
1990).
The surface sediment concentrations of the
elements Cu, Pb and Zn found in the present
study are clearly higher than those reported by
Olausson et al. (1972). For the element Hg
concentration levels are about the same. Zinc
concentrations measured in surface sediments from
the Skagerrak in the late 1970s (Pederstad et al.,
1980) have comparable or slightly higher values
than those published by Olausson et al. (1972).
The concentrations of Cu and Zn in near-shore
sediments between Skagen and Frederikshavn
(Lyngby and Brix, 1984) are comparable or slightly
lower than the concentrations found in the present
study for stations further offshore. The heavy
metal concentrations from stations in the Swedish
fjords as given in the present study are comparable
with those reported from that area by other
authors (Cato, 1977, 1986, 1990; Bornmalm, 1987).
The Cs-137 sediment contamination induced by
the Chernobyl accident can be stated to reach a
level comparable to that induced by Sellafield
peak discharges in the period 1974-1980. Sediment
sampled in 1984 from the surroundings of Ringh-
als, eastern Kattegat, yielded up to 66 Bq/kg (dry
weight) Cs-137, which for the largest part was
ascribed to Sellafield discharges (Notter, 1986).
Within this context it should be borne in mind
that our sediment sampling started two years after
the Chernobyl accident. Kautsky et al. (1980) and
Kautsky (1985) indicate a transport time for
waters from the German Bight, North Sea, to
reach the northern Kattegat of about one year. A
direct Chernobyl Cs-137 fallout in the Skagerrak
region could be proven by the study of sediment
trap samples collected immediately after the acci-
dent (Kempe and Nies, 1987). However, Nies and
Wedekind (1987) were able to show that in May
and June 1986 radionuclides from Chernobyl
fallout were most dominant in the coastal zone
of the southeastern North Sea and Skagerrak,
whereas elsewhere in the North Sea artificial
radioactivity had to be ascribed mainly to Sellafield
contamination. These authors also demonstrated
that North Sea water radioactive contamination
from Chernobyl was persistingly significant off the
Elbe estuary until late summer 1986. The Cs-137
A. KUIJPERS ET AL.
activity measured in suspended matter collected
from the coastal zone of the German Bight in
December 1986 still yielded high values of up to
150 Bq/kg Cs-137. In the Baltic it was found that
more than one year after the Chernobyl accident
Cs-137 activities started to increase in the southern
parts. This can be ascribed to water mass transport
from the Aaland region initially most severely
affected by Chernobyl fallout. Chernobyl-derived
Cs-137 specific activities measured in fine-grained
sediments from the Bay of Lubeck, southwestern
Baltic, reached maximum values of up to 200 Bq/
kg. Sediment from the German Bight had specific
activities of up to 20 Bq/kg Cs-137.
The Chernobyl contamination of the sites inves-
tigated in the Baltic and North Sea did not reach
further down than 5 cm subbottom depth one
year after the accident (Nies and Wedekind, 1987).
Interestingly, Cs-137 analysis of surface sediment
from our stations 54, 74 and 81 revealed virtually
no Chernobyl radioactivity, whereas at another
station (24) a Chernobyl Cs-137 peak was found
at 10-12cm subbottom depth instead of at the
surface (see Kuijpers et al., 1989). In addition, at
station 29 near Skagen the Chernobyl Cs-137
radioactivity was the same at 0-2cm and at
10-12 cm subbottom depth. At all other stations
the Chernobyl Cs-137 peak occurs in the topmost
few centimeters of the sediment column, with a
minor Chernobyl Cs-137 activity detectible at
10-12 cm depth. This can be attributed to biologi-
cal mixing which may affect the sediments down
to 22 cm subbottom depth (Jensen, 1980). With a
sediment accumulation rate not exceeding l0 mm/
yr (Jensen, 1980; Van Weering et al., 1987), it
must be evident that a lack of Chernobyl radioac-
tivity at the sites mentioned has to be ascribed to
mechanical reworking as induced by current- and
wave-action, trawling etc.
A presentation of absolute heavy metal concen-
trations and radioactivity values only without a
standardization for various sediment types
sampled would not provide us with further
indications on sediment distribution pathways.
From many studies it is known that fine-grained
sediments generally have a higher organic carbon
content. Moreover, it could be illustrated that
heavy metal concentrations well correlate with the
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS IN THE SKAGERRAK AND KATTEGAT
sediment organic carbon content (e.g. Kuijpers,
1974; Cato, 1977, 1986; Abu-Hilal and Badran,
1990). Hamilton (1989) reports that also radionu-
clides are preferably associated with organic-rich
material. Other evidence (e.g. Wilken and Diehl,
1989), however, indicates that Cs-137 is mainly
bound to clay minerals, in particular to illite.
Van Weering (1981) showed that the sediment
organic carbon content in the Skagerrak is well
associated with the clay fraction in the well-sorted
sand to moderately-sorted silt population. Further-
more, Wirth and Wiesner (1988) demonstrated
that the total organic carbon content in the
<20 txm fraction of surface sediments in the
Skagerrak does not display any significant regional
change. Thus, regardless of the sediment type, a
well-defined relationship appears to exist between
organic matter content and the finest fraction of
our sediment sampled, including the clay mineral
content.
Grain-size fractionation in the laboratory has
been proven to yield major uncertainties with
regard to trace metal contents. This can be
ascribed to cluster formation during drying (see
also Stevens, 1987), inducing an anomalously high
metal content in medium and coarse sediment
fractions (Krumgalz, 1989). Also Lohse (1988)
reported that such a fractionation was less useful
when compared with a standardization based on
total organic matter. By using the organic carbon
content, Knickmeyer and Steinhart (1988) and
Cato (1977, 1986, 1989) revealed the geographic
differences in sediment organochlorine and heavy
metal contamination, respectively. However, other
relevant factors are to be taken into consideration
as well.
A major regional change in the composition of
the organic matter could influence the sorption
potential of heavy metals and radionuclides.
Wiesner et al. (1990) reported that 50-70% of the
total organic matter in recent sediment of the
Skagerrak is terrestrial in origin. These authors
further state that increases in the total organic
matter content are coupled with an increase of
both marine and terrigenous inputs. We may thus
assume that organic matter sorption characteristics
are not much differing throughout the Skagerrak.
Further factors controlling the enrichment of
241
heavy metals and radionuclides are the clay
mineral composition and sediment redox con-
ditions.
Clay mineralogical analysis of recent surface
sediments from the Danish sector of the Skagerrak
and from the central northern Kattegat has
revealed virtually no compositional differences to
occur in this area (Pederstad et al., 1980; Wirth
and Wiesner, 1988). This implies that the amount
of illite does not vary much either, which may
permit a standardization also of Cs-137 to Corg
which likewise only little fluctuates in the < 20 ~tm
fraction.
The other relevant factor thus to consider is
the sediment redox condition. Not regarding the
boxcores taken in the Swedish fjords, our surface
sediment samples can be concluded to have all
been taken from above the oxic-anoxic sediment
interface. This is concluded from the appearance
of precipitated black FeS in the darkgrey non-
oxic sediments below. It is evident, however, that
the oxidized surface layer is thicker (>>2 cm) in
the sandy sediments off northern Denmark than
elsewhere in the area. More detailed studies on
surface sediment redox conditions in the Skagerrak
and northern Kattegat have been made by, e.g.,
Fossing (1991).
Summarizing, relative enrichment trends of the
heavy metals and Cs-137 with respect to organic
carbon are not likely attributable to regional
changes of the sediment grain size, the clay
mineralogy or the sediment redox conditions.
Thus we may conclude that Figs. 4b-8b indeed
show regional transport pathways indicative of
sources that are specific for respective elements.
Figure 4b illustrates the discharge of mercury-
loaded material from the GSteborg area. This
material apparently spreads in west-northwestern
direction where part of it is deposited. The figure
further indicates that transport of material from
the North Sea into the northern Kattegat also
contributes to mercury accumulation in the area.
In case of copper (Fig. 5b), it is evident that
discharge of copper-enriched material from the
Grteborg area controlls the copper accumulation
in the sediments of the Kattegat north of Laes6.
A secondary input of minor importance from the
North Sea is confined to the southwestern Skager-
242
rak. Figure 6b clearly illustrates the flux of lead-
enriched material from the North Sea into the
Skagerrak and northern Kattegat. A secondary
minor and local source can be allocated in the
eastern Kattegat (Varberg area). Moreover, a
major input of zinc-loaded material can also be
allocated in the Varberg area (Fig. 7b). Other
inputs of zinc are the inflow of zinc-enriched
material from the North Sea into the Skagerrak,
and a more local discharge into the eastern
Skagerrak from the Uddevalla area. The Cherno-
byl Cs-137 contamination of surface sediments in
the Skagerrak and northern Kattegat unambigu-
ously originates from input of fine-grained material
from (southern) North Sea origin (Fig. 8b).
The transport of suspended matter and contami-
nants from the southern North Sea into the
Skagerrak and northern Kattegat is known from
many studies (Eisma and Kalf, 1987; Knickmeyer
and Steinhart, 1988; Lohse, 1988). In case of the
Chernobyl Cs-137 contamination, however, the
well-defined enrichment trend as shown in Fig. 8b
was not to be expected, as the Swedish mainland
and Baltic region were much more affected by
fallout than the North Sea (see also above). To
explain the pattern found we conclude that the
Chernobyl radioactivity in the Skagerrak and
northern Kattegat must originate from deposition
of contaminated river-borne (e.g. Rhine, Elbe)
suspension load from central western Europe,
where fallout was severe as well.
Local discharges from Swedish industrial and
urban centres also significantly contribute to the
regional heavy metal (Cu, Zn) accumulation. Zinc
is known to be the main heavy metal in both
Swedish industrial and urban waste water dis-
charged into the Kattegat and Skagerrak (Thorell,
1980). Copper and its alloys, as amongst others
bronze etc., has many applications in such indu-
stries as shipyards and other steel industries
present in the Grteborg area. The element copper
occurs in the aquatic environment mainly as a
complex with dissolved and colloidal organic
matter and is further mostly associated with
suspended particles (Donze et al., 1990).
In contrast to distribution patterns attributable
to Jutland Current transport, the explanation of
the copper enrichment, and to some extent also
A. KUIJPERS ET AL.
that of mercury and zinc, in Kattegat sediments
seems from a hydrographical point of view more
problematic. The presence of a deep channel
parallel to the Swedish coast and the occurrence
of intermittent bidirectional currents along the
Swedish coast would certainly not suggest the
patterns observed. A mechanism enabling the
transport of, for example, copper-enriched mate-
rial across the deep channel to the central Kattegat
north of Laes6 can only be provided by suspension
load transport. Within this context we may refer
to Fig. 2 which illustrates the salinity distribution
in surface waters of the Kattegat and Skagerrak
in April 1987. These hydrographic conditions
recorded after a severe winter show large-scale
meltwater discharge from the Grta river (Grteb-
org) area, which affects the hydrography of the
entire Kattegat north of Laesr. Thus we have
evidence that suspension load transport from the
Grteborg area as proposed above could occur,
and is probably most effective in early springtime
when meltwater discharge is largest. Flocculation
processes generally activated at strong salinity
gradients (see Fig. 2) may favour the deposition
of part of this fine-grained material discharged
from the Swedish mainland.
Conclusions
The highest concentrations of the heavy metals
Hg, Cu, Pb and Zn occur in fine-grained organic-
rich ( > 2 % Cor~) sediments from the Swedish
t]ords and at some sites in the Kattegat. The
concentration of these heavy metals is generally
low in the sandy sediments from the southern
Skagerrak. Also the Chernobyl contribution of
Cs-137 activity was found to reach peak values in
Swedish inshore waters and at a site in the
southeastern Kattegat.
After standardization based on the total organic
carbon content, we conclude with the help of
statistical analysis from the areal enrichment
trends of various elements with respect to organic
carbon the following:
On a regional scale, input of material from the
(southern) North Sea by the Jutland Current is
the main mechanism determining the accumulation
of lead and Chernobyl-derived Cs-137. This mech-
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT PATHWAYS IN THE SKAGERRAK AND KATTEGAT
anism is also important when regarding the
regional distribution of mercury-enriched material,
but is less important in case of the element Cu
and Zn. The Chernobyl Cs-137 data suggest that
a large proportion of the fine-grained sediments
transported by the Jutland Current is material
from (central) western Europe discharged into the
N o r t h Sea by the rivers Rhine and Elbe.
Suspension load transport across the Kattegat
of material discharged from the Swedish mainland
(G6teborg, Varberg area) is the most important
mechanism determining the accumulation of cop-
per, and on a smaller scale also of mercury and
zinc, in this part of the study area. This mechanism
is proposed to be most effective in early spring
when meltwater discharge normally is largest.
Acknowledgements
This study carried out by the Department of
Marine Geology, G6teborg University, is finan-
cially supported by the Swedish Environmental
Protection Board ("SNV", Solna) and is part of
a 5-years multidisciplinary research p r o g r a m in
the Skagerrak and Kattegat. An initial pilot
project was financed by the " F u t u r a Foundation",
Stockholm. These organizations are gratefully
acknowledged. Master and crew of RV Svanic,
G6teborg University, are thanked for their assis-
tance during the work at sea. Also the Danish
National Forest and Nature Agency, Horsholm,
is thanked for its contribution to the project by
having supplied shallow seismic equipment. We
are grateful to the Environmental Division of the
County of Frederiksborg, Zealand (Denmark), for
having provided us with a sediment sample from
the northern Sound (Station 101). M a n y persons
have contributed to this study. Practical help with
navigational equipment and coring systems was
given by Anders Liljestrand and Axel Jonasson,
G6teborg, respectively. Mats N y b o r g assisted with
the statistical kriging treatment of the data. Critical
comments by H. Nies, H a m b u r g and R.-D.
Wilken, Geesthacht, much helped to improve the
manuscript. This work would not have been
possible without the engagement and laboratory
assistance of Ove Gustafsson, Ursula Schwarz and
Rosa Svensson, D e p a r t m e n t of Marine Geology.
243
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