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Trigonometry
Definition: Trigonometry means Trigonon: Triangle and Metron: Measure. It is a branch
of mathematics that deals with the angles and the sides of the triangle.

Angle: Angle is defined by the particular rotation of line from initial position to a final
position. The end point O about which the line rotates is called the vertex of the angle.

Let, OX – Base position OY – Final position θ – Angle

Sign Convention for measurement of angle: Generally, we consider anticlockwise

rotation as positive and clockwise rotation as negative.

Circular system:

The measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc of length equal to the
radius of the circle.

Consider a circle of radius r having centre at O. Let A be a point on the circle. Now cut off
an arc AB whose length is equal to the radius r of the circle. Then by the definition the
measure of ∠AOB is 1 radian (= 1c ) .
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
1 radian = ⇒ 𝛑 radians = 180°
𝛑

Note:
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
• 1 Radian = degree ≈ 57°17’15’’ (approx.)
𝛑

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𝛑
• 1 degree = radian ≈ 0.0175 radian
𝟏𝟖𝟎°

Relationship between an arc and an angle:

If “l” is the length of an arc of a circle of radius “r”, then the angle 𝜽 (in radians) subtended
by this arc at the centre of the circle is given by
𝒍
𝜽(𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔) =
𝒓

Trigonometric Ratios and Functions:

Let ∠ABC = θ (Acute angle of right-angle triangle) Here, AB = Base (B) AC =

Perpendicular (P) BC = Hypotenuse (H) There are six trigonometric ratios,

Pythagoras theorem for the given right-angled theorem, we have:

(Perpendicular)2 + (Base)2 = (Hypotenuse)2

⇒ (P)2 + (B)2 = (H)2

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐂
𝐒𝐢𝐧 𝛉 = =
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐁𝐂
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐁
𝐂𝐨𝐬 𝛉 = =
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐁𝐂
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐂
𝐓𝐚𝐧 𝛉 = =
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐁
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐁
𝐂𝐨𝐭 𝛉 = =
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐂
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐁𝐂
𝐒𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = =
𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐀𝐁
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐁𝐂
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝛉 = =
𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐀𝐂

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Values/Signs of Trigonometric ratio (functions) in different Quadrants:

The signs depend on the quadrant in which the terminal side of the angle lies.

1. sin(90° − θ) = cos θ
2. cos(90° − θ) = sin θ
3. sin(90° + θ) = cos θ
4. cos(90° + θ) = −sin θ
5. sin(180° − θ) = sin θ
6. cos(180° − θ) = −cos θ
7. sin(180° + θ) = −sin θ
8. cos(180° + θ) = −cos θ
9. sin(270° − θ) = −cos θ
10. cos(270° − θ) = −sin θ
11. sin(270° + θ) = −cos θ
12. cos(270° + θ) = sin θ
Note:

1. sin(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 and cos(2𝑛𝜋 + 𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where n is an integer.

2. sin(𝑛𝜋) = 0 and cos(𝑛𝜋) = (−1)𝑛 and tan(𝑛𝜋) = 0 where n is an integer.
𝜋 𝜋
3. sin(2𝑛 + 1) ( ) = (−1)𝑛 and cos(2𝑛 + 1) ( ) = 0 where n is an integer.
2 2

 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

1 1 √3
sin θ 0 1 0 –1 0
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
cos  1 0 –1 0 1
2 √2 2
1
tan θ 0 1 √3 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
√3
1
cot θ ∞ √3 1 0 ∞ 0 ∞
√3
2
sec θ 1 √2 2 ∞ –1 ∞ 1
√3

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cosec θ ∞ 2 √2 1 ∞ –1 ∞
√3

Basic trigonometric identities:

1. Sin θ. Cosec θ = 1
2. Cos θ. Sec θ = 1
3. Tan θ. Cot θ = 1
Sin θ
4. Tan θ = Cos θ
Cosθ
5. Cotθ = Sinθ

6. Sin2 θ + Cos2 θ = 1
7. Sec 2 θ − Tan2 θ = 1
Thus, (Secθ − Tanθ)(Secθ + Tanθ) = 1
1
If (Secθ + Tanθ) = x then (Secθ − Tanθ) = x

8. Cosec 2 θ − Cot 2 θ = 1
Thus, (Cosecθ − Cotθ)(Cosecθ + Cotθ) = 1
1
If (Cosecθ − Cotθ) = x then (Cosecθ + Cotθ) =
x

Important trigonometric formulas:

1. (Sinθ + Cosθ)2 + (Sinθ − Cosθ)2 = 2

2. Sin4 θ + Cos4 θ = 1 − 2Sin2 θ. Cos2 θ

3. Sin6 θ + Cos6 θ = 1 − 3Sin2 θ. Cos2 θ
4. Sec 2 θ + Cosec 2 θ = Sec 2 θ. Cosec 2 θ
5. Tanθ + Cotθ = Secθ. Cosecθ

Trigonometric Formulas involving sum or difference of angles:

1. Sin(A + B) = Sin(A)Cos(B) + Cos(A)Sin(B)

2. Sin(A – B) = Sin(A)Cos(B) – Cos(A)Sin(B)
3. Cos(A + B) = Cos(A)Cos(B) – Sin(A)Sin(B)
4. Cos(A – B) = Cos(A)Cos(B) + Sin(A)Sin(B)
Tan A + Tan B
5. Tan(A + B) = 1−Tan A×Tan B
Tan A – Tan B
6. Tan(A − B) = 1 + Tan A×Tan B

1 + Tan A (CosA+SinA)
7. Tan(45° + A) = 1−Tan A
= (CosA−SinA)

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1 − Tan A (CosA−SinA)
8. Tan(45° − A) = 1+Tan A
= (CosA+SinA)
cotA.cotB−1
9. cot(A + B) = cotB+cotA

cotA.cotB+1
10. cot(A − B) = cotB−cotA

11. Cos(A + B). Cos(A– B) = Cos2 A – Sin2 B

12. Sin(A + B). Sin(A– B) = Sin2 A – Sin2 B = Cos 2 B – Cos 2 A
2TanA
13. Sin(2A) = 2Sin(A)Cos(A) = [ ]
1 + Tan2 A
1 − Tan2 A
14. Cos(2A) = Cos 4 (A) – Sin4 (A) = Cos 2 (A) – Sin2 (A) = [1 + Tan2 A]

15. Cos(2A) = 2Cos 2 (A) − 1 = 1 – 2Sin2 (A)

[2Tan(A)]
16. Tan(2A) = [1−Tan2 (A)]

Sec2 A
17. Sec(2A) = 2 – Sec2 A
Sec A.Cosec A
18. Cosec (2A) = 2
sin(A+B)+sin(A−B)
19. SinA ⋅ CosB =
2
cos(A+B) + cos(A−B)
20. CosA ⋅ CosB =
2
cos(A+B)−cos(A−B)
21. SinA ⋅ SinB = 2
Cos(A+B)+Cos(A−B)
22. CosA. CosB =
2
A+B A−B
23. SinA + SinB = 2sin ( 2
) cos ( 2 )
A+B A−B
24. SinA − SinB = 2cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
A+B A−B
25. CosA + CosB = 2cos ( 2
) cos ( 2 )
A+B A−B
26.CosA − CosB = −2sin ( 2
) sin ( 2 )

Important Results:

1. Sin3A = 3SinA − 4Sin3 A = 4Sin(60° − A). SinA. Sin(60° + A)

2. Cos3A = 4Cos 3 A– 3CosA = 4Cos(60° − A). CosA. Cos(60° + A)
3tanA–tan3 A
3. tan3A = 1−3tan2 A
= tan(60° − A). tanA. tan(60° + A)

4. Cot3A = Cot(60° − A). CotA. Cot(60° + A)

Some important values to remember:

√𝟑+𝟏
1. 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟕𝟓°) = = 𝐂𝐨𝐬 (𝟏𝟓°)
𝟐√𝟐

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√𝟓−𝟏 𝛑
2. 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟖°) = = 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟕𝟐°) = 𝐒𝐢𝐧( )
𝟒 𝟏𝟎
√𝟑−𝟏
3. 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟕𝟓°) = = 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟏𝟓°)
𝟐√𝟐
√𝟓+𝟏 𝛑
4. 𝐂𝐨𝐬(𝟑𝟔°) = = 𝐒𝐢𝐧(𝟓𝟒°) = 𝐂𝐨𝐬( )
𝟒 𝟓
√𝟑+𝟏
5. 𝐓𝐚𝐧(𝟕𝟓°) = = (𝟐 + √𝟑) = 𝐂𝐨𝐭(𝟏𝟓°)
√𝟑−𝟏
𝟑𝛑 𝛑
6. 𝐓𝐚𝐧(𝟐𝟐. 𝟓°) = √𝟐 − 𝟏 = 𝐂𝐨𝐭(𝟔𝟕. 𝟓°) = 𝐂𝐨𝐭 ( ) = 𝐭𝐚𝐧( )
𝟖 𝟖
7. 𝐓𝐚𝐧(𝟔𝟕. 𝟓°) = √𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝐂𝐨𝐭(𝟐𝟐. 𝟓°)

Conditional Trigonometric Identities:

1. 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝟗𝟎° 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧
(i) SinA = CosB or CosA = SinB,
(ii) TanA = CotB or TanB = CotA,
(iii) SecA = CosecB or SecB = CosecA
(iv) Sin2 A + Sin2 B = 1 and Cos 2 A + Cos 2 B = 1
(v) SinA. SecB = 1 and CosA. CosecB = 1
(vi) TanA. TanB = 1 and CotA. CotB = 1
(vii) SinA = CosB, TanA = CotB and SecA = CosecB

2. 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 + 𝐁 = 𝟒𝟓° 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧

(i) (CotA – 1)(CotB – 1) = 2

3. 𝐈𝐟 𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐂 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧

(i) TanA + TanB + TanC = TanA. TanB. TanC

1 1 1
(ii) + + =1
TanA.TanB TanB.TanC TanA.TanC

(iii) CotA. CotB + CotB. CotC + CotA. CotC = 1

A B B C C A
(iv) Tan( ) . Tan( ) + Tan( )Tan( ) + Tan( )Tan( ) = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

A B C A B C
(v) Cot( ) + Cot( ) + Cot( ) = Cot( )Cot( )Cot( )
2 2 2 2 2 2

4. If aSinθ + bCosθ = p then bSinθ − aCosθ = √(a2 + b 2 − p2 )