Babylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering " Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 9- FLOOD ROUTING Flood routing is a procedure through which the variation of discharge with time at a point on a stream channel can be determined by consideration of similar data for a point upstream. The flood hydrograph is a wave moved from a point to point and the discharge changed with it due to changing in the stage along the stream because of many reasons: 1- Channel storage. 2- The resistance. 3- The addition or drawn sides discharges. There are two types used for flood routing: ion. jum equation for 1- Hydrologic routing methods: mainly depend orf edhti 2- Hydraulic routing methods: mainly depend unsteady flow in addition to continuity equation. Relation between the discharge and stoffige is very infortant and the continuity equation will be: ¥ as, ae-/-@ dl @r S= Sap age where S: storage. L: inflow (i As| @ is dependent on the input and output discharges so the relations! pend on the type of the storage results from the type of the flood wave and they aré two types: 1-Invariable relationship: This relationship occurs when the maximum storage () with the maximum outflow discharge (P) as shown in Figure (9-1), This nship needs a constant rate of outflow discharge with gradually variable stage, Figure (9-2). This is occurs in reservoirs in which that the water surface is horizontal, the width and the depth are large in compare with the length, so the velocity of flow is very small, Continuity equation will be [S=/(Q)]. Tenth LectureBabyion University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering f° Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 INFLOW 4a OUTFLOW T Fig. 9-1. Inflow & Outflow hydrég s ‘ig. 9-2. Invariable relationship. 2- VariableWwelationship: This relationship occurs in the narrow and very long eservpirs in which that the water surface is curve shape due to the effect of the ter and the storage is depend on the changing in the time and the discharge. . relationship is loop shape according to the system storage characteristics and the maximum output discharge usually occurs lagged from the maximum storage, Figure (9-3). In case that the back water influence is not large the loop can be replaced by the modified curve and the first method can be used to estimate approximated results as shown in Figure (9-4). Tenth LectureBabylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya Dept. 2017-2018 College of Engineering ot” Stage-Civil OUTFLOW 1, 7 Fig. 9-3. Inflow & Outflow hyd Fig. 9-4. Variable relationship. 9-1 Reservol iting (Storage Routing) (Level Pool Method):- ‘The storage is nonlinear function. he > dS = 1 (dt) — Q (at) Sjaa GU+ajar (taj I ase / 1 (dt — { Q@d (t= 0,At, 2At,..., jt, + DAL) * jae jae Tenth LectureBabylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A, Behaya College of Engineering 4" Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Assuming that the relationship between J; and J) and between Q; and Q, is linear according to the smallness of Aro the upper equation can be written as yth + Sixt — Sj 7 at ~attin At To solve this equation we need the input discharges to the reservoir (J, & Jj.) and the primary discharge and storage before the flood beginning (S, & Q,) calculat time (Af) so we have only two unknowns in the equation which are (Q,. & Six found by rearrange the equation by multiplying it by (2/A1) (As +O) = (G41 ha) + (@ -9)) To estimate the (Qi) in the upper equatio th foa(S- al from the relation between stage in the a between the storage and the discharge as shown in Figure (9-5). Where Ge- Qjen) = ( H Witer surface elevation Fig. 9-5. Relations between stage and storage in the reservoir and outflow discharge. Tenth LoctareBabylon Universit HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering 4" Stage-Civil Dey 2017-2018 Example: A reservoir for detaining flood flows is one acre in horizontal area has vertical sides and has a 5 fi diameter reinforced conerete pipe as the outlet structure, The headwater discharge relation for the outlet pipe is given in table 1, Use the level pool routing method to calculate the reservoir outflow from the inflow hydrograph given in table 2. Assume that the reservoir is initially empty. Table 1 Table 2 Elevation Discharge Time Inflow @ @ (nin) (i). 0 0 10 60 20 120 30. | 180 f, 40 240 50 | 300 60 1 360 70 320 _ 80 280 90 240 100 200 110 160 120 120 130 80 140 40 150 0 160 170 180 190 200 210 o table 2: At = 10 min = 600 s. The horizontal area = | acre = 43560? The storage column 3 in table 1: S = 43560 x (depth of water) $1 =0.5 x 43560 = 21780 fi’. 2x21780 2s F 7 ise The = + Q column 4 in table Lat 3=76cfs Now plot the relation between [Q.& G+ Q)] Tenth LectureBabylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A, Behaya College of Engineering 4" Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Q , Outhow Bg at For the first time interval: S, = Q, = 0 because th8 re is initially empty. Elevation Discharge A_ ’ 25 0 @) Q (S) At fo (fs) oe) (cfs) 0 0 0 0 3 21780 76 8 | 43560 Ise 17 65340, 235 30 87120 320 43 108900 406 60 130680 496 B 152460 586. 97 174240 678 117 196020 770 137 217800 863 156 239580 955 173 261360 1044 190 283140 1134 205 304920 1221 218 326700 1307 231 348480 1393 242 370260 1476 253 392040 1560 264 413820 1643 275 435600 1727Babylon Universit HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering 4" Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Time Inflow (y 25, 25, Outflow i y+ Tysa) G- i) Phe: ) tiny 0p) NEB) (FE) (G+ Os) (fs) (cfs) 0 0 - 0.0 - 0.0 10 60 60 55.2 60 24 20 120 180 201.1 235.2 71 30-180 300 378.9 SOL1 61 40 240 420 552.6 798.9 _ 123.2 50-300 540 728.2 1092.6 182.2 60 360 660 70 320 680 Se fe 80 280 600 ean 90 240 520 = a 100 200 440 110 160 360 120 120 280 eet ee 130 80 200 140 40 0 |; 1500 40 9-2 Channel Routing ‘1904 routing in the river channel is more complete than in the reservoir that is the re is not a function of the outlet flow only but outflow and inflow. The wave by) Advance in the channel is raising the water surface along the channel and making ditional storage known as wedge storage. Wedge storage is the water confined between the horizontal surface of the water flow and the wave surface, in addition with the channel storage along the usual path of flow which known as the prism storage that is confined between the water surface and the bed level as shown in Figure (9-6). Tenth LectureBabylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering £° Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Wedge storage Prism storage Fig. 9-6. Wave advance in the channel with we The relation between the storage and flow be: Sp=f Q)=KQ Sw =f D&f(Q) =KxI-Q S=SptSy =KQ+Kx-Q) o +S=Klat+(1-x@l where x: weighting factor Se. Sp SAE por + Qa] — + A 2G} Also Spy = Sj = EE he 8 eo esse ene) Wyte and simplifying equations (1) and (2) gives: jer = Cahier + C2] +s Q which are the routing method for Muskingum method where: — atm2 Kx ate? Kx 2K = = & Cy = 2K © = Fea-meae 2 = Fe a-meat 3 = azarae Note that: Cy +, +C,=1 Tenth LectureHYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya £° Stage-Civil Dept 2017-2018 Values of K and x can be finding from plotting the relation between the accumulative discharge and the weight of the inflow and outflow as shown in Figure (9-7), According to equation (1), the shape of the relationship must be straight line to prove it, but the shape will be loop due to the increase in the storage in raising limb. Therefore, we use many different values for x and the plot that gives narrowest lope is the one represent the correct value of K which taking equal to the line slope. x =8 Ati jar t1j)-(Qj41+2,)] x(a H+ (Q j41-@j) xt + (1x) Falling limb a Plotting depending ‘onx values xl +(1—x)Q xt+U-n0 Fig. 9-7. relation between thel@ecumulative discharge and the weight of the inflow and outflow. In addition, \we,cam tind K in the field, which is the time interval of the wave moving dlong theiflow\path. Example: Te iptlow and outflow hydrographs for a reach of a river are given below. Determine the value of the Muskingum coefficients K and x for the reach, sf | a |Babylon University HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering " Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Solution: From the daily readings of the inflow and outflow hydrographs, a routing period f= 24 hr. = 1 day is taken. The mean storage is determined from continuity Equation and then cumulative storage Sis tabulate. For trial values of x = 0.2, 0.25 and 0.3, the values of [x J + (1 ~ computed in Table below. Storage loops for the reach, i.c., curves of Svs. [x 7+ (I - value of x are plotted as shown in Figure (9-8). B of x = 0.25 approximates a straight line and hen idle value is chosen. K is determined by measuring the slope of the found to be 0.7 day. ight line, which is Hence, for the given reach of ver, tig values of the Muskingum coefficients are: ¢ K=0.7 day. [ermine] Ts as \eriy| 27 [oso | aE laasi]orso [a [aan [avo [a] 2 [7 pra x2 [es [os | xo fins [aa [ve m2 [ae | coo frias] 0 [roas [ve [oon | mo za [as ape [ ave fens] as [sens [irs Jamo [na za [am [ome [ara [nso] aw [ose [rao [awa [os wi fois fio | oe [iso] am [mae [iaee [awe [aea ne | » [sz [sez faazs pos [pers | ms [aes [ows os [ae [sto [aise [aoe pares [ans [se [iss fan is ve [| [2 [eo [nae | me fase finns m5 [ms [me wep [= f= [= [es [oe | me fers] or [ecu [an [on [oe Tal 50 0 10 18 28 10 | 480 | $0 | 125] 450 | 575 | 150 | 420 | 570 Tenth LectureBabylon Universit College of Engineering " Stage-Civil Dept. HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya 2017-2018 cum storage S (cumec-day) se2t2 2 eset ce eee (00 200 300 400 500 600 700 xl + (1x) O (cumec) xl + (1 =x) 0, cumec Fig. 9-8. Curves of Sys. -.x) O] for each trial value of x, a river reach is given in columns | and 2 of table fe outflow hydrograph from this reach if K is 2.3 hr, x is, our, The initial outflow is 85 o/s. Example: The inflow Solution: Oe bt 2kx 1=(@ 23x0415) _ 9 964, wy 1" 2KG—-x tat 2x230—015)41 _ Att2Kx 14(2 X23%015) _ pa449 be 2"2KG-x)+at 2x230-015)41 2K(1—x)-at 2x23(-015)-1 Cy + Cy + Cy = 0.0631+ 0.3442 + 0.5927 = 1 Tenth LectureBabylon Universit HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of Engineering " Stage-Civil Dept. 2017-2018 Routing Inflow Crist Oh OQ Outflow period () @ @ (ir) (fs) (fs I 93 - - - 85 2 137 8.6 32.0 50.4 91 3 208 13.1 472 54.0 14 4 320 20.2 71.6 67.7 159 5 442 27.9 01 94.5 233 6 346 34.5 152.1 137.8 324 7 630 : : : 420 8 A 305 y (Table-2). 2 4 6 8 100 | 232 | 300 | 520 Tenth LectureBabylon Uni HYDROLOGY Dr. Shamil A. Behaya College of 4" Stage-Civil Dept. Solution: Sy 2s, ar tO = +t + AEG At=2 x 3600 = 7200s 2s 2x75x10° _ at O=Ta99 + 57 = 20890 cumec 2500 Discharge Storage 2S Q 800 Q () we (cumec) (MCM) (cumec) aa 37 75 20890 Q Out flow 227 81 22727 1000 519 87.5 24825 500 1330 100 29108 2270 110.2. 32881 ° 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 (2siat+a 25; 25; Time Inflow (ly + lj1) (=- a) CG mn Qs) Outflow (hr) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) (cumec) ue 0 60 - 20776 - 37 2 100 160 20816 20936 60 4 232 332 20988 21148 80 6 300 532 21290 21520 us 8 520 820 21770 22110 170 10 1310 1830 22900 23600 350 12 1930 3240 24600 26140 7710 14 1460 3390 25790 27990 1100 16 930 2390 25900 28180 1140 18 650 1580 - 27480 1010 Temth LectureBabylon University HYDROLOGY College of Engineering 4" Stage-Civil Dept. H. Dr. Shamil A. Behaya 2017-2018 reservoir has an uncontrolled spillway such that the relation between elevation, storage and spillway discharge is given bellow: Elevation (m) | 30.5 | 308 | 31.1 | 314 | 31.7 | 320 | 323 | 32.6 Storage (10° m’) 1.417] 1.70 [1.984 | 2.267 | 2.607 | 2.976 | 3.401 | 3.967 Outflow (ms) | 0 | 0 [ 0 [ 0 [0227[0.482[0.765]1.134 When the reservoir level was at (30.5 m), the following flood hydrograph, efttered: the reservoir. Compute the spillway discharge using the level poo! routing 1féthod 7 ‘OMIS) 0283 Time (day) 1 3 6 0.850262 3 Inflow (cumec) A spillway provided with its crest)at elyatidn (60 m) has the discharge relationship [Q=15 (H) *], wherglf#Z) is level of water over the spillway crest. When the reservoir elevation was at (58), the following flood hydrograph entered the reservoir Rout theglood tofobtain fhe maximum elevation. “Thegintl@\W ald @littlow hydrographs for a reach of a river are given below. Determine thebest values of the Muskingum coefficients K and x for the reach, Time (hy) O | 12 | 24 | 36 | 48 | 60 | 7. 84 | 96 | 108 Inflow (ciimec) 20 | 191 | 249 | 164] 110] 82 | 62 | 48 | 32 | 28 [30 [rao firs Pres [iss [icf 90 Pox [32 | HW: Determine the outilow hydrograph that would result from the inflow hydrograph given below to a river reach if (K=10.4hr.) and (x=0.3).Use initial outflow at time equal zero. Time (hr.) O | 6 | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 42 | 48 | 54 | 60 Inflow (cumec) | 30 | 190 | 250 | 240 | 210 | 180 | 150] 110 } 80 | 65 | 30 Temth Lecture