RPH Lesson #1

Topic Title: Introduction, Philippine Regions and its respective provinces.

Philippine History and Government by understanding the country’s land ang its people. The Republic of
the Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,641 island and islets.

It belongs to the Northern Hemisphere as it lies a little above the equator. The country is known as the
“pearl of the orient” it is part of the Southeast Asian region and is a member of the ASEAN of Association
of Southeast Asian Nations. The national territory of the Philippines, which includes bodies of water that
surround and within it, is approximately 114,830 square miles which makes her larger than the New
Zealand, Greece, or Great Britain

There are 17 regions in the Philippines. They are the following with their respective provinces:

1. Region 1- Ilocos Norte (Laoag City), Ilocos Sur (Vigan), La Union (San Fernando City, and Pangasinan
(La Union)

2. Region 2- Batanes (Basco); Cagayan(Tuguegarao), Isabela (Ilagan), Nueva Vizcaya (Bayombong),

Quirino (Cabarroguis)

3. Region 3-Bataan (Balanga), Bulacan (Malolos), Nueva Ecija (Palayan City), Pampanga (San Fernando),
Tarlac (Tarlac), Zambales (Iba), and Aurora (Baler)

4. Region 4-A CALABARZON, officially designated as Region IVA, is an administrative region in the
Philippines occupying the central section of Luzon. It covers 5 provinces, namely, Batangas, Cavite,
Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The regional center is the City of Calamba.

5. Region 4-B MIMAROPA is an administrative region in the Philippines grouped under the Luzon island
group. It covers 5 provinces, namely, Marinduque, Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Palawan, and
Romblon, as well as 1 highly urbanized city. The regional center is the City of Calapan.

6. Region-5 The Bicol Region, officially designated as Region V, is an administrative region in the
Philippines grouped under the Luzon island group. It covers 6 provinces, namely, Albay, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Masbate, and Sorsogon. The regional center is the City of Legazpi.
7. Region 6 Western Visayas, officially designated as Region VI, is an administrative region in the
Philippines occupying the western section of the Visayas. It covers 6 provinces, namely, Aklan, Antique,
Capiz, Guimaras, Iloilo, and Negros Occidental, as well as 2 highly urbanized cities. The regional center is
the City of Iloilo.

8. Region 7 Central Visayas, officially designated as Region VII, is an administrative region in the
Philippines occupying the central section of the Visayas. It covers 4 provinces, namely, Bohol, Cebu,
Negros Oriental, and Siquijor, as well as 3 highly urbanized cities. The regional center is the City of Cebu.

RPH Discussion #1

Topic Title: Introduction, to Philippine History

In this topic class, kung makikita niyo, there are some regions na pinapakita kung paano nahati ang ating
bansa when it comes to region at kung ano-anong mga provinces ang included doon.

This means to say ba na divided tayo? The answer is NO. Although we are classified in regions, we are
still considered as one country na tinatawag na Pilipinas. The reason behind ay dahil nasa CENTRALISM
form of government tayo. As history provides, itong mga region na to ay nabuo ayon sa kanilang mga
pagkakapareha tulad nalang sa kultura, paniniwala, tradition at iba pa.

Did you know that ang other term na ginagamit sa region 1 is ILOCOS REGION? although hindi naman
lahat ng provinces na included sa region 1 ay ilocos, or mga ilokano, majority kasi ay mga ilokano ang
salita, kaya pinagsama sama nila ang mga provinces na ito kasi karamihan ay mga ilokano.

To give you an insight sa sinasabi nilang Federalism, which is kabaliktaran ng CENTRALISM ay kumbaga
parang may bansa sa loob ng isang bansa.

Kung matuloy man yung panukala nilang federalism, ang region 1 ay parang magiging estado or bansa sa
loob ng bansang Pilipinas.

Ang magandang example dito ay ang USA or united states of america na kung saan although isa siyang
bansa, yung mga nakapaloob na states sakanya tulad ng new york ay isang bansa.

If ever matuloy man ang federalism, then ang region 1, NCR, region 2 and others ay magiging isang
estado sa loob ng isang bansa. In my own point of view, mas magiging maganda to kasi yung national
government natin hindi na mahihirapang abutin yung mga malalayong lugar lalo na yung mga liblib kasi
may sarili na silang estado or pamahalaan na mas makapangyarihan kumpara sa kung anong meron tayo
ngayon.

So class, ang gusto ko lang ay mafamiliar kayo sa mga regions na ito, no need to memorize, basahin niyo
lang kasi this might come out to your board exam sa general education.

Also, marami din tayo madidiscuss all about sa kabuuan ng history ng Pilipinas, and I think it will be
effective na irelate ko siya sa nalalapit na election so it will give you a guide sa mga pipiliin ninyong
kandidato.

RPH Lesson #2

Topic Title: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD

The Philippines were ruled by Western powers - first the Spanish and later the United States, for some
350 years. Except for a few religious minorities, the Philippines has also become thoroughly
Christianized and boasts of being the only country in Southeast Asia with a Christian majority. This
leaves few traces of its pre-colonial history, in which the culture of the archipelago was influenced by
India, China, and Southeast Asian civilizations. The pre-colonial Philippines was also influenced by
spiritual traditions from indigenous animism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.

The Earliest Humans in the Philippines

In 2018, evidence was found suggesting that early humans may have reached the islands as far back as
700,000 years ago. Skeletal remains of an extinct rhinoceros dating to the mid-Pleistocene have been
found at an archaeological site on the island of Luzon. The bones shows evidence of having been cut
with stone tools. Stone tools were also found adjacent to the bones. This is a definite indication that a
tool-using species was present on the island at that date.

Although no associated human remains have been found, paleontologists think that the makers of the
tools were most likely related to Homo Erectus , one of the earliest human species.

This date would be too early for these tools to have been made by Homo Sapiens .
Based on archaeological knowledge of the technological capabilities of Homo Erectus , it is considered
unlikely that these early humans arrived there by intentional navigation.

They more likely reached it by way of a natural raft, expelled into the open ocean by a typhoon, that
happened to wash up on the island.

Nonetheless, it is still a remarkable find that humans may have been present in the Philippines for
almost a million years because they were previously believed to have only inhabited the islands within
the last 100,000 years.

The earliest evidence of a regular human presence in the Philippines dates to about 50,000 BP. By the
2nd Millennium BC, agriculture and sedentary living had been introduced to the archipelago and at least
some of the indigenous inhabitants of the islands were living in settled villages, making pottery, and
cultivating rice.

Religion in the Pre-Colonial Philippines

Religion has often been an important part of defining the identity of the inhabitants of the Philippines.

Before the arrival of foreign religions from the West, such as Christianity and Islam, the predominant
religious system in the Philippine archipelago was a type of animism.

The ancient inhabitants of the Philippines, as well as some modern Filipinos who still practice the old
religion, believed that gods and spirits guarded natural features such as mountains, rivers, and forests.
Sacrifices would regularly be offered to these entities to.

Lesson #3

SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION ABOUT FILIPINOS

The current demarcation line between this period and the early history of the Philippines is 900 CE,
which is the date of the first surviving written record to come from the Philippines, the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription. This period saw the immense change that took hold of the archipelago from
Stone Age culturens in the 4th century CE, continuing on with the gradual widening of trade until 900 CE
and the first surviving written records.

Callao Man (c. 41000 BCE)

The largest amount of prehistoric evidence of human existence in the Philippines was found in the
Cagayan Valley. This species is also held to be Homo erectus Philippinensis. This evidence dates back to
the Paleolithic Age. showing that Cagayan Man settled in the area over 500,000 years ago. One theory
states that the Cagayan Man followed prehistoric animals to the then uninhabited Philippines from
another area, through land bridges that connected the islands to the rest of the continent. The Cagayan
Valley was then wet and marshy, and Cagayan Man opted to live in the drier forests surrounding the
area. Scientists discovered fossil remains of large animals in Tuguegarao, Cagayan, along with fragments
of stone tools which may have been made and used by Cagayan Man for the purpose of hunting and
butchering these animals. The fossilized animal bones were identified by Dr. Yves Coppans to be skulls,
teeth and tusks from rhinoceros, stegodons, and elaphas (a pygmy elephant). It can thus be said that the
Cagayan Man was a cave dweller who used tools made from pebbles and rocks. The sides of the stones
were chipped off to create a sharp edge that could be used for cutting There has also been evidence that
these tools have been worked on and refined to give it a better shape. Larger tools were made from rock
cores hammered to form a sharp point.

These fossilized tools were similar to those found with Java Man and Peking Man and were dated to the
same time penod; however, scientists failed to find fossilized proof of Cagayan Man's bones. The earliest
human remains known in the Philippines are the fossilized remains discovered in 2007 by Armand
Salvador Mares in Callao Cave, Cagayan, Philippines A 67,000 years old remains that predates Tabon
Man Specifically, they find consisted of a single 61 milimeter metatarsal which, when dated using
uranium series ablation, was found to be at least about 67.000 years old. # definitivaly proven to be
remains of Homo sapiens, it would antedate the 47,000 year old remains of Tabon Man to become the
earliest human remains known in the Philippines, and one of the oldest human remains in the Asia
Pacific

Tabon Woman (c. 24000 or 22,000 BCE)

The fossil which skull and jawtione of three individuals, discovered on May 28, 1962 by Dr. Robert B.
Fox, an American anthropologist of the National Museum Thesa fragments are collectively called "Tabon
Man" after the place where they were found on the west coast of Palawan. Tabon Cave appears to be a
kind of Stone Age factory, with both finished stone flake tools and waste core flakes having been found
at four separate levels in the main chamber. Charcoal eft from three assemblages of cooking fires there
has been Carbon-14 dated to roughly 7.000, 20,000, and 22.000 BCE Tabon Cave is named after the
"Tabon Bird (Tabon Scrubfowl, Megapodius Cumingi), which deposited thick hard layers of guana during
periods when the cave was uninhabited so that succeeding groups of tool-makers settled on a cement-
like floor of bird dung. That the inhabitants were actually engaged in tool manufacture is indicated that
about half of the 3.000 recovered specimens examined are discarded cores of a material which had to
be transported from some distance. The Tabon man fossils are considered to have come from a third
group of inhabitants, who worked the peva between 22.000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so
far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Plastocene dates
like 45 or 50 thousand years ago. Physical anthropologists who have examined the Tabon Man skullcap
are agreed that it belonged to modem man homo istinguished from sapiens. as the mid Pleistocene
Homo erectus species. This indicates that Tabon Man was Pre Mongoloid (Mongoloid being the term
anthropologists apply to the racial stock which ontered Southeast Asia during the Holocane and
absorbed earlier peoples to produce the modem Malay.

Indonesian, Filipino, and "Pacific" peoples) Two experts have given the opinion that the mandible is
"Australian in physical type, and that the skullcap measurements are most nearly like the Ainus or
Tasmanians. Recently, it was concluded that Tabon man's physical appearance from the recovered skull
fragments believed to be a woman.

MIGRATION THEORIES

There have been several models of early human migration to the Philippines Since H. Otley Beyer first
proposed his wave migration theory, numerous scholars have approached the question of how, when
and why humans first came to the Philippines. According to Dr. Beyer, founder of the Anthropology
Department of the University of the Philippines the ancestors of the Filipinos came to the islands first via
land bridges which would occur during times when the sea level was low, and then later in seagoing
vessels such as the balangay. Thus he differentiated these ancestors as arriving in different waves of
migration, as follows:

(1) Dawn Man", a cave-man type who was similar to Java man, Peking Man, and other Asian homo
sapiens of 250,000 years ago (2) The aboriginal pygmy group, the Negritos, who arrived between 25,000
and 30,000 years ago (3) The sea-faring toof using indonesian group who amived about 5.000 to 6,000
years ago and were the first immigrants to reach the Philippines by sea () The seafaring, more civilized
Malays who brought the iron age culture and were the real colonizers and dominant cultural group in
the pre-Hispanic Philippines
Negritos

About 30,000 BCE, the Negritos, who became the ancestors of today's Aetas, or Aboriginal Filipinos,
descended from more northerly abodes in Central Asia passing through the Indian Subcontinent and
reaching the Andamanese Islands From thereon, the Negritos continued to venture on land bridges
reaching Southeast Asia. While some of the Negritos settled in Malaysia, becoming what is now the
Orang Asli people, several Negrito tribes continued on to the Philippines through Borneo. No evidence
has survived which would indicate details of Ancient Filipino life such as their crops, color, and
architecture. Philippine historian William Henry Scott points out any theory which describes such details
is therefore a pure hypothesis and should be honestly presented as such.

Indones

A group which Beyer branded as Indonesian A came in boats. They wers of fat and sender stock, and
were inhabitants of the north This group was followed by another wave of migrants 2.500 year ago, the
Indonesian B. Shoirter and stocker than their predecessors, this group were more advanced. They wer
horticulture people who Bayer surmised, came from South China and Indochina towards Luzon and
Formosa (now Taiwan)

Malays

The word "Malay was adopted into English via the Dutch word "Malayo", itself from Portuguese
"Malaio" which originates from the Malay word "Melayu According to one popular theory, the word
Melayu means "migrating" or "fleeing which might refer to the high mobility of these people across the
region. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race, which encompasses a wider
group of people, including most of Indonesia and the Philippines. The Malay language is a member of
the Austronesian family of languages

The Malay people are believed to have originated in Borneo and then expanded outwards into Sumatra
and later into the Malay Peninsula. These people were descendants of Austronesian-speakers who
migrated from the Philippines and originally from Taiwan. The main foundation of this school of thought
lies in the fact that the oldest Malay settlements have been discovered in Sumatra and not in the Malay
Peninsula. This suggests an upward - south to north-migratory route,
DOCANOS' THEORY

Renowned Filipino anthropologist Felipe Landa Jocano disputes Beyer's belief that Filipinos descended
from Negritoes and Malays who migrated to the Philippines thousands of years ago. According to
Jocano, it is difficult to prove that Negritoes were the first inhabitants of this country. The only thing that
can positively concluded from fossil evidence, he says is that the first men who came to the Philippines
also went to New Guinea, Java, Borneo, and Australia.

In 1962, a skullcap and a portion of a jaw-presumed to be a human origin were found in the Tabon Caves
of Palawan by archaeologist Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, who both worked for the National
Museum, Carbon dating placed their age at 21,000 to 22,000 years. This proves, Jocano argues. that man
came earlier to the Philippines than to the Malay Peninsula; therefore, the Nrst inhabitants of our
islands could not have come from the region. The "Tabon Man" is said to resemble Java Man and Peking
Man. He gathered fruits, leaves and plants for his food. He hunted with weapons made of stone.
Although further research is still being done on his life and culture, evidence shows that he was aready
capable of using his brain in order to survive and keep himself safe matead of the Migration Theory,
Jocand advances the Evolution Theory, as a better explanation of how our country was first inhabited by
human beings, Jocano believes that the first people of Southeast Asia were products of a long process of
evolution and migration His research indicates that they shared more or less the same culture, beliefs,
practices an even similar tools and implements. These people eventually went their separate ways,
some migrated to the Philippines, the others to New Guinea, Java and Bomeo. Proof, Jocano says can be
found in the fossils discovered in different parts of Southeast Asia, as wel as the recorded migrations of
other peoples from the Asian mainland when history began to unfold.

1939

Population

In 2011, the population of the Philippines was approximately 95,849.000 The tables show the population
from the Spanish era to the esent

Population in the Philippines

Date Population

1591 667,612
 1735 838,182

1829 2,106,230

1850 3,857,425

1896 6,261,339

1918 10,314,310

1939 16,000,303

1948 19,234,182

1960 27,087,685

1970 36,684,486

1980 48,098,460

1994 63,000,000

2002 82,841,516

2005 86,241,697

2009 92,976,603

2011 95,849,000

Sourte Time Almanac 2013

Due to the population grows faster than what the national health handle. the nation has become
poorer. It is said that the most urgent economic problems in the country today are(1)developing and
protecting the natural resources, and

Filipino Religion

The Philippines proudly boasts to be the only Christian nation in Asia. More than 86 percent of the
population is Roman Catholic, 6 percent belong to various nationalized Christian cults, and another 2
percent belong to well over 100 Protestant denominations. In addition to the Christian majority, there is
a vigorous 4 percent Muslim minority, concentrated on the southem islands of Mindanao, Sulu, and
Palawan. Scattered in isolated mountainous regions, the remaining 2 percent follow non-Western,
indigenous beliefs and practices. The Chinese minority, although statistically insignificant, has been
culturally influential in coloring Filipino Catholicism with many of the beliefs and practices of Buddhism,
Taoism, and Confucianism.

There is a Philippine Independent Church, known as Iglesia Filipina independiente or Aglipayan Church
(after its first head Gregorio Aglipay); it is aliated with the Anglican Communion. Another independent
church was founded in 1914 by Felix Manalo; it is a religious organization known as Iglesia ni Cristo
Missionaries of the Jehovah's Witnesses arrived in the Philippines during the American colonial rule
(1898-1945). There are now 150,000 members in the country. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day
Saints have 600,000 Mormon members in the Philippines.

Lesson #4

Topic Title: Three Branches of the Government During the Spanish Colonization

Executive Branch

The highest colonial official during the Spanish period was the gover general. He was appointed by the
Spanish king and he exercised tremendo powers. He was a powerful man for the exercised executive,
legislative judicial functions.

As a chief executive, he enforced the laws coming from Spain. appointed and removed local officials He
administered and supervised administrative offices. There were one hundred- twenty-two governor-
genen who served in the Philippines. The first governor-general was Miguel Lopez Legazpi who govered
from 1565 to 1572. Legazpi is credited for laying the foundation of Spanish rule in the Philippines. He
treated the natives humaney He did not allow any of his men who abused their authority to go
unpunished.

On the other hand, Governor General Diego delos Rios acted as the chie
executive during the last days of Spanish rule in 1898. As the chief legislator, the governor general
promulgated executive decrees, proclamations and ordinances which had the force of law. He als
exercised veto power by suspending any royal decree of law. This power was called cumplase.

As a chief judge, the governor-general was president of the Roy

Audencia or the Supreme Court during the Spanish period. He also granted

pardons to prisoners. The governor-general also exercised diplomatic powers

He received representatives from the other countries, sent representatives D

foreign lands, and concluded treaties with foreign countries.

The governor-generals's religious powers involved the right to appoint parish priest upon the
recommendation of the bishop and archbishop. He had ecclesiastical authority over church offices and
missions. The governor-general was also the commander in chief of all armed forces in the country. He
had the power to declare war with any country and to negotiate for peace. He could conduct military
operations anywhere and with anybody.

The govemment instituted several safeguards to prevent the governor- general from abusing his
powers. These safeguards were the Royal Audencia Residencia, and Visitador. The Royal Audencia was
the Supreme Court and one of its functions was to check the abuses of colonial officials and render
justice the natives. The residencia was a special court presided ove by the incom governor-general. It
was in the residencia where investigations were conduce nby the court regarding the conduct of the
outgoing governor-general. If the court found out that the outgoing governor-general abused his
authority, he could be pished for his wrongdoings. The visitador was a special envoy of the king of y
colonies. His main tasks wore to Investigate conditions existing in the ones and the report his
observations to the king He had the power to punish any erriang officials.
In spite of these safeguards, many governor-generals were quite abusive and oppressive to the natives.
One reason for this was the great distance between the Philippines and the Spain. It took a long time
before any bad report about an official reached the king and before any actions against the erring efficial
could be handed down by the royal monarch.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

Provincial Government

For the efficient administration of the whole country, the Philippines were divided into provinces and
politico-military districts. The provinces were called alcadies and each was governed by an alcalde
mayor. The alcadias were provinces whose inhabitants had accepted Spanish rule and where peace and
order prevailed. The politico-military districts were called corregimientos and were each governed by a
Corregidor. These were areas where resistance to Spanish rule still existed.

The alcalde mayor, who was the chief executive in the province, performed executive and judicial
functions. He was appointed by the governor general. His functions were to enforce the laws in his
provinces and to collect taxes. He also dispensed justice in the provinces. The alcalde mayor received a
small salary. To augment his income, he was given the privilege to engage in trade known as indulto de
comercio. This privilege was abolished in 1844 because of that many abuses committed by the alcalde
mayor.

Because of the power vested on the alcalde mayor, many of these officials is abused their authority.
They used their power to gain the unfair advantages over their rival traders. They monopolized trade in
the province. Nobody could complain since he was also the chief judge in the province.

The abuses committed by the alcalde mayor reached Spain and reforms ware instituted to minimize
these abuses. Aside from revoking the privilege thy trade, the alcalde mayor was stripped of his
executive functions. He just became the chef judge in the province. One of the qualifications of an
alcalde mayor was a background in law. The alcadia was converted into a civil province headed by the
avil governor appointed by the Ministry of the Colonies.

City Government
Several big towns in the Philippines which were thickly pop strategically located and commercially and
politically important were created cities and govemed by special charters. These cities had an
ayuntamiento or o government and a Cabildo(city council) The first city to be created was. Cab in 1565 It
was established by Legazpi There city council consisted of Alcalde Mayor, Regidores, or councilors and
an Aguacivil Mayor Chief of police. Other cities organized during the Spanish period were Vita
Fernandina (now Vigan Ilocos Sur). Arevalo (Iloilo), Nueva

Segovia (Lalo, Cagayan), and Nueva Caceres (Naga, Camarines Sur), The province was sub divided into
pueblos or towns. The pueblo was the local unit of the government. The town was governed by the
gobernadorcillo or the little governor who was simply called Capitan. This gobernadorcillo was the chief
enforcer of the law and the tax collector in his town,

The gobermadorcillo was chosen by the secret balloting by a special group composed of twelve
barangay chiefs and the outgoing gobernadorcillo. The gobemadorcillo served for the period of one
year. In 1847 the composition of the electoral committee was modified. The committee was composed
of the outgoing gobemadorcillo and the twelve others chosen by lot, six of whom were incumbent chiefs
of barangays and six former gobernadorcillos or chiefs of barangays. This election was conducted by the
parish priests and the provincial governor or his representatives,

For better administrations of the towns, the territory was divided into barangays or barrios of about 50
families each. The barangay was headed by a cabesa de barangay. His main duty was to collect taxes or
tributes within his jurisdiction. The position of cabesa de barangay was hereditary in the beginning. Later
it became an appointive and then, an elective office.

Legislative Branch

Under the Spanish colonial system, the power to make laws was not conferred on a legislative body. The
Philippines was governed instead by a series of laws coming from Spain.

During the early period of the Spanish rule colonial administrations was quided by the laws contained in
the Leyes de India (laws of the Indies). This was compilation of royal decrees issued by the Spanish king
for the governments of the colonies of the Spain. There were also old Spanish laws which were enforced
in the country Royal Decrees were also issued from time to time.
Aside from royal decrees the governor general also issued their own executive decrees and ordinances
which had the force of law. The most famous of those decrees were the ordinances of the Good
Government which provided for instructions or regulations for the proper guidance of the officials in the
provinces and towns.

Judicial Branch

During the Spanish period, judicial power was exercised by the Audencia Real or Royal Audencia. It was
the Supreme Court during that time.

The Audencia was not only the highest court of appeals for civil criminal cases. It also performed
executive, legislative, and administrative functions. It sometimes assumed the position of the governor-
general on matters related to the promulgation of laws. This consultation between the governor-general
and the Audencia was called real acuerdo.

Lesson #5

Topic Title: The Fight to the Bitter End

The premature discovery of the Katipunan on Aug 19,1896 left Bonifacio and the rest of the secret
society to go out in the open. There was no denying that the Filipinos are not yet ready to wage an all
out war against an organized and well armed Spanish government. But the sudden tum of events proved
to be very difficult for Bonifacio and his men. So they were left with no choice but to at the fight, the war
for independence. A war that will show once and for all the unwavering desire and the firm resolve of
the Filipinos to carry the struggle for independence to the very end.

PREPARATIONS FOR WAR

The Katipunan was in itself a preparation for war from the very moment of its inception. The monthly
membership contribution of Katipunan was initiated to implement the aims of Katipunan and to finance
the revolution. But the fund was not sufficient to purchase firearms and ammunitions. Andres Bonifacio
ordered to manufacture thousands of bolo that will be use in the arm struggle. Emilio Jacinto and
Bonifacio facilitated nocturnal meeting to prepare the war plan d the Katipunan. These nocturnal
meetings may result in suspicion of the authorities so Bonifacio thought of using the female members of
the Katipunan as decoy. They simply pretend as if they are having a gathering outside the house while
the male members conduct their meeting so the unsuspecting guardia civils will have no reason to doubt
whenever they conduct their routinary patrol and inspection in the night.

While Dr. Jose Rizal was in Dapitan as political exile, Bonifacio send DrPio Valenzuela as his emissary to
Dapitan. The secret mission is to consult the revolutionary plan and asked the support of Dr. Rizal. Dr
Rizal recommended Antonio Luna to be the Director of War of the revolution will be pursued. He knew
Indbelieved that the Katipunan were not yet prepared to revolt. He even cited be e experienced of
Cuban revolution. The Katipunan was advised to collect seder for them to succeed. It was clear from this
well documented meeting that unds and firearms as well as conduct military training for Katipunan
members in was not in favor of the revolution especially from the point of view of

preparedness and leadership. Yet his advice was not heeded and the revolution still took a course.

When the Katipunan was discovered by the Spanish authorities, the Katpunan convened at Balintawak
on August 23, 1896. The Katipuneros is likewise symbolic and suggestiv down their cedules (residence
certificates) as a symbol of opposition against the Spanish government. This historic moment of the
desire to iterally break away rom Spanish rufe since cedulas or residence certificates are indicative of
Filipino subordination to the Spanish government a remarkable foat, the tearing of these cedulas only
means that the people desire fully to break free from the Spaniards The Katipunan members signified
the intention to fight until the end. They shouted Mabuhay ang Katipunan, Mabuhay ang Kalayaan (Long
Live Katipunan, Long Live Philippine independence)

A Katpunero's cedula and a skull used in Katipunan initiation rites

The first major battle of the revolution took place on Aug. 30, 1896 when the Katipuneros attacked but
failed to capture the Spanish polverin (powder depot) and deposito (water reservoir) in San Juan del
Monte; 153 Katipuneros and 2 Spanish soldiers died. The Philippine revolution broke out. The skirmishes
took place in different provinces with several casualties. Outbreaks of hostite in were Cavite led by
Aguinaldo and Daniel Tirona. It is said that Mandaluyong has the biggest member of Katipunan called
"balwarte de Katipunan". More than two hundred Katipuneros died during the battle in San Juan. This
place is known as Pinaglabanan in San Juan Manila.

Govermor General Ramon Blanco declared martial law in the provinces of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna
Manila, Nueva Ecija, Pampangga, and Tarlac and placed the said areas in tight guard. He inflicted and
ordered a Reign of Terror especially in Manila where captured katipuneros were tortured and were
forced to give names of the other members of the armed struggle.
The seeds of revolution quickly spread in different provinces. The ment resorted to mass executions of
the suspected members of the an in order to pacify the revolutions. Among them were the Trece es of
Cative

The Filipinos were short of artillery; the few guns they possessed were booties from the Spanish arty
They improvised by making cannon out of water pipe, strengthened with timber.

Twenty-one of these were subsequently released. The remaining 13 were sentenced to death b Spanish
military court on September 11, 1896. They were Luis Aguado, Eugeni Cabezas, Feliciano Cabuco,
Agapito Conchu Maximo Gregorio, Maximo Inocencio, Jose Lallana, Severino Lapida Alfonso de Ocampo,
Francisco Osorio, Hugo Perez and Antonio San Agustin. On September 12 the convicted men were taken
to the Plaza de Armas, lined up and executed by the firing squa Their bullet-riddled bodies were loaded
aboard three carabao carts and dumped into commo grave in the Catholic cemetery of Caridad.

Martyrdom at Bagumbayan

It was a beautiful Wednesday morning. It was clear and cool. There was to be public execution, and
consequently the streets and buildings were hung with flags. For the enamies, a day of execution was a
festa. A trumpet sounded at Fort Santiago, a signal to commence the death march to the field of
Bagumbayan. Slow walk followed at 6:30 a.m.Rizal was dressed accordingly in black - black coat, black
pants, black bowler hat, and white shirt. As a condemned, he was tied elbow to elbow but he proudly
held his head up

The muffled sound of the drums gave pulse to each of his step. There was a huge crowd lining the street
from Fort Santiago to the Plaza del Palacio in front of the Manila Cathedral. Everybody seemed to be out
in the streets of Manila just to witness yet another martyrdom at Bagumbayan. In the same place was
where the three priests had been killed by garrote on February of 1872, and for dignity they were Rizal's
inspiration of the novel for which he was dying.

From Fort Santiago he took a right turn and walked along the Paten Maria which gave him a panoramic
view of the rising sun on Manila Bay to his right and a glimpse of Intramuros to his left. He walked along
in the middle of two Jesuits, Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Jose Villaclara while behind him was his
defense counsel, Lt. Taviel de Andrade.
The crowd was so dense, and here was so much bumping and hitting for a better view, that police
arrangements broke down and the prisoner's military escort, which should have been behind him, had
to form file on either side of him, forcing its way through to the execution ground. Within the fairly wide
corridor of space thus created, what remained of the procession was able to move through the mass of
people with heterogeneous emotions. Although he was few steps away from his death, Rizal was
described by the spectators as calm. It was said that Rizal nodded his head left and right to acknowledge
the familiar faces in the crowd. Some people even noticed that he smiled from time to time.

It was a beautiful moming!" said Rizal. He could even see the island of Corregidor.

On morning like this," as he recounted, "I used to take walks with my Sweetheart.

Before reaching Bagumbayan, he took one last look to Intramuros and asked:

"Is that the Ateneo, Father?"

"Yes," replied the priest. 1 spent many happy years there."

There were troops waiting, formed in a hollow square open on the side toward the sea, and a band
ready to play the national anthem when everything men in the Spanish realms. Eight Filipino soldiers
armed with rifles formed over. Hundreds of goverment officials and other Spaniards were there with er
families, shouting with pleasure as the noblest, most learned, and most the firing squad. They were the
ones to fire at Rizal. There were also eight Spanish soldiers behind them, ready to shoot them if they
refused to pull the trigger.

Someone Took a Photograph of the Execution

There was a slight delay because Rizal requested the commander of the squad that he be shot facing his
executioners. His request was denied though The captain had to insist that he must be shot in the back
as order because he was a Trator to Spain." Rizal remarked that he had never been a traitor to anyone.
However, Rizal turned his back but refused the blindfold and kneeling

He made one last request that the firing squad spare his head and shoot him in the back right through
his heart. The captain agreed. Although his hands were bed, he firmly clasped the hand of Lt. Taviel de
Andrade as to thank him for his chivalry He bade farewell to the priests. A curious Spanish military
doctor came and checked the pulse of the Rizal to his surprise, he found normal. One of the priests
blessed him and offered him a crucifix for him to kiss but based on a witness, he turned his head away
and silently prepared for death.

The captain was about to give the final blow. As he raised his saber high, he ordered his men to prepare
and aim their rifles, "Preparen! Apuntent

People held their breath.

But before the captain brought down his saber to order "Fuego!" or fire, Rizal, in the nick of time,
shouted with all might the same last words of Christ CONSUMMATUM ESTI"

Guns barked in the air. Bullets riddled Rizal, who, with supreme effort tumed his body to the right, and
fell down backwards on the ground facing the beautiful moming sun.

Silence prevailed over suspense.

The captain did not keep his words to Rizal. One of his men came closer the body and gave Rizal tiro de
gracia (mercy shot) in the head to guarantee he was dead

"Viva Españal Muerte a los Traidores!" yelled the Spaniards but crowd did not respond, and to break the
ice, the military band played "Marcha de Cadiz" and so they cheered.

It was three minutes past seven.

But it was not yet over. The shot which the crowd had just heard was e shot which would make the
Spanish empire in the Philippines collapse.

While it may be true that the Spaniards have taken the life of Rizal, this didn't dampen the moral of
Bonifacio and his men, yet it served to make the struggle meaningful, more profound for the honor of a
fallen hero, Dr. Jose Rizal
DE FACTO GOVERNMENT AND RIVALRY IN KATIPUNAN The Revolutionary government existed in the
presence of Spanish emment as the revolution continued. The revolutionary govemment aims to the
power from the abuses of the Spaniards and ultimately grant ependence and sovereignty to the people.
Although the revolutionary emment was not recognized as member of the Family of Nations, yet it was y
considered as de facto government because it actually existed and its powers were accepted by the
people. The revolutionary government exercised its overeignty in different provinces of the country.

As the revolution went on, Bonifacio suffered tremendous losses especially in the places where he led
the battles. In the face of this grim reality, a be bright spot exists, Cavite. It is here that the
revolutionaries are seemingly ning with the able leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo. These victories by
"Kapitan Mong as Aguinaldo was fondly called propelled his name to prominence. For on te face of
serious defeats of Bonifacio, Aguinaldo on the other hand is scoring convincing victories. With this a
rivalry seems to be in the offing.

In Cavite, two factions of the Katipunan arose, one is the Magdiwang led by Mariano Alvarez and is
affiliated to Bonifacio and the other is the Magdalo led- by Baldomero Aguinaldo, the cousin of Emilio
Aguinaldo. It was named after Mary Magdalene which was also the nom de guerre used by Aguinaldo.

The two factions are also in a direct disagreement as to what to do with te government as well as the
course or path of the struggle. The Magdalo faction would like to change the framework of government
since they believe. that the Katipunan should cease to exist since it was only good as a secret koety
which with its discovery as well as the commencement of the revolution. has already completed its
purpose while on the other hand the Magdiwangs beve that such change is no longer necessary since
the Katipunan is already established and widely accepted with its own set of by- laws and policies and
thus should not be changed. The Magdalo faction insisted to change the The Magdalo convened the
Katipunan in Imus on January 1897. This is known dership of Katipunan and change Katipunan into
revolutionary government the Imus convention. In an attempt to formalize and settle the issue,
Bonifacio agreed to go to Cavite and settle the issue once and for all.

Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), Cavite Province, the delegates voted do away with the
Katipunan. They argued that the insulated fragmentation At the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897
held in Barrio Tejeros, San he had aided the Katipunan's secrecy had outlived its usefulness; in a wide.