>tV| 

kkVFA \uD luEm

 : TNPSC Group II >

VD : ]B >EB BD
z] : VV[ _k x^
_k B_B V>D& c[

VA\
>tV|  BV >kVBD z2 x>_W \uD x>[\
>V VVo VE ]^, o] VzA^, \V] >
sV>V^^ \uD \[VzA^ gBk V >suz >BVVzD
\Vk, \Vsz c>s|D kl_ kkVFA \uD luE mBV_
\[V^ ks_ >BV|^m. D\[V zAV VA\
kkVFA \uD luE mB V>m  >s|m.
>  >MV _m >MBV V > luE \B\V D\[V
zA > klKD \] |kV, \ gD F]kV, su
FD xBuElV ~||>_ Vm. *V_ ]B VA\ ][ 
> mkVzD  >s|m. m xuKD V >z
>BV FD \Vkz kw|D t_V kBVzD.

gB,
kkVFA \uD luE m
 

RNjrp ,af;fk;

,jw;fhf gy rl;lq;fs;
RNjrp ,af;fk; (1905):
,aw;wg;gl;ld. te;Nj khjuk;
 RNjrp ,af;fk; gy;NtW
ghLtjw;F jil tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
jpl;lq;fis nfhz;ljhFk;.
 gs;spfSk;> fy;Y}hpfSk;
muRg;gzp> ePjpkd;wq;fs;>
jq;fspd; khzth;fs; ,jpy;
gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;
fye;J nfhs;shkypUf;f
Mfpatw;iwg; Gwf;fzpj;jy;>
eltbf;if vLf;Fk;gb
me;epag; nghUl;fis
typAWj;jg;gl;ld.
Gwf;fzpj;J RNjrg;
,y;iynad;why; cjtpj;njhif
nghUl;fis thq;fp Mjhpj;jy;>
epWj;jg;gLk; vd;W vr;rhpf;ifAk;
Njrpag; gs;spfisAk;>
tplg;gl;lJ. rpyh; jq;fsJ muR
fy;Y}hpfisAk; epWtp Njrpaf;
gzpfis ,oe;jdh;. jPtputhj
fy;tpia tsh;j;jy; Mfpad
jiyth;fshd ghyfq;fhju
,j;jpl;lq;fspy; mlq;Fk;.
jpyfh;> yhyh y[gjpuha;> gpgpd;
 RNjrp ,af;fk; xU murpay;
re;jpughy;> mutpe;j; Nfh\;
nghUshjhu ,af;fkhFk;.
Nghd;Nwhh; rpiwapy;
 RNjrp ,af;fk; khngUk; ntw;wp
milf;fg;gl;ldh;.
ngw;wJ. tq;fhsj;jpy; ngUk;
 RNjrp ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
epyr;Rthd;jhh;fSk;
mutpe;j; Nfh\; murpay;
gq;Nfw;wdh;. kfspUk;>
tpLjiyNa xU ehl;bd; caph;
khztUk; kwpaypy; <Lgl;ldh;.
%r;R vd;W Koq;fpdhh;.
me;epa fhfpjj;jhyhd
,utPe;jpuehj; jh$uhy; ghlg;gl;l
ifNaLfis khzth;fs;
mkh; Nrhdh gq;sh vd;w ghly;
Gwf;fzpj;jdh;.
tq;fhs Njrj;jpd; Njrpa
 RNjrp ,af;fj;ij xLf;Ftjw;F
fPjkhf khwpaJ.
muR fLikahd
eltbf;iffis vLj;jJ.
1
 

 RNjrp ,af;fj;ij ,e;jpah Ntz;Lnkd;W $wp 1906 brk;gh;

KOtJk; gug;gpath;fs; 30k; ehs; mfpy ,e;jpa K];yk
P ;
i) g+dh kw;Wk; gk;gha; - jpyfh; yPf;if Njhw;Wtpj;jhh;.
ii) gQ;rhg; - yhyh y[gjpuha;>  njhlf;fj;jpy; gphpl;b\hh; ,jw;F
m[pj;rpq; MjuT fhl;bdh;. kpd;Nlh khh;yp
iii) nly;yp -iraJ i`jh; uh[h rPhj
; pUj;jq;fspd; NghJ

iv) kjuh]; - rpjk;guk; gps;is. K];yk

P ;fSf;nfd
jdpj;njhFjpia Nfl;Lg;ngw;wJ

jPtputhjpfspd; rhjidfs; mth;fsJ rhjidahFk;.

 Rauh[;aj;ij gpwg;Ghpikahf 7. yf;Ndh xg;ge;jk; (1916):

Kjypy; Nfhhpath;fs;  1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh
jPtputhjpfshth;. fhq;fpu]; khehl;bd; NghJ
 tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; kf;fis ,uz;L Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs;
ngUkstpy; <LgLj;jpaJ Njrpa eilngw;wd. jPtputhjpfs;>
,af;fj;jpd; r%f mbg;gil kpjthjpfs; kPz;Lk;
NkYk; tphpthf;fg;gl;lJ. xd;wpize;jdh;.
 Kjd; Kjypy; midj;J ,e;jpa  1916 Mk; Mz;L yf;Ndh
murpay; ,af;fj;ij (RNjrp xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jhdJ
,af;fk;) mikj;J elj;jpaJ ,jd;gb> fhq;fpuRk; K];yk
P ;
Nghw;wj;jf;fjhFk;. yPf;Fk; gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf
xd;wpize;J NghuhLtJ vd;W
6. K];yPk; yPf; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gLjy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. yf;Ndh
(1906): xg;ge;jk; ,e;J - K];yPk;
 1906 brk;ghpy; ,e;jpah xw;Wikf;F rhjfkhf
KOtjpYkpUe;j K];yk
P ;fs;> vLf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa KbthFk;.
K];yk
P ; fy;tp khehl;by; fye;J 8. jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk;(1916):
nfhs;tjw;fhf lhf;fh efhpy;  1916 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;L
$bapUe;jdh;. jd;dhl;rp fofq;fs;
 lhf;fhit Nrh;e;j ethg; ryp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
Ky;yh K];yPk;fspd; eyDf;fhf
xU mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gl

2
 

 Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; g+dhtpy; jpyfh; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij Kbtpw;F

jd;dhl;rpf; fofj;ij nfhz;L te;jJ.
njhlq;fpdhh;. 9. fhe;jpabfs; fhyk; (1917 - 1947):
 nrg;lk;ghpy; md;dp ngrz;l;  kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy;
mk;ikahh; kjuh]py; kw;nwhU Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; jd;dpfuw;w
jd;dhl;rp fofj;ij epWtpdhh;. jiytuhf tpsq;fpdhh;. mtuJ
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpa nfhs;iffshd mfpk;ir kw;Wk;
Fwpf;Nfhs; gphpl;b\; rj;jpahfpufk; gphpl;b\;
NguuRf;Fs;NsNa ,e;jpahtpw;F murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf
jd;dhl;rp ngWtjhFk;. nray;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
 Rje;jpuk; vd;gJ midj;J  Njrpa ,af;fj;ij fhe;jp kf;fs;
ehLfSf;Fk; cs;s ,aw;ifahd ,af;fkhf khw;wpdhh;.
chpik vd ,UtUNk ek;gpdh;.  Nkhfd;jh]; fuk;re;j; fhe;jp 1869
fhq;fpuRld;> K];yk
P ; yPf;Fk; mf;Nlhgh; 2 Mk; ehs; F[uhj;jpy;
Nrh;eJ
; Nghuhbd. jpyfhpd; Nghh;g; ge;jh; vd;w Chpy; gpwe;jhh;.
jd;dhl;rp ,af;fk; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; rl;lk; gapd;w mth;
kfhuh\;buj;jpy; ftdj;ij 1893 y; jdJ fl;rpf;fhuh; (Client)
nrYj;jpaJ. jhjh mg;Jy;yh vd;gthpd; tof;F
 md;dp ngrz;bd; jd;dhl;rp rk;ge;jkhf njd; Mg;gphpf;fh
,af;fj;ij ,e;jpahtpd; nrd;whh;. mq;F epytpa ,d
,jugFjpfspy; nray;gl;lJ. xJf;fy; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd
 1917 Mf];L 20 Mk; ehs; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; 20 Mz;Lfs; jk;ik
,q;fpyhe;J maYwT mikr;rh; <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;.
khz;NlF ,q;fpyhe;J  njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; elhy; ,e;jpa
ehlhSkd;wj;jpy; xU fhq;fpui]Ak;(Natal Indian
mwpf;ifia ntspapl;lhh;. Congress) ,e;jpad; xg;gd
P pad;
 ,e;jpahtpy; gbg;gbahf (Indian Opinion) vd;w
jd;dhl;rp epWtdq;fs; gj;jphpf;ifiaAk; Muk;gpj;jhh;.
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W cWjp Kjy; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij
$wpdhh;. ,e;j Mf];L mwpf;if gphpl;b\hUf;F vjpuhf elj;jpdhh;.
njd; Mg;gphpf;fhtpy; fhe;jpf;F

3
 

cjtpahf C.F Mz;l;&]; vd;gth; cWg;gpduhf;fpaJ. fhe;jp ,e;j

cldpUe;jhh;. Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngw;whh;. ,e;j
 ,Wjpahf 1915 y; ,e;jpah Nghuhl;lj;jpy; uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;>
jpUk;gpdhh;. gpd;dh; ,e;jpa Njrpa kfhjpNah Njrha;>J.B. fpUghypdp
,af;fj;jpy; KOikahf gq;Nfw;W MfpNahh; fhe;jpf;F Mjuthf
top elj;jpr; nrd;whh;. Nghuhbdh;.
 uh[;Fkhh; Rf;yh vd;gthpd;  1918 y; F[uhj;jpy; Nfjh
Ntz;LNfhSf;F ,zq;f 1917 y; khtl;lj;jpy; kw;nwhU rj;ahfpuf
gPfhhpy; rk;guhd; vd;w ,lj;jpy; Nghuhl;lj;ij fhe;jp elj;jpdhh;.
INuhg;gpa mThpr; nrb (Indigo  twl;rpapdhy; Nkhrkhd
Plant) gz;izahsh;fSf;F tpisr;ryhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l
vjpuhd Nghuhl;lj;jpy; fye;J Fbahdth;fSf;F epythpapypUe;J
nfhz;l mth;> mq;F jhd; jdJ tpyf;F mspf;f Ntz;Lk;
rj;jpahfpufk; vd;w mwg;Nghh; vd;gjw;fhf ,g;Nghuhl;lk;
Kiwia Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpa eilngw;wJ. ,J Nfjh rj;ahfpuf
kz;zpy; ghpNrhjpj;Jg; ghh;j;jhh;. Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,J ,e;jpahtpy;
,e;jpahtpy; ,e;j rk;guhd; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; xj;Jioahik
rj;ahfpufk; fhe;jpapd; Kjy; ,af;fkhFk;. ,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
rl;lkWg;G ,af;fkhFk;. NghJ rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; kw;Wk;
tptrhapfs; jq;fs; epyq;fspy; 3/20 ,e;Jyhy; ahf;dpf; Nghd;Nwhh;
gq;F (jpd;fhjpah Kiwg;gb) fhe;jpapd; rPlh;fshf khwpdh;.
epyj;jpy; fl;lhak; mThpr;nrb Xustpw;F ,g;Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp
gaphpl Ntz;Lk; vd;W ngw;wJ.
fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. NkYk;  gpwF 1918y; mfkjhghj; kpy;
tpiyia Mq;fpNya tpahghhpfNs njhopyhsh;fspd; rk;gs cah;T
eph;zak; nra;jjhy;> tptrhapfs; rYif (Bonus) Nghuhl;lj;jpy;
Nghuhl;lk; nra;jdh;. fhe;jp fye;J fye;J nfhz;L 35% gpNsf;
nfhz;ljhy; Nghuhl;lk; Nghd]; Ntz;b rhFk; tiu
jPtpukile;J ,Wjpapy; Mq;fpy cz;zhtpujk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.
muR tprhuizf;fhf fkpl;b  ,J fhe;jpapd; Kjy; gl;bdpg;
mikj;J mjpy; fhe;jpia Nghuhl;lkhFk;. ,Wjpapy;

4
 

Nghuhl;lk; ntw;wp ngw;W fUjg;gl;lJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpw;F

njhopyhsh;fSf;F 35% gpNsf; gyj;j vjph;g;Gfs; Njhd;wpd.
Nghd]; fpilj;jJ.  ,e;j nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhf
 ,JNt mfkjhghj; kpy; fhe;jp Kjy; mfpy ,e;jpa
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. Nghuhl;lj;ij 1919 Vg;uy; 6 Mk;
 rhk;guhd;> Nfjh> mfkjhghj; ehs; Jtf;fpdhh;.
Nghd;w rpwpa Nghuhl;lq;fs; jhk;  ,e;jpah KOtJk; (`h;j;jhy;)
kfhj;kh fhe;jpia kf;fsplk; kwpay; Nguhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
neUf;fkhf nfhz;L nrd;wd. ehL KOtJk; nghJf; $l;lq;fs;
mth;fsJ gpur;ridfis fhe;jpAk; eilngw;wd. nly;ypf;F mUfpy;
Ghpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,t;thW kfhj;kh fhe;jp ifJ
fhe;jp kf;fspd; jiyth; epiyf;F nra;ag;gl;lhh;. gQ;rhgpd; Kf;fpa
cah;ej
; hh;. jiyth;fshd lhf;lh; rj;aghy;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh; irGjPd; fpr;Y

10. nusyl; rl;lk; (1919): Mfpa ,UtUk; mkph;jru]py;

 muRf;F vjpuhd rjp Ntiyfis ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldh;.

Ma;T nra;tjw;fhf ePjpgjp rh; 11. [hypad; thyhghf; gLnfhiy

rpl;dp nusyl; vd;gtuJ ( 13 Vg;uy; 1919):
jiyikapy; 1917 y; xU FO  1919 Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs;
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpd; eilngw;w [hypad; thyhghf;
mwpf;ifg;gb 1919 khh;r; gLnfhiy ,e;jpa tpLjiy
jpq;fspy; nusyl; rl;lk; kj;jpa ,af;fj;jpy; xU Kf;fpa jpUg;G
rl;lrigapy; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. KidahFk;. nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F
 ,r;rl;lg;gb re;Njfj;jpd; Nghpy; vjpuhd rj;ahfpufg;
vtiuAk; ifJ nra;ayhk;. Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F gQ;rhgpy; ngUj;j
tprhuid ,d;wp ifJ nra;J MjuT jpuz;lJ.
rpiwapyilf;fyhk;. ,j;jifa  td;Kiwia vjph; Nehf;fpa
ifJfis vjph;j;J gQ;rhg; murpd; nyg;bzd;l;
tpz;zg;gNkh my;yJ fth;dh; ikf;Nfy; X ilah;>
Nky;KiwaPNlh nra;a KbahJ. td;Kiwia xLf;f n[duy;
,r;rl;lk; fUg;G rl;lk; vd;W

5
 

ilah; jiyikapyhd fhe;jp mjid Vg;uy; 18> 1919y;

uhZtj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; mspj;jhh;. epWj;jpdhh;.
 n[duy; lah;
12. fpyhgj; ,af;fk;:
nghJf;$l;lq;fSf;F jil
 Kjy; cyfg; Nghhpy; JUf;fpapd;
tpjpj;J murpay; jiyth;fis
Njhy;tpahy; JUf;fp
ifJ nra;jhh;.
gphpl;b\huhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;L
 Vg;uy; 13 Mk; ehs; igrhfp vd;w
Jz;L Jz;lhf;fg;gl;L
mWtilj;jpUehsd;W [hypad;
gphpl;b\huhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gl;lJ.
thyhghf; g+q;fhtpy; xU
 cyf Kfkjpah;fspd; jiytuhd
nghJf;$l;lk; Vw;ghL
fhypgh gjtpapypUe;J fPo;
nra;ag;gl;lJ. n[duy; lah; jdJ
,wf;fg;gl;lhh;. nrt;u];
gilAld; nrd;W vt;tpj
cld;gbf;ifAk; (1920)
Kd;dwptpg;Gkpd;wp $l;lj;jpd; kPJ
K];yk
P ;fSf;F ngUj;j
Jg;ghf;fpr; #L elj;jpdhh;.
mtkhdkhff;fUjg;gl;lJ.
Jg;ghf;fpr; #L 10 Kjy; 15
 NkYk; gphpl;ld; JUf;fpia
epkplq;fs; ePbj;jJ. Jg;ghf;fp
elj;jpa tpjk; cyf K];yk
P ;fis
Njhl;lhf;fs; jPhe;j gpwF jhd;
Fwpg;ghf ,e;jpa K];yk
P ;fis
mJ epWj;jg;gl;lJ.
Gz;gLj;Jtjhf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt
 mjpfhug;g+h;t jftypd;gb 379 Ngh;
mth;fs; fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. 1137 Ngh;
njhlq;fpdh;.
gLfhakile;jdh;.
 nksyhdh mGy; fyhk; Mrhj;>
 ,e;jg;gLnfhiyia vjph;j;J ehL
vk;.V md;rhhp> irGjPd; fpr;Y>
KOtJk; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
myp rNfhjh;fs; ,e;j
eilngw;wd. ,e;j gLnfhiyia
,af;fj;ij jiyikNaw;W
tprhuiz nra;a `z;lh;
elj;jpdhh;fs;.
Mizak; (Hunter Commission)
 fpyhgj; FO xd;W
mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1919 mf;Nlhgh;
 utPej
; puehj; jh$h; jkJ ‘
19k; ehs; fpyhgj; jpdk;
iel;Tl;” gl;lj;ij Jwe;jhh;.
mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.
nusyl; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhd rj;ah
 etk;gh; 23 Mk; ehs; kfhj;kh
fpufk; td;Kiwapy; Kbe;jjhy;
fhe;jpapd; jiyikapy;
6
 

,e;Jf;fSk; K];yk
P ;fSk; fye;J  ePjpkd;wq;fs;> muR gs;spfs;>
nfhz;l xU khehL $baJ. fy;Y}hpfs; Mfpatw;iw
 ehl;bd; tpLjiyf;F Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
,e;Jf;fisAk; K];yPk;fisAk;  may; ehl;L nghUl;fis
xd;WgLj;j Ntz;bajd; Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
fl;lhaj;ij kfhj;kh fhe;jp  Njrpa gs;spfs;> fy;Y}hpfs;>
czh;ej
; pUe;jhh;. jdpahh; gQ;rhaj;J
 gpd;dh; fpyhgj; ,af;fk;1920 y; ePjpkd;wq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iw
kfhj;kh fhe;jp njhlq;fpa epWTjy;.
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;Jld;  RNjrp nghUl;fisAk; fjh;
xd;W fye;jJ. Jzpfisak; kf;fspilNa
13. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk;: (1920 -22): gpugyg;gLj;Jjy;.
 nusyl; rl;lk;> [hypad; thyhghf;  kfhj;khf fhe;jp jdf;F gphpl;b\;
gLnfhiy> fpyhgj; ,af;fj;ij muR nfhLj;j rpwg;G gl;lq;fis
njhlh;e;J kfhj;kh fhe;jp jdJ Jwe;J ,e;jpa ,af;fj;ij njhlq;fp
xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; gw;wpa itj;jhh;. 1921 y; Nty;]; ,sturh;
jpl;lj;ij mwptpj;jhh;. ,e;jpahtpw;F te;j NghJ kwpay;
 1920 brk;ghpy; eilngw;w ehf;g+h; Nghuhl;lq;fs; eilngw;wd.
,e;jpa Njrpa fhq;fpu]; khehLk;  cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpd; Nfhuf;g+h;
,jidVw;wJ. khtl;lj;jpYs;s nrshp nrsuh
vd;w ,lj;jpYs;s fhty;
nray;jpl;lq;fs;:
epiyaj;ij gpg;uthp 5> 1922 vd;W
 gl;lq;fisAk; rpwg;G
Kw;Wifapl;l kf;fs; $l;lk;
jFjpfisAk; Jwj;jy;.
fhty;epiyaj;jpw;F jP itj;jJ. 22
 cs;shl;rp mikg;G cWg;gpdh;
fhtyh;fs; capUld; vhpj;Jf;
gjtpfspypUe;J tpyFjy;.
nfhy;yg;gl;ldh;. ,JNt nrshp
 1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lg;gb
nrsuh rk;gtk;
eilngwtpUe;j Njh;jy;fis
vd;wiof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j
Gwf;fzpj;jy;.
td;Kiw rk;gtj;jhy; 1922 gpg;uthp
 muR tpohf;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy;
11 Mk; ehs; xj;Jioahik

7
 

,af;fj;ij fhe;jp ,ilapNy 1 Mk; ehs; Rauh[;a fl;rpia

epWj;Jtjhf mwptpj;jhh;. Njhw;Wtpj;jdh;.
 Rauh[;a fl;rpapdh;> rl;lkd;w
xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpd;
Njh;jy;fspy; Nghl;bapl;L
Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
cs;spUe;J nfhz;Nl
 Fbahdth;fs;> njhopyhsh;fs;>
murhq;fj;ij epiyFiyar;
khzth;fs;> Mrphpah;fs;>
nra;a KbT nra;jdh;. ,th;fs;
ngz;fs; Nghd;w rKjhaj;jpd;
Rauh[;];Lfs; (Swarajists) vd;W
midj;J gphptpdUk; gq;Nfw;w
miof;fg;gl;ldh;.
KjyhtJ kf;fs; ,af;fkhf ,J
 1923 etk;ghpy; eilngw;w
jpfo;ej
; J.
rl;lkd;w Njh;jy;fspy; Rauh[;a
 ,e;jpahtpd; %iy KLf;nfy;yhk;
fl;rp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ntw;wpfisg;
Njrpak; gut top tFj;jJ.
ngw;wJ. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wj;jpy;
 fpyhgj; ,af;fKk; ,jDld;
Nkhjpyhy; NeU fl;rp
xd;wpide;jjhy; ,e;J K];yk
P ;
jiytuhfTk;> tq;fhs rl;l
xw;Wikapd; cr;rfl;lkhf ,J
kd;wj;jpy; rp.Mh;.jh]; fl;rpj;
jpfo;ej
; J.
jiytuhfTk;
 ,e;jpa kf;fSf;F vj;jifa
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ldh;. 1925
Jd;gj;ijAk; jhq;Fk; rf;jp cz;L
[_dpy; rp.Mh;. jh]; kiwe;j gpwF>
vd;gijAk;> vt;tpj jpahfj;jpw;Fk;
Rauh[;a fl;rp gytPdkile;jJ.
mth;fs; jahuhf cs;sdh;
 Mdhy; ty;ygha; gNly;
vd;gijAk; ,J vLj;J fhl;baJ.
,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;>C. uh[
14. Rauh[;a fl;rp (1923) Nfhghyr;rhhp kw;Wk; M.A md;rhhp
 xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; MfpNahh; rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
epWj;jg;gl;lijj; njhlh;e;J 1922 Eiotij vjph;j;jdh;. Gwf;fzpg;G
brk;ghpy; eilngw;w fah fhq;fpu]; kw;Wk; xj;Jioahikia
khehl;by; fhq;fpu]; gpsT filgpbj;jdh;. ,th;fs; khw;wj;ij
Vw;gl;lJ. rpj;juQ;rd; jh];> tpUk;ghjthfs;; (No Changers)
Nkhjpyhy; NeU> m[;ky; fhd; vd;wiof;fg;gl;ldh;.
Nghd;w jiyth;fs;
fhq;fpuRf;Fs;NsNa 1923 [dthp

8
 

15. irkd; FO (1927): jiyikapy; irkd; FO vjph;g;G

 1919 Mk; Mz;L rl;lk; gj;J Nghuhl;lk; eilngw;wJ. mg;NghJ
Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpwF mjd; eilngw;w Nghyp]; jbabahy;
nray;ghLfs; kW Ma;T y[gjpuha; gLfhakile;jhh;. xU
nra;ag;glNtz;Lk; vd;W khjk; fopj;J mth; caph; gphpe;jJ.
tpjpj;jpUe;jJ. ,uz;L  1930 Nk khjk; irkd; FO
Mz;LfSf;F Kd;Ng - 1927 mwpf;if ntspapl;lJ.
Mk; Mz;L gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; ,ul;ilahl;rpapd; FiwghLfis
kW Ma;Tf;FO xd;iw ,J Rl;bf;fhl;baJ.
epakpj;jJ. mjw;Fg;gjpy; khepy Rahl;rpia
 ,f;FOtpd; jiytuhd rh; [hd; ,f;FO ghpe;Jiuj;jJ. 1935
irkd; vd;gtuJ ngauhNy Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lj;jpw;F
irkd; FO vd;W ,J ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;if
miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,jpy; ,lk; mbg;gilahf tpsq;fpaJ.
ngw;wpUe;j VO cWg;gpdh;fSk; 16. NeU mwpf;if 1928:
Mq;fpNyah;fshth;. ,jpy; xU  ,jw;fpilapy; ,q;fpyhe;jpd;
,e;jpa cWg;gpdh;$l ,lk; maYwTr; nrayhsh; gph;fd;
ngwhikahy;> ,e;jpahTf;F n`l; gpuG midtUk; Vw;Wf;
te;jilAk; Kd;Ng ,f;FOtpw;F nfhs;sf;$ba murpayikg;G
gyj;j vjph;g;Gfs; Njhd;wpd. cUthf;f KbAkh vd;W Nfl;L
fhq;fpu]; cs;spl;l gy murpay; ,e;jpah;fSf;F rthy; tpLj;jhh;.
fl;rpfs; ,f;FOit vjph;j;jd.  ,e;j rthiy Vw;w fhq;fpu];
 1928 gpg;uthp 3- Mk; ehs; ,f;FO 1928 gpg;uthp 28-y;
gk;gha; te;jpwq;fpa NghJ ehL midj;Jf;fl;rp $l;lj;ijf;
KOtJk; kwpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs; $l;baJ. vjph;fhy ,e;jpahtpd;
eilngw;wd. nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; murpay; mikg;G rl;lk; xd;iw
fUg;Gf;nfhb Mh;g;ghl;lq;fSk;> tiutjw;F vl;Lg;Ngh; nfhz;l
‘irkNd jpUk;gpg;Ngh” vd;w FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Kof;fq;fSk; ,f;FOit mjpu  ,jd; jiytuhf Nkhjpyhy;
itj;jd. 1928 mf;Nlhgh; 30-Mk; NeU epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
ehs; yh$hpy; yhyh y[gjpuha;

9
 

 ,f;FOtpd; mwpf;ifNa ‘NeU  NeU mwpf;ifia muR Vw;f

mwpf;if” vdg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kWj;jikahy;> fhq;fpu]; rl;l
mwpf;ifapd; rpwg;Gf; kWg;G ,af;fj;ij njhlq;FtJ
$Wfshtd. vd KbT nra;jJ.
 epiyahf nlhkpdpad; (Swaraj)  1930 [dthp 26 Mk; ehs; ,e;jpa
me;j];J toq;fg;gLjy;. Rje;jpu jpdkhf
 kj;jpapy; KOg; nghWg;G tha;;ej
; mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ Kjy;
muR. [dthp 26- k; ehs; xt;nthU
 khfhzq;fSf;F Rahl;rp. Mz;Lk; Rje;jpu jpdkhf
 kj;jpa khfhz mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ. tpLjiyf;Fg;
muRfSf;fpilNa njspthd gpd; 1950-Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa
mjpfhug; gfph;T. murpayikg;G eilKiwf;F
 kj;jpapy; ,uz;L mitfs; te;j jpdkhf [dthp 26- Mk;
nfhz;l rl;lkd;wk;. ehs; FbauR jpdkhf
 K];yk
P ; yPf; jiytuhd KfkJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ vd;gJk;
myp [pd;dh> NeU mwpf;if Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
K];yk
P ; kf;fspd; eyDf;F 18. jz;bahj;jpiu:
vjpuhdJ vd;W fUjpdhh;.  fhq;fpurpd; ,uz;lhtJ fl;l
mfpy ,e;jpa K];yk
P ;fs; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;fhd fsk;
khehl;il $l;ba [pd;dh jdJ jahuhf ,Ue;jJ. 1930 khh;r;
gjpdhd;F mk;r Nfhhpf;iffis 12- k; ehs; fhe;jp jdJ
ntspapl;lhh;. Gfo;ngw;w jz;bahj;jpiuia
njhlq;fpdhh;.
17. rl;lkWg;G ,af;fk; (1930 - 34):
 mtuhy; njhpT nra;ag;gl;l 78
 1929 brk;gh; khjk; yh$h;
rPlh;fs; gpd; njhlu cg;G
fhq;fpu]; khehL $baJ.
rl;lq;fis kWg;gjw;fhf mth;
[t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;j
Gwg;gl;lhh;.
khehl;Lf;F jiyik tfpj;jhh;.
 200 iky;fs; ele;J 1930 Vg;uy;
‘g+uz Rauh[;ak;” my;yJ
5-k; ehs; jz;b flw;fiuia
‘KOr;Rje;jpuk;” Fwpj;j
nrd;wile;jhh;.
jPhk
; hdk; ,k;khehl;by;
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ.

10
 

 Vg;uy; 6- k; ehs; vd;Dk; mikjpg; Nghuhl;lj;ij

cg;Gr;rl;lq;fis kPwpajd; elj;jpdhh;.
%yk; rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;ij  1930y; rNuh[pdp ehALk;>
mth; Kiwg;gb njhlq;fp fhe;jpapd; kfdhd kzpyhYk;
itj;jhh;. ,ize;J jh;rdh cg;G
rl;l kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; jpl;lq;fs;: njhopw;rhiyapy; Nghuhl;lk;
 cg;G thpf;fhd rl;lj;ij kPWjy; elj;jpdh;.
(cg;G rj;ahfpufk;)  ehfyhe;jpd; uhzp ifbd;ypa+
 ePjpkd;wq;fis Gwf;fzpj;jy; vd;gth; Nghuhl;lk; elj;jp 1932y;
 muRg;gzpapypUe;J tpyFjy; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L MAl;fhy
 thp nrYj;j kWj;jy; rpiw jz;lidg; ngw;whh;.

 tof;fwpQh;fs; thjhLtij 19. tl;lNkir khehLfs;

iftpLjy;. (1930 - 1932):

 me;epa Jzpf;filfs; kw;Wk;  1930 etk;ghpy; yz;ldpy;

kJf;filfis Gwf;fzpj;J eilngw;w Kjy; tl;lNkir

kwpay; nra;jy; khehl;il fhq;fpu]; Gwf;fzpj;jJ.

 cg;G rj;ahfpufj;ij jkpo;ehl;by;  1931 [dthpapy; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijf;F

jpUr;rpapypUe;J Ntjhuz;ak; cfe;j #o;epiyia cUthf;Fk;

tiu elj;jpr; nrd;wth; C. nghUl;L fhq;fpu]; kPJ

uh[Nfhghyr;rhhp Mthh;. kyghh; tpjpj;jpUe;j jilia muR

tpyf;fpaNjhL> jiyth;fisAk;
gFjpapy; K. Nfsg;gd;>
rpiwapypUe;J tpLjiy nra;jJ.
(Nfhopf;$l;bypUe;J igaZ}h;
1931 khh;r; 8- k; ehs; fhe;jp ,h;tpd;
tiu)
xg;ge;jk; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ.
 rpl;lfhq;fhf;fpy; #h;ah nrd;
,jd;gb kfhj;kh fhe;jp rl;lkWg;G
jiyikapy; MAjf;flj;jy; rl;l
,af;fj;ij epWj;jp itf;fTk;
kWg;G ,af;fj;jpd; NghJ
,uz;lhk; tl;l Nkir khehl;by;
eilngw;wJ.
fye;J nfhs;sTk; xg;Gf;
 ng\hthpy; vy;iy fhe;jp fhd;
nfhz;lhh;. 1931 nrg;lk;ghpy;
mg;Jy; fh‡gh; fhd; nrQ;rl;il
,uz;lhk; tl;lNkir khehL
(Red Shift Movement) ,af;fk;
yz;ldpy; eilngw;wJ. kfhj;kh

11
 

fhe;jp ,jpy; fye;J nfhz;Ltpl;L kf;fs; jdp tFg;gpduhf fUjg;gl

ngUj;j Vkhw;wj;Jld; ehL mth;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp
jpUk;gpdhh;. KO Rje;jpuk;> tFg;G toq;fg;gLk; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ (71
gpur;rid Nghd;wtw;Wf;fhd ve;j ,lq;fs;) . ‘tFg;Gf; nfhilia”
jPhT
; k; ,e;j khehl;by; vjph;j;J kfhj;kh fhe;jp 1932
fhzg;gltpy;iy. nrg;lk;gh; 20-Mk; ehs; vuthlh
 1932 [dthpapy; rl;l kWg;G rpiwapy; rhFk; tiu
,af;fk; kPz;Lk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. cz;zhtpuj Nghuhl;lj;ij
kfhj;kh fhe;jp> rh;jhh; gl;Nly; njhlq;fpdhh;.
Nghd;w jiyth;fs; kPz;Lk; ifJ  ,Wjpapy; lhf;lh; mk;Ngj;fhUf;Fk;
nra;ag;gl;ldh;. fhq;fpu]; fl;rpAk; fhe;jpf;Fk; ,ilapy; xU xg;ge;jk;
jil nra;ag;gl;lJ. Vw;gl;lJ. ,JNt ‘g+dh xg;ge;jk;”
 irkd; FOtpd; mwpf;ifia vdg;gLfpwJ (148 ,lq;fs;).
tpthjpf;f $l;lg;gl;lNj gphpl;b\; murhq;fKk; ,jid
tl;lNkir khehL. irkd; FO Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.
mwpf;if tl;l Nkir khehLfspd;  1932 -y; %d;whtJ tl;lNkir
tpthjj;jpd; mwpf;ifapd; khehL Kbtile;jJ. kWgbAk;
mbg;gilapy; mike;jNj ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; ,jid Gwf;fzpj;jJ.
muR rl;lk; 1935 MFk;.  ,Ug;gpDk; 1933 khh;r;rpy; gphpl;b\;
20. tFg;G thhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk; murhq;fk; nts;is mwpf;ifia
g+dh xg;ge;jk;(1932): ntspapl;lJ.
 Kjy; tl;lNkir khehl;by;  1935 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muRr;
jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; cz;ik rl;lk; nts;is mwpf;ifapd;
epiyia vLj;Jiuj;j mk;Ngj;fhh; mbg;gilapNyNa
mth;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
xJf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Nfhhpdhh;. 21. ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUk; Njrpa
 1932 Mf];L 16-k; ehs; gphpl;b\; ,af;fKk; (1939 - 1945):
gpujkh; uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L  1935 -k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;l
jdJ ‘tFg;Gf; nfhil” ia tpjpfspd; gb 1937y; Njh;jy;
mwptpj;jhh;. ,jd;gb jho;j;jg;gl;l ele;jJ. ,e;jpahtpd; VO

12
 

khfhzq;fspy; fhq;fpu];  jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk; vd;gJ

mikr;ruitfs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. td;Kiwaw;w Fiwe;j mstpy;
1939 nrg;lk;gh; Kjy; ehs; xU milahskhf elj;jg;gl;l
,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghh; njhlq;fpaJ. ,af;fkhFk;. rj;jpahfpufj;jpy;
 kf;fis fye;J <LgLgth;fis fhe;jpNa Njh;T
MNyhrpf;fhkNyNa> gphpl;b\; muR nra;jhh;. Kjypy; jdpegh;
,e;jpahit Nghhpy; <LgLj;jpaJ. rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lth;
fhq;fpu]; ,r;nraiy fLikahf Mr;rhh;a tpNdhgh ghNt Mthh;.
vjph;j;jJ. jq;fsJ vjph;g;ig mtUf;F %d;W khjk; rpiwj;
fhl;Lk; tifapy; 1939 brk;gh; 12-k; jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mLj;J
ehs; khfhzq;fspy; gjtpapypUe;j [t`h;yhy; NeU jdpegh;
fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruit gjtp rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;L 4
tpyfpd ,jid K];yPk; yPf; Mz;Lfs; rpiwj;jz;lid
‘tpLjiy ehshff;” nfhz;lhbaJ. ngw;whh;. jdpegh; rj;ahfpufk; 15
1940 khh;r;rpy; K];yPk; yPf; khjq;fs; ePbj;jJ. %d;whtjhf
ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;ifia Kd; rh;jhh; ty;ygha; gNly; jdpegh;
itj;jJ. rj;ahfpufj;jpy; <Lgl;lhh;.
22. jdpegh; rj;jpahfpufk;:
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghhpd; NghJ 23. fphpg;]; J}Jf;FO (1942):
,e;jpah;fs; Mjuitg;  Nghh;f;fhyj;jpy; epytpa
ngWtjw;fhf gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; Nkhrkhd #o;epiyiaf; fUjp
1940 Mf];l; 8- k; ehs; ‘ Mf];L” ,e;jpah;fspd; xj;Jiog;ig
rYifia mwptpj;jJ. NghUf;Fg; ngWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; gphpl;b\;
gpd; Gjpa murpayikg;ig murhq;fk; 1942 khh;;r; 23- k; ehs;
tiutjw;fhf ,e;jpag; rh; ];lhNghh;L fphpg;]; vd;gtiu
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l xU ,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gp itj;jJ.
mikg;G Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; vd;W
mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ. fhe;jp ,jid
fphpg;]pd; Kf;fpag; ghpe;Jiufs;:
Vw;f kWj;J> jdp egh; rj;jpah
 ,e;jpahtpw;F nlhkdpad;
fpufj;ij njhlq;f KbT nra;jhh;.
me;j];J toq;fg;gLk;.

13
 

 rpWghd;ikapdh; ghJfhg;G - 1. nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk;

RNjr muRfs; kw;Wk; gphpl;b\; (1942 - 44):
,e;jpa khfhzq;fspd;  fphpg;]; J}Jf;FOtpd; Njhy;tp>
gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l xU ,e;jpah kPJ [g;ghd;
murpayikg;Gf; FO gilnaLf;Fk; vd;w mr;rk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;. Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy;
 gphpl;b\; ,e;jpahtpYs;s ve;j gphpl;b\hiu ehl;iltpl;L
khfhzkhtJ ,e;j ntspNawr; nra;Ak; ,af;fj;ij
murpayikg;ig Vw;f kWf;Fk; kfhj;kh fhe;jp njhlq;fpdhh;.
gl;rj;jpy; jw;Nghija epiyapy;  gphpl;b\hh; ,e;jpahit tpl;L
njhluNth my;yJ ntspNawpdhy; kl;LNk Xh;
jq;fSf;nfd jdp ,ilf;fhy murhq;fj;ij
murpayikg;ig tiue;J mikf;f KbAk;. ,e;J> K];yk
P ;
nfhs;sNth mDkjpf;fg;gLk; gpur;rpidf;F jPhT
; fhz KbAk;
fphpg;]pd; Nahridfis ehl;bd; vd;W fhe;jp fUjpdhh;.
ngUk;ghyhd murpay; fl;rpfs;  1942 Mf];l; 8-k; ehs; mfpy
Vw;ftpy;iy. fhe;jp fphpg;rpd; ,e;jpa fhq;fpu]; fkpl;b
Nahridfis ‘gpd; Njjpapl;l gk;ghapy; $b Gfo; tha;e;j
fhNrhiy” vd;W th;zpj;jhh;. ‘nts;isaNd ntspNaW”
RNjr muRfs; tpUk;gpdhy; jPhk
; hdj;ij epiw Ntw;wpaJ.
murpayikg;G FOtpw;F jdJ fhe;jp ‘ nra; my;yJ nrj;J kb”
gpujpepjpfis mDg;gyhk; my;yJ vd;W miw$tiu tpLj;jhh;.
,e;jpa xd;wpaj;jpypUe;J  1942 Mf;]l
; ; 8> 9 - k; Njjpfspy;
tpyfpNa ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w fhq;fpurpd; Kf;fpa
Nahridia murpay; fl;rpfs; jiyth;fis murhq;fk; ifJ
Vw;ftpy;iy. nra;jJ. murpd; ,e;j jpl;lkpl;l
 ghfp];jhd; Nfhhpf;if eltbf;ifahy; ,e;jpa kf;fs;
Vw;;fg;glhjjhy; K];yPk; yPf; ,af;fj;ij top elj;j
,jid epuhfhpj;jJ. jiyth;fspd;wp tplg;gl;ldh;.
kfhj;kh fhe;jp g+dh rpiwapy;
milf;fg;gl;lhh;. gz;bj

14
 

[t`h;yhy; NeU> mGy; fyhk; mnyf;rhe;jh; nfhz;l FOit

Mrhj; Nghd;w jiyth;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F mDg;gp itj;jhh;.
mfkJ efh; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw ,JNt ‘fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO”
itf;fg;gl;ldh;. vd;w ngaiug; ngw;wJ.
 1944-y; kfhj;kh rpiwapypUe;J  K];yk
P ; yPf; fhq;fpu]; ,uz;Lk;
tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;lhh;. ,j;jpl;lj;ij xg;Gf; nfhz;ld.
 nts;isaNd ntspNaW  1946 [_iyapy; murpayikg;Gf;
,af;fk; xU td;Kiw FOtpw;fhd Njh;jy;fs;
Nghuhl;lkhFk;. eilngw;wd.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; c\h Nkj;jh>  214 nghJj; njhFjpfspy; 205-y;
mUzh Mrg; myp Nghd;Nwhh; fhq;fpu]; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. 1946
ufrpa fhq;fpu]; NubNah nrg;lk;gh; 2-k; ehs; [t`h;yhy;
mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpapUe;jdh;. NeU jiyikapy; ,ilf;fhy
 ,jpy; gy ,iz (m) jdp murhq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
murhq;fq;fs; (Parallel Govt’s) egh;fs; gjtpfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 1942y; ghypah [t`h;yhy; NeU ntsptptfhu
gFjpapy; rpj;J ghz;Nl ,iz q;fs; kw;Wk;
nghJthd
murhq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;.
nry;t
2. fhgpndl; J}Jf;FO (1940): tsq;fs;
 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg;gpd;> rh;jhh; ty;ygha; jfty; kw;Wk;
gl;Nly; xspgug;G
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhf ml;yp gpuG
lhf;lh; uhN[e;jpu czT kw;Wk;
nghWg;ngw;whh;. 1946 khh;r; 15-k; gpurhj; Ntshz;ik
ehs; mth; ntspapl;l [`;rPtd; uhk; njhopyhsh;
mwpf;ifapy; ,e;jpahtpd; rh;jh; gy;Njt; rpq; ghJfhg;G
Jiw
Raeph;za chpikia Vw;wJld;
C.H. ghgh Ntiyfs;>
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig Ruq;fq;fs;
cUthf;Ftjw;F xg;GjiyAk; kw;Wk; Mw;wy;
toq;fpdhh;. ypahfl; mypfhd; epjpaikr;rh;

 gphpl;b\; mikr;ruitia Nrh;ej

; C.uh[Nfhghyrhhp fy;tp
%d;W Ngh; ngjpf; yhud;];> rh; mikr;rh;
N[hjpe;jh; ehj; tzpfk;
];lhNghh;L fphpg;]>; V.tp.
kz;ly; Re;jphpfh;

15
 

murhq;fk; 1947 [_iy 18-k;

3. nksz;l;Ngl;ld; jpl;lk; (1947): ehs; ,e;jpa tpLjiyr;
 1947 gpg;uthp 2- Mk; ehs; gpujkh; rl;lj;ij epiwNtw;wpaJ.
ml;yp nghJ mitapy; (House of ,r;rl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpa $Wfs;:
Commons)1948 [_d; khjj;jpw;F  ,e;jpah - ghfp];jhd; gphptpid
Kd;G,e;jpah;fsplk; Ml;rp 1947 Mf];L 15 Kjy;
mjpfhuk; khw;wg;gLk; vd;w eilKiwf;F tUk;. gphpl;b\;
gphpl;b\; murpd; jpl;lkhd murq;fk; midj;J
vz;zj;ij mwptpj;jhh;. mjpfhuq;fisAk; ,t;tpuz;L
 ,jid epiwNtw;Wtjw;F ehLfsplk; toq;Fk;.
nksz;l; Ngl;ld; gpuGit  gQ;rhg;> tq;fhsk; ,t;tpuz;L
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf khfhzq;fspd; vy;iyfis
mDg;GtJ vd;Wk; mth; KbT tiuaWg;gjw;F vy;iy
nra;jhh;. tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak;
 1947 khh;r; 24-k; ehs; kpFe;j Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
mjpfhuq;fSld;  ,t;tpuz;L ehLfspd;
nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG murpayikg;G FOf;fSf;F
,e;jpahtpd; it];uhahf murpayikg;ig cUthf;Fk;
gjtpNaw;whh;. ,e;jpahit gphpj;J mjpfhuq;fs; toq;fg;gLk;.
ghfp];jhid cUthf;FtJ  uhl;fpspg; jiyikapyhd vy;iy
vd;gJ jtph;f;f KbahjJ vd;W tiuaWf;Fk; Mizak; ,e;jpa -
mth; fUjpdhh;. ghfp];jhd; vy;iyfis
 ePz;l tpthjq;fSf;Fg; gpwF tiuaWj;jJ. 1947 Mf];L 15-
1947 [_d; 3-k; ehs; ,e;jpag; k; ehs; ,e;jpahTk;> Mf];L 14-k;
gphptpidf;fhd jdJ jpl;lj;ij ehs; ghfp];jhDk; Rje;jpu
mth; mwptpj;jhh;. fhq;fpuRk;> ehLfshapd. Rje;jpu
K];yk
P ; yPf;Fk; ,j;jpl;lj;ij ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; jiyik
xg;Gf; nfhz;lJ. MSeuhf nksz;l;Ngl;ld; gpuG
nghWg;G Vw;whh; ghfp];jhdpd;
4. ,e;jpa tpLjiyr; rl;lk; (1947):
Kjy; jiyik MSeuhf KfkJ
 nksz;l; Ngl;ld; jpl;lj;ij
myp [pd;dh gjtpNaw;whh;. 1948
Vw;Wf;nfhz;l gphpl;b\;

16
 

[dthp 30-k; ehs; kpfTk; gFjpfs; 1954-k; Mz;L ,e;jpa

Nrhfkhd epfo;r;rpAk; a+dpaDld; ,izf;fg;gl;ld.
ele;NjwpaJ. Njrj; je;ij
kfhj;kh fhe;jpia mth; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpah;fs; gFjpfs; ,izg;G
topghl;Lf; $l;lj;Jf;Fr; (1961)
nry;Yk; topapy; ehJuhk;  Nfhth> ila+ kw;Wk; lhkd; Mfpa
Nfhl;Nr Rl;Lf;nfhd;whh;. gFjpfs; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpahpd;
gpnuQ;R kw;Wk; Nghh;r;Rf;fPrpa gFjpfs; trkpUe;j gFjpfshFk;.mg;gFjp
,izf;fg;gLjy; kf;fs; ,e;jpahTld; ,iza
gpnuQ;Rg; gFjpfs; ,izf;fg;gLjy;
tpUk;gpdh;. vdNt> ,e;jpa muR
(1954):
 gpnuQ;R murpd; mDkjpAld; jdJ ,uhZt eltbf;iffspd;
ghz;br;Nrhp> fhiuf;fhy;> kh`p> %yk; 1961 - k; Mz;L
Vdhk; kw;Wk; re;jpueh$h; Mfpa mg;gFjpfis ,e;jpahTld;
,ize;jd.
Mz;L/ ,lk; jiyth; jfty;

1885 (brk;gh;28) W.C. ghdh;[p 72 gpujpepjpfs; fye;Jf; nfhz;ldh;.

Kk;ig
1886 (brk;gh;28) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p 436 gpujpepjpfs;
fy;fj;jh
1887 (brk;gh; 27-28) gj;&jPd; jpahg;[p 607 gpujpepjpfs; K];ykP ; fye;Jf;
kjuh]; (Kjy; K];yPk; nfhs;s xg;Gjy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
jiyth; )
1885 (brk;gh; 28-29) [hh;[; Nahy; Kjy; gphpl;b\; jiyth;
myfhghj;
1889 (brk;gh; 27-28) tpy;ypak;;
fy;fj;jh ntz;lh;gd;
1890 (brk;gh; 28-29) g;Nuh]h Nkj;j
fy;fj;jh
1891 (brk;gh; 26-27) gp. Mde;j; rhU
ehf;G+h;
1892 (brk;gh; 28-29) W.C. ghdhh;[p
myfhghj;
1893 (brk;gh;27- 28) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p
yh$h;

17
 

1894 (brk;gh;27- 28) my;uL ntg;

kjuh];
1895 (brk;gh;28- 29) RNue;jpuehj;
G+dh ghdh;[p
1896 (brk;gh;27- 28) Nuhfpdpy;yh nra;dp
fy;fj;jh
1897 (brk;gh;22- 29) C. rq;fh; ehah;
mkuhtjp
1898 (brk;gh;27- 28) A.M. Ngh\;
kjuh];
1899 (brk;gh;27- 28) uNk\; re;jpuhjl; epy tUthia epue;jukhf rhp
yf;Ndh nra;jtw;fhd Nfhhpf;if
1900 (brk;gh;27- 29) N.G. re;jpu Nrfh;
yh$h;
1901 (brk;gh; 27 - DE thl;rh
28) fy;fj;jh
1902 (brk;gh;23- 26) RNue;jpu ehj;
mfkjhghj; ghdh;[p
1903 (brk;gh;28- 30) yhy; Nkhfd; Nfh\;
kjuh];
1904 (brk;gh;26- 28) n`d;hp fhl;ld;
Kk;ig
1905 (brk;gh;27 -30) G.K. NfhfNy ngq;fhypd; gphptpidf;F vjph;g;G
gdhu];
1906 (brk;gh;26- 29) jhjhgha; nesNuh[p Rauh[;[pak; Kjd; Kjypy;
fy;fj;jh gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
1907 (brk;gh;26- 27) uh]; gp`hhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]; kpjthjpfs;/ jPtputhjpfs;
#uj; vd gphpe;jdh;
1908 (brk;gh;29- 30) uh]; gp`hhp Nfh\; fhq;fpu]pd; murpayikg;G
#uj; tiuag;gl;lJ.
1909 (brk;gh;27- 30) kjd; Nkfhd;
yh$h; khstpah
1910 (brk;gh;28- 29) rh; tpy;ypak;
myfhghj; ntz;lh;gd;
1911 (brk;gh;26- 28) BN jhh;
fy;fj;jh

18
 

1912 (brk;gh;27- 28) RN KNjy;fh;

gf;fpd;G+h;
1913 (brk;gh;26- 29) KfKJ
fuhr;rp
1914 (brk;gh;28- 30) GNge;jpu ehj; gh];
kjuh];
1915 (brk;gh;27- 30) SP rpq;fh
Kk;ig
1916 (brk;gh;26- 30) A.C. K[;k;jhh; fhq;fpu]; yf;Ndh cld;gbf;ifapy;
yf;Ndh kPz;Lk; ,ize;jJ.
1917 (brk;gh;28- 29) md;dpngrd;l; Kjy; ngz; jiyth;
fy;fj;jh
1918 (brk;gh;26- 31) kjd; Nkhfd;
nly;yp khstpah
1919 (brk;gh;27- 28) Nkhjpyhy; NeU fz;bf;fg;gl;l [y;yptd; thyh gPf;
mk;hpj;rh; fpyh lj; ,af;fk; mjpfhpj;jJ.
1920 (brk;gh;26- 31) C. tp[ah fhq;fpu]; Gjpa murpayikg;ig
ehf;G+h; uhfthr;rhhpah cUthf;fpaJ.
1921 (brk;gh;27- 31) rp.Mh;.jh];;
mfkhjghj; `hq;fpk; `hd;
1922 (brk;gh;26- 31) rp.Mh;. jh]; Rauh[;a fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
fhah
1923 (brk;gh;28- 31) M. Kjkj; myp
fhfpd;jh
1924 (brk;gh;26- 27) M.K. fhe;jp
ngy;`k;
1925 (brk;gh;26- 28) rNuh[pdp ehAL Kjy; ,e;jpa ngz; jiyth;
fhd;G+h;
1926 (brk;gh;26- 28) SS Iaq;fh;
n`sfhj;jp
1927 (brk;gh;26- 27) MA md;rhhp Rje;jpu jPhk
; hdk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ
kjuh]; kw;Wk; irkd; fkp\d;
Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;lJ.
1928 (brk;gh;28- 31) Nkhjpyhy; NeU midj;J ,e;jpah fhq;fpu];
fy;fj;jh cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1929 (brk;gh;29- 31) [t`h;yhy; NeU G+h;d Rauh[;[pa jPhk
; hdk;
yh$h; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

19
 

1931(khh;r;29) fuhr;rp ty;ygha; gl;Nly; fhe;jp ,h;tpd; xg;ge;jj;jpy;

mbg;gil chpikfspd; jPh;khdk;
mDg;gg;gl;lJ.

1932 (Vg;uy;;24) Ar Nrj;

nly;yp
1933 (Vg;uy;7) N. nrd;Fg;jh
fy;fj;jh
1934 (mf;Nlhgh; 26 - ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;
28) Kk;ig
1936 (Vg;uy;; 12 -4) [t`h;yhy; NeU nghJ cilikf; Nfhl;ghl;il
yf;Ndh miltNj fhq;fpu]pd;
Fwpf;NfhshFk;.
1936 (brk;gh;27- 28) [t`h;yhy; NeU Kjd; Kjypy; fpuhkg;Gw gFjpapy;
g[;[pG+h; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
1938 (gpg;uthp19- 21) SC Bose Njrpa jpl;lf; fkp\d;
`hpGuh cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
1939 (khh;r;10) SC Bose ,uhN[e;jpu gpurhj; jiytuhf
jphpGuh mwptpf;fg;gl;lhh;
1940 (khh;r;) khTdh Mrhj;
uhk;`h;j;
1946 (etk;;gh;22) kPul; JB fphpghydp

1948 (brk;gh;18-19) P. rpj;juhikah

n[ag;G+h;

20
 

,e;jpa murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpw;fhd

Kd;Ndw;wq;fs;
; ,w;wg;gl;l KjyhtJ rl;lNk
 Mq;f
; pNya fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp
xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lk; MFk;.
tq;fhsj;jpYk; ,e;jpahtpYk; gpw
,jdhy; fk;ngdpf;F xU Gjpa
gFjpfspYk; RNjr muRfspd;
murpayikg;G cUthdJ.
Mjuitg; ngw;W tpahghuj;ij
,e;jpahtpy; ika Ml;rp Kiw
tsh;j;J te;jJ. gjpNdohk;
Vw;gl Kjy; gbahf mike;jJ.
E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
fk;ngdpapd; mjpfhu tsh;r;rp
1. xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd;gb
kd;dhpd; tpUg;gj;ij
tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;dh; tpy;ypak;
nghWj;jjhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh; n[duy;
 Mdhy; mjw;F gpwF fk;ngdpapd;
vd miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fth;dh;
nray;ghLfs; jpUg;jp juf;$bajhf
n[duYf;F MNyhrid $w
,y;iy. vdNt gphpl;b\;
ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l
ghuhSkd;wk; fk;ngdpia
eph;thf FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fz;fhzpf;fTk;> mjd;
mjd; jiyth; fth;dh; n[duy;
eph;thfj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l
Mthh;. ehd;F cWg;gpdh;fs;
FiwghLfis fisaTk;
KiwNa fpshthpq; khd;rd;>
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
gpuhd;rp];> ghh;ty; Mthh;. thud;
Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rp N`];bq;]; gpuG tpy;ypak;
(1773 - 1858): Nfhl;ilapd; Kjy; fth;dh;
1. xOq;F gLj;Jk; rl;lk; 1773 n[duy; Mthh;.
(Regulating Act 1773): 2. Kd;G Nghy; ,y;yhky;> kjuh];
 Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa kw;Wk; gk;;gha; khfhz fth;dh;fs;
fk;ngdpapd; tptfhuq;fis tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh;
xOq;FgLj;jTk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; n[duYf;F fPo;gl;lth;fs; kw;Wk;
,q;fpyhe;J ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; fl;Lg;gl;lth;fs; Mth;.

21
 

3. xU jiyik ePjpgjpAk;> %d;W ,ilNa Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfis

ePjpgjpfSk; mlq;fpa xU ePf;fpaJ. ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb jiyik
jiyik ePjpkd;wk; fy;fj;jhtpy; ePjpkd;wk; XusT jdJ
(1744)y; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. jiyik mjpfhuj;ij ,of;f
ePjpgjpahf vh; vyp[h ,k;Ng Ntz;bajhapw;W.
vd;gtUk;: Nrk;gh;]>; nykha;rh;> Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
i`l; MfpNahh; gpw 1. fth;dh; n[duYk; mtuJ
ePjpgjpfshfTk; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;. MNyhrid FO cWg;gpdh;fSk;
4. fk;ngdp Copah;fs; jdpahf tq;fhs jiyik ePjpkd;wj;jpd;
tpahghuk; nra;aTk; kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;jpw;F cl;gl;lth;fs;
,e;jpahplkpUe;J md;gspg;Ngh> my;y.
,yQ;rNkh ngwTk; jil 2. fk;ngdpapd; thpt#y;
tpjpj;jJ. rk;ge;jg;gl;l tof;Ffis
5. fk;ngdpapd; tuT nryT tprhhpf;Fk; mjpfhhuk; ,e;j
fzf;Ffs; ,q;fpyhe;J ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F fpilahJ.
mikr;ruit Kd; itf;fg;gl
3. gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; 1784 (Pitt’s India
Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; epythp
Act 1784):
rk;ge;jkhf ,e;jpahtpypUe;J
 xOq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpd;
tUk; vy;yh fbjq;fs;
FiwghLfis ePf;Ftjw;fhf
fUT+yj;JiwapYk;> rptpy; uhZt
,q;fpyhe;J gpujkh; tpy;ypak; gpl;
fbjg;Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fis
vd;gtuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l
,q;fpyhe;jpy; ntspAwTj;Jiw
rl;lNk gpl; ,e;jpa rl;lk; MFk;.
nrayhplk; rkh;g;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features):
2. tq;fhs ePjp ghpghyd rl;lk;
1. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; (Board of
(Bengal Judicature Act 1781 (or)
Control) ,e;jpah rk;ge;jg;gl;l
Act of Settlement 1781):
murpay; eph;thf fhhpaq;fis
 xoq;FgLj;Jk; rl;lj;jpy; ePjpj;Jiw
ftdpg;gjw;F fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l FiwghLfis
vd;w Mizah;fs; (MP) my;yJ
ePf;fpaJ. Kf;fpakhf fy;fj;jh
gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;w
jiyik ePjpkd;wj;jpw;Fk; fth;dh;
cWg;gpdh;fis nfhz;l Gjpa rig
n[duypd; MNyhrid FOtpw;Fk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
22
 

2. ,e;jpahtpy; fth;dh; n[duypd; ngUk;ghd;ikNahhpd; Kbitg;

MNyhridf; FO cWg;gpdh;fspd; Gwf;fzpf;Fk; mjpfhuk;
vz;zpf;if ehd;fpypUe;J %d;whf nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 2. fth;dh; n[duNy
3. ,e;jpa khfhzq;fspy; fth;dhpd; ,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\;
MNyhridf;FO mikf;fg;gl top gilj;jsgjpahf
nra;jJ. epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;.
4. Kjd;Kjyhf ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j 3. Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fs;
fk;ngdpapd; gFjpfs; FOtpd; mDkjpapd;wp fth;dh;
‘,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\; gFjpfs; n[duy; Nghh; gpufldk;
(British Possessions in India) vd;W nra;af;$lhJ.
miof;fg;gl;lJ. 5. gl;la rl;lq;fs; (Charter Act):
5. fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fs; FO ,dp  fk;ngdp tpahghuk; nra;tjw;fhd
thzpgk; rk;ge;jg;gl;l mYty;fis Kw;Whpik ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
kl;LNk ftdpg;gh;. murpay; xUKiw GJg;gpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
mYty;fis fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpak; mjw;fhf ,q;fpyhe;J
vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ. ,g;gb ,uz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jplk; ,UgJ
tif murhq;f (Double) Kiwia Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. tpz;zg;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. 1786 k; tUlr;rl;lk;: (i) 1793 -k; tUl gl;lar;rl;lk;
 xOq;Fg;gLj;Jk; rl;lk; kw;Wk; gpl; (Charter Act of 1793)
,e;jpa rl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd;  fk;ngdpf;F 20 Mz;LfSf;F
FiwghLfis ePf;fNt chpik mspf;Fk; Kjy; gl;la
nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. Fwpg;ghf rl;lk; 1793 y; nfhz;L
fth;dh; n[duYf;Fk; mtuJ tug;gl;lJ.
MNyhrid FOtpw;Fk; ,ilNa
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
Vw;gl;l rr;ruTfis ePf;f nfhz;L
1. fk;ngdpapd; tpahghu Kw;Whpik
tug;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
NkYk; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Features): ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
1. fth;dh; n[duYf;F jdJ 2. ,r;rl;lg;gb fth;dh; n[duYf;F
MNyhridf;FOtpd; khfhzq;fspy; ‘mikjp fhd;

23
 

ePjpgjp” (Justices of Peace) rPdhtpw;F tpw;gjpy; fk;ngdp

epakpf;f chpik nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ngw;wpUe;j Kw;Whpik (Monopoly)
3. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; NkYk; ,UgJ Mz;LfSf;F
Mizah;fspd; vz;zpf;if ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ.
MwpypUe;J Ie;jhf 2. fpwp];Jt kjj;ijg; gug;g
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; kp\pdhpkhh;fs; ,e;jpahtpw;F
fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpw;F MFk; nry;y mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nryTfis ,e;jpa 3. ,e;jpahtpYs;s gphpl;b\;
tUkhdj;jpypUe;Nj nfhLf;f gFjpfspy; thOk; kf;fspd; fy;tp>
Ntz;Lk;. gz;ghl;L> mwptpay; tsh;r;rpf;F
(ii) 1813 -k; tUl gl;la rl;lk; fk;ngdpapd; yhgj;jpypUe;J
(Charter Act of 1813) Mz;Lf;F xU yl;r &gha;
 1793 -k; tUl gl;la rl;lg;gb xJf;fPL nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;
fk;ngdpf;F ,UgJ tUl vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
fhyj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;l tpahghu 4. rptpy; Copah;fSf;F gapw;rp
Kw;Whpikf;fhyk; KbtilaNt mspf;f epiyaKk;> uhZt
fk;ngdp eph;thfj;jpdh; me;j Copah;fSf;F mb]; Nfhk;g; vd;w
rhrdj;ij GJg;gpj;jdh;. mjd; ,lj;jpy; xU gapw;rp epiyaKk;
mbg;gilapy; nfhz;L Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;W
tug;gl;lNj 1813 -k; tUl gl;la typAWj;jg;gl;lJ.
rl;lkhFk;. 5. fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;: INuhg;gpah;fspd; eyDf;fhf xU
1. fk;ngdpapd; thzpg Kw;Whpik gp\g;Gk; mtUf;F cjtp

(Monopoly of Trade) nra;tjw;fhf %d;W Jiz

xopf;fg;gl;lJ. tpahghuk; nra;Ak; mYtyh;fSk; epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.

chpik 20 Mz;LfSf;F ,e;j gp\g;gpd; epakdk;

ePl;bf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;fpyhe;J kf;fs; ,e;jpahtpy; jpUr;rig tuyhw;wpd;

midtUk; ,e;jpahTld; njhlf;fkhf mike;jJ.

thzpgk; nra;Ak; chpik (iii) 1833 -k; tUl gl;lar; rl;lk;:

toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Njapiy>  ,e;jpahtpy; ika murhq;fk;
fQ;rh Kjypa nghUl;fis mika vLf;fg;gl;l filrp

24
 

eltbf;if ,e;j gl;lar; 3. fk;ngdpapd; tpahghu

rl;lkhFk;. ,r;rl;lj;jpy; rpwe;j eltbf;iffs; midj;Jk;
fw;wwpthsuhd nkf;fhNy gpuG> KbTf;F te;jd. ,dpNky;
nghUshjhu Nkij N[k;];kpy; fk;ngdp ,q;fpyhe;J murhpd;
MfpNahhpd; fUj;Jf;fis rhh;ghf eph;thfj;ij kl;LNk
fhzKbfpwJ. elj;jp tuNtz;Lk;. rPdhTld;
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;: fk;ngdpf;F ,Ue;j
1. tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapd; fth;dh; Kw;WhpikAk;(Monopoly)
n[duy; ,r;rl;lj;jpd;gb ePf;fg;gl;lJ.
,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duy; vd 4. kj;jpa rl;lkd;wk; my;yJ
miof;fg;gl;lhh;. ,tNu ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; njhlf;fkhf
tq;fhsj;jpd; fth;duhfTk; ,r;rl;lk; mbNfhypaJ.
,Ug;ghh;. fth;dh; n[duYk; 5. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaj;jpd; jiyth;
mtuJ MNyhrid rigAk; ,dp ,e;jpahtpw;fhd mikr;rh;
jq;fs; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk; (Minister for Indian Affairs)vd;W
khfhzq;fs; kPJ miof;fg;gLthh;.
Nkw;ghh;itapLjy;> 6. Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis Njh;T
fl;lisapLjy;> fl;Lg;ghL nra;a jpwe;j Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis
nra;jy; Nghd;w mjpfhuq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;jJ.
ngw;whh;fs;. ,e;jpah Mdhy; fk;ngdp ,af;Feh;fspd;
KOikf;Fkhd ‘xNu tuT nryT vjph;g;ghy; ,j;jpl;lk;
jpl;lk; " fth;dh; n[duypdhy; iftplg;gl;lJ.
jahhpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. khh;yp gpuGtpd; fUj;Jg;gb 1909
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fth;dh; tiu gphpl;b\; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy;
n[duy; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq; gpuG ,aw;wg;gl;l rl;lq;fspy; 1833 -k; gl;la
Mthh;.MNyhrid rigapy; rl;lNk kpf Kf;fpakhd rl;lkhFk;.
$Ljyhf rl;l cWg;gpdh;. xUth; (iv) 1853-k; tUl gl;la rl;lk;(Charter
epakpf;fg;gl;lhh;. (nkf;fhNy gpuG) Act of 1853):
2. khfhzq;fs; jq;fSf;nfd gl;la rl;lq;fspy; ,Wjpahf
rl;lkpaw;wpf; nfhs;Sk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l rl;lkhFk;.
chpikfis ,oe;jd. Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs; (Provisions):

25
 

1. rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpf;fhf fth;dh; 6. kfhuhzp Ml;rp (Crown rule 1858 -

n[duypd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; fTd;rpypy; 1947):
NkYk; 6 cWg;gpdh;fs; 1858 - k; tUl ,e;jpa muRr;rl;lk;
Nrh;f;fg;gl;ldh;. (Government of India Act 1858)
2. Fbikg;gzpahsh;fis Njh;T nra;a  1857 -k; tUlk; ,e;jpahtpy;
jpwe;j Nghl;bj; Njh;Tfis Mq;fpy Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l
mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,e;jpah;fSf;Fk; rpg;gha; fyfj;jpd; tpisthfNt
mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf 1858-k; tUlr;rl;lk;
1854-y; nkf;fhNy jiyikapy; ,e;jpa ,aw;wg;gl;lJk; mjd;
Fbikg;gzpfs; fkpl;b njhlh;r;rpahf fk;ngdp Ml;rp
mikf;fg;gl;lJ. xopf;fg;gl;L murpahhpd; Ml;rp
3. fth;dh; n[duypd; fTd;rpypd; Vw;gl;lJk; MFk;. Mq;fpy
rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpAk;> eph;thfg;gzpAk; murhq;fNk ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij
Kjd; Kjypy; jpl;ltl;lkhf Neubahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy;
4. Kjd;Kjyhf cs;ehl;L kf;fSf;F ,r;rl;lk; rpwg;gplk; ngWfpwJ.
,e;jpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rk ,J ,e;jpahtpy; kpfr;rpwe;j
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;gl;lJ. muir cz;lhf;Ftjw;fhd
mjhtJ fth;dh; n[duypd; rl;lk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
rl;lkpaw;Wk; fTd;rpYs;s 6 Nghpy; 4
rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; (Salient Features)
Ngh; kjuh];> gk;gha;> tq;fhsk; kw;Wk;
1. ,e;jpahtpy; Mq;fpNya
Mf;uh khfhz murhq;fspypUe;J
fpof;fpe;jpa fk;ngdp Ml;rpf;F
Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;.
KbT fl;lg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpahtpd;
5. fk;ngdp Ml;rp chpik 20
fth;dh; n[duy; gjtp ,q;fpyhe;J
Mz;LfSf;F ePl;bf;fg;gltpy;iy.
murgpujpepjp (Viceroy) vd
6. tq;fhsj;jpw;F jdpahf fth;dh;
khw;wg;gl;lJ. fhdpq; gpuG
epakdk;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; itrpuha;
7. ,af;Feh;fspd; vz;zpf;if 24
Mthh;.
ypUe;J 18 Mf Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 18
2. ,q;fpyhe;J murpNa itrpuha;>
Nghpy; 6 Ngh; kd;duhy;
khfhz fth;dh;fis epakpg;ghh;.
epakpf;fg;gLgth;.
murpapd; xg;GjYld; Jiz epiy

26
 

MSeh;fis epakdk; nra;Ak; ,e;jpah muR nrayUf;F

chpik itrpuha;f;F mjpfhuk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.
nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ntspAwTj;Jiw 6. fk;ngdpapd; uhZtKk;>
nrayh; kj;jpapYk; fg;gw;gilAk; ,q;fpyhe;J
khfhzq;fspYKs;s murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;gpw;F
fTd;rpy;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fis khw;wg;gl;lJ.
epakdk; nra;Ak; mjpfhuk; 7. ,e;jpa eph;thfj;ij ,q;fpyhe;J
ngw;whh;. murpahh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l nra;jpia
3. fl;Lg;ghl;L thhpaKk;> ,e;jpa murh;fsplKk; kf;fsplKk;
,af;Feh;fs; FOTk; Kiwg;gb njhptpf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.
xopf;fg;gl;lJ. ,itfspd; ,jd; mbg;gilapy; myfhghj;
nghWg;Gfs; midj;Jk; ,e;jpah jh;ghhpy; itrpuha; fhdpq;gpuG xU
muR nrayhplk; (Secretary of gpufldj;jpd; %yk; 1858 etk;gh; 1
State) xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpah y; kfhuhzpapd; Nguwptpg;ig
muR nrayh; ,q;fpyhe;J ntspapl;lhh;.
mikr;ruitapd; Nfgpdl; gjtp 7. ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lq;fs;:
tfpj;jhh;. vdNt mth; ,e;jpah  ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lq;fs; rl;l
mikr;rh; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lhh;. fTd;rpy;fspy; ,e;jpah;fis
mtUf;F MNyhrid $w cWg;gpdh;fshfr; Nrh;tjw;F trjp
gjpide;J Ngh; nfhz;l ,e;jpah nra;J nfhLj;jJ. khfhz
fTd;rpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. me;j rl;lkd;wq;fs; jhq;fs; ,oe;j
fTd;rpypd; jiyth; ,e;jpah muR chpikfis kPl;Lf; nfhz;ld.
nrayh; Mthh;.  ,q;fpyhe;J gpujkuhd
4. ,e;jpah fTd;rpypd; nryTfs; fpshl;rdpd; Rje;jpu
midj;Jk; ,e;jpa kdg;ghd;ikapd; vjpnuhypia
tUkhdj;jpypUe;Nj nra;ag;gl ,r;rl;lq;fspy; fhzKbfpd;wJ.
Ntz;Lk;. ,dp tutpUf;fpd;w rl;lq;fSf;F
5. ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzpj;Jiwf;F MjhukhfTk; Kd;NdhbahfTk;
gzpahsh;fis tpsq;fpaJ.
Njh;e;njLg;gjw;fhd
rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;f

27
 

(i) 1861 -k; tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; (ii) 1892 - k; tUl ,e;jpa fTd;rpy;
rl;lk; (Indian Council Act ): rl;lk; (Indian Council Act): Kf;fpa
Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;: \uj;Jf;fs;:
1. itrpuha;> mjpfhhpfs; my;yh (non 1. ika rl;lkd;w kw;Wk; khfhz
- official) rpy ,e;jpah;fis rl;lkd;wq;fspd; mjpfhhp
rl;lkpaw;Wk; gzpapy; epakpf;f my;yhj (non - official)
mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lJ. cWg;gpdh;fspd; vz;zpf;if
,jdbg;gilapy; 1862 y; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ.
itrpuha;fhdpq; gpuG> ngdhu]pd; 2. rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdh;fSf;F tuT
uh[h> ghl;bahyhtpd; kfhuh[h - nryT jpl;lj;ij tpthjpf;fTk;>
kw;Wk; rh; jPd;fh; uht; Mfpa nghJ eyd;fs; gw;wp Nfs;tp
%tiuAk; jdJ fTd;rpypy; Nfl;Fk; chpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
epakpj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;. 3. mYty; rhuhj cWg;gpdh;fis
2. gk;gha;> kjuh]; khfhz epakdk; nra;a kiwKfj;
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; rl;lkpaw;Wk; Njh;jy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
chpik jpUg;gp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. (iii) ,e;jpa fTd;rpy; rl;lk; 1909
3. ,yhf;fh xJf;fPL (Port folio (kpd;Nlh - khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fs;1909)
System) nra;Ak; Kiw (Minto Morley Reforms):
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.  Kjd; Kiwahf Njh;jy;fs; %ykhf
4. mtru fhyj;jpy; fTd;rpypd; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w cWg;gpdh;
mtrurl;lk; (Ordinance) gpwg;gpf;f fis nfhz;l rl;lkd;wq;fs;
itrpuha;f;F mjpfhuk; mika ,r;rl;lk; top tFj;jJ.
toq;fg;gl;lJ. me;j mtru ghuhSkd;w Kiw NeubahfNth
rl;lj;jpd; MAl;fhyk; 6 khjq;fs;. kiwKfkhfNth ,e;jpahtpy;
5. tq;fhsk;> tlNkw;F vy;iy Vw;gLj;jg;gLtjw;F kpd;Nlh -
khfhzk; kw;Wk; gQ;rhg; khh;yp rPh;jpUj;jq;fNs fhuzkhFk;.
gFjpfspy; rl;lkd;wq;fs; KiwNa (kpd;Nlh - itrpuha;> khh;yp - ,e;jpa
1862> 1866 kw;Wk; 1897 y; nrayh;) MfpNahh; Kaw;rpahy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljhy; mJ
kpd;Nlhkhh;yp rPhj
; pUj;jq;fs; vd
ngah; ngw;wJ.

28
 

Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;: ,r;rl;lk;> khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il

1. ika rl;lkd;wj;jpd; cWg;gpdh; Ml;rp Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ.
fspd; vz;zpf;if 16 ypUe;J 60  nghWg;Gs;s murhq;fj;ij
Mf cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. Vw;gLj;Jk; (Responsible Govt)
khfhzq;fSf;F Vw;g khfhz Nehf;fj;Jld; (nrk;]; Nghh;L –
rl;lkd;wq;fspd; cWg;gpdh;fspd; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. itrpuha;>
vz;zpf;ifAk; cah;j;jg;gl;lJ. khz;NlF - ,e;jpa nrayh;) ,J
2. cWg;gpdh;fs; Jizf;Nfs;tpfs; khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L
vOg;gTk;> jPhk
; hdq;fs; nfhz;L rPhj
; ;jpUj;jq;fs; vd
tuTk; mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;ld. miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
3. rhjp mbg;gilapyhd Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:
gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk;> 1. kj;jpa rl;lkd;w fTd;rpypy; ,U
,];yhkpaUf;F jdpj;njhFjpAk; mit Kiw (Nkyit> fPoit)
toq;fg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; kpd;Nlh mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gpuG jdpj;njhFjp Kiwapd; 2. khfhzq;fspy; ,ul;il
je;ij (Father of Communal Ml;rpKiw
Electrorate) vd miof;fg; (Dyarchy)mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
gLfpd;whh;. ,jd;gb khfhz murpd; gzpfs;
4. Kjd; Kiwahf itrpuha; kw;Wk; MSehpd; eph;thfj;jpd; fPo;
khfhz fth;dh;fspd; eph;thf xJf;fg;gl;l gzpfs; (xJf;fg;gl;l
FOtpy; ,e;jpah;fis Nrh;j;Jf;
nfhs;s mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;lJ. Jiwfs;) vdTk;>
mt;thW itrpuhapd; rl;lkd;wj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;Gila
eph;thff;FOtpy; Nrh;j;Jf; mikr;rhpd; fPo; khw;wg;gl;l
nfhs;sg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpa rl;l
gzpfs; (khw;wg;gl;l Jiwfs;)
cWg;gpdh; rj;jpNae;jpu gpurhj;
rpd;`h vd;gtuhthh;. vdTk; gfphpe;jspf;fg;gl;ld.
3. Kjd; Kiw Neubj; Njh;jy; eil
(iv) ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk; 1919
ngw top tif nra;jJ.
khz;NlF nrk;]; Nghh;L
rPh;j;jpUj;jq;fs; (Montagu - 4. itrpuhapd; eph;thff;FOtpYs;s
Chelmsford Reforms 1919): 6 Nghpy; jiyikg;gilj;jsgjp
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tuyhw;wpy; jtpu 3 Ngh; ,e;jpauhf ,Uf;f
xU jpUg;G Kidia Vw;gLj;jpa Ntz;Lnkd;W typAWj;jpaJ.

29
 

5. rPf;fpah;fs;> ,e;jpa fpwp];jth;fs;> Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:

Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpah;fs; kw;Wk; 1. ,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;j gphpl;b\;
INuhg;gpah;fSf;F khfhzq;fisAk; ,e;jpa RNjr
jdpj;njhFjpfis njhlh;e;J muRfisAk; nfhz;l xU
toq;f mDkjpj;jJ. mfpy ,e;jpa $l;lhl;rp (All india
6. 1936 y; kj;jpa nghJg; gzpahsh; Federation) mikf;fg;gl top
Njh;thizak; Vw;gl toptif tFj;jJ. vdpDk; ,Wjp tiu
nra;jJ. ,J eilKiwf;F tuNtapy;iy.
7. gl;n[l;Lfs; kj;jpa> khfhz 2. khfhzq;fspy; eilngw;W te;j
gl;n[l; vd ,uz;lhf ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw (Dyarchy)
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jpa xopf;fg;gl;L> kj;jpapy; ,ul;il
ntspAwtpw;fhf yz;ldpy; Ml;rp mky;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ntspAwT cah; (High vdpDk; kj;jpapy; ,J
Commissioner) Mizah; gjtp eilKiwf;F tutpy;iy.
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khfhzq;fspy; Rahl;rp
(v) ,e;jpa murhq;f rl;lk; 1935 (Provincial Autonomy) Kiw
(Government of India Act): GFj;jg;gl;lJ.
 1935-k; tUl ,e;jpa murhq;f 3. murhq;fj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lk; ,Jtiu ,e;jpahit $l;lhl;rp gl;bay;>
MStjw;F gphpl;b\; murhq;fk; khfhzg;gl;bay;> nghJg;gl;bay;
jahhpj;j murpay; vd %d;W gl;bayhfg;
rhrdq;fspnyy;yhk; gphpf;fg;gl;ld. vQ;rpa
filrpahdJk; nghpjhdJk; mjpfhuq;fs; itrpuhaplk;
MFk;. ,e;jpa murpayikg;G xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld.
tsh;r;rpapd; Kf;fpakhd 4. tq;fhsk;> nrd;id> gk;gha;>
fl;lj;ijf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. If;fpa khfhzk;> gPfhh; kw;Wk;
,e;jr;rl;lk; khepy mstpy; m];]hk; khfhzq;fspy; ,uz;L
Rahl;rpia Kjy; Kiwahf mitfis nfhz;l
mspj;jJ ,r;rl;lNk MFk;. 321 rl;lkd;wq;fs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
tpjpfisAk; 10 5. xU jiyik ePjpgjp kw;Wk; MW
ml;ltizfisAk; nfhz;lJ. ePjpgjpfisf; nfhz;l $l;lhl;rp

30
 

ePjpkd;wk; 1937y; nly;ypapy; Kf;fpa \uj;Jf;fs;:

epWtg;gl;lJ.  ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; vd;w
6. 1858 rl;lj;jpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fs;
,e;jpa fTd;rpy; xopf;fg;gl;lJ. cUthf;fg;gLk;. RNjr muRfs;
7. nkhj;j kf;fl; njhifapy; ,uz;by; VjhtJ xd;WlNdh
10yl;rk; Ngh; thf;Fhpik my;yJ jdpj;Jk; ,Uf;f top
ngw;wdh;. tif nra;jJ.
8. kj;jpa hprh;t; tq;fp  itrpuha; gjtp xopf;fg;gl;L
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,uz;L nlhkpdpad;fSf;Fk;
9. $l;lhl;rp nghJg;gzpahsh; jdpj;jdp fth;dh; n[duy;fs;
Njh;thizak;> khfhz ,Uf;f top tif nra;jJ.
nghJg;gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; ,e;jpahtpd; fth;dh; n[duyhf
kw;Wk; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F kTz;l; Ngl;lDk;> ghfp];jhDf;F
Nkw;gl;l khfhzq;fSf;F Kfk;kJ myp [pd;dhTk;
,izg;nghJg;gzpahsh; ,Ue;jdh;.
Njh;thizak; mikf;f toptif  Mf];L 15> 1947 ypUe;J
nra;jJ. gphpl;b\; Nguurpapd; nghWg;Gfs;
10. gh;kh ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ,e;jpahtpy; fhyhtjp MfptpLk;.
gphpf;fg;gl;lJ.  ,U nlhkpdpad;fspd; vy;iyia
11. tFg;Gthhp gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gfph;ej
; spf;f vy;iy Mizak;
njhlug;gl;lJ. (nul;fpspg;) Vw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
(vi) ,e;jpa tpLjiyr;rl;lk; 1947  Mf];L 14-15 es;sputpy;
(Indian Independence Act): cyfNk cwq;Fk; Ntisapy;
 [_d; 3> 1947 y; filrp ,e;jpah tpopj;Jf;nfhz;lJ.
itrpuhapd; (kTz;l; Ngl;ld;) [t`h;yhy; NeU ,e;jpahtpd;
jpl;lj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; Kjd; gpujkuhf gjtpNaw;whh;.
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lNj ,e;jpa kTz;l; Ngl;lDf;Fg; gpwF
tpLjiyr; rl;lkhFk;. ,e;jpahtpd; filrp fth;dh;
n[duyhf C. ,uh[h[p
nghWg;Ngw;whh;.

31
 

,e;jpahtpy; eilngw;w Kf;fpa tof;F

tprhuizfs; mjd; KbTfs;

t. vz; tprhuiz tof;F jPH;g;G

1. ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; \h 1857 Gul;rpapy; uh[ Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;L
[hgh; [dthp 27 - JNuhfk; rjp> fyfk; uq;$Df;F ehL
khh;r;R (1858) nly;yp> kw;Wk; nfhiy flj;jg;gl;lhh;.
nrq;Nfhl;il
2. RNue;jpuehj; ghdh;[p The Bengalee - 2 Mz;Lfs; rptpy;
Nk 4 - 5> 1883 gj;jphpf;iff;fhf rpiw jz;lid
fy;fj;jh Nfhh;l; mtkjpg;G
cah;ej P pkd;wk;
3. ghyfq;fhjujpyfh; Nfrhp gj;jphpf;ifapy; i) 1897 - 18 khjq;fs;
1897> 1908> 1916 muir Nfhg%l;Lk; rpiwjz;lid
jfty;fs; ii) 1908 - 6 Mz;Lfs;
kz;lNyapy; rpiw
jz;lid kw;Wk; 1000
mguhjk;
iii) 1916 - jz;lid
,y;iy.
4. mutpe;j; Nfh\; kw;Wk; Krhg;gh;g+h; khtl;l tprhuiz ifjpahf 1
37 egh;fs; (mypg;g+h; ePjpgjpia nfhy;y Mz;L rpiw
gk;gha; tof;F (1908 - Kaw;rp
1909))

5. V.D. rthh;f;fh; 1910 MAjq;fs; rg;is ,ul;il MAs; ehL

kw;Wk; [dthp 1911. kw;Wk; gphpl;b\hiu flj;jg;gl;Ljy; (50 -
Nfhg%l;Lk; tpjkhf Mz;Lfs; kw;Wk;
NgRjy; Mdhy; 10 Mz;Lfs;)
(1911 -21) me;jkhd;
rpiwapy; fopj;jhh;.
6. fhe;jp kw;Wk; aq; aq; ,e;jpahtpy; 6 Mz;Lfs; rpiw
,e;jpahtpd; gphpl;b\hiu jz;lid. Mdhy;
ntspaPl;lhsh; Nfhgg;gLj;Jk; 1924y; tpLtpg;G

32
 

rq;fh;yhy; Ngq;fh; 1922 tpjkhf ehd;F

nra;jpfs;.
7. 31 fk;a+dp];Lfs; gphpl;b\_f;F vjpuhf 3 Mz;LfspypUe;J
(kPul; rjp tof;F) khh;r; rjp MAs; jz;lidf;F
1929 jz;lidfs; khwp khwp
toq;fg;gl;ld.
8. gfj;rpq; [_d; 1929 kj;jpa rl;l kd;wj;jpy; Mas; jz;lidf;F
ntbFz;L jhf;Fjy; ehLflj;jg;gLjy;.
[_iy 1929 NghyP]; mjpfhhp kuz jz;lid
rhz;lh;i] nfhiy
nra;jy;
9. M.N. uha; uh[JNuhfk; kw;Wk; 12 Mz;Lfs; rpiw
rjp jz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;L
gpwF 6 Mz;Lfshf
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ.
10. \h eth[;fhd; nfhiy nra;jy; Kjypy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l
gpNuk;Fkhh; Nrf]; kw;Wk; nfhiy MAl;fhy jz;lid
kw;Wk; G.S jpy;yhd; nra;jYf;F MjuT js;Sgb nra;ag;gl;lJ.
(,e;jpa Njrpa uhZt je;J Nghiu elj;Jjy; Mdhy; mguhjk;
tof;F)(INA Trial) tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tprhuiz
nrq;Nfhl;il> nly;yp
1945

Gul;rpfu epfo;Tfs; kw;Wk; tof;Ffs;

epfo;Tfs; ,lk; Mz;L Fw;wr;rhl;lg;gl;lth;

Nuz;l; kw;Wk; G+Nd 1897 jhNkjh; kw;Wk;
mkP]l
; ;bd; ghy;fpU\;zh>
nfhiy rg;Ngfh;
rNfhjuh;fs;
fpq;];Nghh;il K[hG+h; 1908 guGy;yh rf;fp>
nfhiy nrg;gak; Fj;uk; Ngh];
Kaw;rpj;jy;
kzpfl;lyh mypG+h; 1908 mugpe;j Nfh\;
(fy;fj;jh) kw;Wk;
mypA+h; rjp tof;F
[hd;[d; nfhiy ehrpf; 1909 Mde;j; fh;Nf
tof;F

33
 

fh;rd; thyp yz;ld; 1909 kjd; yhy; jPf;uh

nfhiy tof;F

`hh;b]; nfhiy nly;yp 1912 uh[; gp`hhp Ngh];

Kaw;rp (nly;yp kw;Wk;
tof;F) ngrd;l;Fkhh;
ff;Nrhhp rjp ff;Nfhhp 1925 uhk; gpurhj; gp];kp];
tof;F kw;Wk; Mrg; Uy;yh

nrse;jh; nfhiy yh$h; 1928 gfj; rpq;

tof;F (ASP.
yh$h;)
rl;lkd;w Fz;L nly;yp 1929 gfj;rpq; kw;Wk;
tof;F gl;LNfhy;th;

ikf;Nfy; Y – yz;ld; 1940 cj;jk; rpq;

lah; nfhiy
tof;F
rpl;lfhq;fpy; rpl;lfh]; 1930 #h;ah nrd;
MAj;j nfhiy

Fw;wthspfSf;F vjpuhd Kf;fpa tof;Ffs;

rjptof;F fhuzk; kw;Wk; tUlk; jPh;Tfs;

ehrpf; rjp tof;F fNz\; rthf;fh; (1990 - 37 ,isQh;fs;
10) f;F vjpuhd jPhg
; ;gpy; gpbg;gl;ldh;> 3 Ngh;
epahakpy;yhj jz;lid J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh; kw;Wk;
kPjkpUe;jth;fSf;F
gy;NtW jz;lidfs;
toq;fpdhh;
mypG+h; rjptof;F fhty; rpiwapy; xU 37 Ngh; n`k;re;jpuh
Fz;L njhopw;rhiy fhDq;Nfh cy;yhrh; jj;>
Nrhjidf;F cNge;jpuehj; ghdh;[p
cl;gLj;jg;gl;L Neub cs;spl;lth;fs;
ntbFz;Lfis (1908) jz;lidf;F cl;gl;ldh;.
kPl;lJ.
`t;uh rjp tof;F 1910 nf[pd;juh Kfh;[p
jz;lidf;F cl;gl;lhh;
nlf;fhd; rjptof;F Mdhyp]pd; rkpjpapd; Gsdh gp`hhp jh]; 7
cWg;gpduhf ,Ue;jhh; Mz;L fLq;fhty;
(1910) jz;lid ngw;whh;.

34
 

nly;yp rjp tof;F `hh;bq; gpuG it nfhiy kh];lh; mkph;fz;l; Mtj;

Kaw;rpahy; Fz;L ntbg;G gp`hhp> gha; ghy; KFe;;j;
(1915) MfpNahh; ,wg;Gf;F
cs;shdh;fs;.
yh$h; rjp tof;F rhz;lh];; nfhiy (1929 - rh;jhh; gfj; rpq;> uh[;FU
30) kw;Wk; Rf;jt; MfpNahh;
J}f;fpyplg;gl;ldh;.
gdhu]; rjptof;F Gul;rpfu eltbf;iffs; Rr;rpe;jpu ehj; rd;ahy;
(1915 -16) me;jkhDf;F ehL
flj;jg;gl;lhh;.
tpf;Nlhhpah rjp tof;F Nfhkfj;j khU rk;gtk; FUj;jh rpq; kw;Wk; jyhq;
fhuzkhf rpq; MfpNahh;f;F 2 kw;Wk;
murhq;fj;jpw;F vjpuhf tUlk; fLq;fhty;
nghJkf;fs; vOe;jdh; jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
ff;Nfhhp rjp tof;F muRf;F nrhe;jkhd uhk; gpurhj; gp];kpy;>
gzk; ,uaypy; nfhs;if Nuh\d; rpq;> Mrpg; cy;yh
mbf;fg;gLtjw;F (1925) kw;Wk; ,uhN[e;jpu yhfphp
MfpNahUf;F kuz
jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gQ;rhg; nfhiy tof;F gQ;rhgpd; MSeiu `hp fpU\;zhtpw;F
nfhiy nra;jtw;F J}f;F jz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

35