COLLOQUIAL TURKISHCOLLOQUIAL TURKISH Uniform with this volume ConLogutaL Aranic ‘Coutoguiat Czectt Convogutan FReNcit Coutecuut Homustan By Cctteauine free YUSUF MARDIN CouLogutat. JAPANESE Contoquiat. PeRstan Contogurat. RUMANIAN COLLOQUIAL RUSSIAN COLLOQUIAL SPaNISHE London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited LONDON ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAULFirst published 1961 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane London, ECA Second impression 1966 Third impression 1968 © Yusuf Mardin 1961 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation Of brief passages in criticism Published and distributed in the United States of America by Dover Publications Ine., 180 Varick Street, New York 14, New York SBN 7100 4336 8 Printed in Great Brirain by Fletcher & Son Lid, Norwich To the memory of my father Ebil’ula Mardin who inspired in me a love of languagesCONTENTS The Alphabet—Vowels—Consonants—Syllables—Lia- ison—The rule of vowel harmony—Gender—Article— The plural sufix—Assimilation and mutation—Stresses in words—Word order M1. Tire GRAMMAR NOUNS Different Kinds of nouns—Diminutive nouns—Declen- sion of nouns—Varieties of sufixes—Possessive sufixes Examples for the different cases of the noun PRONOUNS Personal pronouns—Demonstrative pronouns—Inter- rogative pronouns—Indefinite pronouns [ADJECTIVES In general—Compound adjectives—Comparison of ad- Jjectives ADVERBS “Adverbs of time—Adverbs of place—Adverbs of manner POsT-POSTTIONS CONSUNCTIONS INTERJECTIONS ‘venns The verb ‘to be'—Forms of the verb—The verb ‘to have’ and ‘not to have’—-Auxiliary verbs: etmek, eylemek, olmak—The transitive and_ intransitive verbs—The passive and reflexive verbs—The reciprocal or co-opera- tive verl—The causative verb—The accelerative verb The continuative verb—Participles—Adverbial forms of the Verb—Infinitive . Tie LANGUAGE IN. GENERAL page 1 13 24 2B 33, 35. 36 7 38viii CONTENTS TI. THE Lessons page 68 Lessons 1-14—~Test I—Lessons 15-29—Test_ Il— Lessons 30-36—Test IH.—Key to Exercises—Key to Tests IV. VocaBuLary: TURKISH-ENGLISH 267 PREFACE rurKisi is not a difficult language to learn: its grammatical structure has similarities to that of Latin; its orthography is phonetic; and above all it is logical. Tt is, therefore, surprising that in many manuals and grammars Turkish is made to appear necdlessly complicated. It was the problem of finding suitable text-books and teaching material that led me to prepare my own lessons when T began teaching Turkish to English and American students fifteen years ago. From these lessons grew the present | found that by presenting the main forms of Turkish grammar diagrammatically, or in what T have called ‘patterns’, both acci- lence and syntax were assimilated more easily. At the same time the unfamiliar vocabulary, one of the main difficulties in learning Turkish, became impressed on the student’s memory. My course, in short, makes use of the direct method assisted by visual pat- terns, By constant repetition of words, phrases and sentences the student learns without consciously translating from one language to another; and by constantly seeing patterns of accidence and syntax before him he is given the additional visual aid which is of auch value when learning a wholly unfamiliar language. The words I have made use of in the course have been care- fully selected to limit to a minimum the burden on the learner's inemory. I have had in mind the needs of everyday life, as also those of the visitor to Turkey. For the latter, conversations are tulded to the end of lessons. ‘he course, divided into three parts, consists of thirty-six lessons. In class work until lesson 15 each lesson requires about one and a hulf hours, from lesson 15 to lesson 30 each lesson requires three hhours, and from lesson 30 to lesson 36 each lesson requires four nd a half hours. The full course can be covered in about 100 hours, that is to say, if one were to study three hours a week, one would acquire a working knowledge of the language in eight months. ‘At the end of each part a test is to be taken when the studying ofx PREFACE, that part is completed. The student should obtain a minimum of 50 points to pass to the next part, otherwise repetition of that part is necessary. But the self-taught student may, of course, work quicker than this. I have found that with proper application a working knowledge of Turkish can be acquired with this course in about six months. The lessons are preceded by an outline, first, of Turkish pronunciation (Section I) and, secondly, of Turkish grammar (Section II). Section I should be read by the student before the first lesson, but section Il is for reference only. YM. I THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL tHe Turkish language, which is spoken from Macedonia to Siberia, is divided into four main dialects (a) the oriental dialects of Altay; (6) the western dialects of Kirgiz, and Tatar; (c) the dialects of Central Asia, and (d)the southern dialects; Tiirkmen, Azerbaycan, Anadolu, Kirim and Osmanlt Tirkgesi Icis spoken by more than a hundred and fifty million people. Unlike the different dialects of Hindu, Turkish dialects vary only slightly from one another. The difference among the varied southern dialects is remarkably small The Turkish language, like Turkish delight, is sweet and melo 1us. This is mainly due to the important laws of vowel harmony, whereby words beginning with back or front vowels preserve the same quality throughout. In words of foreign origin some excep- tions to this rule are encountered, yet this does not affect the melodiousness of the language; on the contrary, it serves to emphasize it. Turkish is an easy, logical language. There is no gender, no he, she, ot it, but one word for all three. The der, die, das of German, the nightmare of the learner, are not found in Turkish. Because of its vocabulary, and especially on account of its word-building capacity, Turkish is extremely flexible and can be used for the finest nuances of expression. For, in Turkish, adjectives are ob- tained from nouns, and from adjectives and nouns, verbs are created. The language is in conformity with the modern science of phonetics: spelling and pronunciation are regular. It is formed of sounds which are the natural result of the laws of position and inflection of the tongue, and the movements of the lips and jaws. 12 ‘THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL There is only one way of pronouncing each letter: a for example gives only one sound, not several as in the English bar, ban, father, swan. In Turkish, there are no diphthongs. When two vowels come together, each retains its individual sound. Every letter in every word is sounded individually, and every word is pronounced exactly as it is written. The only exception is the soft g, which is, written as and serves to lengthen the sound of the vowel it follows. There are eight vowels in the Turkish language, six less than in Hungarian. These vowels are classified as front and back vowels: ¢, i, 6 i forming the front, and a, 1, 0, w the back vowels. The language is based on the principle of vowel harmony. That is, asa rule any word may contain either back or front vowels, but not both. In other words, if the vowel of the first syllable of a word isa front vowel, the vowels of the subsequent syllables have to be front vowels. While, if the vowel of the first syllable of a word is a back vowel, so are the vowels of subsequent syllables. Suffixes have, as a rule, two forms: one with a front vowel and used with front-vowelled words; another with a back vowel used with back- vowelled words. Another factor that makes Turkish a musical language is the abundance of front vowels, particularly of ti and 8. Although these vowels may seem difficult for an English student at first, those who have studied French find them in sur and tu (Wi) and in jew and deux (6) ‘The back vowel 1, which is considered by some linguists as non- existent in English, may be found in such words as hospitable, remarkable, this, and wanted. For an English speaker the one difficulty is the pronunciation of words ending in ir, tix, wr ur, Sr, er, or, and ar. He is apt to draw the tongue backwards, instead of forwards, to @ position almost touching the palate. Words ending with r must always be sounded. In the word for one (bir) the ir is read by bringing the tip of the tongue to the upper teeth. The Turkish alphabet is made up of eight vowels and twenty-one consonants, For quickness of reference a rough guide to pronun- THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 3 ciation is given against each letter. The ninth letter, 8, never occurs at the beginning of a word. ‘THE ALPHABET Lewes Name Approximate pronunciation Aaa ther, eut, come Bb be beautiful, buy Cee jelly, jar ce se ‘church, change Ba &e dear, doll Ee e red, net Fr fe fin, foul Gee #004, guy GE yumusak ge weight, neighbour Hh he hard, bell oo this, wanted, remarkable li i ‘thin, pin Jj ie pleasure, messure Ke Keka col, kite, eat Lite Tia ull Mm me me, mine Nn ne no, nine Oo o poet 06 6 ‘deux, seul in French Pp pe pebbie, ie Rrote hyme, red St te send, see $3 sharp, short Tt te tell, ruth Us ov put, foot bub tu, surin French Vr ve away, weight Yy ye year, youth Zi zebra, 20 In the Turkish alphabet, while g, w, and x of the English alpha- bet do not appear, there are six new letters, namely, ¢, 8 1, 8, and Most of the consonants, such as by df, l,m, n, p, t, ¥, and z, are identical in their pronunciation, while the others are different. «¢ represents the sound of j, as in jam, jury, and jazz. § represents the sound of ch, as in church, change is always the hard g of English, as in gale, gua, gust4 1 LANGUAGE IN GENERAL which never occury at the Deginning of a word is at present used to then the vowel it follows. In the following words, bfretmen, aflamak, -OBle, the use of @ lengthens the preceding vowel, similar to the vowel sound in moon, soon, please, cheese. When & is preceded and followed by front vowels e and i, it is normally pronounced as a y sound, as in the English words pain, delay. his always pronounced as ia high, hard, harvest. «is always an s sound, not sometimes z as in English, assign, similar, sister, not as in reason, # represents the sound of sh in shoe, shine, shimmer. ¥ this consonant is generally pronounced like w in English. It is weak. In the word kurvet where there is a double v it resembles the English v. VOWEL CHART T | On—Front | Orta—Middle | Geri—Back Kapalt 1 | wee (closed | i Yanm Kapah |e |e t * | ot (half open) | Ask Daag (open) | Examples tugragmak: to deal with Tera ahem een THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 5 CONSONANT CHART T ] Dudak- Ost ig] Yume) sert Dudak-| ve dip | Dister | etleri| #8, |damak| Has lar.” |ipsand! (teeth) | (upper | damak | qhard | | sere ipa | eeth) | zum) | (Gof) palate| Carron) palate [ea | ke | a@ | a@ 1 | ak "| Patlayialar (Plosives) Bunun sesleri (Nasal) Sortanmeliler (Fricatives) Dazier (Laterais) Yanm vokaller (Gemi vowels) ag roan | tS etn ‘A LIST OF EXAMPLES FOR EACH OF THE CONSONANTS SHOWN ON THE CHART Lp =papetya =camomile, 16.2 = mpmp = marble daisy (Plaything) 2.b = baba = father 17.9 = asa = confused, Bt Tater = Tartar bewildered 4a =dod = nune 18.4 = dew S.k(s) = kakavan = tiresome, 19.7 = guide, stupid ‘guide-book 6. e(a) = gargara = gargle, 2.1 =H = tulip gargling 21: Ma) = lala = man-servant 7. k(e) = kekeme = stammerer in charge 8. gle) = germef = embroiderer's of a boy frame 22. = yaya = pedestrian 9.m =Marmara = Marmara 23. = hayhay = certainly, by 10.n = mane = peppermint all means 110g ~ siagene — ~ sipsy Ay ment yee Wink —nankée = ungrateful 25. ¢ = gamgak = wood vessel 13.f = farfara = frivolous for water 14.y = kurt = strength 26. = elveiv. = chick Se made = fog6 THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL SYLLABLES Turkish syllables vary in their composition. 1. Single-lettered syllables: This letter is always a vowel. As the first syllables found in the word adam and iki. Il. Two-lettered syllables: (a) The syllables composed of one vowel and a consonant; ie on, ig, el. (b) The syllables composed of one consonant and a vowel; Kutu, kapr, masa. IIL, Three-lettered syllables: (a) Those that have a consonant, a vowel, and a consonant; i.e. kibrit, defter, bes, bir. (b) Those that have a vowel and two consonants; ie. ilk, alt. TV. Four-lettered syllables These are composed of one consonant, one vowel, and two more consonants; i.e. dirt, Tiirk. In pure Turkish one cannot find examples of two consonants preceding the vowel of a syllable, nor examples of more than four Jetters in a syllable. The words gram, dram, spor are all derived from other tongues. Ulasma = Liaison In Turkish, as in French, when a word ends with a consonant and the following word starts with a vowel, the consonant of the preceding word is united with the first vowel of the following word. Bay Ozgen is read as Bay-Ozgen, or Ba-yéz-gen. Alt alta ist tiste dviigtiler is read as al-tal-ta-tis-tiiste. When a comma or any other punctuation mark separates the two words, no liaison is permitted. THE RULE OF VOWEL HARMONY In Turkish words if the vowel in the first syllable is a back vowel, that is, a, 1, 0, or u, the following vowels in the word or in the THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 7 suffixes would have to be back vowels, while if the vowel in the first syllable of the word is a front vowel, e, i, 8, or ii, then the vowels in the other syllables of the word or in the suffixes would have to be front vowels. el elden iistindiir are all front vowels. at arabay: kosturuyordu are all back vowels. There are a few exceptions to this rule of vowel harmony 1. In some words this rule is overlooked, such as anne = mother, kardes = brother or sister, elma = apple, sisman = fat, hangi which one, hani= where, haydi = come on, inanmak = to believe, and a few others. One can also encounter exceptions to this rule in proper nouns or compound words, such as Besiktas, Karadeniz, bugiin, Kayseri, and Mardin. IL, Sutixes -yor, -ken, -ki, -leyin, and -imtirak always retain their forms, consequently, regardiess of the words preceding them, following syllables have to be in harmony with them, Examples: Geliyorum, gelirken, benimki, geceleyin, bakiyorum, bakarken, onunki, aksamleyin, yesitimeiral knrmramtirak. IIL. Some words of Persian and Arabic origin, in spite of their Turkicized pronunciation, have retained their original structure, and therefore are outside the scope of vowel harmony. kalem = pencil book April CHART SHOWING VOWEL HARMONY Special Law of Vowel Harmony. (a) Unrounded vowels are followed by unrounded vowels. (b) Rounded vowels are followed by low unrounded or high rounded vowels8 ‘THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 2 isfollowed by ort € isfollowed by cori + isfollowed by ora 1 isfollowed bye ori © isfollowed by a oru % isfollowed bye ord & isfollowed byw orw © isfollowed by €or » ° Das det Dae a, »* were GENDER Turkish nouns, adjectives, and personal pronouns have no gender. One could use the word erkek = male and the word digi = female to express the sex of an animal. Kaz or kadin to denote female, and erkek to denote male, can also be placed in front of a noun to show the sex of human beings. ARTICLE ‘There is no article in Turkish. By placing the noun in the objec- tive case, one makes definite the object represented by the noun. ‘When the object of the verb is indefinite it is in the nominative case, by itself or preceded by bir (a or an). ‘THE PLURAL SUFFIX ‘The plural sign is either ler or lar to be added to nouns. Lar is added to the end of a word with back vowels, and ler to the end of a word with front vowels. Once the plural sign is added to a noun, the other suffixes follow the plural sign. The plural of the third person plural of any verb is also formed by adding ler or lar to the third person singular of that verb. Examples: gidiyor, gidiyoriar, gitmiyor, gitmiyorlar, gitti, gitile, gitmedi, sitmeciler, gidecek, gidecekler, gitmiyecek, gitmiyecekler. THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL 9 Pattern Verbs Affirmative Negative Third Person Plural Veriyor lar Ver miyor ar Verecek ler Ver miyecek ler Verdi ler Ver medi ler ASSIMILATION AND MUTATION In Turkish there are no instances of a word in which a syllable ending with a vowel is followed with another syllable beginning with a vowel. That is to say, two successive vowels do not appear. But in words of foreign origin, there are some examples of two successive vowels. Examples: saat = hour, watch, clock sir = poem air poet Kooperatif = cooperative i = tule, regulation When a suffix beginning with a vowel has to be added to a word already ending in a vowel, then for the sake of the rule of vowel harmony, either one of the following letters n, s, , or y is inserted. These letters are known as che letters of assimilation. Examples: YertKy nt2! Okey unuz! Kap) aqyorum, ‘Zeagio mily)im? (Oda(aym kapus)t Alb(s)ar yedi(s)er yirdyorlar. In Turkish there are very few words ending in v, 2, and j. While the words ending in ¢, b, d are changed to ¢, p, and t. One does not, find a word ending with g, but there are words ending with a soft %. When a suffix beginning with a vowel is added to a word ending10 THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL with ¢, p, and t, these are changed back to ¢, b, and d, that is to their original form. Examples: Agag—agaci—apaca, but agactan ‘Cep—cebi—cebe, but cepten The letter k, regardless of the vowel preceding it, changes to a & when a sufix or termination beginning with a vowel follows it ‘When suffixes beginning with a vowel are to be added to words ending with ak, then the k is changed to a g (soft g). kopek kipegi bebek —bebegim ‘The only ex: then the ;ption is in the case of single-syllabled words, for is retained ok (arrow) ok, (the arrow, Obj. case) okun, (of the arrow, Gen, case) oka, (to the arrow, Dat. case) ek (supplement) ekin eke When suffixes beginning with vowels are added to one-syllabled words ending with ¢, this ¢ is also retained. Example: sag (hait) saga saga sagt The letter k when preceded by a consonant changes to g instead of 8 when coming in contact with a suffix commencing with a vowel Examples: renk (colout) _rengi (the colour, objective case) renge (to the colour, dative case) shenk (harmony) ahengi abenge (to the harmony, dative case) enk (equal) dengim (ale) engi (trim) ‘THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL un Mutation: When a suffix beginning with a vowel is added to some two-syllable words, the vowel appearing in the second syllable of the word is dropped. That is to say, in some cases the vowel harmony causes the second vowel in the word to be dropped. Examples: gehir becomes sehri (city) unin becomes bumu (nose) {ki becomes fikst (idea) agi becomes agam (mouth) ‘mur becomes omzunda (shoulder) oul becomes oglumux (son) STRESSES IN WORDS In Turkish the stress generally falls on the last syllable of a word. In sentences the words take suffixes which shift the stress from the last syllable of the word to the last suffix added to the word. In égretmen (teacher) the stress is on -men, the third syllable, while when you say ‘from the teacher’ -6gretmenden, the stress shifts from -men to -den, (A) In proper nouns, especially in the names of places, the stress almost always falls on the first syllable. Examples; Ankara, Erzurum, Mardin, Londra, Paris. However, in the case of some names of cities, rivers, and moun- tains, the stress is found on the second syllable: Edirne, Malatya, Sakarya. (B) In some adverbs, conjunctions, and interjections we see that the stress falls on the ‘rst syllable: Examples: belki = perhaps; beniiz without warning; sonca = how; hangi et, still, not yet; anstzn = suddenly later, afterwards; nigin = why; mast fnch; fakat = but; baydi = come on! (C) Some suffixes do no: alter the stress of the word they are attached to, These are -eey le, -tni, -se, -im, -sin, -dir, se = with interrogative particle12 THE LANGUAGE IN GENERAL conditional suffix 3» -sin, -dir = the verb ‘to be’ ending In these cases the stress of the word remains on the syllable pre- ceding the above-mentioned suffix (D) In werds where the negative and the interrogative signs occur, that is, in negative statements and questions, the stress, always occurs on the syllable preceding the negative or the inter- rogative particle Examples: Alyor musunuz? Giemiyoriar m1? Hasta misin? Hasta degil mi? The negative particle, -me or -ma, is never accentuated. The syllable preceding it takes the stress. Examples: Almiyorum, Istanbula gitmiyorum ‘Ahmet okuldan gelmedi Cocuk uyumadh WORD ORDER Ina sentence the subject, whether a noun or a pronoun, comes at the beginning, while the verb comes at the end. However, there are certain irstances when this rule is not strictly observed. When writing poetry it is permissible to change the word order, and in conversation when one is using the imperative word for a simple request or a command the verb can be brought to the beginning of a sentence for the sake of emphasis. Ina sentence a definite precedes an indefinite word, and qualify- ing words precede the words they qualify. Emphasis is obtained by placing the qualifying word nearer to the word it qualifies Expressions of time usually come at the beginning of a sentence before or afier the subject and they precede expressions of place. Il THE GRAMMAR NOUNS Nouns in Turkish are divided into proper and common nouns; ‘common nouns in turn can be divided into abstract, collective, and compound nouns. I. Proper nouns: Ahmet, Mehmet, Bayan Giil, Bay Ozgen, Ankara, Londra, Tiirkiye, ingiltere, Marmara, Sakarya, Toros. Il, (@) Common nouns: kuz, erkek, kadin, masa, oda, er, pencere, kapt, divar, cocok, sitrisinek, athkarinea, ( Abstract nouns: sevgi, bilgi, saadet, uyku, iyilik, giizellik, riya. (c) Collective nouns: orda, alay, sii (d) Compound nouns: ders saati, kibrit kutusu, cep defteri, maden suyu, gocuk bahgesi. Nouns are made plural by affixing -ler to words with front vowels, and -lar to words with back vowels. The plural suffix to be added to words of foreign origin is usually determined by the last vowel in the words. But there are exceptions: saat, harf, harp, hakikat, misal have -ler as the plural suffix, not -lar. ‘As compound nouns have a different structure, to be studied under the heading ‘possessive suffixes’, the way they are pluralized is also different. The plural sign, -ler or -lar, is added to the second word with the objective case sign -i or -1 following it There are other nouns in Turkish formed by adding suffixes to adjectives, to other nouns, and also to verb stems. (a) Nouns are formed by affixing -lik, or its variations -lk, -Iilk, -luk to adjectives. Examples: gael ‘gizellik = beauty hastalk = sickness4 THE GRAMMAR THE GRAMMAR 15 tks! = sour = sourness ® ivf = good, kind = hendness ee anes = cheapness azanmak = to gain, to carn au roa sevinmek = to rejoice cau ct kaskanmak = to be jealous (b) Nouns are also obtained by adding the suffixes -ci, -c1, -cii, utanmak peel tobe ‘cu or -Gi, -¢1, -¢ii, -gu to nouns to denote profession or speciality. 7 be cre ored, Examples: deaiz. = sea denizci = sailor disgusted with apr = door, gate fapicr = gute keeper fnanmak = to believe, te trust owe = race osicy = runner at = milk sig = toikman ee mezar = grave, tomb mezarea gravedigger (4) B26, “kes, or gag, -kag. . utanmak = to be ashamed, to be (c) By afixing -lik or its variations -hk, -liik, -luk to nouns, shy, bashful abstract nouns and nouns of locality are formed. ‘sitzmek (0 filter, to strain fasmak = to aquecze snezar = tomb mezarhik = graveyard, cemetery Agenmek = t0 be t00 lazy to do Kardes = brother kardesik = brotherhood something ana = mother analic = motherhood gocuk = child fecukluk ~ childhood r Beir = bachelor fekirik ~ celibacy © gin = eye gizllk = spectacles, eye-glasses peri following suff : a o run The following suffixes can be added to verb stems to form more eee nouns: 10 count (0) -ti, 44 or their variations gy #0 -Ru, kt, -KO, -ku) yarmak = tosplit sevmek ~ to love sevgi = ove Ghatimek = to decrease igmek = to drink iki drink cea blimek = to know bilei © knowledge ee irmek = to see sora) = experience duymake ~ to feel duygu = feeling (6 ~int, mt, -Ontd, -antu. akmak = to low vuyumak = to sleep yk saymak = to respect sizmek = (0 draw sikmak = to bore im of ite variations am, tm, -um. ey ® im, -um, gimck = to-enter almak = to take sikmak = to go out bakmak = to look eblenmek = to enjoy oneself durmak = to stop durum = position Kurmak = to brood over segimek = to elect secim = election stylenmek = {0 speak to. one- Simek = to die idm = Geath ” self to mute, (0 kealmak = to stay Kalim = survival grumble dogmak = to be born dojum = birth sarsmak = toshake kazang = gain seving haskang utang shame, modesty, bash- fulness uusang = boredom, disgust fnang = belief, faith, trust utangag = shy, bashful stages = filter, strainer kaskag = pincers ligenges = lazy, indolent yarr = article, writing kogu = race korku = fear count, number half = addition sign = subtraction sign say! akin = current sikimti = boredom, annoyance slipirdatd » rubbish sirinti = recess, indentation gikina = projection eglenti = diversion, amusement Kurunty — illusion, melancholy. séylenti = rumour sarsint) = tremor16 ‘THE GRAMMAR (4-4, -t tu, kararmak ~ to grow black whither karart. = growing black, a sithouette lnarmak ~ {0 grow red Jazarts sararmak = to grow yellow, to sarart reddening, turning yellow @)-k to vowel ending verb-stems or Ik, tk, tk, -uk, oF -ak to consonant ending verb stems, kapamak ~ to close ugmak = to fy Kagmak = to run away delmek = to pierce tanmak = to recognize yanmal = to burn yarmak = to cut through, t0 split ‘Skstirmek = to cough ngharnak = to hiccup kapak = lid, cover ugak = aeroplane kagak = fugitive delik = hole tamk = witness yaks: scorch yank —o fissure, crack ‘Sksrak = cough ugkank = hiccup Diminutive Nouns ‘A noun can be made diminutive by the addition of -cik, -cik, broken bormak = bozuk = spoilt, out of order sogumak = soguk = cold biiyiimek — biiyiik — big In the last two examples as the verb stem ends with a vowel, the suffix to be added is only -k and not -ik, -tk, -iik, or -uk Other adjectives are formed by adding the suffixes -mten, -man to verb stems, denoting a profession or a state of being: ‘Sgretmek == to teach ‘Sgretmen == teacher gigmek = to migrate gécmen =a migrant sismek = to inflate, expand gigman = fat or by adding -gin, -kin or their variations (-gin, -giin, -gun, -gan, -kin, -kiin, -Lun, and -kan) to denote continuit of the action in the actor: or specialization galigmak = to work, to study galgkan ~ industrious kesmek = to cut keskin = sharp uymak = to fit, to suit uygun = becoming, fitting, suitable germek = to stretch gergin = taut, tense THE GRAMMAR 3 The diminutive sufiixe: cik oF their variations -ek, -ciik, -cuk, -¢1k, -ciik, -guk are added to adjectives to denote quantity When the words end with ak, the suilix eik is added to the word iter dropping the k kiigitk: small kiigiicik = = very/fairly small yumusak = soft yumugacik = rather soft ufak ny ufacik very tiny Besides derived adjectives as explained in Lesson 18. page 134, there are also repetitive adjectives. These are formed by replacing the first consonant of the first syllable of the adjective by an m, or by placing an m if the syllable commences with a vowel Ayse kiigiik miigtik ama cok zeki bir kiz Aithough Ayse is small, she is a very intelligent girl Hasta masta dinlemem, haydi ise! I don't care whether you are sick or not, come on to work. Ofkeli métkeli fakat namustu bir adam diyorlar. ‘They say he is very temperamental but an honest man. Compound Adjectives Compound adjectives are formed of an adjective together with ‘a noun, where each is in a special case, the adjective modifying the noun and both of then describing the state or quality of another noun, These are generally idiomatic expressions of the Turkish language and should be learned by heart. Examples: (A) Mdiomatic meaning of the Adjective Noun Actual meaning Compound Adjective acik giz openeye wide awake, clever, cunning aie hava heavy weather unhealthy climate hatit ‘mesreb light character flighty, frivolous, yalin ihe bare sword drawn sword, naked sword bos bogaz empyy throat ——_garrulous, indiscreet32 @) Noun in the objective case bast ae pipet © Noun in the THE GRAMMAR Adjective Actual meaning bop his head free ‘gk his hand open ajur his hand heavy kara his mouth black yank his chest burnt ‘dusuk his jaw dropping low delik his pocket pierced his pocket bored Kalin his back of the neck thick Noun in the ‘objective case lacative case Actual meaning gia kl euvvets skal, a bag © Adjective abr ik age eli digarda his eye being out- side banda his intelligence in his head sgenesinde his strength in his jaw degirmende his beard in a mill to whiten his hand in his pocket dertte his head in trouble Adjective Sormed from ‘Noun Actual meaning bash —heavy-heuded bash —_upright-headed anh with heavy soul Kash — mad blooded Hiomatie meaning of the ‘Compound Adjective vagabond, without bridle or halter open-handed, generous slow at work, lazy who delights’ in giving bad news afflicted, distressed sarulous, talkative penniless well-off, carefree, influential Idiomatic meaning of the Compound Adjective discontent, on the look-out he knows what he is about ‘an orator, someone who succeeds by force of words to be old and experienced generous, open-handed to bein trouble Idiomatie meaning of the Compound Adjective dignified pig-headed, obstinate lazy, indifferent youth, young man ‘THE GRAMMAR 33 Comparison of Adjectives How different shades of meaning are attained by using certain adjectives: Examples: A. Mehmet calixkan bir gocuktur. Mehmet is an industrious child B, Mehmet Ahmet kadar galiskan bir gocuktur. Mehmet is as industrious a child as Ahmet, C. Mehmet Ahmetten daha caliskan bir gocuktur. Mehmet is a more industrious child than Ahmet. D. Mehmet, sumfinda en galiskan cocuktur. Mehmet is the most industrious child in his class Equality of the adjective with another qualified noun is shown by using kadar: as much (see Example B). Degree of comparison is expressed by using daha = more, or by simply placing the noun which is compared in the ablative case (Example C) while the degree of superiority is marked by using en, the most (see Example Dd). Adjectives Used in Expressing Superiority and Inferiority Daha = more Daha gok = much more Daha az = less Daba ziyade} Gayet az = very little Daa fant | e8608981Y MOTE Pal gg very little En most En az En gok = much most En fazla | _ toa most excessive En ziyadel ~ "degree ADVERBS In Turkish, adverbs are words which limit or complete the meaning of the verb or the adjective. They are divided into four groups:34 ‘THE GRAMMAR Adverbs of Time They complete the meaning of the verb by clarifying the THE GRAMMAR 35 Evamples. byte like this evet yes, yl like that hayir Ro doyle so, in that manner, like yok rot that asia never birdenbire suddenly hig nothing, never (with ansin without warning, all of, negative, ever) a sudden katiyen defintely beraber together belki perhaps clbet of course ihtimat probably flbette most certainly nasil how hher halde in any case, appacently acaba I wonder, is it so? tl certainly nigin why, what for mutlaka absolutely baylé a great deal Upbesiz doubtless. oldukea rather yaloz only sok much vancak only, just ne kadar how much pek very asagi yukan approximately wayet extremely dana more hhemen hemen almost a lite time. Sonra afterwards, later Heniz yet, still (with negative Simdi now, presently not yet) yesterday Hala still, up tll now today Daha more tomorrow Hemen at once the day before Derhal immediately the following day Erken early this morning Gey late this evening. Evrel before tonight Once before last summer Bir zaman once Tast winter O zaman then now and then YVaktiyle in the past, at one time sometimes Ninayet_ finally, at last uickly, at once Hangi gin on what day, which day Adverbs of Place They are used to complete the meaning of the verb by showing where an action takes place. Neri forward, front, advanced, in yukan above advance igeri inside geri backward, bebind, back, rear digan’ outside Ste there wak far beri here yalin near asagi under There are certain instances where a noun governed by an adverb of place taxes the ablative case endings. Adverbs of Manner These are used to complete the meaning of the verb by showing the manner in which the action takes place. The adverb de, da, or dahi, meaning ‘also’, must not be con- fused with the locative suffix (-de, -da). As an adverb, it is always written separately; while as a locative suffix, itis always joined on to the word. Examples: Bende para yok = I've got no money Ben de para isterim = {also want money ‘Sizde sigara bulunur mu? = Have you any cigarettes? ‘Siz de sigara iger misiniz? = Do you also smoke” ‘Onda bir sey bulunmaz One can find nothing on him. 0 da gidiyor mu? s he also going? All adjectives in Turkish can be used as adverbs: Examples: Lyi dgntints! = think well! Canis anlatinz! = explain vividly! Bugia yorgun girintyorsunuz = You look tired today POST-POSITIONS As previously mentioned, there are no independent prepositions in Turkish that are placed before the nouns to which they refer. The role of prepositions is taken by case-sufixes, attached to the36 THE GRAMMAR end of the noun. However, there are some post-positions, i.e., separate words that follow (and not precede) the noun to which they refer. These are 1, Those used with the nominative case of the noun: @) ile, “le, -la ©) igin (c) gibi (d) kadar 11, Those used with the dative case: (a) -¢ gire = according to, suitable for (6) -e Kedar = as far as, until (c) -@ degra = towards, near (d)-e kars1 = opposite to, against, facing III, Those used with the ablative case: (a) -den ince } den evvel) = before (6) den sonra = after (c) -denberi_ = since (until now) (d) en dolay = on account of, due to (e) -den baska = other than, besides CONSUNCTIONS Conjunctions are words which are used to join words, phrases, clauses, or sentences together. Although the language makes use of them a great deal, repetition of the same conjunction in a para- graph is regarded as poor Turkish. A LIST OF CONJUNCTIONS 1. ya—ya, veya, yahut = either, or—or 2, bem—her, hem de = both and—and also, moreover 3, ne—ne, oe de neither, nor 4. gerek~gerek, gerekse whether... oF, if it be necessary, if it be proper 5. de—de = and, also. 6. tster—ister if he likes, if he wishes, desires veya, yada THE GRAMMAR 7 8. ve, Ue and, with 9. fakat, ama, likin but 10. meger, meger ki = however, it seems that, provided that 11. bart, hig olmazsa at least 12. ink, zira = because, for, in as much 13, ancal yalnuz = but, on the other hand, however, only 14. eBer, gayet = if, whether, lest 15, yoksa iff not, otherwise, if there be not 16. gerei notwithstanding, granted that, itis true that 17. Gyleyse itso 18. nltekin as a matter of fact, even as, just as 19. nasil ki = just as, as a matter of fact 20. mesela = Tor example, for instance 21. madembd = since 22. balbuki, oysa kd whereas, but 23, sanki, gdya as if, just as though, as though 24, bundan dolay, bundan therefore, consequently, on account of, due ‘ttl, bu sebeple, bunun to, wherefore igin 25, bununla beraber although, however, nevertheless 26, dyle ki sso much so, in such a way that 27 neyse whatever, fortunately 28. demek ki, demek oluyor ki = it means that, that means that 29. yani, séziin kasast = that is to say, namely 30, ise de, -5e de = although (if that is the case) In addition to the above, there are also gerundial verbal expres- sions, whose functions are to eliminate the conjunctions and replace them in sentences. The suffixes (-ip,-1p, -ip, -up) (-yip -yip, ~ylip, -yup), are added to verb stems and used to connect two verbs together. They can be translated by ‘and’. ‘THE INTERJECTION Words used to express emotions are called interjections. A list of these exclamations is given below: Al E say! OF Ha! Ya! Is that so. Ay! ont Ha! ‘What did you say! AB Ah! Oht Ne! What ‘Aman! Alas, mercy, pity! Vah va! Ah! Alas on Ushi Hey! Hey, theret38 THE GRAMMAR Hist Psst Masallah! Wonderful! Vat ev there! 1 say (re- Allah Allah! By God! Good Lord! prrvachfully) Insellah! God willing’ Haydit Come on Yas igh! Pooh! Varolt sli send! Now then be off! Aferin! Well done! Jolly Good! sende! What does it matter! Bravo! Bravo! Yaak What a pity! Vay canna! My God! Ne gzel! How lovely! Hay- hay! Certainly, byall means! ‘THE VERB Verbs in Turkish are composed of two parts: the verb stem or the root, and the infinitive suffix, which 1s -mek for verbs with front vowels and -mak for verbs with back vowels. The stem minus the infinitive suffix forms the familiar form of the imperative that is, the word for expressing an ordinary request or command, Word order in the Turkish language is observed by placing the subject at the beginning of a sentence and the verb at the end. It should also be kept in mind that a definite word precedes an indefinite one, However, there are instances when the word order is changed. In conversation, as in requests or commands, the verb can be brought to the beginning of a sentence for emphasis. Come here! Otur suray: Sit there! Susunuz litfen! = Keep quiet, please! Getirdin mi kita? = Did you bring Have you brought Give that book to me. | the book? ‘A characteristic of the verb is that by taking various suffixes it can express itself in all forms and tenses without the help of an auxiliary To a verb stem, the sign or syllable characteristic of every tense or mood is added. after that personal endings are attached, thus completing the precise form of the verb desired to be expressed ‘Verb conjugation is carried out by dropping the infinitive suttix and by affixing tense suffixes to the stem; to these mood suffixes and finally personal endings are attached. Here are a few examples THE GRAMMAR 39 to illustrate verb conjugaticns as Well as gerundial verbal expres Mons, obtained by either affixing sullixes or by placing post- positions veriyorum veririm verecegim verdim vermisim versem vereyim vermel veriyordum verirdim verecektim verdiydim vermistim verseydim vereydim vermeliydim veriyormusum verirmigim verecekmisim vermeliymisima veriyorsam verirsem vereceksem =I give, I am giving (present continuous tense, indicative mood) =I give (present aorist tense, indicative mood) I shall give (future tense, indicative mood) 1 gave, { have given (past definite tense, indicative mood) = Itissaid that I gave (past dubitative tense, indicative mood) If 1 give (optative tense, subjunctive mood) = Let me give (subjunctive tense, subjunc- tive mood) = I must give (necessitative mood) = I was giving (past continuous tense, nar- rative mood) = Tused to give = Iwas going to g = Thad given = {had given If T gave = I wish I had given = J ought to have given = They say that I was giving = Ittis said that I would give = Itis said that I shall give It is said that J had given It is said that if T had given = [wished I had given = Ittis said that I should have given If Lam giving = If I give, if I would give = If Lam to give40 THE GRAMMAR verdiysem, If I bave given, if I gave vermissem = It is said that if I had given verebiliyorum Tcan give, I am able to give verebilirim = will be able to give, Iam in a position to give verebilecegim I shall be able to give verebildim I was able to give verebilmisim = Itis said that I was able to give vermis olacagim = I shall have given vermekte olacagum = I shall be giving (continuous) vermis olabilirdim = I could have given vermekteyim Lam giving (progressive form) verince (prior to completion) at the time of his giving as long as he gives after giving because he gave verdigi takdirde = if he should give verir vermez as soon as he gives soriver give it quickly vererek while giving, by giving verirken during the time of his giving verdigi miiddetge veren as long as he gives the one who gives, the giver vere vere by giving and giving vereli since (his) giving verip while giving vermeden evvel verinceye kadar before giving up to the time that he gave vereliden beri from the time that he gave verircesine as if he (were or was) giving vere that gives, that has given, giving veresiye* on credit * Suffixes 1, ny lve, -sxya are affited to the third person singular of the subjunctive mood to form a kind of adverb. Example: Bldtrestye = ruthlessly, with the intention of killing. THE GRAMMAR 4 The personal endings are equivalent to the English personal Pronouns, and the verb is never conjugated without them. The ‘Turkish personal pronouns are used only for emphasis, It should be remembered that there is no specific suffix added to form the third person singular. When a verb stem has a tense and a mood suffix attached to it, it automatically becomes the third person singular of that verb. PERSONAL ENDINGS USED WITH VARIOUS PARTS OF THE VERB Present cortinw | Past Definite, i ous, Aorist Fur | Optative moods! py ture, Past Dubi Indicative mood) IPE Subiunctive tative, Indicasive | "Conditional cee ‘mood | mood 1st Person Singular ap | Jed Person Singular, ren ar “he, she, i Person Plural | ly ty wit, -uz k "you" sini, sim, | om, om, m2, And Person Plural | sini “they Jed Person Plural a difference between the second person singular and plural in Turkish. The second person singular is the familiar form and is used among very close, intimate friends and equals, or among the common class, while second person plural is used in polite circles and for business purposes. Therea2 THE GRAMMAR The Verb ‘to be’ The verb ‘to be’ is formed in Turkish by imek, which is con- sidered a ‘suffix-verb’. The verb imek, which happens to be a modern version of the verb ermek, has no meaning by itself, and there is no infinitive such as imek today. However, as a suffix verb it is attached to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives to form the equivaleat of the verb ‘to be’ in English. Dir and its variations du, -dii, -dur, -tir, tir -ttir, and -tur, which form the third person singular of the verb ‘to be’, are not generally used in the regular verb conjugations, but are added for the purpose of emphasis. and its variations may also be added to the present continuous, future and past dubitative tenses, both for emphasis and when supposition, certainty, or definitiveness are to be expressed. In conversation it is not necessary to use -dir or its variations, but when writing and expressing statements of permanent validity dir should be used. CONIUGATION CHART FOR THE VERB ‘TO BE Alter consonants After vowels ater ee TRer ater ater afer Ser ar 727% yam deter yew dates) dee) dura) ase Tense with he toate After consonant After vowels tier ater ater after "ther after tae in dim dom ; ie dx te kak “tak | Vai tne dar ey are) lier iar ler [eller yaar fe a ars Er i Slee “lar “ler | Fin vevot Sheva | an pot,“ meat sem, -sam, -ysem,-ysam wiam ____ | | Second | angen, | Person Singular | -ymigsin, «yoga, -ymiigsiin, -ymuysun | Sen, -san, -ysen, -ysan Third | mi mun me, mim Person Singular $e, 38) ne, ys -ymiy, ym, -ymils, yy (itis said) he, she, it was it he, she, itis First | msi, gz, -miigdz, mugez, enon Plural | -ymighs ya ymigde muir se, ty ah, 7k {itis sai) we were we are Second cauigsini, -migsinz, -migsiniz, | Person Plural “mugswoaz | | Pisin, yup, ymin, | sent, sam, -yent, symugsun ysantz tis said) you were you are Third erson Pura | yale “ynlar yma, polar | ler ala, eer, Tit cid bey were Saar if hey are44 THE GRAMMAR Forms of the Verb Negative, interrogative, and negative interrogative forms of the verb are formed by suffixes which are placed between the verb stem and the personal endings. ‘The negative of the present continuous, future, pas: definite, past dubitative tenses is formed by placing the negative particle -me or -ma after the verb stem, but before the tense, mood suffixes and personal endings. In the present continuous tense the negative particle is simply an -m, Examples: veriyorum yer(miyorum verecezim —ver(mi)yecegim (because of rules of vowel hartiony (-me, -ma) change t0 (-miy, -muy)) verdi ver{me)di vermis ver(me)mis In the aorist tense the negative form is expressed ty placing -me or -ma next {0 the verb stem, and then attaching the mood suffix and personal endings. The tense sign, which is r, is dropped and replaced by z for the second and third persons singular and plural, while the first person singular instead of a tense sign has a change in the personal endings: veririm vermem verirsin vermezsin verir vermez veririz vermeyiz verirsiniz vermezsiniz. verirler vermezler ‘The negative particle is not stressed in Turkish, therefore the stress falls on the syllable preceding the negative particle. The negative of the verb ‘to be" is degil, that.is ‘not’ it Turkish; and the negative of the verb ‘to have’ = var, ie., ‘no: to have? = yok. The interrogative particle is mi, mi, mii, or mu, It is not joined to the word it follows, but stands by itself; nevertheless its vowel THE GRAMMAR 45 changes in accordance with the rule of vowel harmony. As a general rule personal endings are joined to the interrogative particle, and whenever the personal ending starts with a vowel an additional (y) is inserted between the interrogative particle and the personal ending for euphony. In forming the interrogative of the past definite tense, optative and subjunctive moods, the interro- gative particle (mi) or its variations (mm, mii, mu) always comes at the end, after the personal endings. Examples: Past Definite Subjunctive-optative tense Optative mood ‘mood Verdi mi Versem mi Vereyim mi Verdin mi Versen mi Veresin mi Verdi mi Verse mi Vere mi Verdik mi Versek mi Verelim mi Verdiniz mi Verseniz mi Veresiniz mi Verdiler mi Verseler mi Vereler mi In the third person plural of all the tenses the interrogative particle (-mi) or (-m) is placed after the personal endings. In the interrogative of all conditional tenses the interrogative particle comes at the end, after the personal endings. In a sentence, the interrogative particle (mi, mt, mil, or mu) instead of being placed after the tense suffix sign can be placed after the word which is to be emphasized. The interrogative sign is also used to denote surprise or amaze- ment: Example: Dorup durarken beni Spmez mi? Did she not kiss me all of a sudden? In English, the significance of a question may depend on the word stressed. This is achieved in Turkish by placing the particle (mi) after the word the questioner wishes to emphasize. Babam Ahmede bir az para verdi mi? Has my father given some money to Ahmet? Babam Ahmede mi biraz para verdi? Has my father given ‘Ahmet some money?46 THE GRAMMAR Babam mi Ahmede biraz para verdi? Has my father given Ahmet some money? Babam Ahmede biraz para m1 verdi? Has my father given some money to Ahmed” An affirmative statement can be made interrogative by placing after it the negative interrogative of the verb “to be’, which is deRil mi2, similar to the French n'est ce pas? or German nicht war? Examples. Babam Ahmede biraz para verdi, defil mi? My father gave some money to ‘Ahmet, didn't he? Hava gtizel, depil mi? The weather is beautiful, isn't it? Londradan geldi, degil mi? He's come from London, hasn't he? Cocuk uyudu, degil mi? The child has fallen asleep, hasn't he? Ahmet bugin gelecek, degil mi? Ahmet will come today, won't he? As the interrogative particle is never stressed, the accent falls on the syllable preceding the interrogative particle: Babam mi? ‘The stress is on (bam) Almede mi? mon ey Verdiniz mi? oon Giz) Okumus muydunuz?—\, (rug) ‘Yazacak misiniz? a) The Verb ‘to have’ The Turkish language has no special verb as fo have in English, or avoir in French. The meaning of such a verb is expressed in an entirely different manner: by using the special verb var, together with the genitive or possessive case of the personal pronouns. On the other hand, yok is used for ‘not to have’ in the same construc tion as for ‘to have’ for the negative. The object possessed takes the appropriate possessive suffixes (see the explanation given under possessive suffixes). In simple sentences as shown in Lesson 3 and 4, var stands for ‘there is’ and yok for ‘there is not any’. Examples: Kutuda on kibrit var = There are ten matches in the box. Masada bir kitap var = There is a book on the table Elimde bir mendil var = There is a handkerchief in my hand. THE GRAMMAR 41 Benim kiigtk bir kutum var = I have a litte box. Onun yest bir sapkasi var = She has a green hat Bizim beyaz bir evimiz var = We have a white house. The interrogative of var and yok is formed by placing the inter- rogative particle (mi) after (var) and (mu) after (yok). Examples. Masada bir kitap var mi? Benim kuguk bir kutum var mi? ‘Onun yesil bir sapkasi yok mu? Bizim bir beyaz evimi2 yok mu? Var and yok can be conjugated with the help of imek. They are found in the three tenses ofthe indicative mood, aorist, past definit past dubitative, and the present tense of the conditional mood, Examples Benim bir kopegim var(dir) ~ I have a dog = dir for emphasis Benim bir képegim vardi = I had a dog Benim bir képegim varmis ~ It is said that had a dog Benim bir képegim varsa” If T have a dog Var and yok are invariable, the person being shown firstly by t personal pronoun and secondly by the possessive suffix attached to the noun. Care should be taken not to confuse var with the verb varmak, meaning ‘to reach’, ‘to arrive’, ‘to be married to’. As a reply to simple queries yok is considered rude, kalmamak, meaning ‘to have run out of’, is preferred as a polite usage. Var also means to be at hand ot available. Consequently it can be conjugated as an adjective when it is used in this sense. Yok, meaning ‘unavailable’, can also be conjugated. Pattern varm yokum varsin yoksun vardir yoktur vane yokuz varsimz yoksunuz vardsrlar yokturlar48 ‘THE GRAMMAR Some expressions with var and yol Yar misin? I dare you to do it; I bet you can’t do it. Varsa yoksa... = He thinks of nothing else but Ne var, ne yok? = What's the news? Ne var? = What's the matter? Ne var, ne yok © = Whatever there is; whatever he pos- sesses, Var yok about, approximately, there is very little, if only. Vani yoku (yogu) = all that he has. Yok yok = there is nothing that is not to be found, Yok yere = without reason, uselessly. Yok pahasina = for a mere song. var etmek to create, to cause to be present. var olmak to exist, to be. yok olmak to cease to exist, to be annihilated, yok etmek to annihilate, to render non-existent. Sentences. Sinemaya gidiyorsaniz, ben de varim. Bugiin sen evde yok musun? Ah! Sen yok musun sen? Bu igi nasil yaptin? Yiirliylis yapacaksam, bizler de varvz Ben yiizmege gidiyorum, var musintz, yok musunuz? Auxiliary Verbs Etmek, Eylemek, Olmak Etmek, which means ‘to do, to perform’, is an auxiliary verb. When it is placed after nouns, it forms a verb of that ncun. Examples: Yardim = help, assistance = = to help, to assist divet = invitation torinvite riyaret = visit viyaret etmele = to visit telefon = telephone = telefon etmek = to telephone hizmet = service = hizmet etmek = to serve lrulto = noise = gUriltd etmek = to make noise THE GRAMMAR 49 Eylemek has the same meaning as etmek. It is seldom used in conversation, but in written works it is used to avoid repetition of ‘etmek, particularly with words of Arabic origin: (ziyaret eylemek, hizmet eylemek). The general rule is to write etmek as a separate word when the word is more than one syllable. If the word is a single-syllabled word, then etmek is added to the word, and the last consonant of the word is doubled, when there is only one consonant following the vowel Examples af =pardon affetmek = to forgive, to pardon ret = refusal reddetmek = to refuse van ~ belief annetmek = to believe, to suppose ‘Where there is more than one consonant after the vowel, then the auxiliary etmek or eylemek is simply added, without doubling the consonant. Examples: sarf = spending sarfetmek = to spend sabr = patience sabretmek - to be patient sevk = dispatch sevketmek = to lead derd = pain, suffering derdetmek ~ to let something prey on one’s mind As we have previously stated, the verb ‘to be’ is found in four tenses: present, past definite, past dubitative and conditional present. The other forms of the verb are expressed by another auxiliary, olmak, as stated in Lesson 19. Olmak is widely used in Turkish, and there are some idiomatic expressions formed with it. A chart of conjugation for olmak is given on pages 60-2. As an auxiliary it is conjugated with the past dubitative participle of any other verb, to express the completion of the action. One can ob- tain a negative tense either by placing the verb in the negative form, or by placing the past dubitative participle in the negative form and keeping olmak in the affirmative form; thus drawing attention to the fact that the action is still incomplete, Examples: Gérmis olmak = to have seen Gérmemig olmak. = to have not seen Gorm olmamak = not to have seen$0 THE GRAMMAR The Transitive and Intransitive Verbs There are transitive and intransitive verbs in Turkish. A transi- tive verb answers the question kimi = whom, or neyi = which. As the interrogative pronouns are in the objective case, the answer expected should be in the objective case. When the object is not definite, then the interrogative pronouns are in the nomina- tive case, kim — who, or ne = what; consequently the object of the sentence is not in the objective case. Examples: Bir gazete okudum Bu gaceteyi okudum read a newspaper. read this newspaper. ‘An intransitive verb neither answers the questions kimi, neyi = whom, which?, nor kime == to whom, neye = to what? When there is no object expressed in a sentence the verb is said to be used intransitively. In Turkish there are some verbs which take a cognate object in the shape of a noun from the same root as the verb. Examples: yemek yemek = to eat (to eat food) uyku uyumak = to sleep (to sleep a sleep) yan yazmak = to write (to write a writing) ‘galaygalmak = to play an instrument ikis dikmek = to sew (to sew a sewing) ‘oyun oynamak ~ to play (to play a game) The Passive and Reflexive Verbs When the subject does not act, but is acted upon, then the verb is said to be in the passive voice. Passive verbs are fermed in ‘Turkish (as explained in Lesson 30, page 192) by attaching to verb stems ending in any consonant except I the syllable -il, =, ~il, or ul, to verb-stems ending in I the syllable -in, -in, -in, or -un, and to the verb-stems ending in a vowel, -n. A reflexive verb is one whose action reflects back on the doer and does not affect any outside object. Reflexive verbs are formed by adding the syllable ~in, -m, -iin, or -un to verb-stems ending in a consonant, and the letter -n to verb-stems ending in a vowel. THE GRAMMAR 31 Examples: to vash Yikanmak ~ to ash oneself Jemeke Jenmek 10 beexten Borinnek to be seen ovale to ones soylemek = tot steamer = {eer to bead (passive) [tobe found (passive) bbulmake aa Dulunmak = + t9 find oneself (reflexive) dbumek ~ to eat dove = {10 Bat ones sevmek = fo love seamek_ = 0 be pled, happy toymak = toatip to undies soymamak = to undros onal giymek = to wear, to put on giyinmek = {to dress onesel, {to put on one's clothes. The Reciprocal or Co-operative Verb To convey the idea that the action is performed by more than fone agent, either in co-operation or in opposition, the reciprocal or co-operative form is used by adding to the verb-stem ending in a consonant -ig or its variations -1, -iig, or -us; or to the verb- stem ending in a vowel, -5. (See Lesson 35.) The Causative Verb The causative form of the verb is generally formed by adding dir) or its variations (-dir, -diir, -dur, -tir, ~r,-tiir, or -tur). Verbs ‘whose stems end in a vowel are made causative usually by adding the letter (-t) to their stems. Verb-stems ending in consonants (1) and (r) are also made causative by affixing (-t). Verbs whose stems end in consonants (g, ¢, and t) have (-ir) or its variations (a, -iir, or -ur) when they are made causative. There are other verbs which, take Cer) or (ar) to their stems for the causative form, while the verb-stems ending in the consonant (k) take (-if) or its variations iit, or -ut). (See Lesson 35 for examples.) The Accelerative Verb By affixing to the third person subjunctive singular of the main verb the auxiliary vermek (to give) one can convey a meaning of speedier action. (See Lesson 3:THE GRAMMAR, The Continuative Verb Hy using either kalmak = to remain, to stay, or durmak ~ to Mop, to stand, ay an auxiliary verb, and by fixing it to the third person singular of the subjunctive mood, one can convey the meaning of a continued action. (See Lesson 35 for examples.) Participles Participles are formed by adding different suffixes to verb- stems. The present participle, which represents action conten porancous with the main verb, is formed by adding (-en) or (-an) to verb-stems ending in consonants and (-yen) or (-yan) to verb- stems ending in vowels. As it describes a noun, recording an action of a state of that noun, it is equivalent to a relative clause beginning with ‘who’ or ‘which’, The present participle can also be used as an adjective or as a gerund. There are two past participles. The one which is formed by adding -mis, -mts, -miig, or -mus to the verb-stem is used when the action is definitely completed. This form is used with the help of the auxiliary verbs olmak and bulunmak in their present participle forins, ie., olan and bulunan. Olan standing for ‘who’ or ‘which’ and bulunan standing for ‘who or which is in a state of”. The other one, which is formed by adding -dik, dik, -diik, or ~duk to the verb-stem, to which possessive suffixes are added, is used for present as well as past time. The final (k) changes to (-f) before the possessive suffix, except in the third person plural and for plural. The participle with dik just like a noun can be declined, that is it takes case endings. (See Lesson 31, page 199.) The future participle, which is formed by adding -eeek, -acak to verb-stems ending in consonants, and -yecek or -yacak to verb- stems ending in vowels, has the same construction as the past definite participle. The final -k changes to a -& before possessive suffixes beginning with vowels ‘The past definite and future participles are used in Turkish for indirect speech. The participle becomes the object of the verb to say, to inform, to understand, to believe, or other verbs of similar character. THE GRAMMAR 33 PARTICIPLES CHART Present Participle. Present Participle Verbectem sign ver on vermekte olan al * almakta olan viet viirimekte olac ku okumakta olan Past Participle with mis: The auxiliary verb Verb-stem plus Past in the Present Participle sign Participle form Future Partciple vermis olan verecek olan alms bulunan alacak olan Past Participle with dik: Past Participle Possessive Verbestem with (dik) Suffixes Translation (a) ver alg given by me or my giving ver “aig Biven by you or your giving ver dig given by him, her or his, its giving ver “ag Biven by us or our giving ver aig siniz given by you or your giving ver “dik, Biven by them or their giving () ara “dig my looking for, searched by me ara “aig your looking for, searched by you ara aig i her, his, its looking on searched by him, her ara aig simiz our looking for, searched by us ara aig ninz your looking for, searched by you ara dik vlan their looking for searched by them © yiro aig slim walked by me, my walking drt dg sn walked by you, your walking yr ag, “0 walked by him, her, his, her, walking yor aug, sAimiiz walked by us, our walking yard dug ~iniz walked by you, your walking yer dk eri walked by them, their walking34 Verb-stem (@) okw ok ok oku ku ok Verbesiem @) bil bil il bil (b) gr sr Bor Past Participle with (dik) Past dug “au “dui, aug “05, “duke Participle sign Future Participle: Verb-stem sign toed, THE GRAMMAR Possessive ‘Suffixes Translation sum read by me, my reading sun tead by you, your reading cu read by him, her, his, her reading Sumuz read by us, our reading sunuz read by you, your reading lan read by them, their reading PLURAL Possessive Suffixes Translation slerim those that I know, what I know cerin those that you know, what you know sleri those that he knows, those that she knows, what he knows slevimiz those that we know, what we know sleriniz, what you know ‘leri what they know slerim “what I saw erin what you saw Jeri what he, she saw ‘lerimiz what we saw ini what you saw Future Participle Possessive ‘what they saw Suffixes Translation sim my giving, that Tam going to sive in that you are going to give, your giving i that he, she is going to give “imi that we are going to give, his, her giving Jinie that you are going to give, your giving sleri that they are going to give, their giving THE GRAMMAR 55 Past Definite Participle Used as a Possessive Coupler: Pattern: Litixterioin hhangisine inanayien? Duyduklan hepsi yalan Gordiklerimizin— yalnu bist stzeldi Buldagunuzun bana veriniz Istiklerimizin damagimirda kaldb Okudogunun anlatsana Yediginin verir misin? Meaning of the Sentences in the Above Pattern: Of the things I've heard, which one shalt I believe? Of the things you have heard, all are lies Only one was beautiful of all the things we have seen. Give me half of what you ave found. ‘The taste of what we have drunk is still on our palate. Tell me a little bit of what you have read. Would you give me a slice of what you are eating? Adverbial Forms of the Verb: By the addition of the suffix -rek or -rak to the third person singular of the subjunctive mood of the verb, a gerund meaning “by doing’ is formed. -Rek is affixed to verb-stems with front vowels, and -rak to those with back vowels; while y is inserted whenever the verb-stem ends in a vowel. This gerund is the same for all persons, and it shows an action accompanying or preceding that of the main verb, (See Lesson 34, page 225.) Another adverbial form ot the verb is formed by using the suffix -ince or its variations -iince, -inca, -unea after consonants, and -yince, -yiince, -yinea, -yunea after vowels meaning ‘on doing’ This shows that the action precedes that of the main verb. (See Lesson 34, page 226.) Another form is obtained by using the suffix -inceye kadar, Ainceye kadar, -incaya kadar, -uncaya kadar after consonant verb- stems, and -yinceye kadar, -yincaya kadar, -yiinceye kadar, -yuncaya kadar after verb-stems ending in a vowel. This suffix stands for ‘until” in English. (See Lesson 34, page 227.) Still another adverbial form is obtained by affixing the suffixes56 THE GRAMMAR li, -l, -li beri, -In beri, -liden beri, -Lidan beri to the third person singular of the subjunctive mood of the verb. These suffixes are used to denote ‘since’ in English, (See Lesson 34, page 228.) The suffix -dikge and its variations -diikge, -dikga, -dukca, -tikge, -tikga, -tiikge -tukga is also used to obtain another adverbial form of the verb; this time meaning ‘as long as, all the time that’. This form is obtained by adding -ge or -ga to the first person plural of the past definite tense. The negative of this usage can be trans- lated as ‘unless’. (See Lesson 34, pages 228-29.) The suffixes -mektense, -maktansa and -meksizin, -maksizin also play a role in forming the adverbial form of the verb. -Mektense and -maktansa, meaning ‘rather than’ in English, and -meksizin, -maksizin, meaning ‘without’, are obtained by attaching to the normal infinitive form of the verb the suffixes tense, -tansa, o -sizin, -stain, (Sce Lesson 34, page 229.) Another adverbial form of the verb is obtained by adding the ablative case sign -den, -dan to the light infinitive. This form of the verb denotes *before’ or ‘without’, (See Lesson 34, page 230.) The suffix -dikten sonra, together with its variations -diktan sonra, -diikten sonra, -duktan sonra, -tikten sonra, -tiktan sonra, tiikten sonra, -tuktan sonra, meaning ‘after’, ‘as a resilt of”, of ‘subsequent to’, constitutes another adverbial form of the verb. This is obtained by affixing the ablative case sign to the first person plural of the past definite tense. (See Lesson 34, page 231.) ‘Another adverbial form of the verb is obtained by adding the suffix iken, which becomes -ken when joined to verbs ending with consonants, and -yken when joined to verbs ending with vowels. This can be translated as ‘while’, and it is the same for all six persons. It should be attached to the third person singular of the verb. When it is attached to the negative verb it means ‘though not? (See Lesson 18, page 137 and Lesson 34, page 231.) In sentences where the suffix is attached to a future tense verb the meaning becomes ‘instead of” and not ‘while’. The suffixes -fp and its variations “ip, Up, -up. -vip, -ytp, -Yiip, -yup are also used to obtain adverbial forms of the verb. They serve as conjunctions and take the place of ‘and’ in English. The THE GRAMMAR 7 underlying idea is to avoid the repetition of the verb-endings. By using these suffixes two independent clauses are joined. They are also used to express ‘whether’ in Turkish, but in such instances the second verb must always be in the negative. (See Lessons 28 and 34, page 181.) The third person singular affirmative and negative of the aorist tense also forms an adverbial form of the verb, meaning ‘as soon as, at the instant’. (See Lesson 23, page 155, and Lesson 34, page 232.) Still another adverbial form of the verb is made by adding the suffix -cesine or its variations -casina, -cesine, -gasina to the past participle with mig or the third person singular of the dubitative tense of the verb. This suffix, which is the same for all six persons, means ‘as if, as though’. When this suffix is attached to the third person singular of the aorist tense, it describes the manner in which the action takes place (See Lesson 34, page 233.) Infinitive There are four forms of a Turkish infinitive: the common form, the light form, the heavy form, and the cognate form. Of the four, the common form and the light form are the most commonly used. The infinitive of a verb becomes a verbal noun in these forms which take case endings as well being conjugated. Examples. ‘Yitzmegi severim Yuzmege gidiyorum ‘Yuzmek tzereyim [ike swimming Lam going swimming, Lam about to swim, Yuzmekteyimn Jam actually swimming. Yuzmekte bulunuyorum Lam ina state of swimming. Yermekten geliyorum = | am coming from swimming, ‘Yuzmekle serinledim Thave cooled off by swimming. ‘Yazmek igin cok ugragtum = I did my best to swim, ‘Yizmekteydim I was in the course of swimming ‘Yuemekteymisin = Cis said that T'was ia the course of swims ming Yuumekte bulunacagum = I shall bein the course of swimming (1 shall bbe swimming)38 THE GRAMMAR ‘Yuzmesini bilmiyorum I don’t know how to swim. ‘Yaris guzel mi? = Is the way I swim beautiful? Yorn:ekligim Haim mi? = Is it necessary that I swim? ‘Yacmek dzereysem = If Tam about to swim, Yuameden yitzmeye fark sar ~ There is difference in the style cf swimming. Ithough the present tendency is to avoid the heavy form, it is used for emphasis and to overcome the confusion that may arise when the first person negative of the aorist tense is used. The light infinitive is formed by dropping the letter (k) at the end of the common form, while the heavy infinitive is formed by adding (-lik) or (-lik) to the common form. ‘Negative of the heavy infinitive is different, in that i: is formed by changing the letter (k) at the end of the negative infinitive to the letter (2). (See Lesson 32, page 207.) The cognate form of the infinitive is formed by adding (-ig, is, -us) to verb-stems ending in consonants and (-yis -y15, -yiis, -yus) to verb-stems ending in vowels. The light infinitive is frequently used as the object of a verb of wishing, commanding or directing. The verbal noun is used instead of the participles when mere reference to the action in the past, present and future is made, Examples ‘Onun bugtin yzmesi kazum, It is necessary for him to swim today. Gocuklarin burada Kosmalan dogru_ Itisnot appropriate forthe children defi. to run bere, Bayan Gol'dn gelmesi yakin degile Bayan Gul’s arrival isn't near, as is they say. Bunu séylemesi kolay. Tis easy to say this. (Onun) okudugunu anlamast gerekic, He should understand what he reads, Bir geyisdylemesi bagka, yapmas To say a thing is one thing, to do bashadir. it is another. Conjugation of the Infinitive (Verbal Nown) Indicative Mood Present Continuous vermekte bulunuyorum = J am giving, in the course of giving, THE GRAMMAR 59 Aorist Tense vermekteyim = Lam giving. olurum | =T'll be giving, in the course of vermekte { pulunurum ) giving Past Definite Tense vermekteydim ‘ermekte bulunurdum | E ¥8S giving, in the course of giving, Past Dubitative Tense vermekteymisim = It is said that T was giving, in the course of giving. Future Tense vyermekte olacagim shall be giving, in the course of vermekte bulunacagim / giving The common infinitive is placed in the locative case, then con- jugated with the verb ‘to be’ or with the auxiliary ‘bulunmak’ When one is about to start an action, the word jizere = about to, on the point of, at the verge of, is placed after the common infinitive. To this the necessary tense, mood and personal suffixes are added. It is conjugated with the verb ‘to be’ endings or with the auxiliary bulunmak. The following tenses are found: Indicative Mood Present Continuous Tense vermek iizereyim vermek iizere bulunuyorum’ Past Definite vermek iizereydim = I was about to give. Lam about to give Aorist Tense vermek iizere bulunurum ~ I will be about to give (not much used), Future Tense vermek iizere olacagim bulunacagnm? [ Shall be about to give.60 THE GRAMMAR Narrative Mood (Present Tense) vermek iizere bulunuyordum = I was about to give. Conditional Mood vermek iizereysem = If | am about to give. This form of the verb denotes a strong desire of a definite decision to begin the action THE AUXILIARY OLMAK IN DIFFERENT MOODS AND TENSES Indicative Mood Present Continuous Tense: oluyorum = I become, Lam becoming Present Aorist Tense: olurum = I will become, I become Future Tense: olacagim = I shall be, I shall become Past Definite Tense: oldum == I became Past Dubitative Tense: olmusum — It is said that I became Narrative Mood Present Perfect (Past Progressive): oluyordum = I was becoming Pluperfect: olduydum = I had become Past Perfect olmustum = It is said that I had become Aorist Perfect: olurdum = I used to become, I would have become Future Past olacaktim — | was going to become Reportative Mood Reportative Mood: oluyormusum = it is said (they say) that I am becoming ‘THE GRAMMAR 61 Reportative, Past Dubitative: olmusmusum = it is said that I had become Reportative Aorist: olurmusum — it is said that I would be Reportative Future: olacakmisun = they say (it is said) that I shall become Necessitative Mood Necessitative Aorist: olmalryim — I must be, I must become Necessitative Past Definite olmalydim = I ought to have been, to have become Necessitative Past Dubitative: olmahymusim = it is said that I should have been, become Optative Mood Optativ olsam = if I be, become Optative Past Definite: olsaydim = if I were, became Optative Past Dubitative olsaymsim = it is said that if | had been Subjunctice-optative Mood Subjunctive Present olayim = let me be Subjunctive Past Definite olaydim = 1 wish I had been, become Subjunctive Past Dubitative olaymusim = I wished I had been, become Conditional Mood Conditional Present Continuous oluyorsam = if | am becoming Conditional Past Definite olduysam = if I have become62 THE GRAMMAR Conditional Past Dubitative oimussam = it is said that if I had been Conditional Aorist: olursam = if I become, if I should become Imperative Mood ol be olahm = [et us be olunuz = be, become olsun = let him be, become olsunlar = let them be, become CONJUGATION CHART INDICATIVE MOOD a | | pas Pot | freer | dont Paw Betnue | Dadtasve a eyewitness) “(heatsash TT “Aor Per. Pare Pa : Yovossm | Yrs Yeriyordvour Verecektnnis | Verdiydinia | Vermistinit gL |’ [se fee | a | ae ae ies PG AGERE ome = ‘Veriyormush Verirmigler = ‘Vermiamisler ce | Gee | tree ‘sas ee ese Verecelaem — Verdinem | Vermieem | 3 Yervonaa | Mercekiea | Verdiaee Vermin i Vere receute, | Verdiyee”_ | Vermin | Verurex | Nerecelack | Verdneek | Vermipci Vermenz | Verecelaeais | Verdgenis | Vermiqenix Verineee , Vereeh Verdipeler | Vermeer i Sgee" | “iene nse) i jl 3 : 6 THE GRAMMAR CONJUGATION CHART SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD | Sabicie ‘Oprane Vers Vere Verlin Veresnts Verde | Veresain Vereiee (veel) Verermiier ‘emi ecerttve Vermeliiit ermal Vermette i Vermelzeinie | | Vermeliymiae | Vermeliay ‘Vermeliraiie Vermelirmin ¥ 6 ver Versa Yairi Viral64 ‘THE GRAMMAR CONJUGATION CHART FOR THE NEGATIVE OF THE VERB VERMEK INDICATIVE MOOD. THE GRAMMAR 65 CONJUGATION CHART FOR THE NEGATIVE OF THE VERB VERMEK SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD cmt | gant Fatwe Delnite | Dabitaive I | coretitnesy | heatay) Veraiyorom | Vermem | Vermiyecetion : Yeraiyorwa | Vermeasa | Vermineesne | mn temees/ Tens Wino | Vas | Yen Vermri| Yom xn | Paster | | veraipetas Yermiorsua | Yermirecltin viral | Moat ve Verio | Vermeer | Vermeer Veredy | Vermemigtin Vermedisdin | Yermemitia ame —_| ti i gle Viera £1 B | venipemey | Vermeein 6m) smur ait | Vermiyormuy- | Vermecaiy 1‘ 1 | Vermiyorsam | Veron [emveme | Yemane | vemiranee | yea | Yeas SE Sma, | vere, | eae | Seeeeee Venicme, [Vesa | See | Vermemineaiz ; reir | gam ane) | eee Geese ese) | operve ‘Sian | Necesharive Imperative [Vermesce Verminerin Vermevee Veraiyeia | Nerme Simple | Vermere Veraize | Nemesia ‘Tenses | Vermesck Yeraiylin | (vermipetin) Vermeresis | Vermiyesnis | Vermemeiter | Vermeer : jvemeena® | g Memeo | E Vemmtdne | Yrmvoume | Voomencistne | 2 |vemntane | Nemgame | Vemsesuiee | (era | tera Yermipernitia Vemiperait. | Vermemelyaie Verniyeyaitia | Vermenelgaina Vermerelymiginit | Nermermelginer ‘Compound Tenses |66 THE GRAMMAR THE GRAMMAR 0 CONJUGATION CHART FOR THE AUXILIARY CONJUGATION CHART FOR THE AUXILIARY ETMEK ETMEK INDICATIVE MOOD UNCTIVE MOOD Satya Opranve Shorea | Necesstane \ | Pet pay | Cotinaous | Art Fume — | gece | Dubtaine Cavin Emnin | oa | 7 Peas eee fe = - sino | Eon = fn Ee =a ee Pemies | Ean ei |e oe Ses ie ee sing |Eavor™ = jem ggese gt [Ee eae le fee | et som (tee, fie, | Be rae | Ete ——je - . - cewe, ein, /Be e be |} geotie Bt i [Efore ies [Emacs [ES | Ee |, [Bots Ese) etwas | Eater __| - le | Eos Bost oar eae mee ro oe fre fon = [Bee | Eto, - ee | j Slee, feet, | Ettette Bee i 2) poi pane | peat | eters | eden | aren mia |S ct | Fr e Rome | gear Eiecten Enter we _| a ice __ pee Eira Ear aC 2 | eis Eicctte —| Ea | Eine Ep ¢ Soest [Homgn | exunss eee Ekin [Evans | Bete ee ee as | | abeaee eect | Euan e| eek. |uemt, | Ee, - zi _|‘ot cca a He ee Peto ee ay | Oo g| 2 [eros | Rome 8) Teleraee Teaco = é | |i cae 5 Este | i i eee = i] | & g) letters | ~ _ ‘tareis) lerinis) I z tyre ects | Beem | | E | bapore | Eicctec’ | Eni ——— |e, jie, ES a [Ect | Ema |B Eo | Hower [Earner | Etter ‘tre ene) ene) ene)Tl THE LESSONS Vocabulary Bir: One iki: Two Vowel Chart. Cnround Back : Front e i Greetings and Leavetakings Methaba: Hello! Giinaydin: Good morning : How are you? How do you do? Vocabulary: Bir kitap: A book Defter: Note-book Kalem: Pencil Dolmakalem: Fountain pen Masa: Table Bu: This Su: That Nasi: Tow BIRINCI DERS Allahasmarladik: Good-bye* Gille giile: Good-byet Good night yi giimler: Good day't iskemle: Chair Kapt: Door, gate Bir: A, an O: More remote than ‘su’ + Said by peeon leaving. 1 Said by person vino i seeing his rend of {It gunler is now preferred to Allahasmarladhk. 68 LESSON ONE © Pattern: Dem, Adj. Ind. Art. Noun Verb English Equivalent Bu bir kitap This is a book Bu bir efter This is a notebook Bu masa This is a table ° iskemle ‘That yonder is a chair So bir lem That is a pencil Su Us stile ‘That is three Explanation: ‘is’, the third person singular of the verb ‘to be’, is expressed by (dir, dir, dir, dur) in Turkish, which is changed into (tir, tr, tii, tur) after the consonants (¢, f, h, k, p, S, $f). Pronunciation: as in (pin, sin, dim): dir as ih (this is it, wanted): dir as in French (tu, sur): diir : as in French (seul) as in (cut, shut) : as in (red, net) as in (put) as in (poet) Introductions: Bayan Gil, Bay Demir: Miss Rose, Mr. Iron Bay Demir, Bay Gzgen: Mr. Iron, Mr. Ozgen Nasilsimz Bayan Giil?: How do you do, Miss Rose? Nasilsuz Bay Ozgen?: How do you do, Mr. Ozgen? Vocabulary. Oda: Room Divar: Wall Palto: Overcoat House, home ep: Pocket Kutu: Box Saat: Clock, hour Meudil: Handkerchief Gimlek: Shirt Giysi: Dress, suit Halt: Carpet Bayan: Miss, Mrs. Ne?: What?70 LESSON TWO Patten: What is this? ‘This is a room Bu nedie? Bu bir odadir Su nedir? Su divardr nedir? © penceredir Bune (dir)? Bu mendil (air) ‘Su ne? Su kutw One? © saat 2. IKINCL_ DERS Forming Plurals: Singular Plural Kitap kitaptar Defter defterler Kalem kalemier Masa masalar iskemle iskemleler Kap kapilar Penvere pencereler Sigara sigaralar kibritler Oda odalar Explanation? The plural sign is regular, being in every case either -ler or -lar, depending upon the previous vowel in the word. If it happens to be a back vowel, then the plural sign is-lar; if it is a front vowel, then the plural sign to be affixed is -ler. Demonstrative Adjectives: Singular Plural Bu this bunlar Su that suolar © more remote than gu onlar LESSON TWO n Pattern: Dem. Adj. Ind. Art. Noun Verb “to be Bu bie tap or Bunlar kiaplar “ar su bir alem air Sunlar Kalemler die ° br mas “a Onlar masalar “dir Examples. Bu nedir? Su nedir? O nedir? Bunlar nedir? Sunlar nedir?_——-Onlar nedir? Bunlar nelerdir? — Sunlar nelerdir? —Onlar nelerdir? When the answer expected refers to more than one object of the same kind, the verb in the question may be singular, e.g., Bunlar nedir? If the answer expected refers to objects of different kinds, the verb should be in the plural. Vocabulary: Gocaks chia : and, either, or ifretmen: teacher Lam well Osrenci: student Tesekkiirler: thanks Kuz: Girl Tesekkiir ederim: thank Erkek: man Kadi: woman Ve: and Dialogue: Osretmen: Bu nedir? Ofrenci: Sunlar iskemlelerdir, Obrenci: Bu bir asad. Ofretmen: Onlar nedir? Ofretmen: Sunlar nelerdir? _Ogrenci: Onlar pencerelerdir. Sentences. Bu bir dgretmendir. Onlar ofretmenditler. Bunlar dgrencidirler Ba bir bayandir. © bir Ogretmendir. Bayan Gil bir kadindse. Bay Demir erkektir. Bay Demir ve Bayan Giil djrencidirler.n LESSON THREE Sunlar cocuktur. $u kizlar dgrencidirler. Pattern Practice: Bay Demir nedir? O bir dgrencidir. Bay Ozgen nedir? O bir ogretmendir. Bayan Giil nedir? O bir kadindir, Dialogue: (A) — Giinaydin Bay Ozgen, nasilsinrz? — lyiyim, tesekkiir ederim. Siz nasilsiniz? — Ben de iyiyim. Tegekkiirler. — Allahasmarladik. iyi giinler! ~ Gille gitle. (B) — Merhaba Demir, nasilsin? — lyiyim, ya sen? — Ben de iyiyim. 3. UCUNCU DERS Vocabulary: Evet: Yes Burada, burda: Here Efendi: Sir, 1 beg Hayw: No Surada, surda: There your pardon Liitfen: Please Orada, orda: Over there Yok: There is not any. Mektup: Letter Var: There is Kag?: How many? Pattern: Burada ne va? Burada bir tap var, Surada re vat? Suada bir palto var. Orada neler var? Orda Kitaplar var. dada kag Girencl var? Odada on renci var. Masada @olmakalem yok. Iskemlede detter yok. Explanation: De and da are the locative case endings. The use of this case conveys the idea of a static condition. The endings cover the use of in, on, and at of English. LESSON THREE B Dialogue: — Burda ne var? — Burda bir masa var. — Surda ne var? — $urda giysiler var. — Odada neler var? — Odada masalar, iskemleler var. — Evde ne var? — Evde Baylar ve Bayanlar var. — Odada kag dgrenci var? — Odada dokuz égrenci var. — Masada kag kibrit var? — Masada kibrit yok, kutuda on kibrit var. Explanation. With numbers the singular form of the noun is used. Plural form is used without numbers (Nouns preceded by numerical or quantitative adjectives remain in the singular). Forming Questions Incr. Dem Adi. nd Ar, Mommie Verh be bi talen ‘ Be or coal a == a & i om é te tee a 3 te fem? * oe Se ® mt Explanation: ‘The interrogative particle (which is basically mi but m, mu, or mii when required by the rules of euphony) is placed after the noun and preceding the verb ‘to be’ in order to change the sen- tence into a question. Dialogue: — Bu bir kalem midir? Is this a pencil?4 LESSON THREE — Evet efendim, bu bir kalemdir. Yes, sir, this is a pencil. — $u bir masa midir? — Evet masadir. —O bir kitap midir? — Hayrr efendim, o bir defterdir. — Odada bir masa var midir? — Evet, vardir. — Masada bir kitap yok mu? — Hayr, yok. Pattern: Odada ‘Sgretmen var Odade Sgretmen var mi? Surda {skemle yok Surda fskemie yok mu? Masada bir sapka var dur Masada bir pha var mm Gur? fekemlede —Kitup yok cur Iskemlede kitap: yok mu dur? Vocabulary: Onbir: Eleven Onallu: Sixteen Otuz: Thirty Oniki: Twelve Onyedi: Seventeen Kirk: Forty Oniig: Thirteen Onsekiz: Eighteen Elli: Fifty Ondért: Fourteen Ondokuz: Nineteen Altms: Sixty Onbes: Fifteen Yirmi: Twenty Yeti: Seventy Giines: Sun Angiliz: English ‘Seksen: Eighty Sis: Fog Tlirkiye: Turkey Doksan: Ninety Kaurus: Piastre = Tiirk: Turk Yiiz: Hundred, face Turkish pound Dialogue: — Burda ne var? — Burda yirmibes kurus var. —Surda ne var? — Surda eli lira var. — Odada ne var? — OBrenciter var. —Kag Ingiliz ofrenci var? LESSON THREE 15 — Sekiz Ingitiz ofrenci var. — Ingilterede ne var? — Ingilterede sis var. —Tiirkiyede ne var? — Tiirkiyede giines var. — Masada kag kalem var? — Masada kalem yok, kitap var. — Bu kitap kag liradir? — Bu kitap bes liradir. — Evde kag gocuk var? — Evde dért gocuk var. — Orada kag sigara var? — Orada ondokuz sigara var. — Mektup var mi? — Hayrr, yok. Exercises: (A) Change to the question form: 1. Bu bir kalemdir. 2. Bu bir kitapur. 3. $u kutudur. 4. Su paltodur. 5. O bir masadir. 6. Bunlar defterdir. 7. Tiirkiyede giines vardir. 8, Ingilterede sis vardir. 9. Odada alti 8grenci yoktur. 10. Sunlar kibritlerdir. 11. Bunlar pencerelerdir. 12. Masada bes lira yoktur, 13. Kutuda on sigara var. 14. Cepte otuz kurus var. 15. Evde bayanlar vardir. 16. Iskemlede bir sapka yoktur. (B) Write the Turkish equivalents of the following: @2 (6) 3416 LESSON FOUR (c) 48 @%3 (e)85 (NR (g) 13 (h) 100 @ 56 (9 wat a7 4, DORDUNCU DERS. Vocabulary: Gelmek: To come Okumak: To read Gitmek: To go Yazmak: To write Vermek: To give Gazete: Newspaper Almak: To take, to receive, to Yiiriimek: To walk get Akgam: Evening Kiigiik: Little, small Ben: Bakmak: To look Resim: Picture Pattern: IMPERATIVE First Person Second Person Third Person Plural Plural Singular and Plural Verb Verb Verb Stem — Ending Stem — Ending Stem — Ending Ga elim Gal iniz Get Ver elim Ver iniz Ver Al alum al sanz Al Bak -alm Bak = -mz Bak kw ~{y)alim Oku ——-(y)unuz Oku sun -sunlar ‘Vira -(y)elim Yura -{y)iniz yoru sin -siinler Explanation. The Turkish imperative includes third person singular and plural as well as first person plural. The first person plural of LESSON FOUR 1 the Turkish imperative which is formed by adding -elim, -altm or -yelim, -yaltm to the verb stem means ‘let us...”. The second person plural is formed by adding -iniz, or its variations -mz, ~iiniie, -unuz, or -yiniz, -yimz, -yiiniiz, -yunuz to the verb stem. The verb stem in itself forms the familiar form of this mood. The familiar form should be used only in giving commands to children, servants, or members of the immediate family, or to very intimate friends. In general the polite form should be used. If the verb stem ends with a consonant, then -iniz or its three variations are added, but if the verb stem ends with a vowel, then -y- is inserted for euphony. The third person singular and plural of this mood is a command ordering somebody to do something. Gelsin! = Let him come!, Versinler! = Let them give! Examples: Liitfen. geliniz! Yuriiyelim! Liitfen kitap okuyunuz! Bay Demir gelsin! Bir mektup yaziniz! Bir kalem veriniz! Bu aksam kitap okuyalim! Bir kiigik defter aliniz! Bir dolmakalem veriniz, litfen! Gazete okuyunuz! Liitfen bu aksam geliniz! Vocabulary: Colours: Renkler Ak, Beyaz: White Kuru: Red Kara: Black Turuncu: Orange Yesil: Green Pembe: Pink Dialogue: — Bu saridir. This is yellow. — Su kalem ne renktir?8 LESSON FOUR — $u kalem kirmazidir. —0 kitap sari midir? —Hayir efendim, yesildir. —Defter sari midir? — Evet saridir. — $u sapka ne renktir? — $u sapka pembe ve mordur. — 0 palto mavi midir? — Hayir, 0 palto yesil ve sandir, — Dwar ne renktir? — Divar turuncudur. — Halt ne renktir? — Halt kirmizi, yegil, pembe ve mordur. Pattern: Locative Case of the Noun Int. Adi, Complement Numerals Ad). Noun Verb Parti, San asada bir arm kalem var Bu dada bes yesllkitap var Surda sar iskemle var Kurmn —— kitapta yz resi var Beyaz defterde on resin var om? Su odada otuz Sirenct var Bu odada gretmen yok Dialogue: — Masada bir kirmizi kalem var mi? Is there a red pencil on the table? — Masada bir kirmizs kalem yok. Masada bir kitap var mi? — Evet efendim, masada bir kitap var. — Odada kag iskemle var? — Odada iki sari iskemle var. — Dwarda kag resim var? — Divarda alti resim var. — Surada ne renk palto var? — Burada mavi bir palto var. — Kutuda ne renk kibrit var? — Kutuda san kibritler var. LESSON FIVE 9 — Cepte bir beyaz mendil ver m1? — Evet efendim, cepte bir beyaz mendil var. 5. BESINCI DERS Vocabulary: Ders: Lesson Degil: Not Yavas yavas: Slowly Agmak: To open Hizh: Fast Kapamak: To close Simdi: Now Gahgmak: To study, to work Yann: Tomorrow Biiyiik: Big, great Oturmak: To sit, to live Objective Case Ending with the Imperative Noun Word bj. Case Imperative Mood of the Verb Mektub 2 yan, Ders a okuyunuz Kap ” kapasiolar Pencere wi kapayin Kit a okuyunuz Kapt ” agsin Explanation. Objective case sign is -i and its variations -1, «ii, -u. However, if the word ends in a vowel, then for euphony -y- is inserted between the word and the ending. Thus, after vowels, objective case sign is -yi-yr-yii-yu. Examples: Bayan Giil Mendili versin! Mektubu aginiz ve okuyunuz! Kitabr alinuz! Liitfen bir mektup yazmuz! Kapiyt yavas yavag kapayalim! Liitfen bu kalemi alsniz! Liitfen gu gomlegi veriniz! Litfen paltoyu veriniz! Liitfen pencereyi aginiz!80 LESSON FIVE Sapkays aliniz, kapiyt aciniz ve gidiniz! Explanation: Negative of the imperative is formed by adding -me or -ma to the verb-stem. If the verb contains front vowels, then -me is added; but -ma is added to the verb-stem when the dominant vowel in the verb is a back vowel Verb Stem Negative Sign Imperative Mood of the Verb As -ma -yiniz Kapa “ma “yn Gel sme =yiniz Yara ome ~yiaiz Ok “ma oyu Git -me -sin Yar ma -sunlar Yairi -me “yelim Examples: 1, Liitfen hizht yiiriimeyiniz, yavas yliriiyiiniiz! 2. Liitfen pencereyi acmayiniz, kapty1 aginiz! 3. Mektup yazmayiniz, ders galisimz! 4, Gitmeyiniz, geliniz! 5. Mendili aliniz, agini2! 6. Kalemi vermesin, kitabi versinler! 7. Yavas yaziniz ! Yavas yiiriiyiiniiz! 8. Hizht kapamayinuz! 9. Kalemi aliniz ve dersi yazimi2! 10, Liitfen simdi gelmeyiniz! Yann geliniz! 11, Gazeteyi okuyunuz! 12, Litfen bu mektubu okumayiniz! 13, Liitfen gu mendili almayiniz! 14, Kitab yavas yavas okuyunuz! 15, Kapryt hilt kapamayiniz! Liitfen yavas kapayalim. 16. Liitfen bu yesil kitabi aliniz ve okuyunuz! 17. Su mavi dolmakalemi aliniz ve yavas yavas yazinuz! 18. Yesil paltoyu veriniz, kirmizi sapkayt alinuz! 19, Siz mektup okumayiniz! Bay Demir okusun! 20. Bu aksam gitmeyiniz, yarn gidelim! Pattern: Demons, Adj Bu Bu Bu Bu Aatctve bir bir yi bir esi bie esi Positive statement A question ‘A negative statement ‘A negative question Exercises. LESSON SIX 81 Subject auto palto alto palto $e Su Su Su 8282 (Change to the negative form: 1. Bu bir kalemdir. 3. Su bir masa midir? 5, Bunlar penceredir. 7. Odalar biiyiiktiir. 9. $u palto yesildir. Vocabulary: Giizel: Beautiful ‘Zengin: Rich ‘Tembel: Lazy Yer: Place, room Kelime; Word Bos: Empty, free Hast Sick Nerde: Where Geng: Young ‘Memur: Civil servant Sokak: Street, road Neg. Int Particle Particle Verb -dur mu dur? efit -dir aeail mj dir? bayak fir bayak mo dur? bayak dedi air ‘ayak deg! «mi ir? . O bir defterdir. |. Su bir iskemle midir? . Su kibrittir. Kapi kiigtik midiir? Bayan Gil hastadir. 6. ALTINCI DERS Gok: Very Galiskan: Industrious Yoksul: Poor lyiz Good, well Board, wood Miidiir: Director, manager