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1. Considere os vetores →
−
u = (1, −1, 1), →
−
v = (−2, 0, 1) e →
−
w = (1, 0, 1) de R3 . Determine:
(a) →
−
u − 2→
−
v + 3→
−
w.
(b) →
−
u •→
−
v +→
−
v •→
−
w.
(c) 2k→
−
u +→
−
v k.
(d) proj− →
− → −
w ( u + v ).
→
(e) →
−
u ×→
−
w.
(f) →
−
v • (→
−
u ×→
−
w).
Resolução:
(a)
→
−
u − 2→
−
v + 3→
−
w = (1, −1, 1) − 2(−2, 0, 1) + 3(1, 0, 1)
= (1, −1, 1) − (−4, 0, 2) + (3, 0, 3)
= (1 − (−4) + 3, −1 − 0 + 0, 1 − 2 + 3)
= (8, −1, 2).
(b)
→
−
u •→
−
v +→
−
v •→
−
w = (1, −1, 1) • (−2, 0, 1) + (−2, 0, 1) • (1, 0, 1)
= 1 × (−2) + (−1) × 0 + 1 × 1 + (−2) × 1 + 0 × 0 + 1 × 1
= −2 + 1 − 2 + 1
= −2.
Então:
2k→
−
u +→
− p
v k = 2 (−1)2 + (−1)2 + 22
√
= 2 1+1+4
√
= 2 6.
1
(d) Vimos em (c) que →
−
u +→
−
v = (−1, −1, 2). Então:
→
− → − (→
−
u +→−v)•→
−
w→−
proj−
w( u + v ) =
→ →
− 2
w
k wk
(−1, −1, 2) • (1, 0, 1)
= √ (1, 0, 1)
( 12 + 0 2 + 1 2 )2
−1 + 2
= (1, 0, 1)
2
1
= (1, 0, 1)
2
1 1
= , 0, .
2 2
(e)
· · ·
→
−
u ×→
−
w = 1 −1 1
1 0 1
= (−1 − 0, −(1 − 1), 0 + 1)
= (−1, 0, 1).
→
−
v • (→
−
u ×→
−
w) = (−2, 0, 1) • (−1, 0, 1)
= 2 + 0 + 1 = 3.
2. Considere em R3 os vetores →
−
u = (2, 0, −1), →
−
v = (−1, −2, 0) e →
−
w = (3, 0, −2). Determine:
Resolução:
→
−
u − (2→
−
v −→
−
w) = →
−
u − 2→
−
v +→
−
w
= (2, 0, −1) − 2(−1, −2, 0) + (3, 0, −2)
= (2, 0, −1) − (−2, −4, 0) + (3, 0, −2)
= (2 − (−2) + 3, 0 − (−4) + 0, −1 − 0 + (−2))
= (7, −4, −3).
2
k→
−
u − (2→
−
v −→
− p
w)k = 72 + (−4)2 + (−3)2
√
= 49 + 16 + 9
√
= 74.
→
−
u •→
−w→
proj− →
− −
wu =
→ →
− w
k wk2
(2, 0, −1) • (3, 0, −2)
= p (3, 0, −2)
( 32 + 02 + (−2)2 )2
6+2
= (3, 0, −2)
13
8
= (3, 0, −2)
13
24 16
= , 0, − .
13 13
(c) Tem-se que:
→
−
u +→
−
v = (2, 0, −1) + (−1, −2, 0) = (1, −2, −1) e u − v = (2, 0, −1) − (−1, −2, 0) = (3, 2, −1).
Então:
(→
−
u +→
−
v ) • (→
−
u −→
−
v ) = (1, −2, −1) • (3, 2, −1)
= 3 − 4 + 1 = 0.
](→
−
u +→
−
v,→
−
u −→
−
v ) = 90o .
→
−
u • (→
−
v ×→
−
w) = (−2, 0, −1) • (4, −2, 6)
= 8 + 0 − 6 = 2.
Logo, como →
−
u • (→
−
v ×→
−
w) 6= 0, os vetores →
−
u, →
−
v e→
−
w não são vetores complanares.
3. Sejam →
−
u = (1, b, −2b − 1), →
−
v = (b, b − 1, 1) e →
−
w = (b, −1, 1) vetores de R3 .
(a) →
−
u •→
−
v = (→
−
u +→
−
v)•→
−
w.
3
(b) Os vetores →
−
u e→
−
w sejam perpendiculares.
(c) Os vetores →
−
v e→
−
w sejam colineares.
Resolução:
(b)
→
−
u e→
−
w são perpendiculares ⇔ →
−
u •→
−
w =0
⇔ (1, b, −2b − 1) • (b, −1, 1)
⇔ b − b − 2b − 1 = 0
⇔ −2b = 1
1
⇔ b=− .
2
(c)
→
−
v e→
−
w são colineares ⇔ →
−
v ×→
−
w = (0, 0, 0).
Tem-se que:
· · ·
→
−
v ×→
−
w = b b−1 1
b −1 1
= (b − 1 + 1, −(b − b), −b − (b − 1)b)
= (b, 0, −b − b2 + b)
= (b, 0, −b2 ).
Então:
→
−
v ×→
−
w = (0, 0, 0) ⇔ (b, 0, −b2 ) = (0, 0, 0)
b=0
⇔
−b2 = 0
⇔ b = 0.
Logo, os vetores →
−
v e→
−
w são colineares se e só se b = 0.