Cancel culture

Cancel culture or call-out culture is a blanket t erm used t o refer t o a modern form of
ost racism in which someone is t hrust out of social or professional circles – whet her it be online,
media, or in person.[1] Those subject t o t his ost racism are said t o have been
on social media,
"cancelled".[2][a][5] The expression "cancel cult ure" has most ly negat ive connot at ions and is used
in debat es on free speech and censorship.[6][7]

The not ion of cancel cult ure is a variant on t he t erm call-out culture and const it ut es a form of
boycot t ing or shunning involving an individual (oft en a celebrit y) who is deemed t o have act ed or
spoken in an unaccept able manner.[3][8][9][10][11]

Some crit ics argue t hat cancel cult ure has a chilling effect on public discourse.[12] Ot hers argue
t hat calls for "cancellat ion" are t hemselves a form of free speech and t hat t hey promot e
account abilit y.[13][14][15] Some public figures claim t o have been "cancelled" while cont inuing t heir
careers as before.[16][17]

Origins

"Call-out cult ure" has been in use since 2014 as part of t he #MeToo movement .[18] The #MeToo
movement gave women (and men) t he abilit y t o call out t heir abusers on a forum where t he
accusat ions would be heard, especially against very powerful individuals.[19] Addit ionally, t he
Black Lives Mat t er Movement , which seeks t o highlight inequalit ies, racism and discriminat ion in
t he black communit y, repeat edly called out black men being killed by police.[20]
In March 2014, act ivist Suey Park called out "a blat ant ly racist t weet about Asians" from t he
official Twit t er account of The Colbert Report using t he hasht ag #cancelColbert , which
generat ed widespread out rage against St ephen Colbert 's and an even great er amount of
backlash against Park, even t hough t he Colbert Report t weet was a sat irical t weet .[21][22] By
around 2015, t he concept of canceling had become widespread on Black Twit t er t o refer t o a
personal decision, somet imes seriously and somet imes in jest , t o st op support ing a person or
work.[23][24][25] According t o Jonah Engel Bromwich of The New York Times, t his usage of
cancellat ion indicat es t he "t ot al disinvest ment in somet hing (anyt hing)".[26][27] Aft er numerous
cases of online shaming gained wide not oriet y, t he t erm cancellation was increasingly used t o
describe a widespread, out raged, online response t o a single provocat ive st at ement , against a
single t arget .[28] Over t ime, isolat ed inst ances of cancellat ion became bot h more frequent and
t he mob ment alit y more apparent , comment at ors began seeing a "cult ure" of out rage and
cancellat ion.[29]

The phrase cancel culture gained popularit y since lat e 2019,[30] most oft en as a recognit ion t hat
societ y will exact account abilit y for offensive conduct .[31][32] More recent ly, t he phrase has
become a short hand employed by conservat ives in t he Unit ed St at es t o refer t o what are
perceived t o be disproport ionat e react ions t o polit ically incorrect speech.[6]

Etymology

The 1981 Chic album Take It Off includes t he song "Your Love Is Cancelled" which compares a
breakup t o t he cancellat ion of TV shows. The song was writ t en by Nile Rodgers following a bad
dat e Rodgers had wit h a woman who expect ed him t o misuse his celebrit y st at us on her behalf.
"Your Love Is Cancelled" inspired screenwrit er Barry Michael Cooper t o include a reference t o a
woman being "cancelled" in t he 1991 film New Jack City.[23] This usage int roduced t he t erm t o
African-American Vernacular English, where it event ually became more common.[33]

Description

Merriam-Webst er st at es t hat t o "cancel", in t his cont ext , means "t o st op giving support t o [a]
person".[3] Dict ionary.com, in it s pop-cult ure dict ionary, defines cancel cult ure as "wit hdrawing
support for (i.e. 'canceling' ) public figures and companies aft er t hey have done or said somet hing
considered object ionable or offensive."[4] The phenomenon has occurred wit h bot h public figures
and privat e cit izens.[34] Ligaya Mishan wrot e in The New York Times, "The t erm is shambolically
applied t o incident s bot h online and off t hat range from vigilant e just ice t o host ile debat e t o
st alking, int imidat ion and harassment . ... Those who embrace t he idea (if not t he precise
language) of canceling seek more t han pat apologies and ret ract ions, alt hough it 's not always
clear whet her t he goal is t o right a specific wrong and redress a larger imbalance of power."[5][34]

Academic analysis

According t o an art icle writ t en by Pippa Norris, a professor at Harvard Universit y, st at es t hat t he
cont roversies surrounding cancel cult ure are bet ween ones who argue t hat it gives a voice t o
t hose in marginalized communit ies, while t he ot her spect rum argues cancel cult ure is dangerous
because it prevent s free speech and/or t he opport unit y for open debat e.[35] Norris focuses in on
how t he role of informat ion t echnology, such as social media can be a large cont ribut ing fact or
t o t he rise of cancel cult ure wit hin t he last few years.[36][37] Addit ionally, t here have been online
communicat ions st udies t hat demonst rat e t he int ensificat ion of cult ural wars t hrough act ivist s
t hat are connect ed t hrough digit al and social net working sit es.[38][39] Norris also ment ions t hat
t he Spiral of Silence Theory may be a cont ribut ing fact or as t o why people are hesit ant t o voice
t heir own minorit y views on social media sit es in fear t hat t heir views and opinions, specifically
polit ical opinions, will be chast ised because t heir views violat e t he majorit y group's norms and
underst anding.[40]

According t o t he book The Coddling of the American Mind (2018) by social psychologist
Jonat han Haidt and free-speech act ivist Greg Lukianoff, call-out cult ure arises from what t hey
call "safet yism," which is defined as a moral cult ure where people are unwilling t o make t rade-
off's demanded by ot her's pract ical and/or moral concerns,[41] on college campuses.[42] Keit h
Hampt on, professor of media st udies at Michigan St at e Universit y, cont ends t hat t he pract ice
cont ribut es t o t he polarizat ion of American societ y, but does not lead t o changes in opinion.[43]
Cancel cult ure has been described by media st udies scholar Eve Ng as "a collect ive of t ypically
marginalized voices 'calling out ' and emphat ically expressing t heir censure of a powerful
figure."[44] Cult ural st udies scholar Frances Lee st at es t hat call-out cult ure leads t o self-policing
of "wrong, oppressive, or inappropriat e" opinions.[45][46] According t o Lisa Nakamura, Universit y of
Michigan professor of media st udies, canceling someone is a form of "cult ural boycot t " and
cancel cult ure is t he "ult imat e expression of agency" which is "born of a desire for cont rol [as]
people have limit ed power over what is present ed t o t hem on social media" and a need for
"account abilit y which is not cent ralized".[11][47][48]

Some academics proposed alt ernat ives and improvement s t o cancel cult ure. Crit ical
mult icult uralism[49] professor Anit a Bright proposed "calling in" rat her t han "calling out " in order t o
bring forward t he former's idea of account abilit y but in a more "humane, humble, and bridge-
building" light .[50] Clinical counsellor Anna Richards, who specializes in conflict mediat ion, says
t hat "learning t o analyze our own mot ivat ions when offering crit icism" helps call-out cult ure work
product ively.[51]

Professor Joshua Knobe, of t he Philosophy Depart ment at Yale, cont ends t hat public
denunciat ion is not effect ive, and t hat societ y is t oo quick t o pass judgement against t hose t hey
view as public offenders or persona non-grat a. Knobe assert s t hat t hese act ions have t he
opposit e effect on individuals and t hat it is best t o bring at t ent ion t o t he posit ive act ions in
which most of societ y part icipat es.[52]

Reactions

The expression cancel culture has most ly negat ive connot at ions and is used in debat es on free
speech and censorship.[6][7]

Former US President Barack Obama warned against social media call-out cult ure, saying t hat
"People who do really good st uff have flaws. People who you are fight ing may love t heir kids and,
you know, share cert ain t hings wit h you."[53]

Former US President Donald Trump crit icized cancel cult ure in a speech in July 2020, comparing
it t o t ot alit arianism and saying t hat it is a polit ical weapon used t o punish and shame dissent ers
by driving t hem from t heir jobs and demanding submission. He was crit icized as being hypocrit ical
for having at t empt ed t o "cancel" a number of people and companies in t he past himself.[54]
Trump made similar claims during t he 2020 Republican Nat ional Convent ion when he st at ed t hat
t he goal of cancel cult ure is t o make decent Americans live in fear of being fired, expelled,
shamed, humiliat ed, and driven from societ y.[55]

Pope Francis said t hat cancel cult ure is "a form of ideological colonizat ion, one t hat leaves no
room for freedom of expression", saying t hat it "ends up cancelling all sense of ident it y".[56][57][58]

Pat risse Khan-Cullors, t he co-founder of t he Black Lives Mat t er st at es t hat social act ivism does
not just involve going online or going t o a prot est t o call someone out , but is work ent ailing,
st rat egy sessions, meet ings, and get t ing pet it ions signed [19]

Open letter

Dalvin Brown, writ ing in USA Today, has described an open let t er signed by 153 public figures and
published in Harper's Magazine as marking a "high point " in t he debat e on t he t opic.[6] The let t er
set out argument s against "an int olerance of opposing views, a vogue for public shaming and
ost racism, and t he t endency t o dissolve complex policy issues in a blinding moral
cert aint y."[59][60][61]

A response let t er organized by lect urer Arionne Net t les, "A More Specific Let t er on Just ice and
Open Debat e,” was signed by over 160 people in academia and media. It crit icized t he Harper's
let t er as a plea t o end cancel cult ure by successful professionals wit h large plat forms who
want ed t o exclude ot hers who have been "cancelled for generat ions.” The writ ers ult imat ely
st at ed t hat t he Harper’s let t er was int ended t o furt her silence already marginalized people. “It
reads as a caust ic react ion t o a diversifying indust ry — one t hat ’s st art ing t o challenge
diversifying norms t hat have prot ect ed bigot ry,” t hey wrot e.[62][63]

American public opinion

A survey conduct ed on 10,000 Americans by Pew Research Cent er asked a series of different
quest ions in regards t o cancel cult ure, specifically on who has heard of t he t erm cancel cult ure
and how Americans define cancel cult ure.[64] In Sept ember 2020, 44% of American say t hat t hey
have at least heard a fair amount about t he new phrase, while 22% have heard a great deal and
32% saying t hey have heard not hing at all.[64] 43% Americans aged 18–29 have heard a great deal
about cancel cult ure, compared t o only 12% of Americans over t he age of 65 who say t hey have
heard a great deal.[64] Addit ionally, wit hin t hat same st udy, t he 44% of Americans who had heard a
great deal about cancel cult ure, were t hen asked how t hey defined cancel cult ure. 49% of t hose
Americans st at e t hat it describes act ions people t ake t o hold ot hers account able, 14% describe
cancel cult ure as censorship of speech or hist ory, and 12% define it as mean-spirit ed act ions
t aken t o cause ot hers harm.[64]

A poll of American regist ered vot ers conduct ed by Morning Consult in July 2020 showed t hat
cancel cult ure, defined as "t he pract ice of wit hdrawing support for (or canceling) public figures
and companies aft er t hey have done or said somet hing considered object ionable or offensive",
was common: 40% of respondent s said t hey had wit hdrawn support from public figures and
companies, including on social media, because t hey had done or said somet hing considered
object ionable or offensive, wit h 8% having engaged in t his oft en. Behavior differed according t o
age, wit h a majorit y (55%) of vot ers 18 t o 34 years old saying t hey have t aken part in cancel
cult ure, while only about a t hird (32%) of vot ers over 65 said t hey had joined a social media pile-
on.[65] At t it ude t owards t he pract ice was mixed, wit h 44% of respondent s saying t hey
disapproved of cancel cult ure, 32% who approved, and 24% who did not know or had no opinion.
Furt hermore, 46% believed cancel cult ure had gone t oo far, wit h only 10% t hinking it had not
gone far enough. Addit ionally, 53% believed t hat people should expect social consequences for
expressing unpopular opinions in public, such as t hose t hat may be const rued as deeply offensive
t o ot her people.[66]

A March 2021 poll by t he Harvard Cent er for American Polit ical St udies and t he Harris Poll found
t hat 64% of respondent s viewed "a growing cancel cult ure" as a t hreat t o t heir freedom, while
t he ot her 36% did not . 36% of respondent s said t hat cancel cult ure is a big problem, 32% called
it a moderat e problem, 20% called it a small problem, and 13% said it is not a problem. 54% said
t hey were concerned t hat if t hey expressed t heir opinions online, t hey would be banned or fired,
while t he ot her 46% said t hey were not concerned.[67]

A November 2021 Hill/HarrisX poll found t hat 71% of regist ered vot ers st rongly or somewhat
felt t hat cancel cult ure went t oo far, wit h similar amount s of Republicans (76%), Democrat s
(70%), and Independent s (68%) saying so.[68] The same poll found t hat 69% of regist ered vot ers
felt t hat cancel cult ure unfairly punishes people for t heir past act ions or st at ement s, compared
t o 31% who said it did not . Republicans were more likely t o agree wit h t he st at ement (79%),
compared t o Democrat s (65%) and Independent s (64%).[69]

Criticism of the concept

A number of professors, polit icians, journalist s, and act ivist s quest ion t he validit y of cancel
cult ure as an act ual phenomenon.[70][71][16][72]

Danielle Kurt zleben, a polit ical report er for NPR, wrot e in 2021 t hat overuse of t he phrase
"cancel cult ure" in American polit ics (part icularly by Republicans) has made it "arguably
background noise". Per Kurt zleben and ot hers, t he t erm has undergone semant ic bleaching t o
lose it s original meaning.[73]

Connor Garel, writ ing for Vice, st at es t hat cancel cult ure "rarely has any t angible or meaningful
effect on t he lives and comfort abilit y of t he cancelled."[17]

Hist orian C. J. Covent ry argues t hat t he t erm has been incorrect ly applied, and t hat it more
accurat ely reflect s t he propensit y of people t o hide hist orical inst ances of injust ice:

While I agree that the line between debate and suppression is one
that occasionally gets crossed by the so-called left wing, it is almost
invariably true that the real cancel culture is perpetrated by those
who have embraced the term. If you look through Australian history,
 as well as European and American history, you will find countless
examples of people speaking out against injustice and being
persecuted in return. I can think of a number of people in our own
time who are being persecuted by supposedly democratic
governments for revealing uncomfortable information.[74]

Anot her hist orian, David Olusoga, similarly argued:

Unlike some on the left, I have never doubted that "cancel culture"
exists ... The great myth about cancel culture, however, is that it
exists only on the left. For the past 40 years, rightwing newspapers
have ceaselessly fought to delegitimize and ultimately cancel our
national broadcaster [the BBC], motivated by financial as well as
political ambitions.[15]

Indigenous governance professor and act ivist Pamela Palmat er writ es in Maclean's magazine
t hat cancel cult ure differs from account abilit y; her art icle covers t he public backlash surrounding
Canadian polit icians who vacat ioned during COVID-19, despit e pandemic rest rict ions forbidding
such behavior.[14]

Former US Secret ary of Labor Eugene Scalia says t hat cancel cult ure is a form of free speech,
and is t herefore prot ect ed under t he First Amendment t o t he Unit ed St at es Const it ut ion.
According t o Scalia, cancel cult ure can, however, int erfere wit h t he right t o counsel, as some
lawyers would not be willing t o risk t heir personal and professional reput at ion on cont roversial
t opics.[75]

Sarah Manavis wrot e for t he New Statesman magazine t hat while free speech advocat es are
more likely t o make accusat ions of "cancel cult ure", crit icism is part of free speech and rarely
result s in consequences for t hose in power who are crit icized. She argues t hat social media is an
ext ension and reincarnat ion of a longer t radit ion of expression in a liberal societ y, "a new space
for hist orical power st ruct ures t o be solidified" and t hat online crit icism by people who do not
hold act ual power in societ y t ends t o not affect exist ing power st ruct ures. She adds t hat most
prominent people who crit icized public opinion as canceling st ill have highly profit able businesses
and concludes by saying, "So even if you fear t he monst er under t he bed, it will never do you
harm. It can't , because it was never t here in t he first place. Repercussions rarely come for t hose
in power. Why punch down, when you've already won?"[13]
 Consequence culture

Some media comment at ors (including Sunny Host in and Levar Burt on) have st at ed t hat cancel
culture should be renamed consequence culture.[76] The t erms have different connot at ions:
cancel culture focusing on t he effect whereby discussion is limit ed by a desire t o maint ain one
cert ain viewpoint , whereas consequence culture focuses on t he idea t hat t hose t hat writ e or
publish opinions or make st at ement s should bear some responsibilit y for t he effect s of t hese on
people.[77]

Many people argue t hat cancel cult ure does have it s benefit s, such as allowing less powerful
people t o have a voice, helps marginalized people hold ot hers account able when t he just ice
syst em doesn't work, and cancelling is a t ool t o bring about social change.[19] Lisa Nakamura, a
professor at t he Universit y of Michigan, describes cancel cult ure as "a cult ural boycot t " and it
provides a cult ure of account abilit y.[78] Meredit h Clark, an assist ant professor at t he Universit y of
Virginia st at es t hat cancel cult ure gives power t o disenfranchised voices.[19] Osit a Nwanevu, a
st aff writ er for The New Republic st at es t hat people are t hreat ened by cancel cult ure because
it 's a new group of young progressives, minorit ies, and women who have "obt ained a seat at t he
t able" and debat ing mat t ers of just ice and et iquet t e.[79]

In popular culture

The American animat ed t elevision series South Park mocked cancel cult ure wit h it s own
"#CancelSout hPark" campaign in promot ion of t he show's t went y-second season
(2018).[80][81][82][83] In t he season's t hird episode, "The Problem wit h a Poo", t here are references
t o t he 2017 document ary The Problem with Apu, t he cancellat ion of Roseanne aft er a
cont roversial t weet by t he show's eponymous act ress, and t he confirmat ion hearings of Supreme
Court Just ice Bret t Kavanaugh.[84][85]

In 2019, cancel cult ure was a primary t heme in t he st and-up comedy show Sticks & Stones by
Dave Chappelle.[86]

Bot h t he Chicks, for t heir out spoken crit icism of t he Iraq War and President Bush,[87] and Bill
Maher have said t hey are vict ims of cancel cult ure.[88]

In November 2021, John Cleese prot est ed cancel cult ure by blacklist ing himself over a Hit ler
impersonat ion cont roversy at t he Cambridge Union.[89]
Mike Lindell, t he CEO of My Pillow, said nearly 20 ret ailers part ed ways wit h his company aft er he
publicly quest ioned t he result s of t he 2020 president ial elect ion.[90] Addit ionally, act ress Gina
Carano, who was most not ably an act ress on The Mandalorian, was canceled aft er her post ing on
social media t hat "being a Republican in 2021 was similar t o being Jewish during Nazi Germany".[91]
She was dropped by her agent and Hasbro removed her St ar Wars act ion figure from t he
shelves.[92] Missouri's Republican Senat or Josh Hawley was dropped from his publisher aft er he
raised a challenge t o t he elect ors in Pennsylvania, siding wit h President Trump and saying t he
st at e violat ed it s own Const it ut ion during t he 2020 president ial elect ions, which t hen result ed in
Democrat s calling for Hawley's resignat ion.[93]

See also

At -will employment

Blacklist ing

Charact er assassinat ion

Cult ure war

Damnatio memoriae

Dehumanisat ion

Deplat forming

Deviat ionism

Divest ment

Double st andard

Enemy of t he people

False accusat ion

Forced disappearance

Freedom of speech

Heckler's vet o

Int ernet vigilant ism

Marooning
McCart hyism

Mob lynching

Online shaming

Out cast

Polit ical correct ness

Polit icizat ion

Persona non grata

Presumpt ion of guilt

Purge

Relat ional aggression

Send t o Covent ry

Shunning

Social exclusion

Social just ice warrior

Thought crime

Woke

Wit ch-hunt

Notes

a. Merriam-Webster notes that to "cancel", in this context, means "to stop giving support to that person".[3]

Dictionary.com, in its pop-culture dictionary, defines cancel culture as "withdrawing support for
(canceling) public figures and companies after they have done or said something considered
objectionable or offensive."[4]

References

1. "Definition of CANCEL CULTURE" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cancel+culture) .

www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
 2. McDermott, John (November 2, 2019). "Those People We Tried to Cancel? They're All Hanging Out
Together" (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/style/what-is-cancel-culture.html) . The New York
Times. Retrieved August 3, 2020.

3. "What It Means to Get 'Canceled' " (https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/cancel-culture-wor

ds-were-watching) . www.merriam-webster.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200618080
415/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/cancel-culture-words-were-watching) from the
original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2020.

4. "What Does Cancel Culture Mean?" (https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/cancel-culture/) .

dictionary.com. Retrieved August 19, 2020.

5. Mishan, Ligaya (December 3, 2020). "The Long and Tortured History of Cancel Culture" (https://www.ny
times.com/2020/12/03/t-magazine/cancel-culture-history.html) . T. Archived (https://archive.today/2
0201204143436/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/03/t-magazine/cancel-culture-history.html) from
the original on December 4, 2020.

6. Brown, Dalvin. "Twitter's cancel culture: A force for good or a digital witchhunt? The answer is
complicated" (https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/07/17/has-twitters-cancel-culture-gone-too-f
ar/5445804002/) . USA Today. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200724074528/https://www.
usatoday.com/story/tech/2020/07/17/has-twitters-cancel-culture-gone-too-far/5445804002/) from
the original on July 24, 2020.

7. "Where Did Cancel Culture Come From?" (https://www.dictionary.com/e/pop-culture/cancel-culture/) .

Dictionary.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200630232725/https://www.dictionary.com/
e/pop-culture/cancel-culture/) from the original on June 30, 2020.

8. Sills, Sophie; Pickens, Chelsea; Beach, Karishma; Jones, Lloyd; Calder-Dawe, Octavia; Benton-Greig,
Paulette; Gavey, Nicola (March 23, 2016). "Rape culture and social media: young critics and a feminist
counterpublic". Feminist Media Studies. 16 (6): 935–951. doi:10.1080/14680777.2015.1137962 (http
s://doi.org/10.1080%2F14680777.2015.1137962) . S2CID 147023782 (https://api.semanticscholar.or
g/CorpusID:147023782) .

9. Munro, Ealasaid (August 23, 2013). "Feminism: A Fourth Wave?" (https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/femi

nism-fourth-wave) . Political Insight. 4 (2): 22–25. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12021 (https://doi.org/10.1
111%2F2041-9066.12021) . S2CID 142990260 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14299026
0) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20191210124315/https://www.psa.ac.uk/psa/news/femini
sm-fourth-wave) from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2020.

10. Yar, Sanam; Bromwich, Jonah Engel (October 31, 2019). "Tales From the Teenage Cancel Culture" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/style/cancel-culture.html) . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331
(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2020060123510
5/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/31/style/cancel-culture.html) from the original on June 1, 2020.
Retrieved July 4, 2020.
11. Bromwich, Jonah Engel (June 28, 2018). "Everyone Is Canceled" (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/2
8/style/is-it-canceled.html) . The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/03
62-4331) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190813135512/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/
06/28/style/is-it-canceled.html) from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.

12. McWhorter, John (September 2020). "Academics Are Really, Really Worried About Their Freedom" (http
s://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/09/academics-are-really-really-worried-about-their-freedo
m/615724/) . The Atlantic. Retrieved July 30, 2021.

13. Manavis, Sarah (July 16, 2020). " 'Cancel culture' does not exist" (https://www.newstatesman.com/scien
ce-tech/2020/07/cancel-culture-does-not-exist) . New Statesman.

14. "The entitlement of Canadian politicians - Macleans.ca" (https://www.macleans.ca/opinion/the-entitleme

nt-of-canadian-politicians/) . www.macleans.ca. Retrieved January 6, 2021.

15. " 'Cancel culture' is not the preserve of the left. Just ask our historians | David Olusoga" (https://www.the
guardian.com/commentisfree/2021/jan/03/cancel-culture-is-not-the-preserve-of-the-left-just-ask-our-his
torians) . The Guardian. January 3, 2021.

16. Hagi, Sarah (November 21, 2019). "Cancel Culture Is Not Real—At Least Not in the Way People Think" (h
ttps://time.com/5735403/cancel-culture-is-not-real/) . Time. Retrieved March 12, 2021.

17. "Logan Paul Is Proof That Problematic People Are Never Truly Cancelled" (https://www.vice.com/en_ca/
article/8xb9x5/logan-paul-and-the-myth-of-cancel-culture) . www.vice.com. Retrieved August 16, 2020.

18. Mendes, Kaitlynn; Ringrose, Jessica; Keller, Jessalynn (May 1, 2018). "#MeToo and the promise and
pitfalls of challenging rape culture through digital feminist activism" (https://doi.org/10.1177/13505068
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Further reading

Bouvier, Gwen (2020). "Racist call-out s and cancel cult ure on Twit t er: The limit at ions of t he
plat form's abilit y t o define issues of social just ice". Discourse, Context & Media. Elsevier BV. 38:
100431. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2020.100431 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.dcm.2020.100431) .
ISSN 2211-6958 (ht t ps://www.worldcat .org/issn/2211-6958) . S2CID 225015791 (ht t ps://ap
i.semant icscholar.org/CorpusID:225015791) .

Clark, Meredit h D. (2020). "DRAG THEM: A brief et ymology of so-called "cancel cult ure" " (ht t p
s://doi.org/10.1177%2F2057047320961562) . Communication and the Public. SAGE
Publicat ions. 5 (3–4): 88–92. doi:10.1177/2057047320961562 (ht t ps://doi.org/10.1177%2F20
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