Worked Solutions

WORKED
SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
1 From patterns to generalizations: sequences

and series
Skills check Exercise 1C
1 a x = −3 b a=2 c x =4 4
∑ ( −1) ( n + 1) =−2 + 3 − 4 + 5 =2
n
1 a
5 53 6 n =1
2 a b c −
12 48 5 6
3 a 128 b 9 c −81
b ∑4n − 3 = 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + 21 = 65
n =2
Exercise 1A c ∑n ( n + 1) = 2 + 6 + 12 = 20
n =1
1 a −20, 23, 26
− − b 49, 64, 81
( −1) = + −1 + 1 = 5
n +1
5
c 30, 36, 42 d ∑
1
n =3 n − 2 2 3 6
125 125 125
d , , or 62.5, 31.25, 15.625 ∞ 5
n 100
1
∑ ( −1)
n
2 4 8 2 a ∑ 4n b ∑
n =3 n + 1
c
n
5 6 7 5 6 7 n =1 n =1
e , , f , , 8 ∞
6 7 8 243 729 2187 d ∑−2
n=1
e ∑n
n =2
2
+1
2 a u=
n 10 × 5 n −1
, geometric
11 10
∑ ( n + 1)
2
b un =−6n + 47 , arithmetic f ∑n m
n =7
2 n −1
or
n =6
m n
1
( −1)
n +1
c un = , geometric
3n
Exercise 1D
d =
un un −1 + un −2 , neither
1 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
2n − 1
e un = , neither u9 =5 + ( 9 − 1) ( 8 )
2n
f un =−4 × 3n , geometric u9= 5 + ( 8 ) ( 8 )
3 a 100, 200, 300, … , un =
100n, arithmetic u9= 5 + 64
n −1
3 1 u9 = 69
b 6,3, , … , un =
6  , geometric
2 2
2 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
c 70, 77, 84.7,…, un = 70 (1.1)
n −1
,
u11 = 40 + (11 − 1) ( −8 )
geometric
u11 =40 + (10 ) ( −8 )
Exercise 1B u= 40 − 80
11
1 a 1, -4, 16, -64, 256
u11 = −40
2 2
b 3, ,3, ,3
− −
3 3 3 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
c -1, 2, 8, 128, 32768
u7= 5.05 + (7 − 1) ( 0.32 )
d m, 3m + 5, 9m + 20, 27m + 65,
81m + 200 u7 5.05 + ( 6 ) ( 0.32 )
=
2 a un =
un −1 − 2, 2
u1 =
− u7 5.05 + 1.92
=
b un 4=
= un −1, 1
u1 u7 = 6.97
un −1
c un
= = , 52
u1
10
d un = un −1 + 5, 14
u1 =
e un =
un −2 × un −1, 2, 3
u1 =u2 =
= (un−1 ) , 1
f un n= u1
© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

Worked solutions
4 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d 3 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
1 1 2 = 11 + ( n − 1) ( −3)
u6 = + ( 6 − 1)  
2 3
−9 =−3n + 3
1 1
u6= + (5 )   −12 =−3n
2 3 n=4
1 5 4 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
u6= +
2 3
u3 → u1
13
u6 =
6 u6 → u4
5 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d u14 → u12
u9 = x + 2 + ( 9 − 1) (3) u4 = u1 + ( 4 − 1) d
u9 = x + 2 + ( 8 ) (3) 184= 4 + (3) d
u9 = x + 2 + 24 180 = 3d
d = 60
u9= x + 26
u12 =4 + (12 − 1) ( 60 )
6 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
u12= 4 + (11) ( 60 )
u12 =3a + (12 − 1) (3a)
u12= 4 + 660
u=
12 3a + (11) (3a)
u12 = 664
u=
12 3a + 33a
So 14th term of the given series is 664
u12 = 36a
5 −36 =6 + ( n − 1) ( −7 )
−42 =−7n + 7
Exercise 1E
−49 =−7n
1 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d
n=7
65 = u1 + (21 − 1) ( −2 ) It is the 7th term.
u1 + (20 ) ( −2 )
65 = 6 u12 = 30 + (12 − 1) (2 )
65
= u1 − 40 u=
12 30 + (11) (2 )
u1 = 105 u=
12 30 + 22
2 un = u1 + ( n − 1) d u12 = 52 seats
u5 → u1 7 Let u1 2010 and
= = d 4 .
u15 → u11 = 2010 + ( n − 1) 4

2050
u19 → u15 40
= 4n − 4
44 = 4n
u11 =u1 + (11 − 1) d
n = 11
−3.7 + (10 ) d
−52.3 = Since they are held in 2050 (since n is a
natural number), the next time they will
−48.6 =
10d
be held is 2054.
d = −4.86
8 82 = 40 + ( n − 1) ( 6 )
u15 = u1 + (15 − 1) ( −4.86 )
42
= 6n − 6
−3.7 + (14 ) ( −4.86 )
u15 = 48 = 6n
−3.7 + (14 ) ( −4.86 )

u15 = n=8
In 7 weeks
u15 = −71.74
© Oxford University Press 2019 2

Worked solutions
Exercise 1F Exercise 1G
1 a u6 = 9 (3)
6 −1
1 u5 → u1 u10 → u6 u15 → u11
303.75 = 40r 6 −1
u6 = 9 (3)
5
r 5 = 7.59375
u6 = 2187
r = 1.5
b Not geometric
u=
11 40 × 1.511−1
u7 = 6 ( 0.75)
7 −1
c
u=
11 40 × 1.510
u7 = 6 ( 0.75)
6
=u11 2306.60156 …
=u7 1.0678 … u11 ≈ 2307
u7 ≈ 1.068 2 u6 → u1 u20 → u15
u8 =−4 ( −1.5)
8 −1
d  4
15 −1
u15 =
−1280  − 
u8 =−4 ( −1.5)
7  5
14
u8 = 68.34375  4
u15 =
−1280  − 
 5
u8 ≈ 68.3
 268 435 456 
13 −1 u15 = −1280  
1  6103515 625 
e u13 = 500  
5
u15 = −56.295.. ≈ −56.3
12
1
u13 = 500   3 un = u1r n −1
5
1 = 16r 3 −1
500 4
=u13 = 1
244140625 1953125 r2 =
16
f Not geometric
1
u12 = 3 ( m )
12 −1
g r = ±
4
u12 = 3 ( m )
11
u2
r =
u1
u12 = 3m11
1 x +2
2 1, 2, 4… u30 = ? =
4 16
u30 = 1 (2 )
30 −1
4= x + 2
u30 = 2 29 x =2
−1 x + 2
u30 = 536 870 912 cents or $5 368 709.12 or =
4 16
3 Use an r value that is a factor of 64. For −4 = x + 2
example, r = 2 :
x = −6
u6 64
u
=5 = = 32 4 1536 = 6 (2 )
n−1
r 2
u5 32 256 = 2n−1
u
=4 = = 16
r 2
28 = 2n−1
u4 16 n −1 =8
u
=3 = = 8
r 2
n=9
u3 8
u= = = 4 32 = 2 ( r )
5 −1
2 5
r 2
u2 4 16 = r 4
u=
1 = = 2
r 2 24 = r 4
∴ One possible sequence is 2, 4, 8,1
6, 32,… r =2

Worked solutions
6 u10 = 232 (1.03)

10 −1 4 Geometric because a rate implies you are
multiplying.
u10 = 232 (1.03)
9
324 = 6 ( r )
21−1
=u10 302.70737 … 54 = r 20
u10 = 303 students r = 20
54
u30 = 1 (2 )
30 −1
7 a =r 1.220730 …
r ≈ 122%
u30 = 229
u30 = 536 870 912 grains Exercise 1I

b 512 = 1 (2 )
n−1
8 1 1
1 a d un − un −1 =
= − =
15 5 3
29 = 2n−1
7  1  1 
n −1 =9 S7
= 2   + (7 − 1)   
2  5  3 
n = 10 th square
7 2  1 
8 128 = 8 ( r ) S7
=  + (6 )  
5 −1
2 5  3 
16 = r 4 7 2 
S7
= + 2
r =2 2  5 
8, 16, 32, 64, 128
7  2 10 
S7
= +
2  5 5 
Exercise 1H
7 12 
1 Geometric because you are multiplying S7 =
2  5 
1
each previous height by .
2 42
S7 =
10 −1 5
1
u10 = 1  
2 1 3
u1 =( −3) =
1
b −
10 −1
2 2
1
u10 = 1   1 1 9
( −3) = 2 (9) = 2
2
2 u2 =
2
9
1 9
u10 =  
2 un 2 9  2
r = = = × − =−3
un −1 3 2  3 
1 −
u10 = meters 2
512
3  1 − ( −3) 
8
2 Arithmetic because you are adding more S8 = − 
money to your account every month. 2  1 − ( −3) 
 
6500= 2000 + (36 − 1) ( x + 5)
3  1 − 6561 
S8 = −  
4500
= (35) ( x + 5) 2 1+3 
128.57 = (𝑥𝑥 + 5) 3  −6560 

S8 = −  
x = $123.57 2 4 
3 Arithmetic because you are adding from S8 = 2460

year to year.
un 0.05
= 1962 + ( n − 1) (12 )
2017 c=r = = 0.5
un −1 0.1
55 12n − 12
=  1 − ( 0.5)8 
67 = 12n S8 = 0.1  
 1 − 0.5 
 
n = 5.583
S8 = 0.19921875
Finland did not gain independence in the
year of the tiger. S8 ≈ 0.199

Worked solutions
d d = un − un −1 = 12 − 6 = 6 3 The series is 1 + 2 + 4 + …
288 =6 + ( n − 1) ( 6 )  1 − 26 
S6 = 1  
 1−2 
= 6 ( n − 1)
282
 1 − 64 
47= n − 1 S6 =  
 1−2 
n = 48
 −63 
48 S6 =  
S48
= 2 ( 6 ) + ( 48 − 1) ( 6 )   −1 
2 
S6 = 63 family members
S48 24 12 + ( 47 ) ( 6 ) 
=
4 The series is 1 + 2 + 3 + …
S48 = 24 294 d = un − un −1 = 2 − 1 = 1
S48 = 7056 12
S12
= 2 (1) + (12 − 1) (1) 
e u1 = 4 , u2 = 8, 8
d = −4=4 2 
As 1000 is a multiple of 4, the largest S12 6 2 + (11) (1) 

=
multiple of 4 less than 999 would be
996. S12 = 6 13
996 = 4 + ( n − 1) ( 4 ) S12 = 78
= 4 ( n − 1)
992 But since there are two 12-hour cycles in
a 24-hour day:
248= n − 1 S24 = 78 × 2 = 156 chimes
n = 249
5 The series is 5 + 9 + 13 + …
249
S
= 2 ( 4 ) + (249 − 1) ( 4 )  d = un − un −1 = 9 − 5 = 4
2 
249
48
249 S48
= 2 (5) + ( 48 − 1) ( 4 ) 
S249
=
2 
8 + 992 2 
S249 = 1245
00 S48 24 10 + ( 47 ) ( 4 ) 
=
f ( −1) (2) =
u1 = 2
0 1
S48 24 10 + 188
=
S48 = 24 198
( −1) (2) =
1 2
u2 = −4
un −4 S48 = 4752 line segments

r = = = −2
un −1 2
 1 − ( −2 )6  Exercise 1J
S6 = 2   1 a Not converging as r = 1.5.
 1 − ( −2 ) 
  9
 1 − 64  un 32 9 8 3
S6 = 2  b r = = =× =
−
 un −1 −3 32 −3 4
 3 
8
S= 2 ( −21)
6
3 3
u1 − −
S6 = −42 S∞ = = 8 = 8 = −3 × 4 = −3
1−r −3 7 8 7 14
2 d = un − un −1 = 26 − 22 = 4 1—
4 4
30 −5
S30
= 2 (22 ) + (30 − 1) ( 4 ) 
2  c r =
un
= 4 =
−5 2
× =
1
un −1 −5 4 −5 2
S30 15 44 + (29 ) ( 4 ) 
=
2
S30 15 44 + 116 
= 5 5
u1 − −
2 −5 2
S∞ = = =2 = × = −5
S30 = 15 160 1−r 1 1 2 1
1—
2 2
S30 = 2400 seats
d Not converging as r = −2 .
Worked solutions
e 28
S28=  −8 + 127
un 9x − 9 9 ( x − 1) 9 1 2 
r
= = = = =
un −1 27 x − 27 27 ( x − 1) 27 3
S28 = 14 (119 )
27 x − 27 27 x − 27
=S∞ = S28 = 1666
1 2
1−
3 3 n
c S
= 2u1 + ( n − 1) d 
 3  81 81 2
n
(27x − 27)  2  =2 x − 2
=
  n
2 ( −8 ) + ( n − 1) (5)  > 2000
f Not converging as r = 2 . 2
1 n  −16 + (5n − 5)  > 4000
un 1 2 1
g r = = 2 2 = × =
un −1 1 2 2 1 2 n (5n − 21) > 4000
2
5n2 − 21n − 4000 > 0
1 1
By GDC, n ≈ −26.3 or 30.5
u1 2 = 2 = 1 2 2
S∞ = = × = Since n > 0, 31
n=
1−r 1 1 2 1 2
1—
2 2 40
2 1900
= 2u1 + ( 40 − 1) d 
2 Any infinite geometric series where 2 
−1 < r < 1 , r ≠ 0
1900 20 2u1 + (39 ) d 
=
3 Any infinite geometric series where
r < −1, or r > 1 95 2u1 + 39d
=
u1 12 12 106 =u1 + ( 40 − 1) d
4 S
= = = = 30
∞
1−r 3 2
1−
5 5 106
= u1 + 39d
Total distance = 2S∞ − u1 = 2 (30 ) − 12 39
=d 106 − u1
= 48 ft. 95 = 2u1 + 106 − u1
u1 426 426 u1 = −11
5=
S∞ = = = 426 000
1 − r 1 − 0.999 0.001
39
=d 106 − −11
17 892 000 gallons
426000 × 42 =
39d = 117
d =3
Exercise 1K
u1
n 3 S∞ =
1 a S
= 2u1 + ( n − 1) d  1−r
2
n
u1
20 20 =
790
= 2 ( −8 ) + (20 − 1) d  1 − 0.2
2 
u1
790 = 10  −16 + (19 ) d  20 =
0.8
79 19d − 16
= u1 = 16
95 = 19d
u1
d =5 4 3u1 =
1−r
b i un = u1 + ( n − 1) d u
1 − r =1
3u1
u28 =−8 + (28 − 1) (5)
1
u28 =−8 + (27 ) (5) 1−r =
3
u28 =−8 + 135 1
r= 1 −
u28 = 127 3
2
n r =
b ii =
Sn u1 + un  3
2

Worked solutions
5 Choose any r value −1 < r < 1, 0

r ≠ . u1 27 (1 − r )
=
Example:
1 − r2 
1 15 27 (1 − r ) 
= 
Let r =  1−r 
2
15
u1 = 1 − r2
8= 27
1
1−
2 15
r 2= 1 −
27
u1
8=
1 12
r2 =
2 27
u1 = 4 12 2 3 2
r =
± =
± =
±
∴ The series is 4 + 2 + 1 + … 27 3 3 3
6 Since the geometric series has only

u4 = u1r 4 −1
positive terms,
8u1 = u1r 3 2
r =
3
r =8 3
r =2  2
b=
u1 27 1 − 
 3
1 − rn 
Sn = u1  
 1−r  1
u1 = 27  
3
 1 − 210 
2557.5 = u1   u1 = 9
 1−2 
 −1023  6
2557.5 = u1   9 a r =
m −1
 −1 
m+8
2557.5 = 1023u1 r =
6
u1 = 2.5 6 m+8
b i =
u10 = 2.5 (2 )
10 −1 m −1 6
36 = m2 + 7m − 8
u10 = 2.5 (2 )
9
0 = m2 + 7m − 44
u10 = 2.5 (512 )
( m + 11) ( m − 4)
0=
u10 = 1280
m = −11 m = 4
1 − 5 n
 −11 + 8 3 1
7 2375 = 5   b ii r = =− =−
 1−5  6 6 2
 1 − 5n  4 + 8 12
475 =   r
= = = 2
6 6
 −4 
c i Since the sum of an infinite series
1 − 5n
−1900 = can only be found when
5n = 1901 1
r ≠ , r = − .
−1 < r < 1, 0
By GDC,
= n 4.69116 … 2
A minimum of 5 rounds are required. c ii u1 =m − 1 =−11 − 1 =−12
1 − r2  −12
8 a S2 = u1   S∞ =
 1−r  1
1+
2
1 − r2 
15 = u1   −12
 1−r  S∞ =
3
u1 2
27 =
1−r S∞ = −8

Worked solutions
Exercise 1L 104r 0.067585 …

=
A P (1 + nr )
1 a = =r 0.000649855 …
Fernando will pay an annual simple
= (
A 1500 1 + 10 ( 0.06 ) ) interest rate of 0.065%.
A = 1500 (1.6 ) ii
2480000
= 23846.15
104
A = 2400
≈ 23846 Columbia Pesos.
I = 2400 − 1500 = $900
A P (1 + r )
n
3=
A P (1 + nr )
b=
12×5
 0.0225 
  0.0125   =A 90000 1 + 
=A 32000 1 + 32    12 
  4 
A = 90000 (1.001875)
60
A = 32000 (1.1)
A = 35 200 =A 100705.8944966 …
I = 35200 − 32000 = 3200 GBP A ≈ $100705.89
A P (1 + r )
n
A P (1 + r )
c =
n
4=
4×5
 0.02 
3×12
 0.042 
=A 14168000 1 + 32546
= P 1 + 
  4 
 12 
32546 = P (1.0105)
36 20
 0.02 
=A 14168000 1 + 
 12  32546 1.232328 … P
=
=A 14168000 (1.0617835 …) =P 26410.17651144 …
=A 15043348.839948 … P ≈ $26410.18
A P (1 + r )
n
=I 15043348.84 − 14168000 5=
I ≈ 875 348.84 Yen 12× n
 0.0325 
10000 5000 1 +
= 
A P (1 + r )
n
d=  12 
(1.0027083 …)
2×365 12 n
 0.04  =2
=A 300000 1 + 
 365 
Using the GDC,
= n 21.3567 …
730
 0.04  n ≈ 21.4 years
=A 300000 1 + 
 365 
A P (1 + r )
n
6=
=A 324984.69581 …
12× (18 −5)
 0.055 
=I 324984.70 − 300000 50000
= P 1 + 
 12 
I ≈ 24 984.70 Mexican Pesos
50000 P (1.00458333 …)
156
=
A P (1 + r )
n
e =
12×25 =50000 P (2.04085012 …)
 0.0225 
=A 250000 1 + 
 12  =P 24499.594316 …
300 P ≈ 24500 Brazilian Reals
 0.0225 
=A 250000 1 +  7 Oliver:
 12 
A P (1 + r )
n
=A 438532.634627 … =
=I 438532.63 − 250000  0.0125 

12×5
=A 400 1 + 
I ≈ 188 532.63 Swiss Francs  12 
A P (1 + nr )
2 i = =A 425.783932 …
A ≈ 425.78 GBP
(
= 2323000 1 + (52 × 2 ) r
2480000 )
Harry:
1.067585 …= 1 + 104r
A P (1 + r )
n
=

Worked solutions
=A 400 (1 + 0.0175)
5 or are switching jobs, or looking for
jobs.
A = 436.2466257… 3 a This means that it takes 1.23 years for
A ≈ 436.25 GBP the substance to decrease to half of
Harry earned more than Oliver. the original mass.
t −1
8 Savings account: 1 h
b A = A0   , where A is the amount
A P (1 + nr )
= 2
remaining after t years, A0 is the
= (
A 20000 1 + n ( 0.012 ) )
original mass, and h is the half-life.
=A 20000 (1 + 0.012n ) 7.2 −1
 1  1.23
GIC: d A = 52  
2
A P (1 + r )
n
= 5.0406504…
1
A = 52  
2
12×2
 0.035 
=A 20000 1 + 
 12  =A 1.57985 …
=A 20000 (1.00291666 …)
24 A ≈ 1.58 g
=A 21447.978280670 …
Exercise 1N
21447.978280670
= … 20000 (1 + 0.012n )
1 x 4 + 20 x 3 + 150 x 2 + 500 x + 625
1.0723989140 …= 1 + 0.012n
2 −b5 + 10b4 − 40b3 + 80b2 − 80b + 32
0. 0723989140 … = 0.012n
3 64 x 6 − 192 x 5 + 240 x 4 − 160 x 3
=n 6.03324 …
+60 x 2 − 12 x + 1
n ≈ 6.03 years
4 256 x 4 + 256 x 3y + 96 x 2y 2 + 16 xy 3 + y 4
Exercise 1M 5 x 3 − 9 x 2y + 27 xy 2 − 27y 3
11000 6 243x 5 + 1620 x 4y + 4320 x 3y 2 + 5760 x 2y 3
1=
a r = 0.88
12500
+3840 xy 4 + 1024y 5
=C 12500 × 0.88t , where C represents
the white blood cell count and t is the
time every 12 hours. Exercise 1O
b 3 days = 72 hours = 6 12-hour periods 1 a 11C4 (3x ) ( −5)
7 4
6
C = 12500 × 0.88 = 5805.0510 …
C ≈ 5805 cells/mcL
(
= (330 ) 2187 x 7 ) (625)
c The limitation of the general formula is = 451 068 750x 7
that white blood cell count does not
( x ) ( 6y )
2 8
b 10C8
continue to decrease infinitely. Once
the antibiotics killed the infection, the
patient’s white blood cell count would ( )(
= ( 45) x 2 1679616y 8 )
return to normal. 82 720x 2y 8
= 755
2 a This is an arithmetic sequence since
c Since n = 6, there will be 7 terms in
the rate decreases by -0.2% each
month. the expansion. Hence the middle term
is the 4th term.
b U =7.9 − 0.2 ( t − 1) , where U
(2) ( −3y )
3 3
6C 3
represents the unemployment rate and
t is the month starting with January.
(
=20 ( 8 ) −27y 3 )
c 7.9 − 0.2 (12 − 1)
U =
= −4320y 3
U 7.9 − 0.2 (11)
=
d The constant term will contain x 0 ,
U = 5.7% hence
d It is not realistic. There will always be
( x ) ( −3)
0 9
4
9C 9
people you are not capable of working,
Worked solutions
= ( −3)
9 r =5
7 −5 5
= −19 683  x4   k 
7C 5 x7    3  = 168
7  2  x 
 −3 
( )
0
e 7C 7 −2x 2   2 5
 x   x4   k 
21x 7    3  = 168
7  2  x 
=  −3 
 x   x8   k5 
21x 7  2   15  = 168
 2  x 
= − 2187
7
x 21k 5 x15
= 168
2 a 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 4 x15
(3x ) ( −2)
1 3
b 4C 3 21k 5
= 168
4
=4 (3x ) ( −8)
k 5 = 32
= −96
k =2
8C 5 ( x ) ( −3)
3 5
3 a
( 2 x ) ( −k )
5 3
6 8C 3 −387 072 x 5
=
=(56) ( x 3 ) ( −243)
(
(56) 32 x 5 ) ( −k ) 3
−387 072 x 5
=
= −13 608x 3
(56) (32 ) ( −k ) =
3
−387 072
( −2x ) x 4 ( −3)
4
b 8C 4
1792 ( −k ) =
3
−387 072
=– 11340 x 5
( −k )
3
r −216
=
1
(x )
11− r
4 3
  =x
9
x −k = 3
−216
−k =−6
(x 33 − 3r
)  x1  = x
r
9
k =6
x 33 −3r ( a) ( −b2 )
3 3
= x9 7 6C 3
xr
x 33 −3r − r = x 9
20a3 −b6 ( )
x 33− 4r = x 9 −20a3b6
33 − 4r =
9 The coefficient is −20.
4r = 24 8 (2.52)= (2 + 0.52)
3 3
r =6
3 3
(2.52)   23 (0.52) +   22(0.52)1
3 0
 −3 
6 =
(x )
5
11C6
3 0
  1
 
 x 
3 3
+   21(0.52)2 +   20 ( 0.52 )
3
 729 
462 x ( ) 15
 6 
 x 
2
  3
 
(2.52) 8 + (3) ( 4 ) ( 0.52 ) + (3) (2 ) ( 0.52 )

3 2
=
336 798x 9
+ ( 0.52 )
3
5 The constant term will contain x 0 , hence
r
 1  (2.52) 8 + 12 ( 0.52 ) + 6(0.52)2 + ( 0.52 )
3 3
( ) =
7−r
x7 x 4  3 = x
0
x 
(2.52) 8 + 12 ( 0.52 ) + 6 ( 0.2704 )
3
=
 1 
( )
x 7 x 28 − 4r  3r  = x 0
x  +0.140608
(2.52)
3
x 28 − 4r +7 −3r = x 0 8 + 6.24 + 1.6224 + 0.140608
=
x 35−7r = x 0 (2.52)
3
= 16.003008
35 − 7r =
0
(2.52)
3
≈ 16.003
7r = 35
Worked solutions
9 a x 5 − 25x 4 + 250 x 3 − 1250 x 2 + 3125x Exercise 1P

−3125 1 LHS RHS
b Hence, the term containing x 4 will be −2 ( a − 4 ) + 3 (2a + 6 ) − 6 ( a − 5) −2 ( a − 28 )

(2x ) (250x ) = 525x 3 4
−2a + 8 + 6a + 18 − 6a + 30
−2a + 56
(3 − 2x )
4
10 a
−2 ( a − 28 )
= 16 x 4 − 96 x 3 + 216 x 2 − 216 x +81
LHS ≡ RHS
( −2x + 3)
4
2 LHS RHS
4 3 2
= 16 x − 96 x + 216 x − 216 x +81
( x − 3) x2 − 6x + 14
2
+5
b No, when the exponent is odd, the
expansions will not be the same. x2 − 6x + 9 + 5
11 Since there are four terms, n must be 3. x2 − 6x + 14
Let k be the coefficient of x and m be
LHS ≡ RHS
the coefficient of y .
Using the first term,
3 3 LHS RHS
  ( kx ) ( my ) = 27 x
3 0 3
1 1 1 1
+
m m + 1 m2 + m
k 3 x 3 = 27 x 3
1 1
k 3 = 27 +
m + 1 m (m + 1)
k = 3 27
m 1
k =3 +
m (m + 1) m (m + 1)
Using the last term,
m+1
3
  (3x ) ( my ) = −64y
0 3
m (m + 1)
3
3
1
( my )
3
= −64y 3
m
m3y 3 = −64y 3 RHS ≡ LHS
3
m = −64
4 a LHS RHS
m= 3
−64
x − 2 3x − 6 x +1
m = −4 ÷ 2
x x +x 3
∴ ( a + b) = (3x − 4y )
n 3
x − 2 x2 + x
×
x 3x − 6
(1 + 1)
n
12 2=
n
x − 2 x ( x + 1)
×
x 3 ( x − 2)
 n n  n  n −1 1  n  n −2 2
2n =  (1) (1) +   (1) (1) +   (1) (1)
0
0 1 2 x +1

3
 n  1 n −1  n  0
 (1) (1) +   (1) (1)
n
+ … LHS ≡ RHS
 n − 1  n
b x ≠ −1, 0, 2
Since 1x = 1 for any x ∈ R ,
 n  n  n  n   n
2n =   +   +   + …  + 
0 1 2  n − 1  n 

Worked solutions
Chapter review b un = u1rn−1

1 i a This sequence is not arithmetic
un= 3 × (2 )
n −1
since 18 − 6 ≠ 6 − 3. This sequence
18 6
u5= 3 × (2 )
5 −1
is not geometric since ≠ . c
6 3
u5= 3 × (2 )
4
ii a This sequence is arithmetic since
−12 − −14 = −14 − −16 = 2 .
u5= 3 × 16
b un = u1 + (n − 1) d
u5 = 48
un =−16 + 2 (n − 1)
 1 − 210 
d S10 = 3  
un =−16 + 2n − 2  1−2 
u=
n 2n − 18  1 − 210 
S10 = 3  
c = 2 (10 ) − 18
u10 = 2  −1 
n S10 = 3069
d S
=n
2
(
2u1 + (n − 1) d )
v a The first few terms of the sequence
8 are 105, 110, 115…
S8=
2
(
2 ( −16 ) + ( 8 − 1) (2 ) ) This sequence is arithmetic since
115 − 110 = 110 − 105 = 5 .
(
S8 = 4 −32 + (7 ) (2 ) )
b un = 105 + (n − 1) 5
S8 = 4 ( −32 + 14 )
un = 105 + 5n − 5
S= 4 ( −18 )
8
u=
n 5n + 100
S8 = −72
u7 5 (7 ) + 100
c=
iii a This sequence is geometric since
u= 35 + 100
500 1000 1 7
= = .
1000 2000 2 u7 = 135
b un = u1r n −1
n
n −1
d S
=n
2
(
2u1 + (n − 1) d )
1
un 2000 ×  
=
9
2 =S9
2
(
2 (105) + ( 9 − 1) (5) )
9 −1
1
c=
u9 2000 ×  
2
= (
S9 4.5 210 + ( 8 ) (5) )
1
8 =S9 4.5 (210 + 40 )
u9 2000 ×  
=
2 S9 = 4.5 (250 )
u9 = 7.81 S9 = 1125
1 − r n
d Sn = un  
 1−r  2 Renaming the terms:
 1
7
 u6 = u1 = −5
1 −   

S7 = 2000  2  u9 = u4 = −20
1 
 1−  This means we now want to find S20 = S15.
 2 
 
We first need to find d:
S7 = 3968.75
u4 = u1 + (n − 1) d
iv a The first few terms of this sequence
is 3,
6, 1
2,… −20 =−5 + ( 4 − 1) d
This is a geometric sequence since −15 =
3d
12 6
= = 2. d = −5
6 3

Worked solutions
n 6 a An infinite sum can only be found for a

S=
15
2
(
2u1 + (n − 1) d ) converging geometric sequence.
15 u1
S∞ =
S=
16
2
(
2 ( −5) + (15 − 1) ( −5) ) 1−r
1
(
S16 = 7.5 −10 + (14 ) ( −5) ) 4
S∞ =
S16 = 7.5 ( −10 − 70 ) 1
1− −
2
S16 7.5 ( −80 )
= 1
S16 = −600 S∞ = 4
1
1+
3 u2 =−2 ( −4 ) + 3 =8+3 =11 2
1
u3 =−2 (11) + 3 =−22 + 3 =−19
4 1
S= =
u4 =−2 ( −19 ) + 3 =38 + 3 =41
∞
3 6
2
u5 =−2 ( 41) + 3 =−82 + 3 =−79 0.12
b b= = 2 > 1 so the series is not
The first five terms are 0.06
1, − 19, 41, − 79 .
−4, 1 converging
4 We first need to find r: 7 un = u1 + (n − 1) d
−0.1
r= = −0.2 61 = 4 + (n − 1) (3)
0.5
61 =4 + 3n − 3
 1 − ( −0.2 )n−1 
0.416 = 0.5   60 = 3n
 1 − −0.2 
  n = 20
−0.0016 = − ( −0.2 )
n −1
8 u4 = 8u1
0.0016 = ( −0.2)
n −1 un = u1rn−1
By GDC, n = 5 u4 = u1r 4 −1
5 Renaming the terms: 8u1 = u1r3
u= u= 4.5
3 1
8 = r3
u=
7 u=
5 22.78125 r=2
This means we now want to find u1 = u−1  1 − 29 −1 
765 = u1  
Finding r:  1−2 
un = u1rn−1  1 − 28 
765 = u1  
u5 = u1r5 −1  −1 
 1 − 28 
= 4.5 × r 4
22.78125 765 = u1  
 −1 
5.0625 = r 4
 1 − 256 
4
r 4 = 4 5.0625 765 = u1  
 −1 
r = 1.5
 −255 
765 = u1  
u−1 = u1r −1−1  −1 
u
=−1 4.5 × 1.5−2 765 = 255u1
u−1 = 2 u1 = 3
u9 = u1r 9 −1
u9= 3 × 28
u9 = 768

Worked solutions
6 x+2 d u= 4n + 41
9 = n
x −3 6 101
= 4n + 41
2
36 = x − x − 6 60 = 4n
2
0 = x − x − 42 n = 15
0=( x − 7) ( x + 6 ) 15x100g = 1500g or 1.5kg
24
x = 7 or x = −6  r 
12
= 22960 20 987 1 + 
10 a 55, 51.15, 47.5695, 44.239635…  12 
24
b It is a geometric sequence because  r 
1.09401 …= 1 + 
47.5695 51.15  12 
= = 0.93 .
51.15 55
r
c u11 = u1r11−1 1=
+ 24
1.09401 …
12
u= 55 × 0.9310 r
11
1=
+ 1.003750 …
12
=u11 26.61902 …
r
u11 ≈ 26.6 litres left in the tank = 0.003750 …
12
d u16 = u1r16 −1 r = 0.0450009
u16
= 55 × 0.93 15 r ≈ 4.5%
13 a 1, 1
3, 78, 286, 715, 1
287, 1
716,
=u11 18.5185474 …
1716, 1
287, 715, 286, 78, 1
3, 1

u11 ≈ 18.5 litres
Each row in Pascal’s triangle is
36.5 litres drained from
55 − 18.5 = symmetric.
the tank b You can add each set of consecutive in
u the 14th row to find the 15th row.
e S∞ = 1
1−r 1, 1 ( + 286 ) ,
( + 78) , 78
( + 13) , 13
S∞ =
55 (
(286 + 715) , 715 + 1287 ) ,
1 − 0.93
(1287 + 1716 ) , 1716
( + 1716 ) ,
55
S∞ = (1716 + 1287) , 1287
( + 715) ,
0.07
(715 + 286 ) , 286
( + 78 ) , 78
( + 13) ,
=S∞ 785.714285 …
(13 + 1) , 1
S∞ ≈ 785 minutes or 13 hours and
1, 1
4, 91, 364, 1
001, 2002, 3003, 3432,
5 minutes
3003, 2002, 1 001, 364, 91, 1
4, 1

11 a un = u1 + (n − 1) d
6 6
14   (3x ) ( −y ) +   (3x ) ( −y )
6 0 5 1
un = 45 + (n − 1) ( 4 ) 0 1
un = 45 + 4n − 4 6 6
+   (3x ) ( −y ) +   (3x ) ( −y )
4 2 3 3
2
  3
 
u=
n 4n + 41
6 6
+   (3x ) ( −y ) +   (3x ) ( −y )
2 4 1 5
b= = 10 weights
1kg 1000g
 4 5
u10 4 (10 ) + 41
= 6
+   (3x ) ( −y )
0 6
u= 40 + 41 6
 
10
u10 = 81 cm = 729x6 + 6 (243x5 ) ( −y ) + 15 ( 81x 4 )( y2 )

c Eventually the spring will hit the
ground or the surface it is sitting on,
(
+20 27x3 )( −y ) + 15 (9x )( y )
3 2 4
so the length will become constant. +6 (3x ) ( −y ) + y

5 6
Also, the spring could break from too

much weight. =729x6 − 1458x5y + 1215x 4y2 − 540x3y3
+135x2y 4 − 18xy5 + y6

Worked solutions
5
8  3  9
k 9 = 9 512
( )
3
15    2  −4x 4
3  x  k =2
 243  19 (2x − 1) ( x − 3) − 3 ( x − 4 )
2
56  10  −64x12
 x 
( )
 243 
(
= 2x2 − 7x + 3 − 3 x2 − 8x + 16 )
56  10  −64x12
 x 
( ) 2
= 2x − 7x + 3 − 3x + 24x − 48 2
−870 912x2 − x 2 + 17 x − 45
=
The coefficient is -870 912. x2 − x − 6 x2 − 16
20 a × 2
16 The sixth term will have be in the form of x+4 x +2
( x − 3) ( x + 2 ) × ( x − 4 ) ( x + 4 )
n −5
n  2 
( −5x )
5
  2 
5
. =
5  x  x+4 x ( x + 2)
Ignoring any coefficients:
= ( x − 3) ×
( x − 4)
 1  25
 2n−10  x
 x 
= x25 ( ) x
2
x − 7x + 12
= QED
 1  x
 2n−10  = 1
x  b x ≠ −4, − 2, 0
−2n +10 0
x =x  x
5
21 a 1 − 
−2n + 10 =
0  4
−2n =−10 5 5  x 
=  15 +   14  − 
n=5 0
  1  4 
9 5  x 
2
5  x 
3
  ( x ) ( −3)
5 4
17 a +   13  −  +   12  − 
4
  4
2
    3  4 
126 x5 ( ) (81) 5  x 
4
5  x 
+   11  −  +    − 
5
M1A1
10206x5  4  4  5  4 
5x 5x 2 5x 3
b (
−2x 10206x5 ) =1−
4
+
8
−
32
−20412x6 5x 4 x5
+ − A1
18 To determine which term is the constant, 256 1024
ignore the coefficients for now:
12 − a a
b Substituting x = 0.1 M1
 x3  1
    =x
0
5 × 0.1 5 × 0.12
1 x 0.9755 ≈ 1 − +
4 8
x36 −3a 1 5
= x0 =1 − + A1
xa 8 800
x36 −3a− a = x0 800 100 5
= − +
36 − 4a =
0 800 800 800
705  141 
4a = 36 = =   A1
800  160 
a=9
3 9
22 a Using un =a + ( n − 1) d M1
12   x3   k 
     143= a + 14d
 3  3  x A1
183= a + 30d
 x k  9
112640 9
Solving simultaneously A1
220   9  = a = 108 A1
 27 x
  27
5
220k 9 112640 d = A1
= 2
27 27
220k 9 = 112640
k 9 = 512
Worked solutions
b 100th term is a + 99d M1  1   4  1 

4 4
( −x )
0
28 a  x
−=   
5  2x   0   2x 
= 108 + 99 ×
2 3 2
 4  1   4  1 
( −x ) ( −x )
1 2
= 355.5 A1 +   +   
23 a Money in the account would be  1   2x   2   2x 
1 0
3000 × 1.01510 ( =
$3482 ) M1A1  4  1   4  1 
 ( −x ) +    ( −x )
3 1
+  
Therefore interest gained is 3
  2 x   4   2x 
3000 × 1.01510 − 3000 =
$482 A1 M1A1
1 1 3
b Total amount is =x 4 + − 2x 2 − + A1
16 x 4 2x 2 2
3000 × 1.01511
(3 − x )
3
+(1200 × 1.015 +1200 × 1.0152 + K b =27 − 27 x + 9 x 2 − x 3 M1A1
4
+1200 × 1.01510 ) M1  1 
(3 − x )
3
 − x
 2 x 
= 3000 × 1.01511
 1 1 3
 1.01510 − 1  ( )
= 27 − 27 x + 9 x 2 − x 3  x 4 + − 2x 2 − + 
+ (1200 × 1.015)    16 x 4 2x 2 2 
 1.015 − 1   3 9
M1A1 Therefore required term is  27 ×  −
 2  2
= $16570 A1
A1
24 a 5500 × 1.02754 M1A1 = 36 A1
= $6130.42 A1 a
29 120 = M1A1
b Consider 5500 × 1.0275n−1 =
12000 1 − 0.2
M1A1 5a
120 =
12000 4
1.0275n−1 =
5500 a = 96 A1
Using GDC: M1 The 6th term is therefore
n −1 = 28.76 96 × 0.25 =
0.03072 M1A1
n = 29.76 A1
So Brad must wait 30 years A1 20
30 ar = 180 and ar 5 = M1A1
25 Require ( 3 × coefficient of term in x 5 ) 9
(
+ 1 × coefficient of term in x 4 ) Solving simultaneously M1
ar 5 20 1
8 8 = = = r4
3 ×   43 ( −2 x ) + 1 ×   44 ( −2 x ) M1A1A1 ar 9 × 180 81
5 4
5
  4
  1
Therefore r = A1
= 3 × ( −114688 ) + 1 × 286720 3
= −57344 A1 180 180
So
= a = = 540 A1
 n r 1
( )
3
26   1n −2 (3x ) = 495x 2
2
M1A1
2
  a 540 3 × 540
S∞
= = = = 810 M1A1
9n ( n − 1) 1 − r 1 − 13 2
= 495
2 31 First part is geometric sum, a = 1 ,
n ( n − 1) =
110 r = 1.6 , n = 16 M1
Second part is arithmetic sum, a = 0 ,
n2 − n − 110 =0 A1
d = −12 , n = 16 M1
( n − 11) ( n + 10) =
0 M1A1 Third part is 16 × 1 = 16 A1
So n = 11 since n > 0 A1 Geometric sum:
8  2
6 1.616 − 1
S16 = 3072.791 A1
( ) =
2
27 Require   x 3 −  M1A1 1.6 − 1
2  x
Arithmetic sum:
= 28 × ( −2 )
6
A1 16
= 28 × 64
S16 =
2
(2 × 0 + 15 × ( −12) ) = −1440
= 1792 A1 A1

Worked solutions
n =15
So ∑ (1.6
n =0
n
)
− 12n + 1
= 3072.791 − 1440 + 16 = 1648.8 A1
32 Required distance
 5   5 5 
= 20 +  2 × × 20  +  2 × × × 20  + L
 6   6 6 
M1M1A1
100
= 20 + 3
A1
1− 5
6
100
= 20 + 3
1
6
= 20 + 200 A1
= 220 m
 n − 1  n − 1 
33  + 
 k   k − 1
=
( n − 1) ! + ( n − 1) ! M1A1A1
k ! ( n − k − 1) ! ( k − 1) ! ( n − k ) !
=
( n − k ) ( n − 1) !+ k ( n − 1) ! A1
k !( n − k ) !
n ( n − 1) !− k ( n − 1) !+ k ( n − 1) !
= A1
k !( n − k ) !
n ( n − 1) !
= A1
k !( n − k ) !
 n!   n
=  =
 k ! ( n − k ) !   k 
 
34 Consider multiples of 7:
504 is the first multiple and 1400 is the
final multiple
1400 = 504 + 7 ( n − 1) M1
⇒n= 129 A1
So the sum of the multiples of 7 is
129
S
=129
2
(2 × 504 + 7 × (129 − 1) )
= 122808 M1A1
Sum of the integers from 500 to 1400
(inclusive) is
901
S=901
2
(2 × 500 + 1 × (901 − 1) )
= 855950 M1A1
Therefore require
855950 − 122808 = 733142 A1

Worked solutions
2 Representing relationships:
introducing functions
Skills check b
1
2 A (3, 0), B (-2, 4), E (-1, 1), R (2, -1)

3 a 4(2) −3(−3) = 17
b (2)2 – (−3)2 = −5
1 3 c
c 2 + −3 + − = −
2 2
2
 1 3
d −6  −  =−
 2  2
4 a 8x = 16 → x = 2
1
b 4x = 2 → x =
2
c x – 10 = 3 → x = 13
d 12x = −12 → x = −1
5 a d

Worked solutions
Exercise 2A  x , x ≥ 0
c y =
1 a If the marbles are identical of mass a  x, x ≥ 0
then the function takes x to ax . This
function satisfies the vertical test line. d
b This is a function because for s sides of
a polygon the sum of the interior
angles of the polygon is ( s − 2 ) ⋅ 1800
which satisfies the vertical test line.
c This is not a function. If a ticket for an
adult is 10 pounds and a ticket for a
student is 5 pounds then if we
have one adult and 2 students the
total cost is 20 pounds, for 3 students
the total cost is 25 pounds, therefore
we will have more than one y-value for 3 In a function for every x -coordinate there
the same x = 1 coordinate (adult movie exists a unique y -coordinate which
tickets purchased). satisfies the definition of a relation. On
d This is a function. Each x -coordinate the other hand, the examples from the
has a unique y -coordinate, y= x + 1 . previous questions are all relations but
none of them are functions.
e This is not a function. It does not
“All functions are relations, but not all
satisfy the vertical line test for
relations are functions.”
example at x = 0 .
f This is a function. We see that every
x -coordinate has a unique Exercise 2B
y -coordinate. 1 a g ( −4 ) =− ( −4 ) + 2 =−16 + 2 =−14
2
g This is a function. Every x -coordinate

has a unique y -coordinate. b f ( −9 ) =5 ⋅ ( −9 ) − 1 =−45 − 1 =−46
h This is a function. This is seen when c C (100 ) =20 ⋅ 100 + 250

drawing the graph of the function
y = −2 x + 6 and applying the vertical = 2000 + 250 = 2250
line test. d h (5) = −4
i This is not a function. We see that for
x = 3 there are infinitely many y - e f (2 ) = 3
coordinate values. f f ( −3) =
5
j This is a function. This is seen when
drawing the graph of the function g f ( −1) =
1
y = x 2 and applying the vertical line
f ( −3) =−3 ( −3) − 1
2
2 a
test.
k This is a function. Apply the vertical =−3 ( 9 ) − 1 =−27 − 1 =−28
line test.
b g (15) =−4 (15) + 7 =−60 + 7 =−53
l This is a function. Apply the vertical
line test.
f (1) + g ( −1) = −3 (1) − 1 + −4 ( −1) + 7
2
c
m This is not a function. This is showed at
x = −2 which has 2 distinct =−3 − 1 + 4 + 7 =7
y -coordinate values. d 6
2 a X 2 2 3 e f ( x − 2) =−3 ( x − 2 ) − 1
2
Y 0 1 4
b = (
−3 x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 1 )
−3x 2 + 12 x − 12 − 1
=
−3x 2 + 12 x − 13
=
f g ( n) =−4n + 7
g f (1) × h (1) =(
−3 (1) − 1 ( 6 )
2
)
Worked solutions
( −4) (6 ) =
= −24 5 a ( g ) 10g + 25
C=
h f ( x + 1) =−3 ( x + 1) − 1
2 b g<0
c C (14
= ) 10 (14) + 25
= 165
= (
−3 x 2 + 2 x + 1 − 1)
d C ( g ) = 100,
=−3x 2 − 6 x − 3 − 1
10g + 25 =
100
−3x 2 − 6 x − 4
=
10g = 75
g ( x − 2) =−4 ( x − 2 ) + 7
g = 7.5 gigs
=−4 x + 8 + 7
=−4 x + 15
Exercise 2C
f ( x + 1) × g ( x − 2 ) 1 a
( )
=−3x 2 − 6 x − 4 ( −4 x + 15)
=1
2 x 3 − 45x 2 + 24 x 2 − 90 x + 16 x − 60
=1
2 x 3 − 21x 2 − 74 x − 60
3 a Yes, it is a function. Every value of t
will yield only one value of d.
b d (t ) =
−75t + 275
c d (0) =
−75 ( 0 ) + 275 =
275 km
b
d
0 < t < n, where n is the amount of
time it takes to drive to Perth.
4 a Yes, it is a function. Every
temperature in Celsius will only yield
one temperature in Fahrenheit.
b F (17 ) is asking what temperature in
F
o
is equivalent to 17oC.
9
)
F (17= (17) + 32
= 62.6 oF.
5
c
c F ( C ) = 100 is asking what
temperature in oC is equivalent to
100oF.
9
C + 32 =
100
5
9
C = 68
5
=C 37.7 ≈ 37.8 0C
9 2 a
d F ( 0 )= (0) + 32= 32 oF
5
9
e F (100
= ) (100) + =
32 212 oF
5
9
f F (38.75
= ) (38.75)=
+ 32 101.75 oF
5
9
g C + 32 =
350
5
9
C = 318
5
=C 176.6 ≈ 177 oC

Worked solutions
x-intercept: (-9.17,0),
c y-intercept: (0, 23)
Exercise 2D
1 a Not a function
b Domain: {−5, −2, 3}
Range: {4, 4}

6,1
c Domain: {−12, −8, −5}
Range: {−8,7}
d Not a function
e Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )
d
 −∞ , ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )
Range: y ∈ R,
f Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

Range: {4}
g Not a function
h Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )
Range: 3 ≤ y ≤ 5, 3,5
i  ∞ or  0, ∞ )
Domain: x ≥ 0, 0,
Range: y ≤ 0,  −∞, 0 or ( −∞, 0

j Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2.5, [2.5, ∞[ or [2.5, ∞)
3 a
Range: 𝑦𝑦 ≥ 0, [0, ∞[ or [0, ∞)
k Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ≤ −1 or 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 1, ]−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞[
or (−∞, −1] ∪ [1, ∞)
Range: 𝑦𝑦 ≥ 3, [3, ∞[ or [3, ∞)
L It is not a function. For 𝑥𝑥 = 0, 𝑓𝑓(0) = 0
and 𝑓𝑓(0) = 4.
x-intercepts: (-9,0), (2.5,0)

y-intercepts: (0, -4.5)
minimum: (-3.25, -6.61)

Worked solutions
2 a Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )
Range: −1 ≤ y ≤ 5,  −1,5

3 Answer will vary.
a
Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )
Range: y ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

b b
Domain: x ∈ R , x ≠ 1, ,1
 −∞ ∪  1, ∞ 
or ( −∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
Range: y ∈ R , y ≠ 1, ,1
 −∞ ∪  1, ∞ 
( −∞ ) ∪ (1, ∞ )
or ,1
c
Domain: x > 1, 1, ∞  or (1, ∞ )
Range: y ∈ ¡ ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ )

d 6
4 a i f (6 ) = +2 = 4
3
ii f (8) =−8 + 10 =2

Worked solutions
b b The equation satisfies the vertical line

test.
c Domain: t ∈ ¡ , t ≥ 0
Range: [10000, ∞).
12t
 0.025 
d=
20000 10000 1 + 
 12 
12t
 0.025 
2 1 +
= 
c 0 ≤ x ≤ 10; 0 ≤ y ≤ 4  12 
 − x, −3 ≤ x ≤ −1  0.025 
ln2 12t ln 1 +
= 
 12 
5 f ( x=
)  2 x + 3, −1 < x ≤ 2 
 7, 2<x ≤6 ln2
 12t =
 0.025 
It is also possible to include −1 in the ln 1 +
 12 
second interval rather than the first and 2
in the third interval rather than the 12t = 333.0571
second. t = 27.755...
Javier needs 27 years and 10 months
Exercise 2E to double his money.
1 a C (n
= ) 40 + 21n , where C is the cost
Exercise 2F
and n is the number of hours.
b Domain: n ≥ 0, 0, ∞  or  0, ∞ )
1 a i ( )
f g (x) =
− ( 4x − 2) + 5 ( 4x − 2)
2
Range: 𝐶𝐶(𝑛𝑛) ≥ 40, [40, ∞[ or (40, ∞) ( )

f g (x) = (
− 16 x 2 − 16 x + 4 )
+ 5 ( 4x − 2)
c C (4
= ) 40 + 21 ( 4)
( )
f g (x) =
−16 x 2 + 16 x − 4
C (4
= ) 40 + 84 + 20 x − 10
C ( 4 ) = $124
( )
f g (x) =
−16 x 2 + 36 x − 14
2 a
( ) ( ) ( )
2
ii f f (x) =− − x 2 + 5x + 5 − x 2 + 5x
− (x
f (f ( x )) = 4
− 10 x 3 + 25x 2 )
(
+ 5 − x + 5x 2
)
( )
f f (x) =− x 4 + 10 x 3 − 25x 2
− 5x 2 + 25x
( )
f f (x) =− x 4 + 10 x 3 − 30 x 2 + 25x
b Domain e.g: 10 ≤ f ≤ 80
( ) + 5 ( x + 1)
2
Range e.g: 75.8 ≤ h ≤ 228 ( )

iii f h ( x ) =
− x +1
h (51) 2.47 (51) + 54.10

c= f (h ( x )) =− ( x + 2 x + 1) + 5 ( x + 1)
h (51) = 180.07
( )
f h ( x ) =− x − 2 x − 1 + 5 x + 5
h (51) ≈ 180 cm
( )
f h ( x ) =− x + 3 x + 4
d=
161 2.47f + 54.10
2.47f = 106.9
iv g o h ( x=
) 4 ( x +1 −2 )
=f 43.27935 … g o h ( x=
) 4 x +4−2
f ≈ 43.3 cm
12t (x) 4 x + 2
g o h=
 0.025 
a I ( t ) 10000 1 +
3 = 
f ( −1) =− ( −1) + 5 ( −1) =
2
 12  v −1 − 5 =−6

Worked solutions
f o f ( −1) = f ( −6 ) 4 a ( )
f g ( x ) = 3 ( − x + 4) − 6
2
= − ( −6 ) + 5 ( −6 )
2
( ) (
f g ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 8 x + 16 − 6 )
=−36 − 30 =−66
f ( g ( x ) ) = 3x 2
− 24 x + 48 − 6
f o f o f ( −1) = f ( −66 )
= − ( −66 ) + 5 ( −66 )
2
f ( g ( x ) ) = 3x 2
− 24 x + 42
= −4356 − 330 b
= 4686
vi g ( h ( 9=
)) 4 ( 9 +1 −2 )
( )
g h ( 9 ) = 4 (3 + 1) − 2
g ( h=(9) ) 4 ( 4) − 2
g ( h ( 9=) ) 16 − 2
g ( h ( 9 ) ) = 14
(
vii. g o f (2 ) =4 − (2 ) + 5 (2 ) − 2
2
) c Domain: x ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ )
g o f (2 ) = 4 ( −4 + 10 ) − 2 Range: y ≥ −6 or  −6, ∞  or  −6, ∞ )
(2 ) 4 ( 6 ) − 2
g o f= 5 a f ( x=
) x + 25
g o f (2
= ) 24 − 2 b g ( x ) = 1.06 x
g o f (2 ) = 22 c f g
= ( )
( x ) 1.06 x + 25 ; this represents
only paying tax on the price of the
( ) ( )
2
f o g (2 ) =
− 4 (2 ) − 2 + 5 4 (2 ) − 2 fridge.
f o g (2 ) =− (8 − 2) + 5 (8 − 2)
2 g= (
f (x) )
1.06 ( x + 25) ; this represents
paying tax on both the price of the
f o g (2 ) =
− (6 ) + 5 (6 )
2
fridge and the delivery fee.
f o g (2 ) =−36 + 30
d (
f g (x) )
f o g (2 ) = −6
Exercise 2G
g o f (2 ) + f o g (2 ) = 22 − 6 = 16 1 a i g ( −2 ) =
3
b i x ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ )
( )
f g ( −2 ) = f (3)= 2
ii x ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ ) ii f (5) = 6
iii x ≥ 0 or 0, ∞  or 0, ∞ )
( )
g f (5) = g ( 6 ) = −3
iv x ≥ 0 or 0, ∞  or 0, ∞ )
g ( ) = 11
iii 3
2 Answers will vary
(
g g
= (3) g=)
(11) 0
3 a (
f g (x) = )
−2 ( 4 x − 1) + 5
b For f ( x ) ,
f ( g ( x ) ) =−8 x + 2 + 5
domain: {2, 3, 5,1
0}
f ( g ( x )) = −8 x + 7
range: {-4, 1, 2, 6}
b f ( g ( x ) ) =−8 x + 7 = 12 For g ( x ) :
−8 x =
5 Domain: {–2, 3, 6, 11}
5 Range: {–3, 0, 3, 11}
x = −
8

Worked solutions
2 a g (3) = 7 b i You paid 699.99 − 25 =

$674.99 .
ii After tax, the TV cost
f o g (3) = f (7 ) = −2
1.10 × 674.99 = 742.489
b f ( −1) =
9 ≈ $742.49
g o f ( −1) =g (9) =−4 c i P (x

= ) 1.10 ( x − 25) + 49.99
c f ( 9 ) = −1 ii P (525.99 )
f o f ( 9 ) = f ( −1) = 9 = 1.10 (525.99 − 25) + 49.99
= 601.079 ≈ $601.08
3 a f (0) = 0
3 Answer will vary.
( )
g f ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) = −4
b f (1) = 1 Exercise 2I
1 
( )
g f (1) = g (1) = −3 1 a (
f g (x) = )
−2  x + 2  + 2
2 
c g ( −2 ) =
0 ( )
f g ( x ) =− x − 4 + 2
( )
f g ( −2 ) = f ( 0 )= 0 f ( g ( x ) ) =− x − 2
d g ( −0 ) =−4 Since f ( g ( x ) ) ≠ x , these are not
( )
f g ( 0 ) = f ( −4 ) = 4 inverses.
3
 x −3
4 Answers will vary; g ( x ) contain a point f ( g ( x )) 2  3
b=  +3
 2 
with an x-coordinate of -1. ; f ( x ) must 
 x − 3
have a point with a y-coordinate of 2.
(
f g (x)
= 2 ) +3
 2 
Exercise 2H ( )
f g (x) = x − 3 + 3
1 a f ( n=
) n − 100 f ( g ( x )) = x
g ( n ) = 2.20n
(2 x 3
+3 −3)
b f ( n ) represents that you receive (
g f (x) = ) 3
2
commission on every new person who 3
2x
signs up after the first 100 people. (
g f (x) = ) 3
2
g ( n ) represents that you receive
2.20 GBP for each person (after the ( ) x
g f (x) = 3 3
first 100) who sign up.

g (f ( x )) = x
c i f (224 ) = 224 − 100 = 124
Since f= ( g ( x )) (
f (x)
g= )
x , these are
g (124 ) 2.20
ii= = (124) 272.80 GBP
inverses.
S (276 ) 2.20 (276 − 100 )
d i =  x2 2 
c (
f g ( x=
) ) 3 + −2
= 2.20
= (176 ) 387.20 GBP  3 3
= 2.20 ( x − 100 )
ii 114.40 (
f g ( x )= ) x2 + 2 − 2
52= x − 100
(
f g (x) = ) x 2
x = 152 people
f ( g ( x )) = x
2 a f ( x=
) x − 25 ; this could represent
( )
2
$25 off the price of the TV 3x − 2 2
g (f ( x ))
= +
g ( x ) = 1.10 x ; this could represent a 3 3
tax of 10%.

Worked solutions
3x − 2 2 3 a i & ii
g=(
f (x) ) 3
+
3
3x − 2 + 2
(
g f (x) =) 3
3x
(
g f (x) =) 3
( )
g f (x) = x
Since f=( g ( x )) (
f (x)
g= )
x , these are
inverses.
3  4 x − 20 
d (
g h (x) = )
− −
4 3
+5

12 x − 60
= (
g h (x) ) 12
+5 iii f ( x ) =
−4 x 2 + 4
( )
g h (x) = x − 5 + 5 −4 x 2 + 4
y =
g (h ( x )) = x
−4y 2 + 4
x =
4y 2 =− x + 4
 3 
4  − x + 5  − 20
4 x
(
h g (x) ) = − 
3
 y2 =−
4
+1
−3x + 20 − 20 x
( )
h g (x) = −
3
y 2 =± −
4
+1
3x x
(
h g (x) = ) 3
y =± −
4
+1
( )
h g (x) = x
f −1 ( x ) =± −
x
+1
4
f (x)
g= )
x , these are
b i & ii
inverses.
2 x-intercept: 0 =−4 x + 2
1
x =
2
1 
∴  ,0
2 
−4 ( 0 ) + 2
y-intercept: y =
y =2
∴ ( 0,2 ) iii g ( x ) =
−2 x + 5
Since you only need two points to graph a y =

−2 x + 5
line, you can switch the coordinates to
find two point that the inverse passes x =
−2 y + 5
 1
through:  0,  and (2, 0 ) . 2 y =− x + 5
 2
−x + 5
y =
2
2
( )  −x + 5 
2
y = 
 2 
2
 −x + 5 
g −1 ( x ) 
=  , 0
x ≥
 2 

Worked solutions
Note 1: The domain restriction is b The domain of the function becomes

needed since the original function the range of its inverse, and the range
g (x) =
−2 x + 5 would have the of the function becomes the domain of
its inverse.
same restriction.
5 Answers will vary. In order for the
Note 2: The inverse, g −1 ( x ) , can function to be a one-to-one function, the
be simplified further if desired: inverse must be a function.
6 a f ( x ) = 2 x − 5 = 11
( − x + 5)
2
y =
4 2x − 5 =
11
2
x − 10 x + 25 2 x = 16
y =
4 x =8
y =
1 2 5
x − x+
25
, 0
x ≥ b f (x
= ) 2x − 5
4 2 4
y 2x − 5
=
c i & ii
x 2y − 5
=
2y= x + 5
x +5
y =
2
x +5
f −1 ( x ) =
2
11 + 5
c f −1 (11) =
2
16
1 f −1 (11) =
iii g : x → x + 6 2
2
f −1 (11) = 8
1
y
= x +6
2 d f ( x ) = 11 gives the same answer as
1 f −1 (11) .
x
= y +6
2
e f ( x ) = y ⇔ x = f −1 ( y )
1
y= x − 6
2 7 f (x) =−2 x − 1
y 2 x − 12
= y =−2 x − 1
g −1
( x=) 2 x − 12 x =−2y − 1
4 a i Domain: 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2.875 or 2y =− x − 1
[2.875, ∞[ or [2.875, ∞). −x − 1
y =
2
Range:
y ≥ 1.25 or 1.25, ∞  or 1.25, ∞ ) −x − 1
f −1 ( x ) =
2
ii Domain: x ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  2
 −x − 1 
g o f −1 ( x ) = −3  
or ( −∞, ∞ )  2 
Range: y ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ ) ( − x − 1)

2
g of −1
(x) = −3
4
iii Domain: x > 3 or 3, ∞  or (3, ∞ )
g o f −1 ( x ) = −3
(x 2
+ 2x + 1 )
Range: y ∈ R or  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ )
4
2
−3x − 6 x − 3
g o f −1 ( x ) =
iv Domain: x ≤ 1 or  −∞,1 or ( −∞,1 4
Range: y ≤ 2 or  −∞,2 or ( −∞,2

Worked solutions
−3 ( −1) − 6 ( −1) − 3
2
( x + 2) − 2 (5x + 1)
g of −1
( −1) = 4 (5x + 1) (5x + 1) =x
−3 (1) − 6 ( −1) − 3 ( −5x − 10) + (5x + 1)
g o f −1 ( −1) = (5x + 1) (5x + 1)
4
−3 + 6 − 3 x + 2 − 10 x − 2
g o f −1 ( −1) = 5x + 1
4 =x
−9
0 5x + 1
g o f −1 ( −1) =
4
−9 x
=x
g o f −1 ( −1) =
0 −9
x =x
Exercise 2J 4 (
f f (x) = x )
1
 2x − 4 
2 −4
 x+m =x
 2x − 4 
 x+m+m
 
 4x − 8   x + m
 x + m  − 4 x + m
    =x
 2x − 4   x + m
 x + m  + m x + m
   
4 x − 8 − 4 x − 4m
x+m =x
2 x − 4 + xm + m2
x+m
2 a ( )
f f (x) = x
−4m − 8
=x
3 − (3 − x ) =
x 2 x − 4 + xm + m2
3−3+ x =x −4m −= (
8 x 2 x − 4 + xm + m2 )
x =x 2 2
−4𝑚𝑚 − 8 = 2𝑥𝑥 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑚 + 𝑚𝑚 𝑥𝑥 2
b ( )
f f (x) = x −4𝑚𝑚 − 8 = (2 + 𝑚𝑚)𝑥𝑥 2 + (𝑚𝑚 2 − 4)𝑥𝑥
Since there is no 𝑥𝑥 2 on the left-hand side:
−2 − ( −2 − x ) =x
2+m = 0
−2 + 2 + x =x m = -2
x =x No solution because for m = -2 we get the
c ( )
f f (x) = x constant function y = 2, which has no
inverse.
1 1 
−  − x =
x
2 2  Chapter review
1 1 1 a Yes b No c Yes d No
− −x =x
2 2 e Yes f Yes g Yes h No
x =x i Yes j Yes k Yes l No
d f (x) =n − x, n ∈ R is a self-inverse. m No
2 a Domain: {-5, -1, 0, 1, 4, 9}
3 (
f f (x) = x ) Range: {-8, -1, 0, 1, 6, 9}
 −x − 2  b Domain: {0, 2, 3, 4}
− 2
−
 5x + 1  =x
Range: {1, 2}
 −x − 2  c Domain: {-8, -5, 0, 1}
5  + 1
 5x + 1  Range: {-2, 2, 3}
d Domain: x ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞ 

Worked solutions
Range: y ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞  x

g −1 ( x ) =
−2
e Domain: −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 or  −3,3
−3
g −1 ( −3) =
−2
Range: −3 ≤ x ≤ −1 or  −3, −1
3
g −1 ( −3) =
f Domain: x ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞  2
Range: x ≥ −12.25 or 12.25, ∞ ) h (

f g (x) = )
( −2x ) − 6
2
or 12.25, ∞  x ))
f ( g (= 4x 2 − 6
g Domain: x ≥ 0 or 0, ∞ ) or 0, ∞  x

2
i −1
f o g= ( x )  −2  − 6
Range: y ≤ 1 or ( −∞,1 or  −∞,1  
x2
h Domain: x ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞  f o g −1 ( x
= ) −6
4
Range: x ≥ 5 or 5, ∞ ) or 5, ∞  x 2 24
f o g −1 ( x
= ) −
4 4
3 a f (3=
) 32 − 6
x 2 − 24
f o g −1 ( x ) =
f (3)= 9 − 6 4
f (3) = 3 4 a
f ( −2 ) =( −2 ) − 6
2
b
f ( −2 ) = 4 − 6
f ( −2 ) =−2
c g ( −6 ) =−2 ( −6 )
g ( −6 ) =
12
f (1) + h (2 )= (1)
2
d −6−4
Domain: x ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞ 
f (1) + h (2 ) = 1 − 6 − 4
Range: y ≥ −2 or  −2, ∞ ) or  −2, ∞ 
f (1) + h (2 ) =
−9
b
e 2f ( 0 ) − 2g ( −1= ( )
) 2 02 − 6 − 2 −2 ( −1) ( )
2f ( 0 ) − 2g ( −1) =−12 − 2 (2 )
2f ( 0 ) − 2g ( −1) =−12 − 4
2f ( 0 ) − 2g ( −1) =−16
f h ( 0 ) × f ( −1) = (
−4 ( −1) − 6
2
)
h ( 0 ) × f ( −1) =−4 (1 − 6 )
h ( 0 ) × f ( −1) =−4 ( −5)
h ( 0 ) × f ( −1) =
20
Domain: x ∈ R or ( −∞, ∞ ) or  −∞, ∞ 
g g ( x ) = −2 x
Range: y ≥ −8.38 or  −8.38, ∞ )
y = −2 x
or  −8.38, ∞ 
x = −2y
 x − 2
y =
x 5 a (
f g (x) = )
−4  −
4 
+2
−2 

Worked solutions
( )
f g (x) = x − 2 + 2 (
f g (x) = x )
f ( g ( x )) = x  2x + 3 
3+ 
 3x − 1 
( −4x + 2) − 2 (
g f (x) ) =
( )
g f (x) = −
4
 2x + 3 
3 −2
 3x − 1 
4x − 2 + 2
(
g f (x) = ) 4 3+
 2x + 3 

 3x − 1 
4x (
g f (x) ) =
 6x + 9 
(
g f (x) = ) 4  3x − 1  − 2
 
( )
g f (x) = x 9x − 3 2x + 3
+
f (x)
g= )
x , these are (
g f (x) ) = 3x − 1 3x − 1
6x + 9 6x − 2
−
inverses. 3x − 1 3x − 1
1  x − 2 11x
b ( )
f g ( x ) =−
2

4 
−4
(
g f (x) ) = x −1
3
11
−x + 2
(
g (x)
f = ) 8
−4 3x − 1
11x
− x + 2 32 (
g f (x) = )
(
g (x)
f = ) 8
−
8
11
(
g f (x) = x)
− x − 30
(
f g (x) ) =
8 Since f=( g ( x )) (
f (x)
g= )
x , these are
Since f ( g ( x ) ) ≠ x , these are not inverses.
inverses. 6 a i −4 ii 4
1 1
2 b −4 ≤ x ≤ 4 or  −4, 4
c (
f g (x) = )  2x +  + 4
2 4 c
1 2 1 
(
f g (=
x) )  4x + x +
2
+4
16 
1 1
( )
f g ( x ) = 2x 2 +
2
x+
32
+4
Since f ( g ( x ) ) ≠ x , these are not

inverses.
 3+ x 
2 +3
3x − 2 
d (
f g (x) ) = 
 3+ x 
7 (f ) (x)
o g= ( g ( x ) + 2)
3
3  −1
( g ( x ) + 2)
3
 3x − 2  −8 x 6 =
6 + 2x
+3
( g ( x ) + 2)
3 3
6
−8 x= 3
(
f g (x) ) = 3x − 2
9 + 3x
−1 g (x) + 2
−2 x 2=
3x − 2
6 + 2x 9x − 6
+ g (x) =
−2 x 2 − 2
(
f g (x) ) = 3x − 2 3x − 2
9 + 3x 3x − 2 8 ( f o h ) ( −=
−1
2 ) f ( h ( −2 ) ) −1
−
3x − 2 3x − 2
Since h (16 ) = h−1 ( − ) =
−2, 2 16
11x
(
f g (x) ) = x −2
3
11
(
f h(−1 ( −2= )
) f (16=) 2 16 + 16 2
3x − 2 f ( h( ( −2 ) ) =
−1
2 ( 4 ) + 256
11x
(
f g (x) = ) 11 f ( h( ( −2 ) ) =
−1
8 + 256

Worked solutions
(
f h(−1 ( −2 ) =264) 14 a Solving 3x − 10 =
5 and 3x − 10 =
50
M1A1A1
9 For a function to be a self-inverse, we
Domain is 5 < x < 20 A1
must show that f ( f ( x ) ) = x :
b (
ff (10 ) = f f (10 ) ) M1
3
(
f f (x) = − )  3
= f (20 ) A1
− x  = 50 A1
 
x + 10
−x c f −1 ( x ) = M1A1
( )
f f ( x ) =−3 ×
3
3
d Range is 5 < f −1 ( x ) < 20 A1A1
(
f f (x) = x )
15 a NOT a function, since, eg. the value of
10 a −24 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 26 A1A1 x = 5 is related to more than one
b f ( x ) ={−4, −2, 0,2, 4, 6} A1A1 co-ordinate on the y-axis A1R1
b This is a function. Each value of x is
c 0 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 100 A1A1 related to only one value for y
d 125 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 250 A1A1 A1R1
c This is a function. Each value of x is
11 a f ( −2 ) =( 4 × −2 ) − 2 =−8 − 2 =−10 related to only one value for y
M1A1 A1R1
d This is a function. Each value of x is
g ( −2 ) =( −2 ) − 8 ( −2 ) + 15
2
b related to only one value for y
=4 + 16 + 15 =35 M1A1 A1R1
c =
y 4x − 2
k
16 a=y +1
x 4y − 2
= x −1
x +2 k
y = M1 =x +1
4 y −1
x +2 x ( y − 1) = k + y − 1 M1
f −1 ( x ) = A1
4
xy − x = k + y − 1 A1
d x 2 − 8 x + 15 =
35 M1
xy − y = k + x − 1
x 2 − 8 x − 20 =
0
y ( x − 1) = k + x − 1
( x − 10) ( x + 2) =
0 M1
x = 10 or x = −2 A1A1 k + x −1
y =
x −1
3
12 a ( x ) 128  2  −=
f= 15 177 M1A1 k
  =y +1 A1
x −1
b f ( −3) =128 ( −3) − 15 =−399 M1A1
k
f (=
15) 128 (15) −=
15 1905 A1
1
f −= (x) x −1
+1
Range is −399 < f ( x ) < 1905 A1 So f is self-inverse

c Solving 128a − 15 =
1162.6 M1 b Range is f ( x ) > 1 , f ( x ) ∈ ¡ A1A1
a = 9.2 A1
c
13 a Domain is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 A1A1
Range is −1 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 1 A1A1
b Domain is −1.5 ≤ x ≤ 5 A1A1
Range is −5 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 4 A1A1
c Domain is 0 ≤ x ≤ 24 A1A1
Range is 0 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 12 A1A1
d Domain is −3 ≤ x ≤ 3 A1A1
Range is 0 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 9 A1A1
A1A1
Worked solutions
2 She can therefore invite a maximum of

17 a Range is f ( x ) ≠ −
3
(
, f (x) ∈ ¡ ) 39 people A1
A1 e C = 430 + 14.5 × 16 = $662 M1
1 − 2x 662
b y = = 41.375 A1
3x + 6 16
1 − 2y Katie will therefore need to charge a
x =
3y + 6 minimum of $41.38 per head A1
x (3y + 6 ) =1 − 2y M1A1 20 a h ( x ) ≥ 2 , (h ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) A1
3xy + 6 x =1 − 2y x
b y= +2
3
2y + 3xy =
1 − 6x
y
y (2 + 3x ) =−
1 6x x= +2
3
1 − 6x 3x= y + 6 M1A1
y =
2 + 3x y 3x − 6
=
1 − 6x
f −1
( x ) = 2 + 3x A1 h−1 ( x
= ) 3x − 6 A1
x
2 +2
c Domain is, x ≠ − , ( x ∈ ¡ ) A1 c hh
= (x) 3 +2 M1A1
3 3
Range is f ( x ) ≠ −2 , ( f ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) x 2
= + +2
A1 9 3
18 a 2
x= 2 x − 1 M1 x 8
= + A1
9 3
x 2 − 2x + 1 =0
x
d + 2 = 3x − 6 M1
( x − 1)
2
0
= A1 3
x =1 A1 8x
=8
3
fg (=
x) (2x − 1)
2
b A1
x =3 A1
gf (=
x ) 2x 2 − 1 A1 e Because h ( x ) and h −1
(x) both
(2x − 1)
2 2
= 2x − 1 M1 intersect on the line y = x R1
21 x 2 + 4 x − 11 = ( x + 2 ) − 15
2
4 x 2 − 4 x + 1= 2 x 2 − 1 M1A1
Therefore h ( x=
) x +2
2
2x − 4x + 2 =
0 A1
2
x − 2x + 1 =0 g ( x ) = x2 A1
( x − 1) =
2
0 M1
f ( x=
) x − 15 A1
x =1 A1
19 a =
C 430 + 14.5p M1A1
22 a ( f ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) , f ( x ) ≥ −4 A1
b f ( p ) is a function since it passes the b (g ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) , g ( x ) ≠ 0 A1
vertical line test R1 c (h ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) , h ( x ) > 0 A1

c=
C 430 + 14.5p
1
d gf ( x ) = M1
C − 430
=p M1 (x 2
)
− 4 +1
14.5
1
p − 430 = A1
f −1 ( p ) = A1 x2 − 3
14.5
1
1000 − 430 e =9 M1
f −1 (1000 ) = 39.3
d= x2 − 3
14.5
M1 1
x2 − 3 =
9

Worked solutions
28 b y = ( x − 3) + 4
2
x2 =
9
x = ( y − 3) + 4
2
2 7
x = ± A1
3
( y − 3)
2
=x − 4 M1A1
1
f gh ( x ) = x M1A1
2 +1 y − 3= x−4
1 1 y =3 + x−4
> M1
2x + 1 17
f −1 ( x ) =3 + x−4 A1
2x + 1 < 17
2x < 16 A1
c The domain of f −1 ( x ) is x ≥ 4 ,
x<4 A1
23 a −8 ≤ p ( x ) ≤ 8 A1A1 (x ∈ ¡ ) A1
b p−1 ( x ) = 3
x , −8 ≤ x ≤ 8 , ( x ∈ ¡ ) The range of f −1 ( x ) is f ( x ) ≥ 3 ,
A1A1 (f ( x ) ∈ ¡ ) A1
3
c Using GDC, or ex., solving x = x
26 ( x − 3) = x 2 − 6 x + 9
2
M1 M1
x = −1, x = 0 , x = 1 A1
2 ( x − 3) = 2 x 2 − 12 x + 18
2
M1A1
d
2 ( x − 3) + 12 x = 2 x 2 + 18
2
Therefore g (=
x ) 2 x 2 + 12 x A1
A1A1
3x + 5
24 a y =
4x − 3
3y + 5
x =
4y − 3
x ( 4y − 3) = 3y + 5 M1A1
4 xy − 3x = 3y + 5
4 xy − 3y = 3x + 5
y ( 4 x − 3) = 3x + 5
3x + 5
y = A1
4x − 3
So r ( x ) is self-inverse
b rrrrrr
= (5) rrrr= (5 ) 5
(5) rr= M1A1
x 2 − 6 x + 13 = ( x − 3) + 4
2
25 a M1A1
Therefore k = 3 A1
Worked solutions
3 Modelling relationships: linear and

quadratic functions
Skills Check Exercise 3B
9 1 a They are not parallel, as their gradients
1 a x = −3 b t = ± 7 c
a =−
2 are not the same, and not
perpendicular, as both gradients are
2 a 3m ( m − 5) b ( x + 6) ( x − 6) c positive.
( n + 1) ( n + 7) d ( x + 1) ( 4x − 3) b They are parallel, as m1 =−4 =m2 .
e 9x ( x + 2) f ( a + 1) (2a − 5) g 2 As m *
4
=
−3
−1, m = . Therefore
3 4
(3x + 2) ( 4x − 1) h ( 4a + 7b ) ( 4a − 7b )
−3 5 − 2 3
= = , which is rearranged to
4 x −3 x −3
Exercise 3A 3*4
x −3 = =−4 , yielding x = −1 .
1 a Using the points (-1,0) and (1,-1) on −3
y2 − y1 ( −1) − 0 −1 3 a For the first segment, the gradient is
the graph,
= m = =
x2 − x1 1 − ( −1) 2 given as =m1
320 − 0 320
= = 8 . The
40 − 0 40
b Using the points (–5,0) and (0,2) on
gradient of the second segment
y2 − y1 2−0 2
the graph,
= m = = 560 − 320 240
x2 − x1 0 − ( −5) 5 m2
= = = 12 .
60 − 40 20
y2 − y1 11 − 8 3 b This shows that Liam earns 8 dollars
a m
2 = = = per hour regular wage (for the first 40
x2 − x1 8−4 4
hours) and 12 dollars per hour worked
y2 − y1 ( −4 ) − 2 −6 overtime.
b m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
Exercise 3C
y2 − y1 8 −1 7 1
c =
m = = = 1 a The gradient is 3, y-intercept is −7.
x2 − x1 7 − ( −7 ) 14 2
2
3 As the line joining the scatter plot (drawn b The gradient is − , y-intercept is 4.
3
up with t on the x-axis and h on the y-
axis) is linear, the gradient can be found c This could be written as =y 0x − 2 ;
by using any two points in the scatterplot: thus, the gradient is 0 and the y-
h − h1 ( 4.15) − 4.3 −0.15 intercept is −2.
m= 2 = = = −0.015
t2 − t1 30 − 20 10 1 1
2 =
y x + 1 as the gradient is and the
. This is the rate of change of the height of 5 5
the candle, i.e. how fast it is burning down y-intercept is 1
in cm/s. 3 a The gradient is equal to the gradient of
4 a You can use the Pythagorean theorem =y 4 x − 3 , which is 4 , and the y-
to find the coordinate of B: as the y 4x − 1 .
intercept is -1. Thus =
elevation of B above A is 70m and the
12
direct distance is 350m, b =
m = 3 and thus 3 (1) + a =
10 .
4
xB= 3502 − 702= 122500 − 4900 Therefore a = 10 − 3 = 7 .
.
= 117600 ≈ 342.93 Thus =
y 3x + 7
Coordinates of B are (342.93,100 ) . 4 a The x-coordinate remains constant so
the equation is x = 8 .
y2 − y1 100 − 30
b m
= ≈ b The y-coordinate remains constant so
x2 − x1 342.93 the equation is y = −10
70 c As horizontal lines are perpendicular to
= ≈ 0.20
342.93 vertical lines, the line is vertical and the
equation is x = 9 .
rise
c As the gradient is given by itself,
run d The lines intersect at the point where
grade= gradient × 100% ≈ 20% . x = −2 and y = 7 .

Worked solutions
Exercise 3D ↔ y =−3 ( x + 5) + 2 =−3x − 15 + 2

1 a The line goes through ( 0, 0 ) and =−3x − 13
through (1, −3) .
Exercise 3E
1
1 a =
y x −3
6
1
−y + x −3 =0
6
−6y + x − 18 =
0
2
b y =
− x+4
3
2
−y − x+4=0
3
3y + 2 x − 12 =
0
b The point ( −4,2 ) is on the line and so is
c y − 2 =− ( x + 3)
( −4 + 3,2 + 1) = ( −1,3) .
y − 2 =− x − 3
y + x − 2 =−3
y + x +1 =0
2 a 3x + y − 5 =0
y − 5 =−3x
y =−3x + 5
1
c The line is horizontal at y = b 2 x − 4y + 8 =
0
2
1
x −y +2 =
0
2
1
y
= x +2
2
c 5x + 2y + 7 =
0
d The line goes through ( 0,5) and 5 7
x+y+ =0
through ( 4,2 ) . 2 2
5 7
y =
− x−
2 2
3 a x -intercept:
x +2×0 +6 =0
x +6 =
0
x = −6
The x -intercept is ( −6, 0 ) .
2 y − 6 =−3 ( x − 2 )
y -intercept:
6
3 a m= = −3 0 + 2y + 6 =
0
−2
2y + 6 =
0
b y+4=−3 ( x + 3) and y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5)
2y = −6
corresponding to the two points given.
y = −3
c y+4=−3 ( x + 3)
The y -intercept is ( 0, −3) .
↔ y =−3 ( x + 3) − 4 =−3x − 9 − 4
=−3x − 13
y − 2 =−3 ( x + 5)

Worked solutions
e (f o g ) ( 4 ) =− g ( 4 ) + 5 =−11 + 5 =−6
1
f ( h o f ) ( −7)= 3
f ( −7 ) − 4
1
= * 12 − 4 = 4 − 4 = 0
3
g (f og) ( x ) =
−g ( x ) + 5
=− (2 x + 3) + 5 =−2 x + 2
1 1
b x -intercept: h (h o f ) ( x ) = 3
f (x) − 4 =
3
( − x + 5) − 4
2x − 6 * 0 + 8 =
0
1 5 1 7
2x + 8 =
0 − x+ −4=
= − x−
3 3 3 3
2 x = −8
2 a As any real number can be inserted for
x = −4 x and any real number can be
The x -intercept is ( −4, 0 ) . obtained as 3x + 8 for an x , both
domain and range are all real numbers.
y -intercept:
b Just as above, domain and range are all
2 × 0 − 6y + 8 =0 real numbers.
−6y + 8 =
0 3 a The line y = 6 has range {6} as only 6
6y = 8 can be obtained for y .
4
y =
3
 4
The y -intercept is  0,  .
 3
b No vertical line is a function as the y

corresponding to the x -coordinate of
the x -intercept is not unique (in fact,
any y corresponds to it).
Exercise 3F
1 a (−2, −5) b (0.75, 2.5)
c (−3.58, −8.19) d (1.18, 1.12)
2 a 0.9 b −5.05
3 $1666.67
1
4 a =
x y+4
2
Exercise 3G
2 x= y + 8
1 a f (3) =−3 + 5 =2
f −1 ( x
= ) 2x − 8
b g ( 0=
) 2 * 0 +=
3 3
b x =−3y + 9
c h ( 6 ) − g (1
=)  13 * 6 − 4  − (2 * 1 + 3) x − 9 =−3y
 
1
( 2) − 5 =−7
=− f −1 ( x ) =
− x +3
3
Exercise 3H
d (
f (2 ) + g ( −1) = ( −2 + 5) + 2 * ( −1) + 3 ) 1 a =
x 4y − 5
= 3+1 = 4 4y= x + 5

Worked solutions
1 5 gradient-intercept form:
y
= x+
4 4 y= 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) + 600= 0.16 x − 240 + 600= 0.16 x + 3
1 5 .
f −1 (=
x) x+
4 4 b The y -intercept represents Frank’s
1 basic weekly salary of £360. The
b x =
− y +3 gradient shows that Frank’s commission
6
is 16% of his sales.
1
− y =x − 3 c
= 360 504 pounds.
y 0.16 * 900 +=
6
y =−6 x + 18
3 a Let y be the total cost in dollars and
f −1 ( x ) =−6 x + 18 x the number of months of
membership.
c x 0.25y + 1.75
=
For Plan =
A: y 9.99 x + 79.99
4 x= y + 7
For Plan B: y = 20 x
y 4x − 7
=
b We would like to know after how many
f −1 ( =
x ) 4x − 7 months the amount paid under each
plan is the same (From then onwards,
2 The graph of the inverse function is Plan A will be more cost-effective). We
obtained by mirroring the graph of f at therefore solve:
the line y = x .
9.99 x + 79.99 =
20 x
3 a f (55
= ) 10 * 55 + =
65 615 79.99 = 10.01x
b=
x 10y + 65 79.99
=x ≈ 7.99 .
10y= x − 65 10.01
=y 0.1x − 6.5 Therefore, Plan A is more cost-effective

from 8 months onwards.
( x ) 0.1x − 6.5
f −1= 4 a In the first 40 hours, his pay in pounds
320
x here represents the money available is given = by p = h 8h . From then
40
in CAD and f −1 ( x ) is the number of t-
on, his pay is given by
shirts one can buy with x dollars. 560 − 320
c y= 0.1 * 5065 − 6.5= 506.5 − 6.5= 500
p − 320 =
60 − 40
( h − 40) = 12 ( h − 40)
. In gradient-intercept form, this is
= p 12h − 160 .
Exercise 3I
1 a The gradient can be computed from any  8h, 0 ≤ h ≤ 40
p(h) = 
two points on the line; in this case, a 12h − 360, 40 < h ≤ 60
force F of 160 Newtons leads to an
b i p =8 × 22 =176 pounds
extension d of 5 centimetres, while no
force (i. e. a force of 0 Newtons) leads ii p = 12 × 47 − 160 = 404 pounds.
to no extension ( 0 centimetres). 5 a q=
−6.5 × 200 + 3000 =
1700
Therefore the y -intercept is ( 0, 0 ) and
b They will drop by 6.5 × 20 =
130
5−0 1 printers a month.
the gradient is = . This gives
160 − 0 32 c 2000
= 48 p − 1600
1
the model d = F . 48 p = 3600
32
3600
1 =p = 75 Euro.
b d
= = * 370 11.5625 cm. 48
32
2 a The gradient is given by
680 − 600 80
= = 0.16 . As
2000 − 1500 500
(1500, 600) is on the graph, a point-
gradient form of the equation of the line
= 0.16 ( x − 1500 ) . We find the
is y − 600

Worked solutions
d The graph is reflected about the x -axis

and shifted upwards by 4 units.
c
Use the “solve” function of the GDC.

e Solving −6.5p + 3000 = 48 p − 1600 Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 0)
⇒p= 84.40.. The graph is compressed vertically with
So p = €84.40 1
scale factor .
4
Then q =48 × 84.40.. − 1600 = 2451
printers d
Exercise 3J
1 a
Axis: x = 4, vertex: (4, -3)

The graph is first translated to the right
by 4 units, then stretched vertically
Axis: x = -3, vertex: (-3, 0) with scale factor 2 and finally translated
The graph is translated to the left by 3 downwards by 3 units.
units. 2 a It is compressed vertically by a scale
b 1
factor of . Thus, the function is given
4
1 1 2
by= g (x) = f (x) x .
4 4
b It is stretched vertically by a scale
factor of 2 and reflected along the x -
axis. Thus, the function is given by
g (x) =
−2f ( x ) =
−2 x 2 .
c It is translated to the right by 3 and
upwards by 2 units. Thus, the function
is given by
g ( x ) = f ( x − 3) + 2 = ( x − 3)2 + 2 .
d It is stretched vertically by a scale
factor of 1.5, translated to the left by 3
and downwards by 5 units. Thus, the
function is given by
Axis: x = 0, vertex: (0, 4) 2
g (=
x ) 1.5f ( x + 3) −
= 5 1.5 ( x + 3) − 5 .

Worked solutions
Exercise 3K e The graph is translated to the left by

1 a The graph is reflected about the 6 units.
y -axis.
f The graph is translated downwards by

3 units.
b The graph is reflected about the

x -axis.
c The graph is compressed horizontally 2 a The graph of r is stretched by a scale

1
with scale factor . factor of 2. Thus r ( x ) = 2f ( x ) .
2
The graph of s is translated to the
right by 3 units and reflected about the
x -axis. Thus s ( x ) =
−f ( x − 3 ) .
b The graph of r is reflected about the
y -axis. Thus r ( x=
) f ( −x ) .
The graph of s is stretched horizontally
by a scale factor of 2 and translated
downwards by 4 units. Thus
d The graph is stretched vertically with 1 
scale factor 3. s (x) f  x  − 4
=
2 
3 a 0≤y ≤6
b It is reflected about the y -axis.
c 2 ≤ − x ≤ 8 , which is equivalent to
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2 .
d The range of g is the same as the
range of f . 0 ≤ y − c ≤ 6 is equivalent
to c ≤ y ≤ 6 + c , so c = −4 . Thus
(x) g (x) − 4 .
h=

Worked solutions
e h ( x ) = g ( x ) − 4 = f ( −x ) − 4
Exercise 3L
1 x-intercepts: (−2.81, 0), (0.475, 0);
y-intercept: (0, −4);
vertex: (−1.17, −8.08)
2 x-intercepts: none;
y-intercept: (0, −3);
vertex: (0.726, −0.785)
3 Domain: x ∈ ¡
Range: f(x) ≤ 9.125
Exercise 3M
1 a x = 3 is the axis of symmetry and (3, 4 )
the coordinates of the vertex.
b x = 1 is the axis of symmetry and
4 Domain: x ∈ ¡ (1, −5) the coordinates of the vertex.
Range: f(x) ≥ −30.752
c x = −3 is the axis of symmetry and
( −3,2) the coordinates of the vertex.
d x = −6 is the axis of symmetry and
( −6, −5) the coordinates of the vertex.
2 a The y -intercept is given by ( 0,5) , the
−8
axis of symmetry is at x = − =4 and
2
the vertex is at
( )
4, f ( 4 ) = ( 4,16 − 32 + 5) = ( 4, −11) .
5 Range: 0 ≤ f(x) ≤ 8.1 b The y -intercept is given by ( 0,2 ) , the
−6
axis of symmetry is at x = − 1 and
=
6
the vertex is at
( )
1, f (1) = (1,3 − 6 + 2 ) = (1, −1) .
c The y -intercept is given by ( 0, −11) ,

the axis of symmetry is at
−8
x =− = −2 and the vertex is at
−4
( −2, f ( −2) ) =( −2, −8 + 16 − 11) =( −2, −3) .
6 Range: −6 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 3
d The y -intercept is given by ( 0,3) , the
6 3
axis of symmetry is at x =− =−
4 2
and the vertex is at
 3  3   3 9   3 3
 − , f  −   = − , − 9 + 3 = − , − 
 2  2   2 2   2 2
.

Worked solutions
3 a The x -intercepts are at (2, 0 ) and b
( 4, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at

2+4 6
x
= = = 3 . The vertex is at
2 2
(3, f (3) ) = (3,1 * ( −1) ) = (3, −1) .
b The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
(1, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−3 + 1 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at
2 2
( −1, f ( −1) ) =( −1, 4 * 2 * ( −2) ) =( −1, −16 ) .
c The x -intercepts are at ( −5, 0 ) and
(3, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−5 + 3 −2
x = = = −1. The vertex is at c
2 2
( −1, f ( −1) ) =(−1, − ( 4 * ( −4) ) =( −1,16 ) .
d The x -intercepts are at ( −3, 0 ) and
( −2, 0) . The axis of symmetry lies at
−3 − 2 −5
=x = . The vertex is at
2 2
 −5  −5    −5 1  1 
= ,f    ,2 * *  −  
 2  2   2 2  2 
 −5 1
=  ,− 
 2 2 
4 a

Worked solutions
Exercise 3N 4 a f (x) =( x − 4) ( x + 2) . Thus

1 a f (x) =( x − 2) ( x + 9) . The x -intercepts i ii iii q = −2
a=1 p=4
are (2, 0 ) and ( −9, 0 ) (from the
b i The x -intercepts are at ( 4, 0 ) and
intercept form), and the y -intercept is
( −2, 0)
(0, −18) (from the standard form).
ii The y -intercept is at ( 0, −8 )
 5
b f (x) = (3x − 5) ( x − 2 ) = 3 ( x − 2)  x −  .
 3 c The axis of symmetry is at
4−2
5  = x = 1 Thus the vertex is at
The x -intercepts are (2, 0 ) and  ,0  2
3 
(from the intercept form), and the y -
(1, f (1) ) = (1, ( −3) × 3) = (1, −9) .
intercept is ( 0,10 ) (from the standard 5 a i The vertex is at (3, −2 ) .
form). ii The axis of symmetry is at x = 3 .
c f ( x )=
1 2
2
(
x + 6x + 8 =
1
2
)
( x + 2) ( x + 4) . b f ( x ) = x2 − 6 x + 7
The x -intercepts are − (2,0 ) and c B is the y -intercept of the graph, and
( −4, 0) (from the intercept form), and (

its coordinates are 0, ( −3) − 2 =
2
(0,7) . )
the y -intercept is ( 0, 4 ) (from the d By symmetry, p = 6 as 6 − 3 = 3 − 0 .
standard form).
6 a h (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 2 ( x − 2) − 3
d f (x) =− ( x − 4) ( 4x − 2)
= x2 − 6 x + 5
 1
−4 ( x − 4 )  x − 
= 6
 2 b The axis of symmetry lies at x =− =3
2
1 
The x -intercepts are ( 4, 0 ) and  ,0  c The vertex is at
2  ( )
3, h (3) = (3, 9 − 18 + 5) = (3, −4 ) .
(from the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −8 ) (from the standard d h (x) =( x − 5) ( x − 1)
form). e The graph is the same as that of h ( x ) ,
2 a f ( x ) = 4 x + 16 x − 20 . The x -
2 but reflected about the x -axis.
intercepts are (1, 0 ) and ( −5, 0 ) (from
the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −20 ) (from the standard
form).
b f (x) =
−2 x 2 − 16 x − 14 . The x -
intercepts are ( −7, 0 ) and ( −1, 0 ) (from
the intercept form), and the y -
intercept is ( 0, −14 ) (from the standard
Exercise 3O
form).
1 a The vertex is at (2, −16 ) and the y -
3 a f (x) =
−3x 2 − 6 x − 9 . The vertex is at
intercept is at ( 0, −12 ) . Thus
( −1, −6 ) (from the vertex form) and the
2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 16 , and
y -intercept is ( 0, −9 ) .
2
−12 = a ( −2 ) − 16 = 4a − 16 . Thus a = 1
1 2
b f ( x )= x − 4 x + 11 . The vertex is at . In standard form,
2
( 4,3) (from the vertex form) and the f (x) = ( x − 2)2 − 16 = x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 16
y -intercept is ( 0,11) . = x 2 − 4 x − 12

Worked solutions
b f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) ( x + 3) from the x - 3 a The vertex is at ( 4, 80 ) . The model

a * ( 1) * 3 =
intercepts. 3 =− −3a . Thus rocket is predicted to reach a maximum
of 80 m, 4 s after it is launched.
a = −1 . In standard form,
f (x) =− ( x − 1) ( x + 3) =− x2 − 2x + 3 .
(t ) at (t − 8) .
b In intercept form, h=
Inserting the coordinates of the vertex,
c f ( x ) = a ( x − 5) ( x − 1) from the x - we obtain 80 = a × 4 × ( −4 ) =−16a .
intercepts. −12 =a * ( −1) * 3 =−3a . Thus a = −5 . Overall, h ( t ) =
−5t ( t − 8 )
Thus a = 4 . In standard form, 0≤t≤8
f ( x )= 4 ( x − 5) ( x − 1)= 4 x 2 − 24 x + 20 . c h (2.4 ) =−5 × 2.4 × ( −5.6 ) = 67.2 .
d The vertex is at (2, −6 ) . Thus Therefore, the rocket is predicted to be
67.20 metres high.
2
f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) − 6 , and
2
6 = a (2 ) − 6 = 4a − 6 . Thus a = 3 . In Exercise 3P
standard form, 1 a x2 − 4x + 3 = ( x − 3) ( x − 1) . Thus x =1
2
f ( x )= 3 ( x − 2 ) 2
− 6= 3x − 12 x + 6 . or x = 3 .
e f ( x ) = a ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) from the x - b x 2 − x − 20 = ( x − 5) ( x + 4) . Thus x =5
a * ( −1) * 6 =
intercepts. 3 = −6a . Thus or x = −4 .
1 c x 2 − 8 x + 12 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 2 ) . Thus
a= − . In standard form,
2 x = 2 or x = 6 .
1 1 3
f (x) = − ( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) =− x2 − x + 5 d x 2 − 121 =( x − 11) ( x + 11) . Thus x = 11
2 2 2
or x = −11 .
f The vertex is at ( −10, 60 ) . Thus
2
e x 2 + x − 42 = ( x − 6 ) ( x + 7) . Thus x =6
f ( x ) = a ( x + 10 ) + 60 , and or x = −7 .
2
45 = a ( −5) + 60 =25a + 60 . Thus f
2
x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) . Thus x = 4 .
3
a= − . In standard form,
5 2 a 2 x 2 + x − 3= (2x + 3) ( x − 1) . Thus
3 3 3
f ( x ) − ( x + 10
=
5
=)2 + 60 − 5 x2 − 12x . x = 1 or x = − .
2
2 a In intercept form, b 3x 2 + 5x − 12 = (3x − 4) ( x + 3) . Thus
f ( x ) = a ( x − 3) ( x + 1) Therefore, the
4
3 −1 x = or x = −3 .
axis of symmetry is at =x = 1. 3
2
b The vertex is at (1, 4 ) as x = 1 is the
c 4 x 2 + 11x + 6 = ( x + 2) ( 4x + 3) . Thus
3
axis of symmetry and 4 the maximum x = −2 or x = − .
value. 4
 7  7 7
d 9 x 2 − 49 =  x −   x +  . Thus x =
c Since the vertex is at (1, 4 ) , h = 1 and  3  3 3
2 7
k = 4 . So f ( x ) = a ( x − 1) + 4 . As we or x = − .
3
also know that f (3) = 0 , 4a + 4 =
0 and
e 4 x 2 1
− 6 x
+ 7= (2x − 7) (2x − 1) . Thus
thus a = −1 . So f ( x ) =− ( x − 1) + 4
2
7 1
x = or x = .
d g ( x )= f ( x − 4 ) − 5 2 2
2
f 12 x 2 + 11x − 5= (3x − 1) ( 4x + 5) . Thus
=− ( x − 5) − 1
1 5
or x = − .
(
− x 2 − 10 x + 25 − 1
= ) x =
3 4
2
=− x + 10 x − 26

Worked solutions
Exercise 3Q 4
2
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = ( x − 5) = 27 . Thus
1 a (x 2
)
− x − 20 − (2 x + 8 ) = x − 3x − 28 2
± 27 + 5 .
x =
=( x − 7) ( x + 4) 5 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 =− x + 5
Thus x = 7 or x = −4 . 4x 2 + 4x =
3
b (2 x 2
) (
− 3x − 8 − − x 2 + 2 x ) (
4 x2 + x =
3 )
2
 1
4x +  =
4
= 3x − 5x − 8=2
(3x − 8) ( x + 1)  2
2
8  1
Thus x = or x = −1 . x +  = 1
3  2
c ( 4x 2
) (
+ 20 − 3x 2 + 10 x − 4 ) 1
x =− ± 1
2
= x 2 − 10 x + 24 = ( x − 6 ) ( x − 4 )  3 3
f −  = + 5 = 6.5
 2 2
Thus x = 4 or x = 6 .
1 1
d (3x 2
)
+ 15x + ( x + 5)
f   =− + 5 =4.5
2 2
6 (1.18, 7.35), (−1.96, 1.07)
= 3x 2 + 16 x + 5= (3x + 1) ( x + 5)
7 (1, 5)
1 8 (2.72, 7.64), (0.613, −0.0872)
Thus x = − or x = −5 .
3 9 x = −0.802, 1.80
e 3 ( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) − (5 x ) 10 x = −2.91, 0.915
= 3x 2 − 5x − 12 = (3x + 4 ) ( x − 3) Exercise 3S
4 2
Thus x = − or x = 3 . b 2
3 1  =
 6= 36 . Therefore consider
2
−15
f For x ≠ 0, x + 8 = if and only if x 2 + 12 x + 36 =2 + 36 =38 . This factorises
x
2
x2 + 8x =
−15. to ( x + 6 ) =
38 , giving x =−6 ± 38
x 2 + 8 x + 15 = ( x + 3) ( x + 5) and thus 2 2
b  3 9
2   =  −  =. Therefore consider
x = −3 or x = −5 . 2  2 4
2 a (f og) ( x ) = (2x + 1)2 − 2 9 9 17
x 2 − 3x + = 2 + = . This factorises to
4 4 4
= 4x2 + 4x + 1 − 2 = 4x2 + 4x − 1 2
 3 17
b ( 4x 2
) (
+ 4 x − 1 − x 2 + 5x + 3 ) x −  =
 2 4
, giving
± 17 3 3 ± 17
= 3x 2 − x − 4= (3x − 4) ( x + 1) x
= +=
4 2 2
4
Thus x = or x = −1 . 3 x2 − 6 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
3
2
b
x2 − 6 x = (−3)2 =
−4 .   = 9 . Therefore
Exercise 3R 2
2 consider x 2 − 6 x + 9 =−4 + 9 =5 . This
1 x 2 − 8 x + 16 = ( x − 4 ) = 10 . Thus
2
factorises to ( x − 3) =
5 , giving x= 3 ± 5
± 10 + 4 .
x =
2 4 x 2 − 12 x + 4 =
0 is equivalent to
2 x 2 + 20 x + 100 =( x + 10 ) =15 . Thus
2
b
± 15 − 10 .
x = x 2 − 12 x =
−4 .  (−6)2 =
 = 36 .
2
2
3 x 2 + 12 x + 36 = ( x + 6 ) = 12 . Thus Therefore consider
± 12 − 6 .
x = x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 32 . This
−4 + 36 =

Worked solutions
factorises to ( x − 6 ) =
2
32 , giving 4 6 x ( x + 8) =
12 is equivalent to
2
x =±
6 32 =±
6 4 2 b
x ( x + 8) = x2 + 8x = 2 .  =

2
4= 16 .
5 x 2 + 5x − 4 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + 5x =
4 2
2 2 Therefore consider
b 5 25
=  =  . Therefore consider x 2 + 8 x + 16 =2 + 16 =18 . This factorises
2
  2
  4 2
to ( x + 4 ) =
18 , giving
25 25 41
x 2 + 5x + =4 + = . This factorises
4 4 4 x =−4 ± 18 =−4 ± 3 2 .
2
 5 41 1
to  x +  =, giving 5 2x2 + x − 6 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + x =
3
 2 4 2
2 2
± 415 −5 ± 41 b 1 1
x
= −= . =  = . Therefore consider
4 2 2 2 4 16
1 1 1 49
6 x 2 + x − 11 =
0 is equivalent to x 2 + x =
11 x2 + x + =3+ = . This factorises
2 16 16 16
2 2
b 1 1 2
=  =  . Therefore consider  1 49
2
  2
  4 to  x +  =, giving
 4 16
1 1 45
x 2 + x + = 11 + = . This factorises to ± 49 1 −1 ± 49 −1 ± 7
4 4 4 x
= −= = . This
2 16 4 4 4
 1 45
 x +  =, giving means that x is either
3
or −2 .
 2  4
2
± 45 1 −1 ± 45 −1 ± 3 5
x
= −= = 6 2 x ( x + 8 ) + 12 =
0 is equivalent to
4 2 2 2
2
b
x ( x + 8) =x2 + 8x =−6 .  =

2
4= 16 .
Exercise 3T 2
Therefore consider
1 2 x 2 + 16 x =
10 is equivalent to
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = 10 . This factorises
−6 + 16 =
2
b 2 2
x2 + 8x =
5.  = 4= 16 . Therefore to ( x + 4 ) =
10 , giving x =−4 ± 10 .
2
 
7 a Revenue is equal to cost when
consider x 2 + 8 x + 16 =5 + 16 =21 . This
2
R ( x ) = C ( x ) , i. e. when
factorises to ( x + 4 ) =
21 , giving
35x − 0.25x 2 =
300 + 15x .
x =−4 ± 21 .
b This is equivalent to
2 5x 2 − 30 x =
10 is equivalent to −0.25x 2 + 20 x =
300 , which is in turn
2
b equivalent to x 2 − 80 x =
−1200 .
x2 − 6 x =
2.   =( −3)2 =9 . Therefore
2 b
2
2
consider x − 6 x + 9 = 2 + 9 = 11 . This
  =
2
( −40)2 =
1600 . Therefore
 
factorises to ( x − 3) =
2
11 , giving consider
x 2 − 80 x + 1600 = 400 .
−1200 + 1600 =
x= 3 ± 11 .
2
2
This factorises to ( x − 40 ) =
400 ,
3 6 x − 12 x − 3 =0 is equivalent to
2 giving x = 40 ± 400 = 40 ± 20 = 20,60 .
1 b
x2 − 2x =.   =( −1)2 =
1 . Therefore
c The break-even points lie at x = 20 and
2 2
x = 60 .
1 3
consider x 2 − 2 x + 1 = +1 = . This d We will want to find where the
2 2
maximum of the equation
2 3
factorises to ( x − 1) = , giving ( x ) R ( x ) − C ( x ) lies. This will just
P=
2
3 be the coordinates of the vertex, since
x= 1 ± . the leading coefficient is negative.
2
(x) R (x) − C (x)
P=
−0.25x 2 + 20 x − 300
=

Worked solutions
In vertex form, this is −5 ± 25 + 144 −5 ± 169

2 3 a x
= =
P (x) =
−0.25 ( x − 40 ) + 100 . Thus, the 12 12
maximal profit is reached at 40 −5 ± 13 2 3
subscribers. = ; that is, x = or x = − .
12 3 2
e As seen from the vertex form above,
the vertex has coordinates (40,100) 4 ± 16 − 8 4± 8 2± 2
b x = =
− =
and therefore the maximal profit is 4 4 2
equal to 100 thousand Euros. −2 ± 4 + 16
c x= = 1± 5
−2
Exercise 3U 4 a c = −2
−4 ± 16 + 8 24
1 a x =
2
=−2 ±
2
=−2 ± 6 b 2 x 2 − 4 x −= (
2 2 x2 − 2x − 1 )
2
=b x
8 ± 64 − 60 8 ± 2
= ; that is, x = 1 = 2 ( x − 1) − 4 . Therefore the vertex is
6 6
at (1, −4 ) .
5
or x = .
3 c Using the quadratic formula:
4 ± 16 + 16
5 ± 25 + 16 5 ± 41 x= = 1 ± 2 . Therefore
=c x = 4
4 4
r = 1 and s = 2 .
2 a x 2 + 3x − 9 =
0 . Thus
−3 ± 9 + 36 −3 ± 45 Exercise 3V
x = = −
2 2 2
1 a ∆ = ( −5) − 4 × 1 × 9 = 25 − 36 = −11 .
−3 ± 3 5
= Therefore the equation has no real
2
roots.
b 3x 2 − 4 x − 2 =
0 . Thus
b ∆= 72 − 4 × 6 × ( −3=
) 49 + 72= 121 .
4 ± 16 + 24 4 ± 40 2 ± 10
x = =
− = Therefore the equation has two distinct
6 6 3
real roots.
c − x2 + 2x + 2 =
0 . Thus 2
c ∆ = ( −4 ) − 4 × 1 × 15 = 16 − 60 = −44 .
−2 ± 4 + 8
x= = 1± 3 Therefore the equation has no real
−2 roots.
d 3x 2 + 4 x + 10 =
0 . Thus d ∆= 42 − 4 × 3 × ( −8=
) 16 + 96= 112 .
−4 ± 16 − 120 −4 ± −104 Therefore the equation has two distinct
=x = . As -
6 6 real roots.
104 has no real square root, the
equation has no real solution. e ∆ = ( −4)2 − 4 × 1 × 4 = 16 − 16 = 0 .
Therefore the equation has two equal
e −2 x 2 + 10 x − 9 =
0 . Thus
real roots.
−10 ± 100 − 72 5 ± 7
=x = f
2
∆ = ( −1) − 4 × 5 × 10 = 1 − 200 = −199 .
−4 2
Therefore the equation has no real
f 2x2 − 9x + 9 =
0 . Thus roots.
9 ± 81 − 72 9±3
x = = − ; that is, 2 a ∆ = 32 − 4k = 9 − 4k . This is positive
4 4
9
3 whenever k < .
x = 3 or x = . 4
2
∆ 202 − 20=
b = k 400 − 20k . This is
g ( x + 3) ( x + 1=) 2 x ( x − 1) . This is
positive whenever k < 20 .
equivalent to x 2 + 4 x + 3= 2 x 2 − 2 x ,
3 a ∆= 52 − 4 p= 25 − 4 p . This is 0 if and
which simplifies to x 2 − 6 x − 3 =0 . Thus
25
6 ± 36 + 12 only if p = .
x = 3
=± 3 2 3.
12 =± 4
2

Worked solutions
2 As the parabola described by ∆ is concave

b ( −12) − 12p =
∆ = 144 − 12 p . This is 0
1
if and only if p = 12 . up, this is negative if and only if 0 < m <
9
c ∆ = ( −2p )2 − 32 = 4 p2 − 32 . This is 0 if 5=∆ 36k 2 − 4k ( k +
= 2 ) 32k 2 − 8k
and only if p2 = 8 , which holds for = 8k ( 4k − 1) . The zeroes of this equation
± 8=
p= ±2 2 . 1
are at k = 0 and k = . As the parabola
2 4
d ∆ =( −3p ) + 8p =9p + 8p =p (9p + 8) .
2
described by ∆ is concave up, this is
This is 0 if and only if p = 0 or 1
positive if and only if k < 0 or k > .
8 4
p= − .
9 6 a ∆= p2 − 48
4 a ∆ = ( −2)2 − 4m = 4 − 4m . This is b As the graph has no x -intercepts,
negative if and only if m > 1 . p2 − 48 < 0 . This means that
b ∆ = ( −6 )2 − 12m = 36 − 12m . This is − 48 < p < 48 , which can be
negative if and only if m > 3 . simplified as −4 3 < p < 4 3 .
c ∆= 5 − 4 ( m − 2=
2
) 33 − 4m . This is c As 62 = 36 < 48 < 49 = 72 , m = 6 .
33
negative if and only if m > .  4
4 d 3x 2 + 6 x +=
4 3  x2 + 2x + 
 3 
 2 1 2
Exercise 3W = 3  ( x + 1) +  = 3 ( x + 1) + 1
 3 
1 a We need to find the x -intercepts. By
the quadratic formula, Thus a = 3 , h = −1 and k = 1
−5 ± 25 + 24 −5 ± 7
= x = . Since the
6 6 Exercise 3X
coefficient of x 2 is positive, the 1
parabola will be concave up. Thus the 1 24
= h (2h + 4 )
2
inequality is satisfied whenever x ≤ −2
1 48 2h2 + 4h
=
or x ≥
3 2h2 + 4h − 48 =
0
b x 2 ≤ 5 if and only if − 5 ≤ x ≤ 5 . h2 + 2h − 24 = 0
(h + 6)(h − 4) =0
c This is equivalent to x 2 + 4 x − 6 < 0 . By
= 4, −6
h
the quadratic formula,
h must be positive
−4 ± 16 + 24
x = =−2 ± 10. So h = 4 m
2
As the parabola is concave up, the b = 2h + 4 = 12 m
inequality is satisfied whenever 2 a 2 + 20(3) − 4.9(32 ) =
h(3) = 17.9 m
−2 − 10 < x < −2 + 10 .
b 2 + 20t − 4.9t 2 =
6
2 a x ≤ −0.245 or x ≥ 12.2
4.9t 2 − 20t + 4 =
0
2
b − ≤ x ≤3 20 ± 400 − 78.4
3 t =
9.8
c −0.890 ≤ x ≤ 1.26
t = 0.211 seconds, 3.87 seconds
3 a = k 2 − 16 . This is positive whenever
∆
b 20
k > 4 or k < −4 . c Maximum height when: t =
− =
2a 9.8
∆ 4k 2 − 12 . This is positive whenever
b = 2
 20   20 
k > 3 or k < − 3 . 2 + 20 
h=  − 4.9  
 9.8   9.8 
4= 4m m (36m − 4 ) . The zeroes
∆ 36m2 −= h = 22.4 metres
1 3 a Fare
= 5.50 − 0.05x
of this equation are at m = 0 and m = .
9
b Number of riders
= 800 + 10x
Worked solutions
(5.50 − 0.05x ) (800 + 10x )

c Revenue = Chapter review
1 a
= 4400 − 40 x + 55x − 0.5x 2
= 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2
d 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 =
4500
0= 0.5x 2 − 15x + 100
x = 10,20
10 or 20 decreases
e 4400 + 15x − 0.5x 2 > 0
Using GDC: x < 110
− ( x − 2) + 4 =
2
4 a y = − x(x − 4)
or y =− x 2 + 4x
b If the center of the object is aligned
with the center of the archway, it spans
form x = 0.5 to x = 3.5 . Evaluating
the function at x = 0.5 and x = 3.5
gives 1.75. Since 1.6 < 1.75, the object
will fit through the archway.
5 a A ( x=
) x (155 − x=) 155x − x 2 b
b Maximum area occurs at:
−b 155
=x = = 77.5
2a 2
310 − 2(77.5)
= w = 77.5
2
Dimension: 77.5 metres by 77.5 metres
c No; The touchline would not be longer
than the goal line and 77.5 metres is
less that the minimum of 90 metres for
the touchline.
d 90 ≤ x ≤ 120 (If the goal line
restrictions are also taken into
consideration the answer is
90 ≤ x ≤ 110 .
e Maximum occurs when x = 90
310 − 2(90) 310 − 180
=w = = 65
2 2
Area = 90 × 65 =
5850 m2
c

Worked solutions
2 − −1 3 1 −b 4
2a m= = = − c Axis of symmetry: = = −2
−4 − 8 −12 4 2a −2
1 x = −2
y − 2 =−(x + 4)
4 y-intercept found from the function:
1 1
y −2 =
− x −1 ⇒ y =
4
− x +1
4
(0, 6 )
1 6 a 3x 2 + 18 x + 20 = 3(x 2 + 6 x ) + 20
b =
y x −5
2
= 3(( x + 3) − 9) + 20
2
−1 3
c=m = 3 ( x + 3) − 27 + 20
2
=
 2 2
− 3
= 3 ( x + 3) − 7
2
 
3 i a=3 ii h = −3 iii k = −7
y − 4=
2
( x − 2)
3 3 b ( −3, −7 )
y − 4= x − 3 ⇒ y= x +1
2 2 c ( −3 + 5, −7 − 3) =(2, −10)
d y = −4
( x − 3)
2
7 a 64
=
3 a f (1) = 3 , f (2) = 3
b x − 3 =±8
x = −5,11
( x + 2)
2
b 7
=
x + 2 =± 7
x =−2 − 7, −2 + 7
c x 2 + 14 x + 49 =
0
(x + 7)2 = 0 ⇒ x = −7
d x 2 + x − 12 =
0
(x + 4)(x − 3) =
0⇒x =−4,3
e 3x 2 + 4 x − 7 =
0
7
4 a Vertical stretch with scale factor 2, (3x + 7)(
= x − 1) 0 ⇒ x = 1, −
horizontal translation right 3 3
b Vertical dilation with scale factor 8 Equal real root: b2 − 4ac =
0
1
, vertical translation up 5 2 16 4 4
2 9k= ⇒ k2
− 16 0= − ,
⇒k =
9 3 3
c Reflection in the x-axis, horizontal
9 From the x-intercepts:
translation left 2, vertical translation
down 1 f (x ) = a(x + 4)(x − 2) = ax 2 + 2ax − 8a
1 From the y -intercept:
d Horizontal dilation with scale factor
3 −8a = −16 ⇒ a = 2
e Reflection in the y-axis, vertical f (x ) = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 16
translation up 6
10 Using GDC solver
5 a x − intercepts: 2(x − 3)(x + 7) =
0
a −0.679 , 3.68 b −4.92 , 1.42
⇒ x = 3, −7 ∴ (3, 0 ) ,(−7, 0) 11 a t = 0, h = 18 m
Axis of symmetry occurs b Maximum height occurs when:
at midpoint of x-intercepts −b 13
x
= =
3 + −7 2a 9.8
x = ⇒x =−2
2  13   13 
2
h=
18 + 13   − 4.9  
b Found from the function  9.8   9.8 
Axis of symmetry: x = 4, Vertex: ( 4,2 ) h = 26.6 m

Worked solutions
c 18 + 13t − 4.9t 2 =
0 6 ± 208
x = A1
t = −1.00,3.66 as t > 0 2
Time taken = 3.66 seconds x= 3 ± 52 A1

d 0 ≤ t ≤ 3.66 x= 3 ± 2 13 A1
e 18 + 13t − 4.9t =
23 2
b Using GDC
2
−4.9t + 13t − 5 =0 3 − 2 13 ≤ x ≤ 3 + 2 13 M1A1
t = 0.4667..,2.1863..
16 a 3 ( x − 1) − 18
2
(
= 3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 − 18 )
2.1863.. – 0.4667.. = 1.72 seconds
M1
12 a A ( −4, 0 ) ; B ( 0,7 ) ; C ( 4, 0 )
2
= 3x − 6 x − 15 A1
7−0 7
b m= = − b (1, −18) A1
0−4 4
c x =1 A1
7 7 d f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≥ −18 A1A1
y − 0 =− (x − 4) ⇒ y =− x + 7
4 4
( )
2
e g ( x=
) 3 ( x − 2) − 1 − 18 − 1 M1A1
c 2p cm by −1.75p + 7 cm
= 3 ( x − 3) − 19
2
2 p ( −1.75p + 7 ) =
d Area = −3.5p2 + 14 p
e Maximum area occurs when (

= 3 x 2 − 6 x + 9 − 19 )
−b 14
p
= = = 2 = 3x 2 − 18 x + 8 A1
2a 7
17 a 2
8x + 6 x − 5 =0
So dimensions are 4 cm by 3.5 cm
f Area = 4 × 3.5 =
14 cm2 ( 4x + 5) (2x − 1) =
0 M1A1
13 a −7 x − 12y + 168 =
0 5
4 x + 5 =0 ⇒ x =− A1
12y =−7 x + 168 M1 4
7x 1
y =
− + 14 A1 2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = A1
12 2
b A (24, 0 ) and B ( 0,14 ) A1A1 b 8x 2 + 6 x − 5 − k =0
1 No real solutions
c Area = × 24 × 14 =168 units2 M1A1
2 ⇒ b2 − 4ac < 0 M1
14 a
36 − 4 × 8 × ( −5 − k ) < 0 A1
36 + 32 (5 + k ) < 0
36 36
5+k < − ⇒ k <− −5
32 32
9 40 49
k <− − ⇒ k <− A1
8 8 8
18 a x 2 − 10 x + 27
= ( x − 5) − 25 + 27
2
M1A1
= ( x − 5) + 2
2
A1
b Coordinates of the vertex is (5,2 )

M1A1
A1
b (0,5.9) and ( −0.885, 0 ) A1A1 c Equation of symmetry is x = 5 A1
c −1.1 ≤ f ( x ) ≤ 7.35 A1A1
−b ± b2 − 4ac
15 a x = M1
2a

Worked solutions
19 a At (10, 0 ) , 0 = 102 + 10b + c , so

10b + c =−100 M1A1
b
Line of symmetry is x = − , so b = −5
2
A1
Solving simultaneously gives
−50 + c =−100
So c = −50 A1
Therefore the equation is
y = x 2 − 5x − 50
b Setting x = 0 gives the y-intercept of
(0, −50) A1
Setting y = 0 and solving gives the x-
intercept of ( −5, 0 ) A1
20 a f ( x )= 2  x 2 − 2 x − 4 M1
= 2 ( x − 1) − 1 − 4
2
A1
 
= 2 ( x − 1) − 5
2
 
= 2 ( x − 1) − 10
2
A1
b A horizontal translation right 1 unit

A1
A vertical stretch with scale factor 2
A1
A vertical translation down 10 units
A1
21 a Two real roots ⇒ b2 − 4ac =
0 M1
36 − 4 (2k ) ( k ) =
0 A1
36 − 8k 2 =
0
36 9 3
2
k= = ⇒ k = ± A1A1
8 2 2
b Equation of line of symmetry is
b 6 3
x =− = − =− M1A1
2a 4k 2k
3 3
Therefore =1 ⇒ k = A1
2k 2
c k = 2 ⇒ 4x 2 + 6 x + 2 = 0
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 =0
(2x + 1) ( x + 1) =
0 M1
1
x =
− or x =
−1 A1A1
2
22 a A′ ( −6,10 ) , B′ ( 0, −16 ) , C ′ (1, 9 )
and D′ (7, −10 ) A4
b A (12,13) , B ( 0, −13) , C ( −2,12 )
and D ( −14, −7 ) A4

Worked solutions
4 Equivalent representations:
rational functions
Skills check Exercise 4B
1 a x = −5 b x =6 1 a
5
c 2x = 5 ⇒ x =
2
2
Exercise 4A
1 1 1
1 a b c −
3 5 2
1 5 7
d − =−1 e f
1 3 22
9 1 1 4
g − h
= =
8 3 2 ⋅ 4 + 3 11
2
4 4
3 1 2 1
2 a 1.5 = ⇒ = b
2 1.5 3 x
1 1 4 c
c d e
2x 4y 3x
t 4d
f g h
d 3
x −3
x +2
1 4
3 a 4⋅ = =1
4 4
7 11 7 ⋅ 11 77
b ⋅ = = = 1
11 7 7 ⋅ 11 77
2 x 2x
c ⋅ = = 1
x 2 2x
x − 1 x − 2 (x − 1)(x − 2)
d =
⋅ = 1
x − 2 x − 1 (x − 1)(x − 2)
© Oxford University Press 2019 Mixed review 1

Worked solutions
2 c
3 a d The curves are in the opposite

quadrants. The negative reflects the
function in the x-axis.
4 x = 0, y = 0
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0
Exercise 4C
2 2
1 a x =2 ⇒ y = = =1
x 2
b y =4
2
y =
x
2
=4
x
2
x =
4
x = 0.5
Chamse spends 30 seconds brushing
her teeth.

Worked solutions
2 a and c 1
b y =
x −5
The vertical asymptote is at
x = −(−5) = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 5.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.
−1
c y =
x−4
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 0.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
1000 The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.

b l = 10 ⇒ v = = 100 Hz
10 5
d y =
c A string 5 cm long has vibrations of x +5
frequency 200 Hz. The vertical asymptote is at
64 x +5 = 0 ⇔ x =−5 and the horizontal
3 a =
y = 4 videos of length 16
16 asymptote at y = 0.
minutes The domain is
64 x ∈ ¡ , x + 5 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −5.
b y = is the equation that models
x The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.
the number of videos of x minutes.
12
c and d e=y +2
x +1
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 2.
The domain is
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.
12
f=y −2
x +1
x + 1 =0 ⇔ x =−1 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −2.
The domain is
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
1.33 minutes The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {−2}.
4
g=y +2
Exercise 4D x −3
1 The vertical asymptote is at
1 a y =
x +1 x − 3 = 0 ⇔ x = 3 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = 2.
The vertical asymptote is at x = −1
and the horizontal asymptote at y = 0. The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 3 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 3.
The domain is The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.
x ∈ ¡ , x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ −1.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {0}.
Worked solutions
−4 d x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −5 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1
h
= y −4
x−4
x − 4 = 0 ⇔ x = 4 and the horizontal
asymptote at y = −4.
The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4.
The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {−4}.
2 a x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0
e x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −0.5 y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0
b x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0
f x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 0
c x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1

Worked solutions
g x ∈ ¡ ,x ≠ 2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 2 1000
6=
0.6c + 330
6(0.6c + 330) =1000
3.6c + 1980 = 1000
1000 − 1980
c =
3.6
c = −272.22o
200
5 a c =
s −5
s − 5 = 0 ⇔ s = 5 and the horizontal
asymptote at c = 0.
h x ∈ ¡ ,x ≠ 2 y ∈ ¡ ,y ≠ 1
b 15 sessions.
6
3 a 2: Translation of 2 units right

b 5: Reflection in y = 0 and a translation
of 2 units right
c 1: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units up
d 4: Translation of 2 units right and 2
units down
e 3: Translation of 2 units right and
vertical stretch by a factor of 3
4 a
b 5.56 The linear function is a line of symmetry

for the rational function. The linear
c t =6
function crosses the x-axis at the same
place as the vertical asymptote.

Worked solutions
Exercise 4E 2 i B
x +1 a=
1, b =
−3, c =
1, d =
2
1 a y = ⇒a=1, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 d
Vertical asymptote: x =− =−2
The vertical asymptote is at c
d (−1) a
x = − = − =1 and the horizontal Horizontal asymptote: y= = 1
c 1 c
a 1 ii A
asymptote at y= = = 1
c 1 =a 0,
= b 4,
= c 1,
= d 0
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 1. d
Vertical asymptote: x =− =0
c
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 1.
a
Horizontal asymptote: y= = 0
2x + 3 c
b y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 3, c= 1, d= 1
x +1 iii D
The vertical asymptote is at a=
−2, b =
3, c =
1, d =
2
d 1 d
x =− =− =−1 and the horizontal Vertical asymptote: x =− =−2
c 1 c
a 2 a
asymptote at y= = = 2. Horizontal asymptote: y = = −2
c 1 c
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −1. iv C
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2. a= 2, b = −3, c =
1, d =2
d
6x − 1 Vertical asymptote: x = − = −2
c y = ⇒a=6, b =−1, c =2, d =4 c
2x + 4 a
Horizontal asymptote: y= = 2
The vertical asymptote is at c
d 4
x = − = − = −2 and the horizontal x−p
c 2 3 y = ⇒a=1, b =− p, c =1, d =−q
x −q
a 6
asymptote at y= = = 3. The vertical asymptote is at
c 2
d (−q)
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2. x = − = − =q and the horizontal
c 1
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 3. a 1
asymptote at y= = = 1.
2 − 3x c 1
d y = ⇒a=−3, b =2, c =−4, d =5
5 − 4x Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ q.
The vertical asymptote is at Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 1.
d 5 4 a
x = − = − =1.25 and the
c (−4)
horizontal asymptote at
a −3
y= = = 0.75.
c −4
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 1.25.
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0.75.
9x − 2
e y = ⇒a=9, b =−2, c =−3, d =6
6 − 3x
d 6
x = − = − =2 and the horizontal
c (−3)
a 9
asymptote at y = = = −3.
c (−3)
Domain x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 2.
Range y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −3.

Worked solutions
b 2x − 3 x + 6
b =
x +1 x −2
(2 x − 3)(x − 2) = (x + 1)(x + 6)
2 x 2 − 3x − 4 x + 6 = x 2 + 6 x + x + 6
x 2 − 14 x =
0
x(x − 14) =
0
So x = 0 and x = 14.
5 10
c 7− =
x −2 x +2
7(x − 2) − 5 10
=
x −2 x +2
c 7 x − 19 10
=
x −2 x +2
(7 x − 19)(x + 2)= 10(x − 2)
7 x 2 + 14 x − 19 x − 38 = 10 x − 20
7 x 2 − 15x − 18 =
0
(x − 3)(7 x + 6) =
0
6
So x = 3 and x = − .
7
x +5 6
d = 1+
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +1+ 6
==
x +8 x +1
x +5 x +7
=
x + 8 x +1
d
(x + 5)(x + 1) = (x + 8)(x + 7)
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = x 2 + 15x + 56
9 x + 51 = 0
51 17
x =
− =
−
9 3
6 x = 3 is the extraneous solution.
Therefore the solution to Will’s
equation is x = 2.
x +3
7 a f (x) =
x −2
y +3
x =
y −2
5 x +7 x(y − 2) = y + 3
5 a + 2
=
2x x + 4 xy − 2 x =y + 3
xy − y = 2 x + 3
5(x + 4) + 2 x(x + 7)
=2 y(x − 1) = 2 x + 3
2 x(x + 4)
2x + 3
5x + 20 + 2 x 2 + 14 x= 4 x(x + 4) y =
x −1
2 x 2 + 19 x + 20 = 4 x 2 + 16 x 2x + 3
−1
2 x 2 − 3x − 20 =
0 f (x) =
x −1
2 x 2 − 8 x + 5x − 20 =
0
2 x(x − 4) + 5(x − 4) =0
(x − 4)(2 x + 5) = 0
−5
So x = 4 and x = .
2

Worked solutions
7 − 2x 20 + 10m
b f (x) = 9 a C (m) = as 20 is the initial
x m
7 − 2y cost and them for every month there is
x = another 10 AUD cost.
y
xy= 7 − 2y b
y(x + 2) = 7
7
y =
x +2
7
f −1(x ) =
x +2
1 + 7x
c f (x) =
9−x
1 + 7y
x =
9−y
x(9 − y ) =1 + 7y
9 x − xy = 1 + 7y
y(7 + x ) = 9 x − 1
c 4 months
9x − 1
y = d The price will get closer to the
7+x
9x − 1 horizontal asymptote y = 10.
f −1(x ) =
x +7 6
10 a f (x=
) m+
5 − 11x x−n
d f (x) =
x +6 m(x − n) + 6
=
5 − 11y x−n
x = mx − mn + 6
y +6 =
x−n
x(y + 6) =5 − 11y
a=m
xy + 6 x =5 − 11y
b= 6 − mn
y(x + 11) = 5 − 6x
c =1
5 − 6x
y = d = −n
x + 11
5 − 6x The vertical asymptote is at
f −1(x ) =
x + 11 d (−n)
x = − = − =n= 5.
8 a and c c 1
Hence n = 5.
b f (7) = 7
6 6
f (7) =
m+ m+
=
7−5 2
f (7) = m + 3 = 7
m=4
c The vertical asymptote is at
a 4
x= = = 4.
c 1
4 4 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 2
11 a =
y 3
+= =
x −2 x −2 x −2
a=3
b 20
b = −2
10s + 500
c M(s)
= = 20 c =1
s
d = −2
10s + 500 =
20s
500 = 10s
s = 50
Worked solutions
The horizontal asymptote is at c f (x) = 0

a 3
y= = = 3. 2x + 1
c 1 =0
x −1
b The vertical asymptote is at 2x + 1 = 0
d (−2) 1
x = − = − =2. x = −
c 1 2
c The x-intercept is when y = 0. The x-intercept of f is at point
3x − 2 1
=0 (− , 0) = (−0.5, 0).
x −2 2
3x = 2 The point is 13 a g o f (x ) = g(f (x ))
2
x = x +2 1
3 (
= g= )
x +3 x +2
2 x +3
( , 0) = (0.667, 0).
3 x +3
=
The y-intercept is when x = 0. x +2
3⋅0 −2 −2 b
= = 1= y
0−2 −2
The point is (0,1).
d
x = −2.5
Chapter review
12 a 2
1 a y = ⇒ a = 0, b = 2, c = 1, d = 0
x
The horizontal asymptote is at
a 0
y= = = 0.
c 1
d 0
x = − = − = 0.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0
b 1
b y= ⇒ a= 0, b= 1, c = 1, d = 8
2x + 1 x +8
f (x) = ⇒a=2, b =1, c =1, d =−1
x −1 The horizontal asymptote is at
The horizontal asymptote is at a 0
y= = = 0.
a 2 c 1
y= = = 2.
c 1 The vertical asymptote is at
The vertical asymptote is at d 8
x = − = − = −8.
d (−1) c 1
x = − = − =1.
c 1 Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −8
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 0
Worked solutions
c 1− x
g y = ⇒a=−1, b =1, c =1, d =4
x x+4
y = ⇒a=1, b =0, c =2, d =−10
2 x − 10 The horizontal asymptote is at
a −1
y = = = −1.
The horizontal asymptote is at c 1
a 1
y= = . The vertical asymptote is at
c 2
d 4
x = − = − = −4.
The vertical asymptote is at c 1
d −10
x = − = − =5. Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −4
c 2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 5
2x − 1 2 x − 1 − 4(2 x + 6)
1 h=
y −4
=
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2x + 6 2x + 6
2
2 x − 1 − 8 x − 24 −6 x − 25
3 3 + 3(x − 2) 3x − 3 = =
d =
y 3
+= = 2x + 6 2x + 6
x −2 x −2 x −2 ⇒a= −6, b = −25, c =2, d =6
⇒a=3, b =−3, c =1, d =−2
The horizontal asymptote is at a −6
y = = = −3.
a 3 c 2
y= = = 3.
The vertical asymptote is at d 6
x = − = − = −3.
d −2 c 2
x = − = − =2.
c 1 Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −3
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ −3
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 3
2 a
2x
e y= ⇒ a= 2, b= 0, c= 1, d= −9
x −9
a 2
y= = = 2.
c 1
d −9
x = − = − =9.
c 1
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 9
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 2
8x − 5
f y = ⇒a=8, b =−5, c =2, d =4
2x + 4
a 8
y= = = 4.
c 2
d 4
x = − = − = −2.
c 2
Domain: x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
Range: y ∈ ¡ , y ≠ 4

Worked solutions
b The vertical asymptote is at

d −1
x = − = − =1.
c 1
1
b The x-intercept is ( , 0) = (0.5, 0) as:
2
f (x) = 0
2x − 1
=0
x −1
2x − 1 = 0
1
x =
2
The y-intercept is (0,1) as:
x =0
2⋅0 −1
f (0)
= = 1
0 −1
c c
d 4
1 1 + 2(x − 1) 2 x − 1 x = −1.5, 1
3 a f (x=
) 2
+= =
x −1 x −1 x −1 5 a 1.29, 2.71 b 2.71 c 1.27
⇒a=2, b =−1, c =1, d =−1 6 a f (x) = 0
The horizontal asymptote is at 2x − 8
=0
a 2 1− x
y= = = 2.
c 1 2x − 8 =0
8
x= = 4
2

Worked solutions
The x-intercept is therefore (4, 0).  1 

9 a The x-intercept is  − , 0 
2x − 8  2 
b f (x) =
1− x
⇒a=2, b =−8, c =−1, d =1
d 1
x = − = − =1.
c −1
c The horizontal asymptote is at
a 2
y = = = −2.
c −1
ax + b
7 a f (x) = b x = 2.5, y = 4
x −d
c 2.375 d 3.8
−d 2y + 1
x = − = d. 10 a x =
1 y −1
The horizontal asymptote is at x(y − 1) = 2y + 1

a xy − x = 2y + 1
y= = a.
1 y(x − 2) = x + 1
Hence 3 = d and 2 = a . x +1
y =
x −2
a+b 2+b x +1
b f (1) = = = −4
1−d 1−3 f −1(x ) =
x −2
2+b b
f (1) = = −4
−2
2+b = 8
b = 6.
5 5 + n(x − m)
8 a f (=
x) n
+=
x−m x−m
nx − mn + 5
=
x−m
a=
n, b =
−mn + 5, c =
1, d =
−m
c a = 2, b = 1, c = 1, d = −1
d −m
4=− =− =m
b f (0) = 7 d −1
x = − = − =1.
c 1
n ⋅ 0 − 4n + 5 −4n + 5
f (0)
= = = 7 The horizontal asymptote is at
0−4 −4
a 2
4n − 5 = 28 y= = = 2.
c 1
4n = 33
33 d f (x) = 0
n=
4 2x + 1
=0
33 x −1
4 33 2x + 1 = 0
c =
y =
1 4 1
x = −
2
1
The x-intercept is (− , 0).
2

Worked solutions
e f (x ) = f −1(x ) c g(x ) = 0
2x + 1 x + 1 1
= +3 = 0
x −1 x −2 x −3
(2 x + 1)(x − 2) = (x − 1)(x + 1) 1
= −3
2 x 2 − 3x − 2 = x 2 − 1 x −3
1
x 2 − 3x − 1 =0 x − 3 =−
3
−b ± b2 − 4ac 3 ± 9 + 4 1 8
=x1,2 = x =3 − =
2a 2 3 3
3 ± 13 The x-intercept is (2.67, 0).
= = -0.303,3.30
2
x =0
1 1 8
11 a f (x) = g(0) =− +3 =
x −2 3 3
1 The y-intercept is (0,2.67).
x =
y −2
1 1 + 3(x − 3)
xy − 2 x = 1 d g(x
= ) 3
+=
x −3 x −3
1 + 2x
y = 1 + 3x − 9 3x − 8
x = =
1 + 2x 1 x −3 x −3
f −1(x=) = +2
x x ⇒a=3, b =−8, c =1, d =−3
b The vertical asymptote is at
d −3
x = − = − =3.
c 1
a 3
y= = = 3.
c 1
e
1 1 + 2x
c =
x −2 x
(1 + 2 x )(x − 2)
x =
x = x + 2x 2 − 2 − 4x
2x 2 − 4x − 2 =
0
x 2 − 2x − 1 =0
−b ± b2 − 4ac 2± 8 13 a f (x
= ) 2x + 3
=x1,2 =
2a 2
x 2y + 3
=
x >2
2y= x − 3
Hence the solution is x = 2.41. x −3
y =
12 a 2
−1 x −3
f (x) =
2
x −3 5
b o f −1(x ) g=
g= ( )
2 x −3
4
2
5 5
= =
2(x − 3) 2 x − 6
5 5
c x =
0 ⇒ h(0) = =
−
1 2⋅0 −6 6
b =
g(x ) +3
x −3

Worked solutions
The y-intercept of h is The range is y ∈ ¡ , ¡ − {2}.

5 c The x-intercept:
(0, − ) = (0, −0.833).
6
f (x) = 0
d
2x + 2
=0
x−4
2x + 2 =0
x = −1
The point (−1, 0).
2
The y-intercept: f (0) = = −0.5
−4
The point (0, −0.5).
d
5
e h(x ) =
2x − 6
5
x =
2y − 6
x(2y − 6) = 5
2 xy − 6 x = 5
5 + 6x
y =
2x
−1 5 + 6x
h (x) =
2x
The x-intercept of h−1 is given by
h−1(x ) = 0
5 + 6x
=0
2x
5 + 6x = 0 e Horizontal shift of 4 units right and a
5 vertical shift of 2 units up.
x = −
6
15 a x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2 A1
The point is therefore 3
b f (x) ∈ ¡ , f (x) ≠ A1
5 2
(− , 0) =(−0.833, 0).
6 20
c When x = 0 , f ( x ) =
− −5 .
=
f =
a 6,
= b 5,
= c 2,
= d 0 4
The vertical asymptote is at So one coordinate is ( 0. − 5) A1
d 0
x = − = − = 0. 20
c 2 When y = 0 , x =
3
10 2(x − 4) + 10 2 x + 2  20 
14 f (x ) =
2+ = = So the other coordinate is  ,0
x−4 x−4 x−4  3 
a = 2, b = 2, c = 1, d = −4 A1
a The vertical asymptote is at 16 a Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
d −4
x = − = − =4. Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 0 A1A1
c 1
The horizontal asymptote is at b Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ −2
a 2 Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 4 A1A1
y= = = 2.
c 1 c Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0
b The domain is x ∈ ¡ , x − 4 ≠ 0 ⇔ x ≠ 4. Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 4 A1A1

Worked solutions
d Domain is x ∈ ¡ , x ≠ 0 20 a 6 A1
Range is f ( x ) ∈ ¡ , f ( x ) ≠ 0 A1A1 18 (1 + 0.82 × 12 )
=b P ≈ 57 M1A1
3 + ( 0.034 × 12 )
17 a x =1 A1
b y =3 A1 18 (1 + 0.82t )
c Solving 100 = M1
c 3 + 0.034t
300 + 3.4t = 18 (1 + 0.82t )
300 + 3.4t =18 + 14.76t

282 = 11.36t
282
=t = 24.8 months A1
11.36
d A horizontal asymptote exists at
18 × 0.82
= P = 434.12 M1A1
0.034
Therefore for t ≥ 0 , P < 435 R1
17 − 10 x 12 + 5 − 10 x
a f (x)
21= = M1A1
2x − 1 2x − 1
A3
12 + 5 (1 − 2 x )
18 a y = 10 A1 = A1
2x − 1
b x =2 A1 12 − 5 (2 x − 1)
=
3 10 (2 − x ) + 3 2x − 1
c f (x) = 10 + =
2−x 2−x 12 5 (2 x − 1)
M1A1 = −
2x − 1 (2x − 1)
−10 x + 23
= A1 12
−x + 2 = −5 A1
2x − 1
19 a Vertical asymptote occurs when
c + 8x = 0 M1
1
b x = A1
c + 8 ( − 34 ) =
0 2
c y = −5 A1
c =6 A1
d
a + bx
b y =
6 + 8x
Substituting the first coordinate:
M1
2 a + 12 b
=
5 10
4= a + 12 b
8 2a + b (1)
= A1
Substituting the second coordinate:

3 a + 4b A3
− =
38 38
−3 = a + 4b (2) A1
Solving (1) and (2) simultaneously:
a=5 A1
b = −2 A1

Worked solutions
22 3
Asymptotes are x = − and y = 2
2
A1A1
 1
Intersections with axes are at  0,  and
 3
 1 
 − ,0 A1A1
 4 
A2

Worked solutions
5 Measuring change: differentiation
Skills check since lim − = −∞ and lim + = ∞

x →− 3 x →− 3
−3 − 0 3
1 a = and lim− = ∞ and lim+ = −∞
−4 − 0 4
x→ 3 x→ 3
−1 − 2 12
b = − Horizontal asymptote at y = −1
4 − ( − 34 ) 19
since lim g(x ) = −1
x →±∞
1
2 a 7 x = 7x 2
3 Vertical asymptote at x = 1
1
b = x −2 since lim− f (x ) = ∞ and lim+ f ( x ) = −∞
x2 x →1 x →1
8 8 − 23 Horizontal asymptote at y = −1
c = x
5 x 3 5 since lim h(x ) = −1
x →±∞
3 4 Vertical asymptotes at x = ± 2
since lim − = ∞ and lim + = −∞
x →− 2 x →− 2
and lim− = ∞ and lim+ = −∞

x→ 2 x→ 2
Horizontal asymptote at y = 0
 5x 
since lim  − 2 =0
 x − 2
x →±∞
Exercise 5C
4 Since | 12 |< 1, 1 f= x 7 −1 7 x 6
'(x ) 7=
n n
∞
1
∞
1 5(1) 2=
f '(x ) 18
= x18 −1 18 x17
∑ 5 =
5∑ =

2

n 02
= 10
1 − 12
=n 0= 1 − 1 −1 1 −3
3 f '(x ) =
− x 2 = − x 2
2 2
Exercise 5A 1 1 1 −1 1 − 4
4 5
f (x) = x =x 5 ⇒ f '(x ) =x 5 =x 5
1 (
lim x 2 +
x →3−
= 1 )
lim+ x 2 +
= 1 10
x →3
( ) 5 5
1 −1 1 − 1 −1 1 −3
5 f (x ) == x 2 ⇒ f '(x ) =
− x 2 = − x 2
2 lim− (5 − 2 x )= lim+ (5 − 2 x )= 3 x 2 2
x →1 x →1
 2x 2 − x   2x 2 − x 
3 3 3 −1 3 − 1
3 lim−  6 f (x) =4
x3 =x 4 ⇒ f '(x ) = x 4 = x 4
 = lim+   = −1 4 4
x →0
 x  x →0  x 
 x2 − x   x2 − x 
4 lim
=   lim
=   1 Exercise 5D
 x − 1  x →1  x − 1 
− +
x →1
dy
1 a = 4x 3 − x
dx
Exercise 5B b f (x )= 5x(x 2 − 1)= 5x 3 − 5x
1
1 Vertical asymptote at x = ∴ f '(x ) = 15x 2 − 5
6
since lim− f (x ) = −∞ and lim+ f ( x ) = ∞ ds
c '(x ) 24 x 3 − 6 x
f= d = 4t + 3
x → 16 x → 16 dt
1 dv dc
Horizontal asymptote at y = e = −9.8 f = 24
2 dt dx
1
since lim f ( x ) =
x →±∞ 2
2 Vertical asymptotes at x = ± 3

Worked solutions
8
1 −1
2 a f=
(x ) 6=x 6 x 2 ∴ f '(x ) =
3x 2 1 − 21
c f (x ) =4 x + =x 4 + 8 x
5 3
−2 x
b =
f (x ) 5= x 3 5x 5 ∴ f '(x ) =
3x 5
1 − 34 −3
1 ∴ f '(x ) = x − 4x 2
2 4
c f (x) = − 3 x =
2 x −1 − 3x 2
x 1 −3 −3 15
so f '(1) = (1) 4 − 4(1) 2 =
−
3 − 12 4 4
∴ f '(x) =
−2 x −2 − x
2 2 f '(x ) = 2 x 2 − 9 x − 3 ∴ 2= 2 x 2 − 9 x − 3
3 3 −2
3 a (x)
f= = −3x −3
x ∴ f '(x ) =
2x 2 2 ⇒ 2 x 2 − 9 x − 5= (2 x + 1)(x − 5)= 0
3 3 3 −2
b f=
(x) = = x 1
(2 x )2
4x 2
4 so x =− or x =
5
2
3 1  1  199
− x −3
∴ f '(x ) = when x = − , y =f −  =
2 2  2 24
c f '(x ) = 12π x 2 217
when x = 5, y = f (5) = −
6
d f (x ) = (x + 1)2 = x 2 + 2 x + 1  1 199   217 
so  − ,  and  5, − 
∴ f '(x ) =2x + 2  2 24   6 
x3 + x − 3 3
e f (x) = = x2 + 1 −
x x Exercise 5F
2
= x + 1 − 3x −1
∴ f '(x ) =2 x + 3x −2
1 − 2x 1 2
1 y = = − = x −2 − 2 x −1
x2 x2 x
f f (x ) =(2 x − 1)(x + 3) 2
dy
= 2x 3 − x 2 + 6 x − 3 ∴ −2 x −3 + 2 x −2
=
dx
∴ f '(x ) = 6 x 2 − 2 x + 6  3
Therefore, the gradient at  2, − 
3 dy 3 12  4
4 a y =
1+ x x =
1 + x2 ∴ = x 1
dx 2 is − 2(2)−3 + 2(2)−2 =
4
7 1 −1
b y = 2
− =7 x −2 − x 2 So the gradient of the normal at
x x
this point is − 4
dy 1 −3  3 29
−14 x −3 + x 2
= ∴ y −  −  =−4(x − 2) ⇒ y =−4 x +
dx 2 4 4
 
1 1
c y =3 x + 4
x =x 3 + x 4
dy
2 −3x 2 + 4 x
=
dy 1 − 23 1 − 34 dx
∴ = x + x
dx 3 4 So the gradient at x = −1 is − 7
dy
=−7 ⇒ 3x 2 − 4 x − 7
Exercise 5E dx
dy = (3x − 7 ) ( x + 1) = 0
1 a = 2 x − 4 so the gradient at
dx 7
∴ x = or x =−1 (i.e. the tangent itself)
x = −1 is 2(−1) − 4 =−6 3
7 22
5
2x − 5 5 y  = −
b y= = 2 x 4 − = 2 x 4 − 5x −1 3 27
x x
22  7 419
dy ∴y + =−7  x −  ⇒ y =−7 x +
∴ = 8 x 3 + 5x −2 27  3 27
dx
so the gradient at (1, −3) is
8(1)3 + 5(1)−2 =
13

Worked solutions
dy 1 Exercise 5G
3 = 1− 2
dx x 1 a =
y u5 where =
u 2x + 3
dy 1 1 dy dy du
dx
=−3 ⇒ 1 − 2 =−3 ⇒ x =±
x 2 = =
dx du dx
) (2 )
(5u= 4
10u 4
 1 5
= 10 (2 x + 3)
4
y ±  =±
 2 2
y = 1 − 2 x =(1 − 2 x ) 2
1
1 b
Gradient of normal is
3 1
y= u 2 where u= 1 − 2 x
 5 1  1 
∴ y − ± =   x −  ±  dy dy du  1 − 1 
 2 3  2  = =  u 2  ( −2 )
dx du dx  2 
1 5 1
⇒ y= x± m =−u
− 12
=− (1 − 2 x )
− 12
3 2 6
1 7 1 7 3
∴ y= x+ and y= x− c y =
−
−1
−3u 2
=
3 3 3 3 2
2x − 1
4 f '(x
= ) 6 x − 2k
u 2x 2 − 1
where=
f '(1) =6 − 2k =10 ⇒ k =−2
dy dy du  3 − 3 
5 f '(x )= 3x 2 − 2 x − 2= 0 = =  u 2  ( 4 x )
dx du dx  2 
2
( )
− 23
2 2  1 7 = 6 x 2x 2 − 1
⇒ x2 − x − = x −  =
3 3  3 9
3
1± 7  2
∴x =
d y = 2  x 2 −  = 2u3
 x
3
Coordinates are 2
u x2 −
where =
 1 + 7 7 − 14 7   1 − 7 7 + 14 7  x
 ,  ,  , 
 3 27   3 27 dy dy du
 = =
dx du dx
(6u )  2x + x2 
2
2
1
6 g(=
x) −nx − n −1
= x − n ∴ g '(x ) = 2
xn  2  1 
= 12  x 2 −   x + 2 
 x   x 
x(−nx − n −1 ) + nx − n
⇒ xg '(x ) + ng(x ) =
−nx − n + nx − n =
= 0 2 At
= x 0,
= y 6 so tangent passes
7 a f '(x )= 15ax 2 − 4bx + 4c through (0,6)
6 (1 − 2 x ) 3 =
1 1
b f '(x ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 15ax 2 − 4bx + 4c ≥ 0 y = 6u 3 where u =

1 − 2x
⇒ x2 −
4b
15a
x+
4c
15a
≥0
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
−2
=2u 3 ( ) ( −2) =−4u − 23
−4 (1 − 2 x )
− 23
 2b 
2
4b2 4c =
⇒ x −  − + ≥0
 15 a  225 a2
15 a so the gradient at
= x 0 is − 4
The LHS is valid for all real x and ∴ y − 6 =−4 ( x − 0 ) ⇒ y =−4 x + 6
2b
attains its minimum at x = so
15a
4b2 4c
− + ≥ 0 ⇒ b2 ≤ 15ac
225a2 15a
8 −20 x −1 + 1
f (x) = for x > 0
) 20 x −2 , g '(x=
∴ f '(x= ) 5 for x ∈ ¡
= '(x ) when 20 x −2 5
f '(x ) g=
⇒ x2 = 4⇒x = ±2
But x > 0 so x = 2 only

Worked solutions
3 When =
x 1, =
y 1 so =
a 1+ b c y = x 2 − 3x = uv where u = x
a (1 + bx )
− 12 −1
y = au 2 where u =
= 1 + bx and =
v 2 − 3x
dy dy du  a − 23  ab − 23 dy du dv
= v +u
= =  − u  ( b) =
− u dx dx dx
dx du dx  2  2
ab  3 
=− (1 + bx ) 2
−3
= (1) 2 − 3x + x  − 
2  2 2 − 3x 
dy 3 4 − 9x
At (1,1) , = − =
dx 8 2 2 − 3x
ab b 3
(1 + b ) 2 = − 2a2 = − 8 ( )
−3 2
⇒− d y= (2 x + 1) x 2 − x + 1 = uv where
2
3a2
(x )
2
2
so b = u = 2 x + 1 and v = − x +1
4
3a2 3a2 dy du dv
⇒ a = 1+ ⇒ a2 = 1 + = v +u
4 4 dx dx dx
(2) ( x 2 − x + 1)
2
⇒ a = 2 ( a > 0 ) ∴ b = a2 − 1 = 3 =
4 + 2 (2 x + 1) (2 x − 1) ( x 2 − x + 1)
4 y= = 4u −3 where u= 3 − x
(3 − x ) 2 x (5x − 1) ( x 2 − x + 1)
3
=
dy dy du
=
dx du dx
= −12u −4 ( ) ( −1) =12u −4
e y = (2 − 3x ) x + 2 = uv
= 12 (3 − x )
−4
where u =
2 − 3x and v =
x +2
dy 3 dy du dv
so=at x 1,
= and therefore = v +u
dx 4 dx dx dx
4  1 
the normal has gradient − =( −3) x + 2 + (2 − 3x )  
3  2 x + 2 
1 4 4 11 −10 − 9 x
∴ y − =− ( x − 1) ⇒ y =− x + =
2 3 3 6 2 x +2
dy
y = x + 1 (3 − x ) = uv where
2
5 −9 x 2 + 2
= 2 a
dx
(3 − x )
2
dy u=
x + 1 and v =
Curve horizontal when =0
dx
dy du dv
= v +u
2 2 dx dx dx
So x =
± =
±
9 3  1 
=   (3 − x ) +
2
(
x + 1 −2 (3 − x ) )
2 x +1
dy ( x − 3) + 4 ( x − 3) ( x + 1)
2
Exercise 5H
∴ =
1 a =
y x 2 (2 x − = u x2
1) uv where = dx 2 x +1
and =v 2x − 1 =
( x − 3) ( x − 3 + 4(x + 1))
dy du dv 2 x +1
= v +u
dx dx dx
=
( x − 3) (5x + 1)
= (2 x ) (2 x − 1) + x 2 (2 ) 2 x +1
= 6 x 2 − 2 x = 2 x(3x − 1) b Using the result from part a,
y = (2 x − 3) ( x + 3) = uv where x −3 = 0 ⇒ x = 3
3
b
1
or
x + 1 =0 ⇒ x =−
5
( x + 3)
3
u=
2 x − 3 and v = 5
dy du dv
= v +u
dx dx dx
= (2 ) ( x + 3)
3
(
+ (2 x − 3) 3 ( x + 3)
2
)
( x + 3) ( 8 x − 3)
2
=

Worked solutions
3 y =x (1 − 2 x )
−1
=uv where u =x 1 + 3x u
d y= = where u= 1 + 3x
x2 + 1 v
(1 − 2x )
−1
and v
=
v x2 + 1
and =
dy du dv dy vu '− uv '
= v +u =
dx dx dx dx v2
= (1) (1 − 2 x )
−1
(
+ x 2 (1 − 2 x )
−2
) = (1 −12x ) 2
=
(x 2
)
+ 1 (3) − (1 + 3x ) (2 x )
(x )
2
2
+1
so the gradient at (0,0) is 1 and
3 − 2 x − 3x 2
the normal therefore has gradient − 1 =
(x )
2
2
+1
∴ y =− x
−3x 2 + 4 x + 3
=2 f '(x ) = , f '(0) 3
( x + 1)
2
Exercise 5I
1 + 3x u so normal at this point has
1 a y= = where u= 1 + 3x
5−x v 1
gradient − and passes through (0, − 2)
and v= 5 − x , u ' = 3, v ' = −1 3
dy vu '− uv ' 1
= ∴ y =− x − 2
dx v2 3
(=5 − x ) (3) − (1 + 3x ) ( −1) 16 x3 + x2 + x + 1 u
3 f (x)
= =
(5 − x ) (5 − x )
2 2
x v
x u where u = x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 and v = x
b
= y = where
= u x
2−x v vu '− uv '
f '(x ) =
and v= 2 − x v2
1 =
( ) (
x 3x + 2 x + 1 − x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 (1)
2
)
u' = , v ' = −1 x 2
2 x
dy vu '− uv ' 2x 3 + x 2 − 1
= =
dx v2 x2
1
 1 
(2 − x ) 
2 x 
− ( x ) ( −1) f '(x ) = 1 ⇒ 2 x 3 + x 2 − 1 = x 2 ⇒ x 3 =
2
= 1
(2 − x )
2
∴x =3
2
2+x
=
2 (2 − x )
2
x Exercise 5J
1 + 2x u 1 a
c y= = where u= 1 + 2 x
1− x 2 v y =( x − 1) ( x + 3) =uv where
2
( x + 3)
2
and =
v 1 − x2 u=
x − 1 and v =
x dy du dv
u ' = 2, v ' = − = v +u
1 − x2 dx dx dx
dy vu '− uv '
= = (x + 3)2 + 2 ( x − 1) ( x + 3)
dx v2
 
=( x + 3) ( x + 3 + 2(x − 1))
x
1 − x 2 (2 ) − (1 + 2 x )  −  ( x 3) (3x + 1)
=+
2
 1− x 
=
1 − x2 b Most easily done using the product
x +2 (and chain) rule:
=
(1 − x ) y = ( x + 1) 1 − 2 x = uv
3
2 2
where u = x + 1 and v = 1 − 2x
dy du dv
= v +u
dx dx dx
x +1 3x
= 1 − 2x − =−
1 − 2x 1 − 2x

Worked solutions
c Most easily done using the quotient 2 a f '(x ) = −3x 2

rule:
Increasing: nowhere
x +1 u
y= = where u= x + 1 Decreasing: ∀x ∈ ¡
x −1 v
and v= x − 1 b f '(x ) = 4 x
dy vu '− uv ' Increasing: x > 0
=
dx v2 Decreasing: x < 0
=
( x − 1) − ( x + 1) = − 2
1
( x − 1) ( x − 1) c f '(x ) = −
2 2
2 x −1
d Most easily done by chain rule
Increasing: nowhere
(quotient rule also valid)
(note the function is only valid here
( )
−1
y= 2 x 4 − 2 x + 1 = 2u −1 for x > 1)
Decreasing: x ∈ (1, ∞ )
4
where u = x − 2 x + 1
dy dy du  2 
== −
dx du dx  u 2 
3
 4x − 2 ( ) d f=
'(x )
1
−2
2 x
=
(
4 1 − 2x )
3
 1 
Increasing: x ∈  0,
( x − 2x + 1)
2
4 
 16 
(note the function is only valid here
1+ x u
2 f (x )= = where u= 1 + x for x > 0)
x −1 v
 1 
and v= x − 1 Decreasing: x ∈  ,∞
 16 
vu '− uv '
x −1
2 x
− 1+ x ( )
f '(x ) =
=
Exercise 5L
v2 ( x − 1)
2
1 a f '(x ) = 2 x , f '(x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0
( )
2
x +2 x +1 x +1
=
− =
− f (x ) decreasing for x < 0 and
2 x ( x − 1) 2 x ( x − 1)
2 2
increasing for x > 0 so this is a
(3 + 1)
2
1 local minimum
f '(9) =
− =
−
2 (3) ( 9 − 1)
2
24 ∴ ( 0, −2 ) is a local minimum point
1 1 Graphically, this is a positive parabola

Tangent:y −
2
=−
24
( x − 9) so the turning point must be a local
7 x minimum (students should draw this)
⇒y = −
8 24 1
1 b f '(x )= 1 − , f '(x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
Normal:y − = 24 ( x − 9 ) x
2
431 f (x ) decreasing for 0 < x < 1
⇒ y= 24 x −
2 and increasing for x > 1 so
this is a local minimum
Exercise 5K ∴ (1, −1) is a local minimum point
1 a i x >0 Graphically, the graph is continuous,
ii Nowhere begins at ( 0, 0 ) and lim f ( x ) = ∞ so
x →∞
b i x ∈ (−∞, −1) U ( −1, 0 ) the turning point at (1, −1) must be a
ii x ∈ (0,1) U (1, ∞) local minimum point (and in fact this
case a global minimum).
c i x ∈ (−∞, −0.215) U (1.55, ∞ )
(Students should draw this.)
ii x ∈ ( −0.215,1.55)
c f '(x ) = 3x 2 − 12 x = 3x ( x − 4 )
d i x ∈ ( −∞, −1) U (1, ∞ )
ii x ∈ ( −1,1)

Worked solutions
f '(x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 4 x3
2 f '(x ) = − 4x + 5
Consider the point ( 0,2 ) , 3
f (x ) increasing for x < 0 and x2 − 4
∴ f ''(x ) =
decreasing for 0 < x < 4 so this f ''(x ) =x 2 − 4 =0⇒x =±2
is a local maximum
f '(x) =
−2 (5 − 4 x )
− 12
3
Consider the point (4, −30)
f (x ) decreasing for 0 < x < 4 and −4 (5 − 4 x )
∴ f ''(x ) =
− 23
increasing for x > 4 so this is a

d2y
local minimum 4 = 2a2
dx 2
∴ ( 0,2 ) is a local maximum
(terms of order x and constants
and ( 4, −30 ) is local minimum
disapper upon differentiating twice)
Graphically, this is a positive cubic,
so the first turning point is a ∴ 2a2 =8⇒a=±2
maximum and the second point
a minimum Exercise 5N
(students should draw this) dy
1 a = 3x 2 − 1
dx
2 f '(x )= 3ax 2 + 4 x= x (3ax + 4 )
d2y
4 6 x ⇒ 0 at x =
= 0
f '(x ) = 0 when x = 0 or x = − dx 2
3a
Coordinates of point of inflexion are
It is given that the turning point,
away from x 0,
= = occurs at x 1
(0,0)
4 4 d2y
∴ 1 =− ⇒ a =− b = 6x > 0 ⇒ x > 0
3a 3 dx 2
3 p(0)
= d= 1 so d= 1 Function concave up on ]0, ∞[
p ( −1) =−a + b − c + 1 =−3 c

d2y
= 6x < 0 ⇒ x < 0
so a − b + c =4 dx 2
c x (3ax + 2b ) + c
) 3ax 2 + 2bx + =
p '(x= Function concave down on ] − ∞, 0[
p '(0) = 3 ⇒ c = 3 ⇒ a − b = 1 dy
2 a = 4x 3 − 3
p '(−1)= 0 ⇒ − ( −3a + 2b ) + 3= 0 dx
2b d2y
⇒ a= −1 = 12 x 2 > 0
3 dx 2
2b There are no points of inflexion
∴ − 1 − b =1 ⇒ b =−6 ⇒ a =−5
3 d2y
b = 12 x 2 > 0
so a = −5, b = −6, c =
3, d =1 dx 2
dy Functions is concave up throughout its
4 = 3x 2 + 2ax = x (3x + 2a) = 0
dx domain
dy 2a c Function is never concave down
∴ = 0 when x = 0 or x =
−
dx 3 dy
3 a = 3x 2 − 12 x − 12
2a dx
∴− = 4 ⇒ a = −6
3 d2y
= 6 x − 12 = 0 at x = 2
y ( 4) =64 − 6 (16 ) + b =b − 32 =−11 dx 2
⇒b=
21 Coordinates of point of inflexion are
so the local maximum is at ( 0,21) (2, −38)
d2y
b = 6 x − 12 > 0 ⇒ x > 2
Exercise 5M dx 2
3 15 12 Function is concave up on ]2, ∞[
1 f '(x ) = 5x 2 ∴ f ''(x ) = x
2 d2y
c = 6 x − 12 < 0 ⇒ x < 2
dx 2

Worked solutions
Function is concave down on ] − ∞,2[ d2y

b = 24 x 2 + 6 x > 0 ⇒ x > 0, x < −0.25
dy dx 2
4 a = 3x 2 + 2 x
dx Function is concave up for x > 0;
2
x < −0.25
dy 1
2
=6x + 2 =0 at x =− d2y
dx 3 c = 24 x 2 + 6 x < 0 ⇒ −0.25 < x < 0
dx 2
 1 25  Function is concave down for
− ,−  −0.25 < x < 0
 3 27 
dy
d2y 1 8 a =4 x 3 − 12 x 2 + 16
b = 6x + 2 > 0 ⇒ x > − dx
dx 2 3
d2y
1 = 12 x 2 − 24 x = 0 at x = 0,2
Function is concave up on ] − , ∞[ dx 2
3
d2y 1 (0, −16 ) , (2, 0)
c =2
6x + 2 < 0 ⇒ x < −
dx 3
d2y
1 b = 12 x 2 − 24 > 0 ⇒ x < 0, x > 2
Function is concave up on ] − ∞, − [ dx 2
3
Function is concave up when x < 0,
dy x>2
5 a = 12 x 2 − 4 x 3
dx
d2y
2 c = 12 x 2 − 24 < 0 ⇒ 0 < x < 2
dy dx 2
=24 x − 12 x 2 =0 at x =0,2
dx 2 Function is concave down when
Coordinates of point of inflexion are 0<x<2
(0, 0) , (2,16 ) 9 a f ' (=
x ) 3x 2 + 4 x
d2y 4
b = 24 x − 12 x 2 > 0 ⇒ 0 < x < 2 3x 2 + 4 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, −
dx 2 3
Function is concave up for 0 < x < 2
f '' ( x
= ) 6x + 4
d2y
c = 24 x − 12 x 2 < 0 ⇒ 0 > x, x > 2 f '' ( 0 ) = 4
dx 2
 4
Function is concave down for f ''  −  =
−4
x < 0; x > 2  3
2
6 a
dy
= 3x 2 − 6 x + 3 f '' ( x ) =0⇒x =−
dx 3
 2 43 
d2y Non-horizontal inflexion at  − , 
= 6 x − 6 = 0 at x = 1  3 27 
dx 2
( x ) 3 ( x − 1)
2
Coordinates of point of inflexion are b f '=
(1, 0)
3 ( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1
2
d2y
b = 6x − 6 > 0 ⇒ x > 1 f '' ( x )= 6 ( x − 1)= 0 at x= 1
dx 2
f '' (1.1
= ) 0.6 > 0
Function is concave up on ]1, ∞[
f '' ( 0.9 ) =
−0.6 < 0
d2y
c = 6x − 6 < 0 ⇒ x < 1
dx 2 Second derivative = 0 at x = 1, there
is a change in concavity at x = 1.
Function is concave down on ] − ∞,1[
Therefore there is a horizontal inflexion
dy at (1, 0)
7 a = 8 x 3 + 3x 2
dx
d2y
=24 x 2 + 6 x =0 at x =0, −0.25
dx 2
( −0.25, 0.992) , (0,1)

Worked solutions
c f '(x) =
−12 x 3 − 24 x 2 decreasing for x < 1
iv Concave upward for x ∈ ¡
−12 x 3 − 24 x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, −2
4 c i f '(x) =12 x 3 + 12 x 2 =0⇒x =−1, 0
f '' ( x ) =−36 x 2 − 48 x =
0 at x =
0, −
3
f ''
= ( x ) 36 x 2 + 24x
129
f '' ( 0.1) = − f '' ( −1) =
60
25
111 f '' ( 0 ) = 0
f '' ( −0.1) =
25
Therefore local min at (−1, −3)
First and second derivatives = 0 at
2
x = 0, and there is a change in ii f '' ( x ) =36 x 2 + 24 x =0⇒x =− ,0
concavity at x = 0. 3
Therefore there is a horizontal inflexion Horizontal inflexion point at (0, −2)
at (0, 2) Non-horizontal inflexion point at
 2 70 
− ,− 
f ''(−2) =−48  3 27 
4 iii Increasing x > −1

Second derivative = 0 at x = − , and
3 Decreasing x < −1
there is a change in concavity at 2
4 iv Concave upward x < − or x > 0
x = − 3
3
2
Therefore there is a non-horizontal Concave downward − <x <0
3
 4 310 
point of inflexion at  − ,  Exercise 5O
 3 27 
1 a
1 −3
d f '(x) = x 2
2
First derivative has no roots, therefore
there are no points of inflexion.
10 a i f ' ( x ) = 3x 2 − 6 x − 6
3x 2 − 6 x − 6 =0 ⇒ x =−0.732,2.73
f ''(x
= ) 6x − 6
f '' ( −0.732 ) =
−10.392
f '' (2.73) = 10.38
Therefore local max at
(−0.732, 3.39) and local min at
(2.73, −17.4)
ii f '' ( x ) = 6 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ x = 1
Non-horizontal inflexion at (1, −7)
iii Increasing: x < −0.732 or x > 2.73
decreasing for −0.732 < x < 2.73
iv Concave downward x < 1 and
concave upward for x > 1 b
b i f ' ( x )= 2 ( x − 1) ⇒ x= 1
f '' ( x ) = 2
f (1) = 2
Therefore local min at (1, 0)
ii f '' ( x ) = 2 therefore there are no
inflexion points
iii Increasing for x > 1

Worked solutions
c 2 a
Exercise 5Q
100
1 a L=
x
100
Exercise 5P b =
P 2x + assuming clarification to
x
1 a the question is made, as written in the
comments
100
c P '(x )= 2 −
x2
P '(x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 50 = 5 2 (x > 0)
This must be a minimum because
lim+ P(x ) = ∞ and lim P(x ) =
∞
x →0 x →∞
and this is the only turning point

(and the function is continuous)
So x = 5 2∴P 5 2 = ( )
2 5 2 +
100
5 2
( )
b
= 10 2 + 10 2
= 20 2 (measured in metres)
d
dy
2 = 600 + 30 x − 3x 2
dx
dy
=0 ⇒ x 2 − 10 x − 200
dx
=( x − 20 ) ( x + 10 ) =0

Worked solutions
=∴ x 20 since x > 0 Exercise 5R

= 600 (20 ) + 15 (20 ) − (20 )= 10000
2 3
y(20) 1 a 3t 2 − 3, a(t ) =
v(t ) = 6t
Therefore, maximum profit is $10 000 b s(0) = −3, a ( 0 ) =
1, v(0) = 0
216 At this instant, the particle is 1 metre
3 a h=
s2 from the origin in the positive
864 direction, travelling towards the
b A s2 +
=
s origin at 3m/s, and is not accelerating
dA 864 c The particle is moving away from
c =2s − 2 =0
ds s
the origin at 9m/s and is
⇒ s3 432=
= so s 3
432 accelerating away from the origin
4 The length of each side of the square is s at 12m/s2
Therefore the total length of wire used
d The change of sign of v ( t )
for the rectangle is 150 − 4s
Since the length is twice the length occurs =
at t 1 (t > 0)
of the width, e t >1
4s
the length of the rectangle is 50 − f s(0) = 1, s (1) = −1
3
2s so travels 2m in this period
and the width of the rectangle is 25 −
3
s (1) =
−1, s (3) =
19
so the total area enclosed by the
square and rectangle is so 20m travelled in this period
4s   2s  ∴ Altogether distance travelled is 22m

A =s2 +  50 −   25 − 
 3  3  2 a 1m
2
 2s  b s '(t ) = 12 − 3t 2 = 0 ⇒ t = 2
s2 + 2  25 −
= 
 3 
s (2 ) = 17 and this is clearly
 100s 4s2 
=s2 + 2  625 − +  a maximum so 17m
 3 9 
c v (=
t ) 12 − 3t 2
17s2 200s
= − + 1250
9 3 v ( 0 ) = 12, v (1) = 9, v (3) = −15
dA 34 200 300
= s− =0⇒s= d 16 + 17 =
33 so 33m
ds 9 3 17
5 Let the length of the shorter side of 3
3 s '(t ) = 15 − 10t ⇒ t =
2
the base be l , so the longer side
clearly attains maximum here as
measures 2l
the function is a negative parabola
Therefore the area of the base is 2l 2.
2
Let the height be h 3 3 3 45
smax =s   =15   − 5   =
5 2 2 2 4
V = 2l 2h = 10 ⇒ h = 2
l
4 a s ( 0 ) = 10 so 10m
So the total cost is
2l 2 (10 ) + 2 (2l ) ( h ) ( 6 ) + 2 ( l ) ( h ) ( 6 )
C = b s ( t ) = 0 ⇒ t 2 − 5t − 10 = 0
180
= 20l 2 + 36lh = 20l 2 + 5 + 65
l ∴t
= ≈ 6.53 ( t > 0 )
1
2
dC 180 9 3
= 40l − 2 = 0 ⇒ l =   c v ( t )= s ' ( t )= 5 − 2t
dl l 2
 5 + 65 
2 1
 9 3  2 3 v −1
= 20   + 180  
∴ Cmin   = −8.06 ms
2 9  2 
= 164 (to nearest dollar) a ( t ) = v ' ( t ) = −2 ms−2

Worked solutions
As both the velocity and acceleration dy

−10 (1 − 2 x ) (3x − 2 )
4 6
are negative, the diver is speeding up =
dx
as he/she hit the water.
+ 18 (1 − 2 x ) (3x − 2 )
5 5
5=
h0 0,
= v0 50 ∴ h ( t ) =50t − 4.9t 2
(1 − 2x ) (3x − 2)
4 5
=
50
h '(t ) = 50 − 9.8t = 0 ⇒ t =
9.8
( −10 (3x − 2) + 18 (1 − 2x ) )
2 (1 − 2 x ) (3x − 2 ) (19 − 33x )
4 5
(clearly maximum here) =
 50 
hmax h=
=   127.551 x −3 1 dy 1
 9.8  b y = = so = − 2
x ( x − 3) x dx x
so maximum height is 127.6m to 1d.p.
50 dy 1 − 12 4 − 23
t ground
= = 10.2041 c = x − x
4.9 dx 2 3
so hits ground after 10.2s to 1d.p. 5 a y = 0, x = ±1
6 a=t 0,=t 3,
= t 6,
= t 11 b Using the quotient rule,
b i Eastward is positive → 0 < t < 3; dy
=
(
x 2 − 1 − x (2 x ) )
6 < t < 11
( )
2
dx x2 − 1
ii Westward is negative → 3 < t < 6
2
x +1
c i t = 1.5 ii t = 4.5 =
− < 0 for all x ∈ ¡
( )
2
=d t 1.5
= and t 4.5 x2 − 1
e Speeding up: t ∈ (0,1.5) ; c

t ∈ (3, 4.5) ; t ∈ ( 6, 9 )
Slowing down: t ∈ (1.5,3) ;

t ∈ ( 4.5, 6 ) ; t ∈ ( 9,11)
Chapter Review
1 a y =2 b a=2
2 a
dy
6 = 3x 2 − 6 x − 9= 3 ( x − 3) ( x + 1)
dx
dy
∴ = 0⇒ x = −1 or x =3
dx
y ( −1) =−1 − 3 + 9 + 2 =7
y (3) =
27 − 27 − 27 + 2 =
−25
So y =
−25 and y =
7
7 Using the quotient rule,
dy 2 ( x − 1) − 2 x 2
5x + x 2 5x + x 2 = = −
( ) ( 1)
2 2
b lim
= lim
= 5 dx x − 1 x −
x →0 −
x x →0 +
x
∴ at (2, 4 ) the gradient is − 2
3 a y = 6, x = ±3 b y = 0, x = −3
4 a Using the product rule,

Worked solutions
So the tangent at this point is 11 a f (x) =0⇒x =−1 b=y 0,

= x 0
y −4=−2 ( x − 2 ) ⇒ y =−2 x + 8 1 1 
c (x) 9  + 2 
f=
1  x x 
The gradient at (3,3) is − so
2
 1 2 
the gradient of the normal at this ⇒ f '(x ) = 9  − 2 − 3 
 x x 
point is 2
Therefore the normal at this point is ∴ f '(x ) =0⇒x = −2
1 x 9 9
y − 3 =− ( x − 3) ⇒ y =− + y = f (−2) = −
2 2 2 4
x 9 7  2 6 
∴ − + = −2 x + 8 ⇒ x = f=
''(x ) 9  3 + 4 
2 2 3  x x 
7 10  7 10   1 3 9
⇒y =−2   + 8 = ∴ P  , f ''(−2) = 9  − +  = >0
  4 8 8
3 3 3 3 
 9
8 x) 6 x 2 − 3
f '(= so  −2, −  is a local minimum
 4
f '(1) = 3
d For f(x) to be concave up f’’(x) > 0
So the normal to the curve at
 2 6 
1 9  3 + 4  > 0 ⇒ 2x + 6 > 0
this point has gradient −  x x 
3
x > −3
1 x 1
∴ y − 0 =− (x − 1) =− + e
3 3 3
dy
9 −3x 2 + 4 x
=
dx
dy
=−4 ⇒ 3x 2 − 4 x − 4 =0
dx
⇒ (3x + 2 ) ( x − 2 ) =
0
2
∴x =− or x = 2
3
 2 8 4 59
y  − = + 2   + 1=
 3  27 9
  27
y (2 ) =−8 + 8 + 1 =1
 2 59 
∴ − ,  and (2,1)
 3 27 
10 Using the quotient rule,
=
dy 2 x ( x + 1) − x
=
2
x 2 + 2x
=
x ( x + 2)
12 a
f (x ) =0 ⇒ x ( )
x − b =0
( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)
2 2 2
dx 2
⇒ x 0 or
= = x b
dy b
= 0⇒x = 0 or x = −2 b f '(x )= 1 −
dx
2 x
Students may either use first derivative
or second derivative test here b2
i f '(x ) > 0 when x >
e.g. second derivative test: 4
b2
d2y
=
(
2 ( x + 1) − 2 x 2 + 2 x
3
) ( x + 1) ii f '(x ) < 0 when 0 < x <
4
dx 2 ( x + 1)
4
b
2 c f '' ( x ) = 3
= 4x 2
( x + 1)
3
i f '' ( x ) > 0 when b > 0

The second derivative is negative at
x =−2 and positive at x = 0 ii f '' ( x ) < 0 when b < 0
∴ ( −2, −4 ) is a local maximum
13 a v(=
t ) 49 − 4.9t
and ( 0, 0 ) is a local minimum
b v(t ) = 0 ⇒ t = 10

Worked solutions
h(10) 49 (10 ) − 2.45 (10 )

2
=
= 490 − 245 = 245
So 245m
14 a v ( 0 ) = −2
b v ( t ) = 0 ⇒ (1 + t ) = 4t + 9
2
t 2 − 2t − 8 = ( t − 4 ) ( t + 2 ) = 0
So t = 4
2
c a ( t )= 1 −
4t + 9 18 a Letting x represent the number of $10
increases above $320. Then rental
2 3 income is
a ( 4) =
1− =
25 5
d Always speeding up since (320 + 10x ) (200 − 5x )
R(x ) = A1
acceleration is always positive R ' ( x ) =400 − 100 x =0 M1
15 a f ′ ( x ) = 4x 3 − 6 x 2 − 2x + 3 A1 x =4 A1
Which corresponds to $360 rent
b g '(x) =
( )
−4 x 2 + 1 − ( −4 x ) ⋅ 2 x
M1A1
R1
b i 200 − 5 × 4 =180 A1
(x )
2
2
+1
ii 360 × 180 =$64800 M1A1
4x 2 − 4
g '(x) = A1 19 a h ( 4 ) = 370
(x )
2
2
+1
and h (5) = 438 (3 s.f.) A1A1
c h ' ( x ) =1 ⋅ ( x − 7 ) + ( x + 2 ) ⋅ 1 M1
(t ) h′=
b v= (t ) 112 − 9.8t M1A1
h'(x
= ) 2x − 5 A1
c v (t ) =0 ⇒ 112 − 9.8t =0 M1
i ' ( x ) = 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ (2 x + 3)
2
d M1
t = 11.4 (3 s.f .) A1
' ( x ) 6 (2 x + 3) A1
2
i=
16 a Graph 1 A1
as the gradient of the tangent at any d Double x-coordinate of maximum or
point is non-positive and therefore determine zero M1
different from 1. R1
22.8 (3 s.f .) A1
b Graph 2 A1
e
as y increases as x increases R1
c Graph 3 A1
as the other two functions are not
defined at infinity R1
d Graph 1 A1
as the function is decreasing. R1
17 a i 0 ≤ t ≤ 2 , 4.6 ≤ t ≤ 5 A1A1
and 8.5 ≤ t ≤ 10 A1
ii 2 ≤ t ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ t ≤ 7 A1A1
iii 4.6 ≤ t ≤ 8.5 A1
b f (t ) = 2t , g(t ) = 2
h(t ) =−3t + 14 , i(t ) = −1
1
f (t )
=
3
(2t − 17) A4 Shape A1
Domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 22.9 (3 sf) A1
c Up to two correct branches correct
A1; all branches correct A2; all branches Maximum 640 (3 sf) A1
correct and labels and scale also correct A3 f v (22.9 ) = −112 ms -1
M1A1

Worked solutions
g a ( t ) = v ′ ( t ) = −9.8 M1A1 ( h′ o g ) ( x ) = h′ ( g ( x ) )
−1 −1
M1
which is constant A1AG x +2

= 2⋅ A1
f ′ ( 2 ) g ( 2 ) − f ( 2 ) g′ ( 2 ) x −1
 f ′
20 a i   (2 ) =
( ) ( h o g )′ ( x ) ≠ ( h′ o g ) ( x )
2
g
  g (2 ) −1 −1
AG
M1
 4
10 × 4 − 9 ×  − 
=  3 A1
42
52  13 
= =  = 3.25  A1
16  4 
ii ( g o f )′ (1) = g′ ( f (1) ) f ′ (1) M1
4 16
=− × 4 =− A1
3 3
b i False A1
as derivative changes sign. R1
b False A1
as the derivatives at these points
are not negative reciprocals.
R1
N (3) − N (1)
21 a = 1410 M1A1
3 −1
N (5 ) − N ( 4 )
= 2220 A1
5−4
the first period the number of cases
is increasing in average 1410 per
day; in the second period it
increases in average 2220 per day.
dN
b = 900t − 90t 2 M1A1
dt
c After 10 days (reaches 15 000 cases)
M1A1
d2N
d = 900 − 180t M1A1
dt 2
which gives the variation of the rate
at which the spread of the disease
spreads. R1
y +2
22 a x = M1
y −1
x ( y − 1) = y + 2 M1
xy − y = x + 2 A1
x +2
1
g −= (x) = g (x)
x −1
A1AG
( ) ( )( )
b h o g −1 ′ ( x ) = h′ g −1 ( x ) g −1 ′ ( x )
M1A1
x + 2  3   6 ( x + 2) 
= 2⋅ ⋅ −  = − 
x − 1  ( x − 1)   ( x − 1)3 
2
   
A1

Worked solutions
6 Representing data: statistics for

univariate data
Skills check
2+3+4+5+6
1 a Mean
= = 4
5
13 + 9 + 7 + 12 + 15 + 19 + 2
=b Mean = 11
7
2 a The number that occurs most often is 5
b The numbers that occur most often are d The data is right or positively skewed
1 and 7 . The data is bimodal 2 a Continuous
3 a The median is the middle number, 6 b The frequency table is given here (note
b Arrange the data in order of size. difference between this one and the one
2, 3,5
, 7, 8, 9 . in the solutions provided)
The median is in between 5 and 7 .

1
2
(5 + 7 ) =
6
Exercise 6A
1 a Discrete b
Continuous
c Continuous c The histogram is given here (note
d Discrete difference between this one and the one
2 a Stratified sampling in the solutions provided)
b Systematic sampling
c Simple random sampling
d Quota sampling
3 a Stratified sampling
b Stratified sampling
c Systematic sampling
d Simple random sampling
e Quota sampling
Exercise 6B d The data is right or positively skewed

1 a Continuous 3 a Continuous
b The frequency table is given here (note b Histogram from concise solutions
difference between this one and the one
in the solutions provided)
c The histogram is given here (note


Worked solutions
c The data is neither right nor left 2 a

skewed, it has normal distribution x f Mid value fm
4 a Frequency table from concise solutions (m)
b The data is left or negatively skewed 0 ≤ x ≤ 10 18 5 90

5 a The frequency table is given here (note 10 < x ≤ 20 14 15 210
20 < x ≤ 30 12 25 300
30 < x ≤ 40 9 35 315
40 < x ≤ 50 7 45 315
Σ f = 60 Σ fm = 1230
Σ fm 1230
=x = = 20.5
Σf 60
b
x f Mid value fm
(m)
0 ≤ x ≤ 12 4 6 24
12 < x ≤ 24 0 18 0
24 < x ≤ 36 8 30 240
b The data is left or negatively skewed 36 < x ≤ 48 15 42 630
48 < x ≤ 60 13 54 702
Exercise 6C 60 < x ≤ 72 66 462
7
1 a The number that occurs most often is
Σ f = 47 Σ fm = 2058
8
b The number that occurs most often is Σ fm 2058
=x = = 43.7872 ≈ 43.8
4 Σf 47
c The number that occurs most often c
is 13 x f Mid value fm
(m)
d Each number occurs only once, so there
is no mode 1 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 4 1.25 5
e The numbers that occur most often are 1.5 < x ≤ 2 6 1.75 10.5
2 and 4 . The data is bimodal 2 < x ≤ 2.5 7 2.25 15.75
2 a The shoe size with the highest 2.5 < x ≤ 3 7 2.75 19.25
frequency is 10
3 < x ≤ 3.5 5 3.25 16.25
b The modal mark range is 60 < y ≤ 80
Σf = 29 Σfm = 66.75
3 a i The mode is 3
Σfm 66.75
ii The modal range is 30 < x ≤ 35 =x = = 2.30172 ≈ 2.30
Σf 29
b i Discrete data, since the scale on the
3 Mean
x-axis is given as discrete values.
0 × 6 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 7 + 4 × 10 + 5 × 4
ii Continuous data, since there is a =
6 + 5 + 4 + 7 + 10 + 4
continuous scale of values on the x-
axis. 94
= = 2.6111 ≈ 2.6 cups of coffee
36
Exercise 6D 4 a Phil had
1 a The mean is 3.65 2 + 4 + 4 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 4 + 5
b The mean is 12.8056 = 50 tomato plants
c The mean is 3.35 b The modal number of tomatoes per
plant was 8
c Mean =
3 × 2 + 4 × 4 + 5 × 4 + 6 × 6 + 7 × 10 + 8 × 15 + 9 × 4 + 10 × 5
50
177
= = 7.08
25

Worked solutions
5 The mean number of fish caught per day numbers, the mean is 4 , so
was 2+3+4+4+ x +y
0 × 1 + 1 × 5 + 2 × 4 + 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 5 × 5 + 6 × 3 + 7 × 2 + 8 × 3 + 9 × 1 + 10 × 2 4=
1+5 + 4 +2 +3+5+3+2 +3 +1+2 6
141 6 × 4 = 13 + x + y
= ≈ 4.55
31 24 − 13 =x + y
6 The mean amount received per day is
11= x + y
5 × 6 + 15 × 14 + 25 × 15 + 35 × 8 + 45 × 2
As x and y are positive integers less than
6 + 14 + 15 + 8 + 2
8 , the only possible solution is if x = 5
197 and y = 6 (or y = 5 and x = 6 ), so the
= = $21.89
9
numbers are 2,3, 4, 4,5, 6
7 a There are
12 The mean mass of the students is
7 + 12 + 10 + 9 + 7 + 6 + 6 + 3
52 × 8 + 44 × 12 236
= 60 families represented = = 47.2 kg
20 5
b The data is right or positively skewed
c The mode of the data is 2 children per Exercise 6E
family
1 a The median is the middle number, 18
d The mean number of children is
7 × 1 + 12 × 2 + 10 × 3 + 9 × 4 + 7 × 5 + 6 × 6 + 6 × 7 + 3 × 8 b The middle number lies between 18
60 18 + 19 37
and 19 , = = 18.5
39 2 2
= = 3.9
10
c Arranging the numbers in size order
8 a There are 40 + 60 + 80 + 30 + 10 1, 2, 4,5 , the middle number is 4
,5
= 220 people in the village d The numbers are already in size order
b The modal class is 40 < a ≤ 60 (reversed), so the middle number is the
c The mean age of the villagers is median, the middle number lies
40 × 10 + 60 × 30 + 80 × 50 + 30 × 70 + 10 × 90 3+4 7
between 3 and 4 , = = 3.5
220 2 2
460 e 2, 4,5
,5 0 . The middle
, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8,1
= ≈ 41.8
11 number is between 6 and 7 ,
9 In the set of numbers, each appears only 6 + 7 13
= = 6.5
once, so therefore for 2 to be the mode, 2 2
a = 2 . Given that the mean is 5, we have f , 5, 6, 8 . The median is 5
2, 3,5
1 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6 + b + 8 + 10 ,
5= 2 Total number of days
9
= 2 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 11 + 18 + 6 + 2 = 53
9 38 + b , 45
5 ×= = 38 + b , =
b 45 − 38 , th th
b=7 Median  n + 1  53 + 1  th
=  =  =  27
= 9
 2   2 
10 Given that the mean of the numbers is 23,
we have to find x 3 a Mean
8 + x + 17 + (2 x + 3) + 45 =
2000000 × 1 + 1000 × 10 + 600 × 14 + 200 × 25
23 = 1 + 10 + 14 + 25
5
23 × 5 = 73 + 3x 2023400
= = $40468
115
= 73 + 3x 50
115 − 73 =
3x b The mode is the most common number,
200
42 = 3x
c The median number is the number in
42 th
x = ,  50 + 1 
3 the   = 25.5 position, that is
th
x = 14  2 
the number between 200 and 600 ,
11 Starting with 2 and 3 , we know that as 4
200 + 600
is the mode, it must occur at least twice, = 400
start by assuming that there are two 4 s 2
then x and y are the remaining two

Worked solutions
Exercise 6F IQR
= Q3 − Q1 .
1 a The median is the middle number, 8 th th
 n + 1  11 + 1  rd
th th Q1 
= =
  =
 3= 25
 n + 1  11 + 1   4   4 
b Q1 
= =
  =

rd
3= 7
 4   4   3 ( n + 1) 
th
 3 (11 + 1) 
th
th
th th
Q
=3  =
  =
 9= 45
 3 ( n + 1)   3 (11 + 1)   4   4 
c Q3 =
=   
 4 4 IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 45 − 25 = 20
   
th
= 9= 12 5 Q1 is the median of the lower half of the
d IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 12 − 7 = 5 numbers, 2
Q3 is the median of the upper half of the
e Range = largest – smallest
numbers, it lies between 4 and 5 , 4.5
= 15 – 3 = 12
IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 4.5 − 2 = 2.5
2 In ascending order, the numbers are
th th
2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 15  n + 1  12 + 1 
6 a i Median =
=  =  6.5th
a Median  2   2 
 n + 1
th
 12 + 1 
th
9+r
=  = = 6.5
= th
6 ⇒ =9.5
   2
 2   2 
9+r
b Q1 is the median of the lower half of 9.5 =
2
the numbers, 5
9.5 × 2= 9 + r
c Q3 is the median of the upper half of
19 − 9 =r
the numbers, it lies between 8 and 9 ,
r = 10
8.5
ii Q3 is the median of the upper half of
d IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 8.5 − 5 = 3.5
the numbers, it is between s and 13
e Range = largest − smallest = 15 − 2 = 13 s + 13
13 =
3 Sorting the number of sit-ups into 2
ascending order,
21 × 3 = s + 13
2,
10, 1
0, 1
2, 1
4, 1
6, 1
6,
20,
25,
25,
26 − 13 =
s
28, 30, 37, 40, 45, 50
s = 13
a Median
th th b The value of t can be found as follows
 n + 1  16 + 1 
= =  =  8.5th 10 =
5 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 9 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 13 + 13 + 13 + t ,
 2   2  12
20 + 25 10 ×=
12 102 + t
= = 22.5
2 120 − 102 =
t
b Q1 is the median of the lower half of t = 18
12 + 14
the numbers, = 13
2 Exercise 6G
Q3 is the median of the upper half of 1
30 + 37
the numbers, = 33.5
2
IQR = Q3 − Q1 = 33.5 − 13 = 20.5
c On 8 of the 16 days, Lincy did more 2 a The minimum time was 30.1
than 22.5 sit-ups.
b The maximum time was 35
d The ‘middle half’ of the number of sit-
ups Lincy did was between 13 and 33.5. c The median time was 32.5
e On 4 of the 16 days, Lincy did more d The IQR was 33.1 − 31.9 =
1.2
than 33.5 sit-ups.
4 Sorting the number of cars into ascending
order,
20, 20, 25, 30, 35, 35, 35, 35, 45, 45,
50.

Worked solutions
3 a c IQR = 13.6 − 8.2 = 5.4 minutes

d k = 15.6 minutes
2 a The median is 40 minutes
b IQR = 50 − 30 = 20
c 53
b Q3 + 1.5(IQR) 3 a
= 2067.5 + 1.5 × 1272.5
= 3976.25 < 6000
so it is an outlier
b
c
d The outlier was removed because it

distorted the analysis
4 a
c The median is 73 km
d IQR = 82 − 60 = 22 km
b The morning exam
c This means that there is a bigger e 3 cars
difference between the 25% and the 4 a
75% of the scores
5 a
c The data is right or positively skewed

6 1A, 2C, 3B
Exercise 6H
c The median is 420
1 a The longest time taken was 18 minutes
d IQR = 510 − 300 = 210
b The median is 11 minutes

Worked solutions
e 80 students Σx
2 a x =
5 1C, 2B, 3A n
1×3 + 2× 8 + 3× 6 + 4 × 6 + 5×7
= = 3.2
Exercise 6I 3+8+6+6+7
2
Σx 4 + 6 + 7 + 7 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 3
Σx 2  Σx 
1 a =
x = −  σ2 =
n 8 n  n 
= 4.375 12 × 3 + 22 × 8 + 32 × 6 + 42 × 6 + 52 × 7
= − 3.22
3+8+6+6+7
2
Σx 2  Σx  = 12 − 10.24 = 1.76
σ2 = − 
n  n  σ
= σ 2 ≈ 1.33
4 + 6 + 7 + 72 + 52 + 12 + 22 + 32
2 2 2
Σx
− 4.3752 b x =
8 n
=23.625 − 19.1406 ≈ 4.48
1 × 5 + 3 × 12 + 5 × 16 + 7 × 22 + 9 × 27 + 11 × 30 + 13 × 18
=
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 2.12 5 + 12 + 16 + 22 + 27 + 30 + 18
≈ 8.32
Σx
b x = 2
n Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = − 
n  n 
2 + 5 + 8 + 7 + 1 + 3 + 9 + 11 + 4 + 2
= 12 × 5 + 32 × 12 + 52 × 16 + 72 × 22 + 92 × 27 + 112 × 30 + 132 × 18
10 =
5 + 12 + 16 + 22 + 27 + 30 + 18
− 8.3232
= 5.2
2
= 80.385 − 69.273 = 11.111
Σx 2  Σx 
σ = 2
−  σ
= σ 2 3.33
=
n  n 
Σx
22 + 52 + 82 + 72 + 12 + 32 + 92 + 112 + 42 + 22 c x =
10
− 5.22 n
=37.4 − 37.04 ≈ 10.4 5 × 18 + 15 × 14 + 25 × 13 + 35 × 11 + 45 × 6
=
18 + 14 + 13 + 11 + 6
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 3.22
≈ 20.6
Σx −4 + −2 + 0 + 3 + −5
c x = = = −1.6 Σx 2  Σx 
2
n 5 σ2 = − 
2 n  n 
Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 =−  52 × 18 + 152 × 14 + 252 × 13 + 352 × 11 + 452 × 6
n  n  =
18 + 14 + 13 + 11 + 6
− 20.6452
(−4)2 + (−2)2 + 02 + 32 + (−5)2 = 602.419 − 426.223 = 176.197

− 5.22
5
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 13.3
= 10.8 − 2.56 = 8.24
Σx
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 2.87 3 a x =
n
Σx 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
d =
x = = 3 =
1 × 2 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 10 + 5 × 12 + 6 × 2 + 7 × 2 + 18 × 1
n 5 2 + 2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 2 + 2 + 1
2
Σx 2  Σx  = 4.63
σ2 = −  2
n  n  Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = − 
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 n  n 
= − 32
5 =
12 × 2 + 22 × 2 + 32 × 4 + 42 × 10 + 52 × 12 + 62 × 2 + 72 × 2 + 182 × 1
− 4.6292
2 + 2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 2 + 2 + 1
= 11 − 9 = 2
= 28.571 − 21.424 = 7.148
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 1.41
σ
= σ 2 2.67
=
Σx 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 500
e =
x = ≈ 85.8 Σx
n 6 b x =
2 n
Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = −  1 × 2 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 10 + 5 × 12 + 6 × 2 + 7 × 2
n  n  =
2 + 2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 2 + 2
12 + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52 + 5002 = 4.24
= − 85.8332
6 2
Σx 2  Σx 
= 41675.833 − 7367.36 ≈ 34308 σ2 = − 
n  n 
σ
= σ 2 ≈ 185.2 12 × 2 + 22 × 2 + 32 × 4 + 42 × 10 + 52 × 12 + 62 × 2 + 72 × 2
= − 4.2352
2 + 2 + 4 + 10 + 12 + 2 + 2

Worked solutions
= 19.882 − 17.938 = 1.945 Σx

2 a x =
σ
= σ
= 2
1.40 n
7 + 9 + 3 + 0 + 1 + 8 + 6 + 4 + 10 + 5 + 5
Σx = = 5.2727
4 x = 11
n 2
Σx 2  Σx 
=
93 + 86.2 + 80 + 64 + 60.6 + 50 + 50 + 47.3 + 46.6 + 46 σ2 = − 
10 n  n 
= 62.37 =
72 + 92 + 32 + 02 + 12 + 82 + 62 + 42 + 102 + 52 + 52
− 5.27272
2 11
Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = −  = 36.909 − 27.802 = 9.11
n  n 
σ
= σ 2 3.02
=
932 + 86.22 + 802 + 642 + 60.62 + 502 + 502 + 47.32 + 46.62 + 462
− 62.372
10
Σx
b x =
= 4177.27 − 3890.02 = 287.248 n
σ
= σ 2 16.9
= 21 + 27 + 9 + 0 + 9 + 24 + 18 + 12 + 30 + 15 + 15
=
11
Σx
5 x =
n = 15.8182
2
Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = − 
150 × 3 + 250 × 6 + 350 × 11 + 450 × 5 n  n 
= = 322
3 + 6 + 11 + =
5 212 + 272 + 92 + 02 + 92 + 242 + 182 + 122 + 302 + 152 + 152
− 15.81822
2
11
2
Σx  Σx 
σ2 = −  = 332.182 − 250.215 ; 82.0
n  n 
σ
= σ 2 9.054
=
1502 × 3 + 2502 × 6 + 3502 × 11 + 4502 × 5
= − 3222 c The mean is multiplied by 3, and since
3 + 6 + 11 + 5
the variance is multiplied by 9,
= 112100 − 103684 = 8416
standard deviation (which is square
σ
= σ 2 91.7
= root of variance) is multiplied by 3.
6 a 6 + 8 + 6 +3+1 =24 months 3 mean= 17.2 + 4= 21.2
b The modal range is 20 to 30 hours median = 17 + 4 = 21
standard deviation = 0.5
Σx
c x = 4 The mean, median and standard deviation
n
will double
15 × 6 + 25 × 8 + 35 × 6 + 45 × 3 + 55 × 1
= 5 The new variance is 92 x = 81x
6 + 8 + 6 +3+1
= 28.75
2 Chapter Review
Σx 2  Σx 
d σ2 = −  1 a mode = 1
n  n 
th
 10 + 1  4+2
b median =  =  5.
= 5th =3
152 × 6 + 252 × 8 + 352 × 6 + 452 × 3 + 552 × 1  2  2
= − 28.752
6 + 8 + 6 +3 +1
2 + 8 +1+5+ 0 + 4 + 4 +1+1+ 6
950 − 826.563 =
= 123.438 c mean =
10
σ
= σ 2 11.1
= 16
= = 3.2
5
Exercise 6J d range = 8 − 0 = 8
1+3+5+5+8
1 a mean = 4.4
= 9 × 420 + 3 × 740
5 2 = 500
12
median = 5
mode = 5 3 a mode = 3
th
5 + 7 + 9 + 9 + 12  50 + 1 
b mean
= = 8.4 b median =   = 25.5th = 3
5  2 
median = 9 c 0 × 4 + 1 × 8 + 2 × 10 + 3 × 20 + 4 × 4 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 1
mean =
mode = 9 50
c Adds 4 to mean, median and mode 5

= = 2.5
2

Worked solutions
4 The mean will increase by 4 and the 11 mode = 4

standard deviation will stay the same; mean
mean = 21.9 , standard deviation = 1.1 2 × 3 + 3 × 4 + 4 × 10 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 2 + 7 × 2
=
736 3 + 4 + 10 + 3 + 2 + 2
5 a mean = = 32
23 = 4.125
th
736 + 24 + 15  24 + 1 
b mean = = 31 median =   = 12.5th = 4
23 + 2  2 
22 × 3 + 32 × 4 + 42 × 10 + 52 × 3 + 62 × 2 + 72 × 2
6 a The mean will increase by 10 and the σ2 =
3 + 4 + 10 + 3 + 2 + 2
− 4.1252
standard deviation will stay the same;

=18.875 − 17.0156 =1.8593
mean = 58 , standard deviation = 5
σ = 1.36
b The mean will increase by a factor of 10
and the variance will increase by a 12 a mean =
2.5 × 15 + 7.5 × 11 + 12.5 × 9 + 17.5 × 12 + 22.5 × 6
15 + 11 + 9 + 12 + 6
factor of 102; mean = 480 , ≈ 10.9
2
variance = 5 × 100 =
2500  53 + 1 
th
median =   = 27th = 12.5

7 a 40  2 
b 60 σ2 =
2.52 × 15 + 7.52 × 11 + 12.52 × 9 + 17.52 × 12 + 22.52 × 6
15 + 1 1 + 9 + 1 2 + 6
− 10.8962
c 50 = c − 40 ⇒ c = 50 + 40 = 90 = 166.627 − 118.728 = 47.8996

d IQR = 24 = 74 − d ⇒ d = 74 − 24 = 50 σ = 6.92
8 a 800 students b Because we are using the midpoint of
b 65 marks each range, as opposed to the actual
original data, which assumes that the
c IQR = 75 − 55 = 20 number of items is equally spread
d 100 students throughout the class interval.
e No, because there are 100 students 13 Given that the mean number of watches is
who scored more than 80 marks, this is 2.5, we have to find k
not 10% 0 × 11 + 1 × 7 + 2 × 6 + 3 × k + 4 × 8 + 5 × 10
,
2.5 =
f k = 40 11 + 7 + 6 + k + 8 + 10
2.5 × (42 + k ) = 101 + 3k
9 1B, 2C, 3A
105 + 2.5k =101 + 3k
Σx
10 a x = 105 − 101 =(3 − 2.5)k
n
=
15 + 12 + 22 + 30 + 25 + 7 + 19 + 33 + 19 + 41 + 53 + 12 + 3 + 8 + 6 + 17 4 = 0.5k
16
4
= 20.125 k =
2 0.5
Σx 2  Σx 
σ2 = −  k =8
n  n 
152 + 122 + 222 + 302 + 252 + 72 + 192 + 332 + 192 + 412 + 532 + 122 + 32 + 82 + 62 + 172
14 a 80 bats
=
b 50 grams
16
− 20.1252
= 579.375 − 405.016 = 174.359 5

c
= 0.0625
= 6.25%
σ
= σ
= 13.22 80
b Write the numbers in size order; d a = 10 , c = 80 − 75 = 5
3, 6, 7, 8, 12, 12, 15, 17, 19, 19, e b = 75 − 55 = 20
22, 25, 30, 33, 41, 53 f Σx
x =
n
then find Q1 as the median of the first
half of the list, 15 × 10 + 45 × 45 + 75 × 20 + 105 × 5
=
 8 + 1
th
8 + 12 10 + 45 + 20 + 5
=Q1   4.5th
== = 10 and = 52.5
 2  2 2
Σx 2  Σx 
find Q2 as the median of the second σ2 = − 
n  n 
half of the list,
th 152 × 10 + 452 × 45 + 752 × 20 + 1052 × 5
 8 + 1 th 25 + 30 = − 52.52
Q1 = 8 +  = 12.5 = 27.5
= 10 + 45 + 20 + 5
 2  2
=3262.5 − 2756.25 =506.25
, so IQR= 27.5 − 10= 17.5
σ
= σ 2 22.5
=

Worked solutions
15 a 50 =3 + 11 + 16 + m + 8 1.5 × IQR =9
⇒ m = 50 − 38 = 12 19 – 9 = 10 M1
n = 14 + 16 = 30 19 is the (only) outlier A1
b x =
Σx 20 a
∑x =70 ⇒ ∑ x =700 A1
n 10
10 × 3 + 15 × 11 + 20 × 16 + 25 × 12 + 30 × 8 Let the new student’s mass be s.
=
3 + 11 + 16 + 12 + 8 ∑ x + s = 72 M1
= 21.1 11
2 700 + s = 792 A1
Σx 2  Σx 
c σ2 = −  So s = 92kg A1
n  n  b IQR = 10 A1
102 × 3 + 152 × 11 + 202 × 16 + 252 × 12 + 302 × 8 76 + 1.5 × IQR = 76 + 15 = 91 M1
= − 21.12
3 + 11 + 16 + 12 + 8 So new student’s mass of 92 is an
=477.5 − 445.21 =32.3 outlier R1
16 a Discrete 21 a 200 A1
b 35 A1
Σx c Using mid-points 5, 15, 25… as
b x =
n estimates for each interval M1
1 × 41 + 2 × 60 + 3 × 52 + 4 × 32 + 5 × 15 + 6 × 8 i Estimate for mean is 22.25 A2
=
41 + 60 + 52 + 32 + 15 + 8 ii Estimate for standard deviation is
11.6 (3sf) A2
≈ 2.73
d Median is approximately the 100th
2
Σx 2  Σx  piece of data which lies in the interval
c σ2 = − 
n  n  20 < h ≤ 30 . A1
12 × 41 + 22 × 60 + 32 × 52 + 42 × 32 + 52 × 15 + 62 × 8
Will be 15 pieces of data into this
− 2.7312
=
41 + 60 + 52 + 32 + 15 + 8 interval
9.25 − 7.4571 =
= 1.7929 15
Estimate is 20 + × 10 = 23 M1A1
50
σ
= σ 2 1.34
=
22 a Discrete A1
d 1 standard deviation above the mean is b 5 A1
2.731 + 1.339 = 4.07 , so 15 + 8 =
23 c i 4.79 (3sf) A2
families have more than one standard ii 1.62 (3sf) A2
deviation above the mean mobile d i 5 A1
devices ii 4 A1
17 a Discrete A1 iii 5.5 A1
b Continuous A1 e
c Continuous A1
d Discrete A1
18 a As the mode is 5 there must be at least
another 5.
R1
So we have 1, 3, 5, 5, 6 with another
number to be placed in order R1
The median will be the average of the
A1 general shape
3rd and 4th pieces of data. R1
For this to be 4.5 the missing piece of A1 median
data must be a 4. A1 quartiles
Thus a=5, b=4 A1 A1 f IQR=1.5
1 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 6 24 1.5 × 1.5 =2.25 (A1)
b =x = = 4
6 6 5.5 + 2.25 = 7.75
M1 A1 4 - 2.25 = 1.75 M1
19 a An outlier is further than 1.5 times the So the 2 (unhappy) candidates with
IQR below the lower quartile or above grade 1 are outliers A1
the upper quartile. A1
b i mode = 8 A1
ii median = 7 A1
iii lower quartile = 3 A1
iv upper quartile = 9 A1
c IQR = 6

Worked solutions
23 a c
x Frequency Cumulative
frequency
0 10 10
1 7 17
2 11 28
3 13 41
4 15 56
5 15 71
6 12 83
7 10 93
8 4 97
9 2 99
10 1 100
A4 for 6 correct
A3 for 4 or 5 correct
A2 for 2 or 3 correct
A1 for 1 correct
b i 4
ii 2
iii 6 A1A1A1
c i 4.05 (3sf)
(2.4140...)
2
ii = 5.83 (3sf) A1(M1)A1 A1A1scales A3 points and curve
d No. It is bimodal at x= 4 and 5. 24 d i 85
A1R1 ii 73
iii 97 A1A1A1
24 a 80 < w ≤ 90 A1 M1 lines
b 25 a i 7.5
mass cumulative ii 6.125 A1A2
frequency b i 6
40 < w ≤ 50 5 ii 6.9 A1A2
c Sally’s had the greater median R1
50 < w ≤ 60 20 d Rob’s had the greater mean R1
60 < w ≤ 70 45 26 a
70 < w ≤ 80 75
80 < w ≤ 90 125
90 < w ≤ 100 160
100 < w ≤ 110 185
110 < w ≤ 120 200
A2 numbers A1 labelling
chart A1; scaleA2

b i 4
ii 4
iii 4 A1A1A1
c The values of the median and the mean
are the same due to the symmetry of
the bar chart. A1R1

Worked solutions
7 Modelling relationships between two data

sets: statistics for bivariate data
Skills check 4 a
1 a 1296 b 64 c 343
2 a 5 b 4 c 3 d 3
3 a =
y 4x − 2 b y= 1 − 2 x
Exercise 7A
1 a There is a strong, positive, linear
correlation
b There is a weak, negative, linear
correlation
c There is a strong, negative, linear
correlation
d There is a weak, positive, linear
correlation b There is a strong, positive, linear
e There is no correlation correlation
2 i a Positive b Linear 5 a
c Strong
ii a Positive b Linear
c Moderate
iii a Positive b Linear
c Weak
iv a No correlation b Non linear
c Zero
v a Negative b Linear
c Strong
vi a Negative b Non linear
c Strong b There is a strong, positive, linear
3 a correlation
c As the kitten gets older, it gets heavier
Exercise 7B
1 a
x y x2 y2 xy
20 250 400 62500 5000
24 300 576 90000 7200
30 350 900 122500 10500
40 360 1600 129600 14400
50 480 2500 230400 24000
75 580 5625 336400 43500

b There is a strong, negative, linear 80 750 6400 562500 60000
correlation
90 840 8100 705600 75600
c As the maximum depth increases the
100 900 10000 810000 90000
time at that depth decreases
120 1000 14400 1000000 120000
Σx =629 Σy =5810 Σx2

Σy2 Σxy
= 50501 = 4049500 = 450200

Worked solutions
( Σx ) Sxy
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − r =
n (S xx Syy )
6292 109369
Sxx = 50501 − = −241362
10 10 r = = −0.976
165 3708905528
( Σy )
2
×
Syy =Σy 2 − 2 5
n
b There is a strong negative correlation
58102
Syy= 4049500 − = 673890 c The price of the motorbike can never
10 fall below 0.
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 3 a
n x y x2 y2 xy
629 × 5810
Sxy = 450200 − 84751
= 148 34 21904 1156 5032
10
153 38 23409 1444 5814
Sxy
r = 165 27225 1764 6930
(
Sxx Syy ) 42
142 36 20164 1296 5112

84751
=r = 0.987 155 42 24025 1764 6510
109369
× 67 3 8 90 141 32 19881 1024 4512
10
171 40 29241 1600 6840
b There is a strong positive correlation
154 34 23716 1156 5236
c As the floor area increases, house price
increases 170 40 28900 1600 6800
2 a 168 38 28224 1444 6384

x y x2 y2 xy Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2
Σy2
1 40000 1 1600000000 40000 = 1567 = 376 = 246689 = 14248 = 59170
36500 1332250000 73000

( Σx )
2 4 2
3 31000 9 961000000 93000 Sxx =Σx 2 −

n
4 26658 16 710648954 106632 15672 11401
Sxx = 246689 − =
5 24250 25 588062500 121250 10 10
( Σy )
2
6 19540 36 381811600 117240
Syy =Σy 2 −
7 19100 49 364810000 133700 n
8 18750 64 351562500 150000 3762 552
Syy = 14248 − =
9 15430 81 238084900 138870 10 5
10 12600 100 158760000 126000 Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Σx = Σy = 2
Σx = 2
Σy = Σxy = n
55 243828 385 6686990464 1099692 1567 × 376 1254
Sxy = 59170 − =
10 5
Sxy
( Σx )
2
r =
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n (
Sxx Syy )
552 165 1254
Sxx = 385 − =
10 2 =r = 5 0.707
( Σy )
2
11401 552
×
Syy =Σy 2 − 10 5
n
2438282 b There is a moderate positive
=Syy 6686990464 − correlation
10
3708905528
=
5
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n
55 × 243828
=Sxy 1099692 −
10
= −241362

Worked solutions
4 a
( Σx )
2
2
x y x2
y 2
xy Sxx =Σx −
n
6 78 36 6084 468
24.82
4 80 16 6400 320
Sxx = 82.04 − = 5.16
8
7 86 49 7396 602
( Σy )
2
5 88 25 7744 440 Syy =Σy 2 −

n
1 66 1 4356 66
1062
70 4900 140
Syy = 1740 − = 335.5
2 4 8
4 78 16 6084 312
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
6 95 36 9025 570 n
8 97 64 9409 776 24.8 × 106
Sxy = 309.9 − = −18.7
8
4 76 16 5776 304
Sxy
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy r =
= 47 = 814 = 263 = 67174 = 3998 (
Sxx Syy )
−18.7
( Σx )
2
r = = −0.449
Sxx =Σx 2 − 5.16 × 335.5
n
472 421 b There is a weak negative correlation
Sxx = 263 − =
10 10 c Yes, because the correlation is only
weak
( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 − 6 a
n
x y x2 y2 xy
8142 4572
Syy = 67174 − = 52 60 2704 3600 3120
10 5
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 60 68 3600 4624 4080
n 62 66 3844 4356 4092

47 × 814 861 65 69 4225 4761 4485
Sxy = 3998 − =
10 5 68 75 4624 5625 5100
Sxy
r = 76 82 5776 6724 6232
(
Sxx Syy ) 77 83 5929 6889 6391
861 78 84 6084 7056 6552
=r = 5 0.878 80 88 6400 7040

7744
421 4572
× 84 90 7056 8100 7560
10 5
85 93 7225 8649 7905
95 92 9025 8464 8740
c Yes
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
5 a
= 882 = 950 = 66492 = 76592 = 71297
x y x 2
y 2
xy
3.9 10 15.21 100 39
2.7 14 7.29 196 37.8
3.8 5 14.44 25 19
2.4 8 5.76 64 19.2
1.7 24 2.89 576 40.8
2.6 17 6.76 289 44.2
4.0 21 16 441 84
3.7 7 13.69 49 25.9

Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy
= 24.8 = 106 = 82.04 = 1740 = 309.9

Worked solutions
( Σx )
2 b
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
8822
Sxx = 66492 − = 1665
12
( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 −
n
9502
Syy = 76592 − = 1383.67
12
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) y2 − y1
c y −=
y1 × (x − x1 )
n x2 − x1
882 × 950
Sxy = 71297 − =1472 2.7825 − 2
12 y − 2.7825
= × (x − 5.75)
Sxy 5.75 − 2
r = =y 0.209 x + 1.583
(
Sxx Syy )
d y = 0.209 × 9 + 1.583 =
3.46 m
1472
=r = 0.970 e y = 0.209 × 120 + 1.583 =
26.6 m
1665 × 1383.67
f Not reliable as it is known that giraffes
only grow to 6 m
c More practice questions will likely
increase the overall grade 3 + 6 + 10 + 12 + 15 + 20
3 a mean =
6
Exercise 7C = 11 km
36 + 55 + 42 + 35 + 58 + 65 60 + 45 + 32 + 28 + 18 + 15
1 a mean = b mean =
6 6
= 48.5 = 33, 000 Rupees
17 + 30 + 23 + 11 + 44 + 51 c
b mean =
6
= 29.333
c
2 a mean age
y2 − y1
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 d y − y1
= × (x − x1 )
= = 5.75 x2 − x1
8
33 − 50
mean height y −=
33 × (x − 11)
11 − 5
y =
−2.833x + 64.1667
1.78 + 1.98 + 2.17 + 2.40 + 2.82 + 3.26 + 3.71 + 4.14
= e y = −2.833 × 8 + 64.1667 =
41.5
8
= 2.7825 ⇒ 41,500 Rupees
f 50 =
−2.833x + 64.1667
50 − 64.1667
⇒x = = 5 km
−2.833

Worked solutions
=g y −2.833 × 30 + 64.1667 b y= a + bx , where

= −20.8233 Sxy −241.75
b= = = −7.084 and
⇒ −20, 823 Rupees Sxx 34.125
Not suitable to extrapolate, negative 1367 92.5
a = y − bx= + 7.084 × = 202.227
rent is not correct 10 10
y 202 − 7.084 x
so=
Exercise 7D c y 202.227 − 7.084 × 7.5 =
= 149 kmh−1
1 A student who plays no sport will spend d As the time taken to accelerate from 0
35 hours on homework and each day to 90 increases by 1 second, the top
spent playing sport reduces the hours of
speed decreases by 7.08
homework by 30 minutes
2 A person who has no friends who are
criminals has 1 conviction and adding one 5 a
extra criminal friends leads to 6 extra x y x2 y2 xy
convictions 80 74 6400 5476 5920
3 A brand new speaker is worth $300 and 73 62 5329 3844 4526
as it gets older, its value decreases by 95 93 9025 8649 8835
$40 per year
84 75 7056 5625 6300
67 73 4489 5329 4891

4 a
x y x2 y2 xy 88 81 7744 6561 7128
6 157 36 24649 942 69 58 4761 3364 4002
7 155 49 24025 1085 92 90 8464 8100 8280
8 147 64 21609 1176 90 84 8100 7056 7560
8.5 142 72.25 20164 1207 Σx Σy Σx 2

Σy2 Σxy
= 738 = 690 = 61368 = 54004 = 57442
9 138 81 19044 1242
( Σx )
2
9.5 132 90.25 17424 1254 2
Sxx =Σx −
10 134 100 17956 1340 n
7382
11 127 121 16129 1397 Sxx = 61368 − = 852
9
11.5 120 132.25 14400 1380
( Σy )
2
12 115 144 13225 1380 Syy =Σy 2 −

n
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
= 92.5 = 1367 = 12403 6902
= 889.75 = 188625 Syy = 54004 − = 1104
9
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − Sxy = Σxy −

( Σx ) ( Σy )
n n
92.52 738 × 690
Sxx = 889.75 − = 34.125 Sxy = 57442 − = 862
10 9
( Σy )
2
Sxy
Syy =Σy 2 − r =
n Sxx Syy ( )
13672
Syy = 188625 − = 1756.1 86 2
10 =r = 0.889
852 × 1104
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n b y= a + bx , where
92.5 × 1367 Sxy 862
Sxy = 12403 − =−241.75 b == = 1.012 and
10 Sxx 852
Sxy 690 738
r = a = y − bx = − 1.012 × = −6.30
(
Sxx Syy ) 9 9
so y 1.01x − 6.30
=
−241.75
r = = −0.988
34.125 × 1756.1 c y 1.012 × 75 − 6.30 = 69.6
=

Worked solutions
6 a c
x y x2 y2 xy x y x2 y2 xy
35 13 1225 169 455 0.5 30 0.25 900 15
38 18 1444 324 684 1 28 1 784 28
42 27 1764 729 1134 1.5 14 2.25 196 21
45 28 2025 784 1260 2 18 4 324 36
47 36 2209 1296 1692 2.5 10 6.25 100 25
48 34 2304 1156 1632 3 7 9 49 21
50 40 2500 1600 2000 4 1 16 1 4

Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy
= 305 = 196 = 13471 = 6058 = 8857 = 14.5 = 108 = 38.75 = 2354 = 150
( Σx ) ( Σx )
2 2
Sxx =Σx 2 − Sxx =Σx 2 −

n n
3052 14.52
Sxx = 13471 − = 181.714 Sxx = 38.75 − = 8.714
7 7
( Σy ) ( Σy )
2 2
Syy =Σy 2 − Syy =Σy 2

−
n n
1962 1082
Syy = 6058 − = 570 Syy = 2354 − = 687.714
7 7
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) ( Σx ) ( Σy )
n Sxy =Σxy −
n
305 × 196 14.5 × 108
Sxy = 8857 − = 317 Sxy = 150 − −73.714
=
7 7
Sxy Sxy
r = r =
(
Sxx Syy ) (
Sxx Syy )
317 −73.714
=r = 0.985 r = = −0.952
181.714 × 570 8.714 × 687.714
There is a strong, positive correlation d Strong, negative
b y= a + bx , where 8 a
Sxy 317 x y x2 y2 xy
b= = = 1.744 and
Sxx 181.714 28 66 784 4356 1848
196 305 33 70 1089 4900 2310

a = y − bx = − 1.744 × −48.0321
=
7 7 35 85 1225 7225 2975
so y 1.74 x − 48.0
= 94 1764 8836 3948
42
c y = 1.74 × 40 − 48.0 =
21.6 cm 40 96 1600 9216 3840
d For every cm that the cat grows in 38 80 1444 6400 3040
length, it grows 1.74 cm in height Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2
Σy2
7 a a = −8.46 and b = 33.0 = 216 = 491 = 7906 = 40933 = 17961
b y 32.95 − 8.46 × 3.5 =

= 3.34
⇒ 3 mudbugs

Worked solutions
( Σx )
2
y= a + bx , where
Sxx =Σx 2 − S
n 15076.7
b = xy
= = 6.416 and
2162 Sxx 2350
Sxx = 7906 − = 130
6 3040 453
a = y − bx= − 6.416 × = 14.858
( Σy )
2
9 9
Syy =Σy 2 −
n so y 6.416 x + 14.858
=
4912 b i Each additional pizza costs $6.42
Syy = 40933 − = 752.833
6 ii When no pizzas are made, there is
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) a cost of $14.86
n c y 6.416 × 60 + 14.858 = $399.82
=
216 × 491
Sxy = 17961 − = 285 d i Not reliable as 5000 is not close to
6 the domain used
Sxy
r = ii=
100 6.416 x + 14.858
(
Sxx Syy ) 100 − 14.858
x =
285 6.416
=r = 0.911
130 × 752.833 x = 13.27
Sxy 285 13 pizzas
b b == = 2.19 and 10 a
Sxx 130
x y x2 y2 xy
491 216
a = y − bx = − 2.192 × = 2.92 1 115 1 13225 115
6 6
2 110 4 12100 220
c If a student scores 1 mark better in
the IB diploma then they will do 2.19% 3 92 9 8464 276
better in their first year at university 4 89 16 7921 356
d y 2.19 x + 2.92
= 5 80 25 6400 400
= 2.19 × 30 + 2.92 =
68.7% 8 63 64 3969 504
9 a 9 59 81 3481 531
x y x2 y2 xy 10 54 100 2916 540
25 200 625 40000 5000 Σx Σy Σxy
Σx 2 Σy 2
40 260 1600 67600 10400 = 42 = 662 = 300 = 58476 = 2942
( Σx )
2
65 350 4225 122500 22750
Sxx =Σx 2 −
53 360 2809 129600 19080 n
46 260 2116 67600 11960 422
Sxx = 300 − = 79.5
30 250 900 62500 7500 8
( Σy )
2
50 310 2500 96100 15500
Syy =Σy 2 −
74 600 5476 360000 44400 n
70 450 4900 202500 31500
6622
Syy = 58476 − = 3695.5
Σx Σy Σxy
8
Σx 2
Σy 2
= 453 = 3040 = 25151 = 1148400 = 168090

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − 42 × 662

Sxy = 2942 − = −533.5
n 8
4532 Sxy
Sxx = 25151 − = 2350 r =
9
Sxx Syy ( )
( Σy )
2
2
Syy =Σy − −533.5
n r = = −0.984
2 79.5 × 3695.5
3040
Syy= 1148100 − = 121256
9 Sxy −533.5
b b= = = −6.71 and
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) Sxx 79.5
n 662 42
453 × 3040 a = y − bx = + 6.711 × = 117.98
Sxy 168090 −
= 15076.7
= 8 8
9

Worked solutions
c y = 117.98 − 6.711 × 6 =
77.717 Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
= 35 = 169 = 251 = 6609 = 1279
= ¥78000
( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 −
Exercise 7E n
1 a 1692
Syy = 6609 − = 1848.83
x y x2 y2 xy 6
12 45 144 2025 540
Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
15 225 1936 660
n
44
35 × 169
18 45 324 2025 810 Sxy = 1279 − =293.167
6
18 42 324 1764 756
x= a + by , where
22 40 484 1600 880
S 293.167
25 34 625 1156 850 b = xy
= = 0.159 and
Syy 1848.83
30 26 900 676 780
35 169
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy a = x − by =− 0.159 × = 1.35 so
= 140 = 276 = 5276 6 6
= 3026 = 11182
=x 1.35 + 0.159y
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2
− b=x 1.35 + 0.159 × 50 = 9.3 mins
n
3
1402
Sxx = 3026 − = 226 x y x2 y2 xy
7
90 87 8100 7569 7830
( Σy )
2
88 57 7744 3249 5061
Syy =Σy 2 −
n 65 52 4225 2704 3380
2762
Syy = 11182 − = 299.714 92 76 8464 5776 6992
7
50 30 2500 900 1500
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
67 67 4489 4489 4489
n
140 × 276 100 96 10000 9216 9600
Sxy =5276 − = −244
7 100 74 10000 5476 7400
y= a + bx , where 73 65 5329 4225 4745
Sxy −244 90 87 8100 7569 7830

b= = = −1.0797 and
Sxx 226 83 78 6889 6084 6474
276 140 94 89 8836 7921 8366

a = y − bx = + 1.0797 × = 61.0226
7 7 83 78 6889 6084 6474
so
= y 61.0 − 1.08 x , Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy
=y 61.0 − 1.08 × 20= 39.4 ⇒ 39 tickets = 1075 = 936 = 91565 = 71262 = 80096
b x= a + by , where ( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 −
S xy −244 n
b= = = −0.814 and
Syy 299.714 9362
Syy = 71262 − = 3870
140 276 13
a = x − by = + 0.814 × = 52.1
7 7 Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
so
= x 52.1 − 0.814y , n
=y 52.1 − 0.814=
× 35 23.61 ⇒ $24 1075 × 936
Sxy =80096 − = 2696
13
2 a
x y x2 y2 xy
x= a + by , where
2 6 4 36 12
Sxy 2696
b == = 0.697 and
3 10 9 100 30
Syy 3870
5 22 25 484 110 1075 936

a = x − by= − 0.697 × = 32.508
33 49 1089 231
13 13
7
so
= x 32.5 + 0.697y ,
8 42 64 1764 336
10 56 100 3136 560

Worked solutions
=x 32.508 + 0.697 × 52 =
68.752 2 a,d & f
⇒ 69 marks in mathematics
4 a
x y x2 y2 xy
1 180 1 32400 180
5 164 25 26896 820
9 148 81 21904 1332
12 120 144 14400 1440
14 118 196 13924 1652
19 90 361 8100 1710
21 85 441 7225 1785 b mean temp

24 82 576 6724 1968
39 + 36 + 45 + 41 + 42 + 37 240
30 65 900 4225 1950
= =
6 6
34 60 1156 3600 2040
= 40 °C
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy2 Σxy
c mean cost
= 169 = 1112 = 3881 = 139398 = 14877
11 + 8 + 16 + 13 + 14 + 10 72
= = = 12
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2
− 6 6
n so 1200 Dirhams
1692
Sxx = 3881 − = 1024.9 y1 − y2
10 e=
y − y1 (x − x1 )
x1 − x2
( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 − 12 − 16
n y − 12
= (x − 40)
1112 2 40 − 45
Syy = 139398 − = 15743.6 y= 0.8 x − 32 + 12
10
=y 0.8 x − 20
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n 3 a
169 × 1112 t e t2 e2 te
Sxy 14877 −
= −3915.8
=
10 0 29 0 841 0
y= a + bx , where 2 38 4 1444 76
S xy −3915.8 4 27 16 729 108

b= = = −3.821 and
S xx 1024.9 6 19 36 361 114
1112 169 8 12 64 144 96

a = y − bx= + 3.821 × = 175.775
10 10 Σt Σe 2
Σt Σe2 Σte
so y 175.775 − 3.821x ,
= = 20 = 125 = 120 = 3519 = 394
=y 175.775 − 3.821
= × 7 149.028
= 149 ( Σt )
2
Stt =Σt 2 −
b x= a + by , where n
Sxy −3915.8 202
b= = = −0.249 and Stt = 120 − = 40
Syy 15743.6 5
( Σe )
2
169 1112 See =Σ e2 −
a = x − by =
+ 0.249 × = 44.589
10 10 n
=so x 44.589 − 0.249y , 1252
See = 3519 − = 394
=x 44.589 − 0.249 × 100 = 19.7 km 5
Ste = Σte −
( Σ t ) ( Σe )
Chapter Review n
20 × 125
1 a The PMCC lies between -1 and 1 Ste = 394 − =−106
5
b A -0.6, B 0.9, C 0.5, D 0, E -0.96
c Strong negative, linear

Worked solutions
e at + b , where
= b
S −106 x y x2 y2 xy
a = te = = −2.65 and
Stt 40 24 260 576 67600 6240
125 20 23.5 199 552.25 39601 4676.5

b = e − at = + 2.65 × = 35.6
5 5 23 174 529 30276 4002
b=e 35.6 − 2.65 × 5 = 22.35 ⇒ 22 eggs 22 162 484 26244 3564
c Because t = 40 is too far outside the 21 149 441 22201 3129

domain 20.3 135 412.09 18225 2740.5
4 a 20 118 400 13924 2360
x y x2 y2 xy
18.2 115 331.24 13225 2093
28 3600 784 12960000 100800
17 102 289 10404 1734
46 5200 2116 27040000 239200
26 246 676 60516 6396
38 4400 1444 19360000 167200
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
34 3800 1156 14440000 129200 = 215 = 1660 = 4690.58 = 302216 = 36935
52 6000 2704 36000000 312000

( Σx )
2
50 5900 2500 34810000 295000 Sxx =Σx 2 −

n
Σx Σy Σx 2 Σy 2 Σxy
2152
= 248 = 28900 = 10704 = 144610000 = 1243400 = 4690.58 −
Sxx = 68.08
10
( Σx )
2
( Σy )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 −
n Syy =Σy 2 −
n
2482
Sxx = 10704 − = 453.333 16602
6 Syy = 302216 − = 26656
10
( Σy )
2
Syy =Σy 2 − Sxy =Σxy −

( Σx ) ( Σy )
n n
289002 215 × 1660
S=
yy 144610000 − = 5408333 Sxy = 36935 − 1245
=
6 10
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) Sxy
r =
n
248 × 28900
(
Sxx Syy )
1243400 −
Sxy = 48866.7
= 1245
6 =r = 0.924
68.08 × 26656
y= a + bx , where
Sxy c There is a strong positive correlation.
48866.7
b= = = 107.794 and The hotter the day, the more bottles
Sxx 453.333 sold.
28900 248 d y= a + bx , where
a = y − bx
= − 107.794 × = 361.181
6 6 Sxy 1245
so
= y 108 x + 361 b= = = 18.29 and
S xx 68.08
b Need to find the smallest x such that
1660 215
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181 , a = y − bx = − 18.29 × −227.235
=
10 10
so y 18.3x − 227
=
120 x > 107.794 x + 361.181
(120 − 107.794)x > 361.181 =e y 18.29 × 19.6 − 227.235 = 131.249
361.181 ⇒ 131 bottles
x >
12.206 f 36 is far outside the domain that we
x > 29.59 have
So the smallest number of chairs is 30
5 a 24 + 23.5 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20.3 + 20 + 18.2 + 17 + 26
10
215
= = 21.5
10

Worked solutions
6 a ( Σx )
2
x y x
2
y 2
xy Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
3500 110000 12250000 12100000000 385000000
5302
Sxx = 71050 − = 14870
2000 65000 4000000 4225000000 130000000
5
( Σy )
2
5000 100000 25000000 10000000000 500000000
Syy =Σy 2 −
6000 135000 36000000 18225000000 810000000 n
5000 120000 25000000 14400000000 600000000 50.72
Syy = 637.31 − = 123.212
3000 90000 9000000 8100000000 270000000 5
4000 100000 16000000 10000000000 400000000
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
8000 140000 64000000 19600000000 1120000000 n
530 × 50.7
Σx = Σy = Σx =2 2
Σy = Σxy = Sxy 6674 −
= 1299.8
=
36500 860000 191250000 96650000000 4215000000 5
y ax + b , where
=
( Σx )
2
Sxx =Σx 2 − S 1299.8

n = xy
a= = 0.0874 and
36500 2 S xx 14870
=Sxx 191250000 −
8 50.7 530
b = y − ax= − 0.0874 ×
= 24718750 5 5
( Σy )
2
= 0.876
Syy =Σy 2 − b The gradient indicates that a car
n
travelling one additional mile uses
8600002
=Syy 96650000000 − 0.0874 litres of fuel
8
= 4200000000 c y 0.876 + 0.0874 × 160 =
= 14.9 litres
d Not reliable as 5 is outside the domain
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) of the original data
n
8 a
36500 × 860000
=Sxy 4215000000 − x y x2 y2 xy
8
1 6 1 36 6
= 291250000
1.5 7 2.25 49 10.5
y= a + bx , where
2 10 4 100 20
Sxy 291250000
b= = = 11.78 and 2.5 15 6.25 225 37.5
Sxx 24718750
3 9 9 81 27
860000 36500
a = y −=
bx − 11.78 × = 53753.8 3.5 17 12.25 289 59.5
8 8
so y 11.8 x + 53754
= 4 20 16 400 80
b=
y 11.8 × 7000 + 5375
= 4 $136354 4.5 18 20.25 324 81
Σx Σy Σx2
Σy 2 Σxy
c i and ii would change, iii would remain
= 22 = 102 = 71 = 1504 = 321.5
the same
( Σx )
2
7 a
Sxx =Σx 2 −
x y x2 y2 xy n
30 3.2 900 10.24 96 222
Sxx =71 − =10.5
65 7.5 4225 56.25 487.5 8
( Σy )
2
110 8.4 12100 70.56 924
Syy =Σy 2 −
140 15.1 19600 228.01 2114 n
185 16.5 34225 272.25 3052.5 1022
Syy = 1504 − = 203.5
Σx Σy Σxy 8
Σx2
Σy 2
= 530 = 50.7 = 71050 = 637.31 = 6674

Sxy = Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
n
22 × 102
Sxy = 321.5 − = 41
8

Worked solutions
y ax + b , where
= f x ay + b , where
=
S xy 41 S 73200
a == = 3.90 and a = xy
= = 3.641 and
Sxx 10.5 Syy 20103.4
102 22 2800 2123
b = y − ax = − 3.90 × = 2.01 b = x − ay = − 3.641 × −704.263
=
8 8 7 7
b An increase in one gram of hormone so x 3.641y − 704.263 ,
=
leads to just under 4 extra flowers x = 3.641 × 300 − 704.263 =
388 g
c A plant with no growth hormone will 10 a
produce 2 flowers x y x2 y2 xy
d=y 2.01 + 3.905 × 1.75 =
8.84 15 26 225 676 390
e=
12 2.01 + 3.905x 25 30 625 900 750
9.99 35 25 1225 625 875
3.905x = 12 − 2.01 ⇒ x = = 2.56 g
3.905
45 26 2025 676 1170
f Not appropriate as 1000 is far outside
the domain of the data provided 55 20 3025 400 1100
9 a 65 14 4225 196 910

x y x2
y 2
xy Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy2 Σxy
100 204 10000 41616 20400 = 240 = 141 = 11350 = 3473 = 5195
200 257 40000 66049 51400

( Σx )
2
300 292 90000 85264 87600

Sxx =Σx 2 −
n
400 315 160000 99225 126000 2402
Sxx = 11350 − = 1750
500 330 250000 108900 165000 6
( Σy )
2
600 355 360000 126025 213000
Syy =Σy 2 −
700 370 490000 136900 259000 n
Σx Σy Σx 2
Σy 2 Σxy 1412
Syy = 3473 − = 159.5
= 2800 = 2123 = 1400000 = 663979 = 922400 6
2 ( Σx )
2
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy )
Sxx =Σx − n
n
2 240 × 141
2800 Sxy 5195 −
= −445
=
Sxx= 1400000 − = 280000 6
7
( Σy )
2 y ax + b , where
=
Syy =Σy 2 − Sxy
n −445
a= = = −0.254 and
2123 2 Sxx 1750
Syy = 663979 − = 20103.4
7 141 240
b = y − ax = + 0.254 × = 33.7 ,
Sxy =Σxy −
( Σx ) ( Σy ) 6 6
n =y 33.7 − 0.254 x
2800 × 2123 b=y 33.7 − 0.254 × 50
Sxy 922400 −
= 73200
=
7
= 21 decimal places
y ax + b , where
=
Sxy
S 73200 c r =
a = xy
= = 0.261 and
Sxx 280000 (S xx Syy )
2123 2800 −445
b = y − ax= − 0.261 × = 199 =r = −0.842
7 7 1750 × 159.5
b Each additional gram increases the d There is a strong, negative correlation
length of the spring by 0.261 mm
11 a 0.51 × 120 + 7.5 =
68.7 M1A1
c The spring was 199 mm long before
any weight was added b The line of best fit goes through ( x, y )
d=
y 199 + 0.261 × 550 = 343 mm R1
e 2 kg is outside the domain of the data, y = 0.51 × 100 + 7.5 = 58.5 A1
so extrapolation is unreliable c Strong, positive A1A1
d x on y A1

Worked solutions
12 i perfect positive A1
ii strong negative A1
iii weak positive A1
iv weak negative A1
v zero A1
13 a r = 0.979 (3sf) A2 A1
b Strong, positive A1A1 ii T ≥ 80
c i y 1.23x − 21.3
= A1A1 40 + 2t = 80 ⇒ t = 20
ii x 0.776y + 20.8
= A1A1 130 − t = 80 ⇒ t = 50 M1
d 1.23 × 105 − 21.3 =
110 A1 Interval is 20 ≤ t ≤ 50 . A1A1
e 0.776 × 95 + 20.8 = 95 A1 17 a
f It is extrapolation R1 x 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19
14 a
y 2 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 2
A3 (A2 for 5 A1 for 3)
b r = −0.0695(3sf ) A2
c Very weak (negative) correlation so

line of best fit is meaningless R1
25-year-old would be extrapolation

R1
0.6
18 i Gradient=
m = 0.2 M1A1
(scales: A1; 3 points plotted correctly: 3
A2; all points plotted correctly: award a ii l = 0.6 A1
further A1) iii k = 3 A1
iv a = 5 A1
b strong, negative A1A1
v b = 0.6 A1
c i x = 4.625
0.9 − 0.6
ii y = 5.875 vi Gradient
= p = 0.1 M1A1
8−5
iii see above A2A2A1
vii 0.6= 0.1 × 5 + q ⇒ q= 0.1 M1A1
d see above M1
line passes through the mean A1 viii r =8 A1
e 3.2 see above for lines drawn on 19 a i 0.849 (3sf) A2
A1A1 ii strong, positive A1A1
15 a 100
= 70m + c = iii y 0.937 x + 0.242 A1A1
140 100m + c
= b i 0.267 (3sf) A2
40 = 30m ii weak, positive A1A1
iii the r value is too small for this to
4
m= be particularly meaningful R1
3 20 a i no change
20 r = 0.87 A1
c = (M1)A1A1
3 ii no change
b Positive A1 15 A1
c Line goes through ( x, y ) (R1) iii The scatter diagram has just been
moved down by 4 and to the right
4 2 2
y= 90 + 6 = 126 (M1)A1 by 5.
3 3 3
R1
4 2 2 iv Strong, positive A1A1
d Estimate is 60 + 6 =86 (M1)A1
3 3 3
b i no change
16 a 40 oC A1
r = 0.87 A1
b 70 oC A1
c 100 oC A1 ii 2 × 15 =30 A1
d i

Worked solutions
iii the scatter diagram has been

stretched vertically. R1
c i r = −0.87 A1
15
ii = −5 A1
−3
iii The scatter diagram has been
stretched horizontally and reflected
in the y-axis. R1R1
iv Strong, negative A1A1

Worked solutions
8 Quantifying randomness: probability
Skills Check f As there is no 9 on an 8 sided dice,

3 7 3 4 P(9) = 0
1 a 1− = − =
7 7 7 7 n({C }) 1
2 5 14 25 39 =5 a P(C ) =
b + = + = n({S, T , A, T , I , S, T , I , C , S}) 10
5 7 35 35 35
b As there is no P in the word
2 2 2×2 4 “STATISTICS”, P(P ) = 0
c ×= =
5 3 5 × 3 15
n({ A, I , I})
1 3 3 53 c P(vowel) =
d 1 −  ×  =1 − = n({S, T , A, T , I , S, T , I , C , S})
7 8 56 56
3
3 =
3 ÷ 20 3 10
20
e= =
7 7 ÷ 20 7 6 a Every other number is even, so
20 1
P(even) =
2 a 1 − 0.375 =0.625 2
b 0.65 + 0.05 = 0.7 b P(contains digit 1)
7×6 42 n({1,10 − 19,21,31, 41}) 14 7
c 0.7 × 0.6 = = = 0.42 = = =
102 100 50 50 25
d 0.25 × 0.64 = 0.64 ÷ 4 = 0.16 7 Let x be the number of seats on a
e 0.5 × 30 = 30 ÷ 2 = 15 minibus, then
3x 3x 3
222 484 P(coach)
= = =
f 0.22 × 0.22 = = = 0.0484 x + x + x + x + 3x 7x 7
1002 10000
8 Using P(green) = 2P(yellow) and
Exercise 8A 1 =P(red) + P(yellow) + P(blue) + P(green) ,
we see that
n({1,3,5,7,9})
1 P(odd) = 1 =P(red) + P(yellow) + P(blue) + P(green)
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10})
1 = 0.4 + P(yellow) + 0.3 + P(green)
5 1 1= 0.7 + P(yellow) + P(green)
= =
10 2 1 −=0.7 P(yellow) + 2P(yellow)
30 1 0.3 = 3P(yellow)
2 P(defective)
= =
150 5 0.3
= P(yellow)
20 20 4 3
3 P(chorus)
= = = P(yellow) = 0.1
20 + 10 + 5 35 7
P(green) 2=
= P(yellow) 0.2
n({2, 4,6,8}) 4 1
4 a P(even)
= = = 9
Number of people who buy raffle tickets
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8}) 8 2
360
n({3,6}) = = 180 , of these half bought 2 tickets and
b P(multiple of 3) = 2
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8}) the other half bought one, so there were
2 1 180
= = 2× + 180 = 360 raffle tickets sold. Therefore
8 4 2
1
n({4,8}) P(win) =
c P(multiple of 4) = 360
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8})
2 1
= = Exercise 8B
8 4
1 a i P(age 15) = 0.18
d P(not a multiple of 4)
ii P(age 16 or higher)
1 3
= 1 − P(multiple of 4) =1 − =
4 4 = P(age 16) + P(age 17) + P(age 18)
n({1,2,3}) = 0.22 + 0.27 + 0.13 = 0.62
e P(less than 4) =
n({1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8}) b Number of 15 year old students
3 = 1200 × P(age 15) = 1200 × 0.18 = 216
=
8

Worked solutions
2 a The relative frequency of getting a 1 is 23 2

=1 − P(card or present) =1− =
frequency of 1 27 25 25
= = 0.27
total spins 100
4 A = {P , R, O, B, A, I , L, T , Y } and
b The spinner is probably not fair because the
B = {C , O, M, P , L, E , N, T , A, R, Y }
relative frequencies are not close to each
other, a 1 occurred nearly 4 times more than a
a6
15
c Estimated number of 4s = 3000 × = 450
100
3 a 10 of each
b
Relative
0.1 0.1 0.15 0.138 0.138 0.15 0.138 0.0875
frequency
c
Relative b A∩B =
{P , R, O, A, L, T , Y }
0.0925 0.1225 0.1375 0.125 0.14 0.145 0.1075 0.13
frequency
c A∪B =
{P , R, O, B, A, I , L, T , Y , C , M, E , N}
d There is a big difference between relative
frequency of getting a 1 and getting a 6. 5 a A∩B =
{6}
This suggests that the dice is not fair.
b A∪B =
{2,3, 4,6,8,9,10}
Exercise 8C c A′ = {1,3,5,7,9}
1 a A′ ∩ B {1,3,5,7,9} ∩=
d= {3,6,9} {3,9}
e A ∪ B′
= {2, 4,6,8,10} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}
= { 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 }
f A′ ∪ B′
= {1,3,5,7,9} ∪ {1,2, 4,5,7,8,10}
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
b From the Venn diagram,
6 U={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15}
8 4
P(neither)
= = a i M = {3,6,9,12,15}
38 19
2 a ii F = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 }
b
b From the Venn diagram,

19 + 21 + 16 + 7 =
63
40 3 1
c i P(badminton) = c i P(M ∩ F ) = =
63 15 5
21 1 6 2
ii P(both)
= = ii P((M ∪ F )′ ) = =
63 3 15 5
7 1 7 a
iii P(neither)= =
63 9
iv P(at least one)= 1 − P(neither)
1 8
=1 − =
9 9
3 Let A = gave a card and B = gave a present
31 + 40 − 25 23
a P(card =
or present) =
50 25
31 − 25 3
b P(card but no present)
= =
50 25
c P(neither card nor present)
b i P(only 9 pm) = 33%

Worked solutions
ii P(only 6 pm) = 24% = P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)

3 3
iii P(no news) = 30% = + − P( A ∩ B)
16 8
9
Exercise 8D so 4P( A ∩ B) =
16
n({2,3,5,7}) 4 2
1 a P(prime)
= = = 9 27
10 10 5 ⇒ P( A ∩ B) = ⇒ P( A ∪ B) =
64 64
b P(prime or multiple of 3)
27 37
b P( A ∪ B)′ =1 − P( A ∪ B) =1 − =
n({2,3,5,7}) + n({3,6,9}) − n({3}) 64 64
=
10
c P( A ∩ B′)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
4 + 3 −1 6 3
= = =
10 10 5 3 9 3
= − =
c P(multiple of 3 or 4) 16 64 64
n({3,6,9}) + n({4,8})
= Exercise 8E
n({10})
3+2 5 1 1 a No b Yes c No d Yes
= = =
10 10 2 e No f No g No
2 P(camera owner or female) 2 P(N ∩ M )= P(N ) + P(M ) − P(N ∪ M )
n(cam) + n(fem) − n(fem and cam) 1 1 3

= = + − =0
n(U ) 5 10 10
30 + 25 − 18 37 so N and M are mutually exclusive
= =
55 55 3 P( A ∩ B) = P( A ∩ C ) = P(B ∩ C ) = 0 because
3 Let A = {M, A, T , H, E , I , C , S} and only one school can win
B = {T , R, I , G, O, N, M, E , Y } a P( A ∪ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)
n( A) 8 4 1 1 7
a P(=
A) = = = + −0 =
n(U ) 26 13 3 4 12
n(B) 9 b P( A ∪ B ∪ C=
) P( A) + P(B) + P(C )
b P
= (B) =
n(U ) 26
1 1 1 47
= + + =
n({E , I , M, T }) 4 2 3 4 5 60
c P( A ∩ B) = = =
n(U ) 26 13 c Yes, because the probability of A, B or
n( A) + n(B) − n( A ∩ B) C winning is not equal to 1.
d P( A ∪ B) =
n(U )
Exercise 8F
8 + 9 − 4 13 1
= = =
26 26 2 1 U = {HHH, HHT , HTH, THH, HTT ,
4 a P(fiction or non-fiction) THT , TTH, TTT }
= P(fiction) + P(non-fiction) − P(both) a P(more heads than tails)

= 0.4 + 0.3 − 0.2 = 0.5 n({HHH, HHT , HTH, THH}) 4 1
= = =
b P(no book) n(U ) 8 2
= 1 − P(fiction or non-fiction) b P(at least two heads consecutively)

1 0.5 =
=− 0.5 n({HHH, HHT , THH}) 3
= =
5 a P( X ∪ Y )= P( X ) + P(Y ) − P( X ∩ Y ) n(U ) 8
1 1 1 1 c P(heads and tails alternately)

= + − =
4 8 8 4 n({HTH, THT }) 2 1
= = =
1 3 n(U ) 8 4
b P( X ∪ Y )′ =1 − P( X ∪ Y ) =1 − =
4 4 2 a
6 a P( A ∩ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∪ B)
= 0.2 + 0.4 − 0.5 = 0.1
b P( A′ ∪ B=
) P( A′) + P(B) − P( A′ ∩ B)
1 P( A) + P(B) − (P(B) − P( A ∩ B))
=−
1 0.2 + 0.4 − (0.4 − 0.1) =

=− 0.9
b i P(red is higher than blue)
7 a 3P( A ∩ B) = P( A ∪ B)

Worked solutions
n({(1,2),(1,3),(1, 4),(2,3),(2, 4),(3, 4)}) 8 2

= = =
n(U ) 36 9
6 3 b P(2 meters from start after 2 rolls)
= =
16 8
n({(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4, 4)}) 4 1
= = =
ii P(difference between numbers is 1) n(U ) 36 9
n({(1,2),(2,3),(3, 4),(2,1),(3,2),(4,3)}) c To be more than 1 but less than 2 meters
= away, he must go to a corner
n(U )
P(between 1 and 2 meters after 2 rolls)
6 3
= = n({(1,2),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2),(3, 4),(4,3),(4,1),(1, 4)})
16 8 =
n(U )
iii P(red is odd and blue is even)
8 2
= =
n({(1,2),(1, 4),(3,2),(3, 4)}) 36 9
=
n(U )
4 1 Exercise 8G
= =
16 4 1 1 1
1 P(both purple) = × =
iv P(sum is prime) 5 5 25
3
=
n({(1,1),(1,2),(1, 4),(2,1),(2,3),(3,2),(3, 4),(4,1),(4,3)}) 4 64
n(U ) 2 P(all 3 like pasta)
= = 
5 125
9
= 3 P(loses both) = (1 − 0.75) × (1 − 0.85)
16
3 a = 0.0375
4 a P(B) = P( A ∩ B) + P( A ∪ B) − P( A)
=0 + 0.4 − 0.2 =0.2
P(B ∩ C )= P(B) + P(C ) − P(B ∪ C )
= 0.2 + 0.3 − 0.34
= 0.16
b Not independent as P(B ∩ C ) =
/ 0
b i P(cards have same number)
1 5 5
5 P(head and not 6) = × =
n({(2,2),(3,3)}) 2 1 2 6 12
= = =
n(U ) 12 6
6 P(not hitting with 4 missiles)
ii P(largest number is 3) 4
1 1
n({(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}) = =
= 9 6561
n(U )
4 1 7 a P(E ) =−
1 P(E′) =−
1 0.6 =0.4
= =
16 4 b i Because
iii P(sum is less than 7) P(E ) × P(F ) =0.24 =P(E ∩ F )
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1)})
n(U )
ii Because P(E ∩ F ) =
/ 0
9 3 c P(E ∪ F ′)= P(E ) + P(F ′) − P(E ∩ F ′)

= =
12 4 = P(E ) + 1 − P(F ) − (P(E ) − P(E ∩ F ))
iv P(product is at least 8) = 0.4 + 1 − 0.6 − 0.4 + 0.24= 0.64
n({(3,3),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2),(5,3)}) 8 The only possible way to have a sum of 6
=
n(U ) 2 1
3
5 is if all dice show 2. P(sum to 6) =   =

= 6 27
12
9 a P( A ∩ B) = P( A) × P(B) = 0.9 × 0.3 = 0.27
v P(at least one even number)
n({(2,1),(2,2),(2,3),(3,2),(4,1),(4,2),(4,3),(5,2)})
b P( A ∩ B′)= P( A) − P( A ∩ B)
=
n(U )
=0.9 − 0.27 =0.63
8 2 c P( A ∪ B′)= P( A) + P(B′) − P( A ∩ B′)
= =
12 3
= 0.9 + 0.3 − 0.63 = 0.97
4 a P(at start after 2 rolls)
n({(1,3),(2, 4),(3,1),(4,2),(5,6),(6,5),(5,5),(6,6)})
=
n(U )

Worked solutions
Exercise 8H 5 1
4 a P(male and left-handed)
= =
1 a n(both subjects) 50 10
n(film) + n(theatre) − n(either)

= 43
b P(right-handed) =
50
= 15 + 20 − (27 − 4) = 12
c P(right-handed | female)
b i P(theatre and not film)
11
= P(theatre) − P(theatre and film) P(right-handed and female) 50 11
= = =
20 12 8 P(female) 13 13
= − =
27 27 27 50
ii P(theatre or film) P( J ∩ K ) P( J) × P(K )
5 P( J |=
K) = = P= ( J) 0.3
P(K ) P(K )
= P(theatre) + P(film)
− P(theatre and film) 6 P(two boys | one is a boy)
20 15 12 23 P(two boys and one is a boy)

= + − = =
27 27 27 27 P(one is a boy)
iii P(theatre | film) n({BB})
P(theatre and film) n({BB, BG, GB, GG}) 1
= = =
P(film) n({BB, BG, GB}) 3
n({BB, BG, GB, GG})
12
27 12 4
= = =
15 15 5 Exercise 8I
27
12 11 10 11
1 a P(three picture cards) = × × =
2 a P(even | not multiple of 4) 52 51 50 1105
P(even and not multiple of 4) 12 11 40
= b P(two picture cards) =3 × × ×
P(not multiple of 4) 52 51 50
n({2,6,14}) 132
8 3 =
= = 1105
n({1,2,6,7,11,14,29}) 7
8 5 4 20 10
2 a P(two broken pens) = × = =
14 13 182 91
b P(< 15 |> 5)
b P(at least one broken pen)
P(less than 15 and greater than 5)
=
P(greater than 5) = P(one broken pen) + P(two broken pens)
n({6,7,11,14}) 9 5 10 55
=2 × × + =
8 4 2 14 13 91 91
= = =
n({6,7,11,14,24,29}) 6 3
1
8 c P(girl picks broken pen) =
4
c P(less than 5 | less than 15)
3
3 a P(male) =
P(less than 5 and less than 15) 10
=
P(less than 15)
b P(one male and one female)
n({1,2})
8 2 1 3 7 7
= = = =2 × × =
n({1,2,6,7,11,14}) 6 3 10 9 15
8
4 a P(at least one answers correctly)
d P(1 ↔ 10 | 5 ↔ 25)
= P(one answers correctly)
P(1 ↔ 15 and 5 ↔ 25) + P(both answer correctly)
=
P(5 ↔ 25)
5 4 2 5 5 5 55
n({6,7,11,14}) = × + × + × =
7 9 7 9 7 9 63
8 4
= =
n({6,7,11,14,24}) 5 b P(Luca correct | at least one correct)
8
5
3 a P(V ∩ W ) =
0 because they are mutually P(Luca correct) 7 9
= = =
exclusive P(at least one correct) 55 11
63
b P(V | W ) = 0 because they are mutually
exclusive c P(Ian correct | at least one correct)
c P(V ∪ W )= P(V ) + P(W ) − P(V ∩ W )

= 0.26 + 0.37 − =
0 0.63

Worked solutions
5 = 0.6 + 0.2 − 0.02

P(Ian correct) 9 7 = 0.78
= = =
P(at least one correct) 55 11
63 c P( A ∪ B) − P( A ∩ B)
= 0.78 − 0.02 = 0.76
d P(two correct | at least one correct) P( A ∩ B)
d P(B | A) =
P( A)
5 5
×
P(two correct) 7 9 5 0.02 2 1
= = = = = =
P(at least one correct) 55 11 0.6 60 30
63
5 a 6x
b
Chapter review
1 a P(divisible by 5)
n({10,15,20,...85,90,95})
=
n({10,11,...,98,99})
18 1
= =
90 5
b P(divisible by 3)
n({12,15,18,...93,96,99}) 30 1
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 3
c 15 + 3 + 7 + 20 + 6 x + 2 x + x =90
c P(greater than 50) 45 + 9 x =
90
n({51,52,53,...,98,99}) 49 9 x = 45
= =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 x =5
d P(a square number) 6 a P(C ∩ D)= P(D) × P(C | D)
n({16,25,36, 49,64,81}) 6 1 = 0.5 × 0.6 = 0.3
= = =
n({10,11,...,98,99}) 90 15
b Not mutually exclusive as P(C ∩ D) ≠ 0
2
c P(C ) × P(D) = 0.4 × 0.5 = 0.2
P(C ∩ D) ≠ P(C ) × P(D)
Therefore C and D are not
independent events.
d P(C ∪ D)= P(C ) + P(D) − P(C ∩ D)
= 0.4 + 0.5 − 0.3
11 = 0.6
From Venn diagram P(Cat and dog) =
30 P(C ∩ D)
e P(D | C ) =
3 a P(C )
0.3 3
= = = 0.75
0.4 4
3 2
7 a P(properly) = × 0.35 + × 0.55
5 5
= 0.21 + 0.22 = 0.43
P(Jill ∩ Properly')
b P(Jill | Properly ') =
P(Properly')
From Venn diagram P(C ∩ D ') =
0.55
2
× 0.45
b P(C ∩ D) =
0.15 = 5 = 0.18 = 0.316
0.57 0.57
P(C ) × P(D) = 0.7 × 0.2 = 0.14
P(C ∩ D) ≠ P(C ) × P(D)
Therefore C and D are not
independent events.
4 a P( A ∩ B)= P(B) × P( A | B)
= 0.2 × 0.1 = 0.02
b P( A ∪ B)= P( A) + P(B) − P( A ∩ B)

Worked solutions
8 a 42 36
c P(F ) × P(C ) = ×
70 70
54
=
175
19
≠ = P(F ∩ C )
70
Therefore not independent.
1
11 a A1
6
3 1
b 2,4 or 6: = A1
6 2
3 1
c Primes are 2,3,5: = (M1)A1
6 2
2 1
d 4 or 5: = (M1)A1
6 3
e Impossible: 0 A1
1
12 a A1
36
6 1
b = A1
36 6
1
c A1
36
b i 0.3 × 0.3 =
0.09 1 1
d 2× = A1
ii 0.3 × 0.6 =
0.18 36 18
iii 0.3 × 0.3 + 0.6 × 0.6 + 0.1 × 0.1 e (1,6 ) , (2,5) , (3, 4) , ( 4,3) , (5,2) , (6,1)
= 0.09 + 0.36 + 0.01 = 0.46 6 1
or using a lattice diagram =
36 6
c 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 =
0.343
d 3 × 0.12 × 0.6 + 3 × 0.32 × 0.1 (M1)A1
= 0.018 + 0.027 = 0.045 1
f since independent A1
6
6 3
9 a =
16 8 g P ( R5 ∪ B5=
) P ( R5) + P(B5) − P ( R5 ∩ B5)
10 2 1 1 1 11
b = = + − = or using a lattice diagram
15 3 6 6 36 36
5 4 1 2 2
c × = × = (M1)A1
15 14 3 7 21
2 1
10 h Considering the list in (e) =
6 3
or using conditional probability formula
(M1)A1
13 a Independent ⇔ P(F ∩ R)= P(F ) × P(R)
R1
1 1 1
≠ × so not independent A1
6 3 4
Both female and eating carrots = 19. b P(F ∪ R)= P(F ) + P(R) − P(F ∩ R) M1
11 1 1 1 5
a = + − = A1
70 3 4 6 12
P ( F ∩ C ) 19 5 1 1
P F C
b= ( ) =
P (C ) 36
c P(exactly one team)= − = (M1)A1
12 6 4
Could also use a Venn diagram in (b) and (c)
P ( F ∩ R ) 16 1
d P ([F ∩ R] F ) = = = M1A1
P (F ) 1
3
2
14 a

Worked solutions
1 60
≠ so not independent A1
4 100
17 a
A2
3 3 9
b × = M1A1
4 5 20
9 11
c 1− = M1A1
20 20
d P ( ship not hear tower has no reply )

A4 (A2 layout A2 numbers)
70 90 63
P ( ship not hear ∩ tower has no reply ) b × = A1
= 100 100 100
P ( tower has no reply )
30 80 6
c × = A1
100 100 25
1
5
= =4
M1A1 30 20 70 90 69
11
2011 d × + × = M1A1
100 100 100 100 100
e P ( A ∩ B) =
0 so events are mutually P ( I′ ∩ C ) 63
21
e P ( I′ =
C) = =
100
M1A1
P (C ) 69
23
exclusive. R1A1 100
P ( I ∩ C ′) 24
24
3 f P ( I C=
′) = =
100
M1A1
15 a 30 × 18
= (M1)A1 P (C ′) 31
100
31
5
18 a
2
b 50 × 20
= (M1)A1
5
3
c T× = 30 ⇒ T = 50 (M1)A1
5
16 a Let x be the number speaking both English
and French. ( 60 − x ) + x + (40 − x ) + 10 =
100
⇒ 110 − x= 100 ⇒ x= 10 (M1)A1

b
A4 (A1 shape, A3, 7 numbers, A2, 4 numbers,

A1 2 numbers)
b 200 − 140 =
60 (M1)A1
30 3
c i = A1
200 20
122 61
ii = A1
A3 (A1 shape A2 numbers) 200 100
92 23
iii = A1
200 50
50 1 82 118 59
c i = A1 iv 1 − = = (M1)A1
100 2 200 200 100
90 9 20 5
ii = A1
100 10 d = or by using the formula A2
48 12
40 2
iii = A1 5 4 5
100 5 19 a i × = (M1)A1
8 7 14
P ( E ∩ F ) 10 1 ii RG or GR
d P (E =
F) = = M1A1
P (F ) 40 4 5 3 3 5 15
× + × = (M1)A1
8 7 8 7 28
e ( )
If independent then P E F = P ( E ) R1

Worked solutions
5 5 25
b i × = (M1)A1
8 8 64
ii RG or GR
5 3 3 5 15
× + × = (M1)A1
8 8 8 8 32
P ( A ∩ B)
20 a i P ( A B) =
P (B)
P ( A ∩ B)
⇒
= 0.4 ∩ B ) 0.2
⇒ P ( A=
0.5
M1A1
ii P ( A )= P ( A ∩ B ) + P ( A ∩ B′ )
= 0.2 + 0.4 = 0.6 M1A1

iii P ( A ∪ B=
) P ( A) + P ( B ) − P ( A ∩ B )
= 0.6 + 0.5 − 0.2 = 0.9 M1A1
P ( A ∩ B′ ) 0.4
iv P ( A=
B′ ) = = 0.8
P ( B′ ) 0.5
M1A1
b P ( A B ) ≠ P ( A B′ ) so not independent
R1A1

Worked solutions
9 Representing equivalent quantities: exponentials

and logarithms
Skills Check
(3 ⋅ rs ) ( )
3 3
6 3
= 33 ⋅ r 3 ⋅ s3
1 a 2 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 32
5
b 103 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000 = 27r 3 ⋅ s3⋅3

5 = 27r 3s9
1 15 1
c  =
 =
( −2x yz ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3
3 35 243 ( 2) ⋅ x 4
3
7 4 5
=− y 3 z5
3
5 53 125 =−8 ⋅ x 4⋅3 ⋅ y 3 ⋅ z 5⋅3
d  =
 =
6 63 216
= −8 x12y 3 z 15
2 a 2 = 8, x = 3
3
x12y 8 2 x12 y 8
b 104 = 10000, x = 4 8 ( =
5 6
) ( 5 ⋅ 6 )2
x y x y
c 44 = 456, x = 4
= (x12 −5y 8 −6 )2
3
= (x 7y 2 )2
= x 7⋅2y 2⋅2
= x14y 4
(5x )2 (5y 3 ) 52 x 2 5y 3
9 3 4 3
= 3 3 3 4 3
(5x y ) 5 (x ) (y )
125x 2y 3
=
125x 3⋅3y 4⋅3
x 2y 3
=
x 9y 12
x2 y 3
= ⋅
x 9 y 12
= x 2 −9 ⋅ y 3−12
= x −7 ⋅ y −9
Exercise 9A 1
= 7 9
1 a5 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a7 = a5 +3 ⋅ a7 x y
= a8 ⋅ a7 9 x 3(y 3 )3 9 x 3y 3⋅3
8 +7 10 =
=a −2 4 11
−81(x ) y −81x −2⋅4y 11
= a15
9 x 3y 9
=
2 2x y ⋅ 7x y = 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ y ⋅ y
3 2 4 6 3 4 2 6
−81x −8y 11
=14 ⋅ x 3 + 4 ⋅ y 2 + 6 1
= − x 3 −( −8)y 9 −11
9
= 14 x 7y 8
1 11 −2
= − x y
3 4ab3 ⋅ 0.5a6c = 4 ⋅ 0.5 ⋅ a ⋅ a6 ⋅ b3 ⋅ c 9
=2 ⋅ a1+ 6 ⋅ b3 ⋅ c x11
= −
= 2a7b3c 9y 2
8m5 8 11 The area of a square of length l is l 2 .

4 =⋅ m5 −3 =
2 ⋅ m2
4m3 4 Therefore the area of a square with side
6u5v 2 6 5 −3 2 −3 length 3x 2y is (3x 2y )2 .
5 = ⋅u v
9u3v 3 9 (3x 2y )2 = 32 (x 2 )2 y 2
2 2 −1 = 9 x 2⋅2y 2
= ⋅u ⋅v
3 = 9 x 4y 2
2u2
=
3v

Worked solutions
12 The area of a rectangle with width w and e 31−2 x = 1 = 30 ⇒ 1 − 2 x = 0

length l is w ⋅ l . Then the area of this
rectangle is 1
⇒ 2 x =1 ⇒ x =
2
5a 4 ⋅ 5 3 +1 2 1
4a3b2 ⋅ = ⋅a ⋅b ⋅ 3
2b3 2 b f 3 ⋅ 2x = 48 = 3 ⋅ 16 = 3 ⋅ 24 ⇒ x = 4
= 10 ⋅ a4 ⋅ b2 −3 1 1
g +2
4x= = = 2−6
= 10 ⋅ a4 ⋅ b−1 64 26
a4 4 = 22
= 10
b (22=
)x +2 22(
= x + 2) 2x +4
2= 2−6
2x + 4 = −6
Exercise 9B x = −5
1
1 a 7
= 2 2
7
= 7 h 4 x
3 9=
= (32 )=
x
32 x
3 1 1
b=
25 (2
= 5 3
) (5=
2)3 5
23 3 4 = 32 x
3 1 1
c=
6 2 (6
= 2 3
) 6)3
(2= 2
63 = 2x
4
5 1
1
d=
2 (2
=4
) (=
4
2)5 4 5 4
25 x =
8
−1 1
2 1 1 x
e = 2 −1
5 2 (5=) 5)−1
(2 = 5−1
= 2
i ( =) = 52
25
5 5
−3 1
−3
f=
(3x ) 2 [(3
= x )2 ]−3 2
3x (5−1 )x = 5− x
1 5− x = 52
−3
= 2
(3x )
= x = −2
(3x )3
1 1 3
1+ 3
−3 1
−3 j 2 x = 2 2 = 2 ⋅ 22 = 2 2
= 22 ⇒ x =
g =
3x x )
3(= 2
x
3= 3 x 2 −3 2 2 −3
2
1 3 2 a x +3
2= x −2
4= (22 =
)x −2 22( x −2)
= 3=
2
x3 x 3
x + 3 = 2(x − 2) = 2 x − 4
3   1
3
3 x =7
10
2 a = =10  10 2 2
b =
5x −3 25
= x −4 2 x −4
(5=) 52( x − 4)
 
6 x − 3 = 2(x − 4) = 2 x − 8
 51  6
( )
6
5 6
b =a 5
= a a 
= a5 x =5
 
c =
62 x −6 36
= 3x −4 2 3x −4
(6=) 62(3 x − 4)
1 7
c =
3
m7 (3=
m )7 (=
m ) m 3 7 3
2 x − 6 = 2(3x − 4) = 6 x − 8
1 −1
1 −1
2 = 4x
d = 5x
= [(5x=
) ] (5x ) 2 −1 2
5x 1
x =
−1 −5 2
1 −1
e = 4
(2d )5
= ((2
= d) ) (2d ) 5 4 4
1 11− x
4
(2d )5 d =
95 x +2 (= ) −1 11− x
(3= ) 3x −11
3
1
f 3 x = 3x 2 95 x +2 (3
= 2 5 x +2
=) 32(5 x +2)
3 −1
1 −1
2(5x + 2) = x − 11
g 3⋅ x
= 3 ⋅ (x 2 )−1 =
= 3x 2
x 10 x + 4 = x − 11
9 x = −15
Exercise 9C −5
x =
3
1 a 2x = 16 = 24 ⇒ x = 4
b 10x = 1000000= 106 ⇒ x = 6
Exercise 9D
c 2x +1 = 64 = 26 ⇒ x + 1 = 6 ⇒ x = 5
1 a y = 10x has exponential growth as
d 32 x −1 = 27 = 33 ⇒ 2 x − 1 = 3
10 > 0 and 10 ≠ 1
⇒ 2x = 4 ⇒ x = 2

Worked solutions
b y = 6 − x has exponential decay as c i

6 > 0 , 6 ≠ 1 and the coefficient of
x is negative.
3
c y = ( )x has exponential decay as
5
3
<1
5
d y = (0.45)x has exponential decay as
0.45 < 1
ii y = 2 iii x∈¡ , y < 2
e y = (1.5)x has exponential growth as
t
1.5 > 1 −
4 H (65)2
= 2
+ 25
2 f=
(0) h=(0) 1 So f and h are either
a
A or D.
t =0 ⇒ H =65 ⋅ 20 + 25 =65 + 25 =90oC
h has exponential decay so it must be
3
line A. b t =3 ⇒ H = 65 ⋅ 2
−
2
+ 25 = 48oC
Thus f is line D.
c H ≤ 40
g(0) = 2 t
−
1 −2 65 ⋅ 2 2
+ 25 ≤ 40
j(0)
= 2=
4 −
t
65 ⋅ 2 2
≤ 15
Thus g is C, j is E and finally i is B. t
− 15 3
3 a i 2 2
≤ =
65 13
t
− 1
2 2
≤
4
t
−
2 2
≤ 2−2
t
− ≤ −2
2
t ≥4
d 25oC is the temperature of the room
as that is the only constant in the
ii y= 4 iii x ∈ ¡ , y > 4 equation.
b i 5 a y = 30(0.9)x
x =0
0
=y 30(0.9)
= 30
The value of a new car is $30 000.
b x =3
y = 30(0.9)3
y = 21.87
The value of a 3 year old car is
$21 870.
30
c =
y 30(0.9)
=x
= 15
ii y = − 3 iii x ∈ ¡ , y > −3 2
x 15 1
(0.9)
= =
30 2
Using GDC we find x = 6.58 .
6 a P = 40(1.5)t
t =0
0
=P 40(1.5)
= 40
There were initially 40 squirrels.

Worked solutions
b t =2 y 7(1 + 0.011)t billion.

=
2
=P 40(1.5)
= 90 b t = 2025 − 2011 = 14
c P 40(1.5)
= = x
200 7(1 + 0.011)14 =
y = 8.16 billion.
x 200 c 7(1 0.011)t =

y =+ 10
(1.5)
= = 5
40
10
Using GDC we find x = 3.97 . (1 + 0.011)t =
7
t
7 a A = A0 (2)
−
5730 From the graph t = 32.6 so in the
year 2043.
A0 = 100 7 The value of a car decreases by 15%
t = 1000 every year. Tatiana buys a new car for
−
1000 $25 000.
A = 100(2) 5730
Use the formula for exponential decay
A = 88.6 with a = $25000 and r = 0.15 .
b Use GDC to sketch the graph.
a y 25000(1 − 0.15)t in thousands
=
t
i A 100(2)
= = 75
−
5730 of dollars
t
b t =3
− 75 3
2= = 5730
=y 25000(1 − 0.15)3
100 4
That gives t = 2378 years. = 25000(0.85)
= 3
$15400
−
t
100 c y = 10 000
ii =A 100(2) =
5730
= 50
2 (0.85)𝑡𝑡 =
10000
=
2
25000 5
From the graph t = 5730 years.
Exercise 9E
1 a e = 2.718 b e2 = 7.389
c e −2 = 0.135 d 3e = 8.155
e
e = 1.359 f 5 e = 8.244
2
g 4e − 5 =
5.873
2 a =
y f (x= x
) 1= 1 is a line.
b The graph of h(x ) is between the From the graph t = 5.64 years.
graphs of g(x ) and i(x ) . They are all
exponential graphs. Exercise 9F
3 The transformation that maps f (x ) onto 1 a The graph of g(x ) is a vertical
g(x ) is a reflection in the y − axis. translation of 4 units up
4 a t =0 b The graph of h(x ) is a horizontal
translation of 3 units right.
G(0) 4500
= = e0.3⋅0 4500
= e0 4500cm2
c The graph of i(x ) is a vertical stretch
b t = 10 of scale factor 2.
G(10) 4500
= = e0.3⋅10 4500e3 2 a
= 90 400 cm2 (3 s.f.)
5 PV = 5000
r = 0.05
t =6
FV = 5000 ⋅ e0.05⋅6 = 5000e0.3 = $6749
6 a The population a= 7 billion was
growing at a rate of r= 1.1% so the
exponential growth formula gives

Worked solutions
b c 10x =
25 ⇒ log25 =
x
1 1
d 3−2 = ⇒ log3 =−2
9 9
2
2
e 273 =
9 ⇒ log27 9 =
3
3 a log7 1 ⇒ 7x =
1
7x = 70
x =0
c log7 1 = 0
b log8 1 ⇒ 8x =
1
8x = 80
x =0
log8 1 = 0
c log9 1 ⇒ 9x =
1
9x = 90
d x =0
log9 1 = 0
d logx 1 ⇒
xy = 1
xy = x0
y =0
logx 1 = 0
4 a log3 3 ⇒ 3x =
3
3 3x = 31
x =1
log3 3 = 1
b log4 4 ⇒ 4x =
4
4x = 41
x =1
log4 4 = 1
c log5 5 ⇒ 5x =
5
5x = 51
x = −1.98, 2.72 x =1
log5 5 = 1
Exercise 9G d logx x ⇒
1 a logp q =r ⇒ pr =q
xy = x
b log3 5 =r ⇒ 3 =5r
x y = x1
c log7 q =6 ⇒ 76 =q y =1
d logp 5 =3 ⇒ p3 =5 logx x = 1
5 a log3 9 ⇒ 3x =
9
e log11 =x ⇒ 10x =11
3x = 32
2 a rs =
t ⇒ logr t =
s
x =2
b 82 =⇒
64 log8 64 =
2
log3 9 = 2

Worked solutions
b log2 32 ⇒ 2x =
32 236
f log236 − log1
= log = log236
1
2x = 25
x =5 g 5log2 + 2log5 =log25 + log52
log2 32 = 5 = log32 + log25 = log32 × 25
= log800
c log5 125 ⇒ 5 =
125 x
h log128 − 6 log2 = log128 − log26

5x = 53
x =3 = log128 − log64
log5 125 = 3 128
= log
64
d log4 256 ⇒ 4x =
256 = log2
4 x = 44 i log2 + log3 + log=
4 log2 ⋅ 3 + log 4
x =4 = log6 + log 4
log4 256 = 4 = log6 ⋅ 4
e log25 5 ⇒ = log24
25x = 5 j
1 log12 − 2log2 + log3 = log12 − log22 + log3
25x = 25 2
= log12 − log 4 + log3
1
x = 12
2 = log + log3
4
1 = log3 + log3
log25 5 =
2
= log3 ⋅ 3
f log8 2 ⇒ = log9
8x = 2 k 5log2 + 4log3 =log25 + log34
1
8x = 8 3 = log32 + log81
1 = log32 ⋅ 81
x =
3 = log2592
1 l
log8 2 =
3 log6 + 3log3 − log2 = log6 + log33 − log2
1 =log6 + log27 − log2
g log3 ⇒
27
= log6 ⋅ 27 − log2
1 = log162 − log2
3x =
27 162
3x = 3−3 = log
2
x = −3 = log81
1
log3 = −3
27
Exercise 9I
1 a log18
= log3 ⋅ 6
Exercise 9H
= log3 + log6
1 a log3 + log5
= log3 ⋅ =
5 log15
= x+y
16
b log16 − log2 = log = log8
2 6
b log2 = log
3
c 3log5
= log5
=3
log125
= log6 − log3
d 3log 4 − 4log3 =log 43 − log34 = y−x
= log64 − log81
c log9 = log32
64
= log = 2log3
81
= 2x
e log x + log1
= log x ⋅=
1 log x
d log27 = log33

Worked solutions
= 3log3 = log5 52 ⋅ 4
= 3x = log5 52 + log5 4
e log36 = log6 2
= 2log5 5 + n
= 2log6 = 2+n
= 2y 3 x = log2 A
1 y = log2 B
f log
= log1 − log2
2 z = log2 C
6 A 4 A
= 0 − log log2 ( ) = 4log2 ( )
3 BC 3 BC 3
=−(log6 − log3) = 4(log2 A − log2 (BC 3 ))
=−(y − x )
4(x − (log2 B + log2 C 3 ))
=
= x−y
= 4(x − (y + 3log2 C ))
2 a log=
5 28 log5 7 ⋅ 4 = 4(x − y − 3z )
= log5 7 + log5 4 4=
log3 P x=
,log3 Q y
= m+n
a log= 3
3 P Q log3 P 3 + log3 Q
7
b log
= 5 log5 7 − log5 4 = 3log3 P + y
4
= 3x + y
= m−n
c log5 49 = log5 72 P
b log
= 3 log3 P − log3 Q
Q
= 2log5 7
1
= 2m = log3 P 2 − log3 Q
d log5 64 = log5 43 1
= log3 P − log3 Q
2
= 3log5 4
1
= 3n = x−y
2
49 5 a log x − log(x − 5) =
log M
e log
= 5 log5 49 − log5 4
4
x
= log5 72 − log5 4 log = log M
x −5
= 2log5 7 − log5 4 x
=M
= 2m − n x −5
7 b log x − log(x − 5) =
1
f log=
5 log5 7 − log5 16
16 = log10
= m − log5 4 2
x
log = log10
= m − 2log5 4 x −5
x
= m − 2n = 10
x −5
g log5=
112 log5 7 ⋅ 42 = x 10(x − 5)
= log5 7 + log5 42 = 10 x − 50
= log5 7 + 2log5 4 50 = 9 x
= m + 2n 50
x =
9
log5 7 m
h =
log5 4 n
Exercise 9J
log5 49 log5 72 2log5 7 2m
i = = = 1 a =
ln e3 3ln
= e 3
log5 64 log5 43 3log5 4 3n
b =
ln e4 4ln
= e 4
j log
=5 100 log5 25 ⋅ 4

Worked solutions
1
1 1 logx (6 ⋅ 9)
c ln=e ln
= e2 =ln e =
2 2 r
1
1 1 logx 6 + logx 32
d ln=
3
e ln
= e3 =ln e =
3 3 r
s + 2logx 3
1 =
e ln =ln1 − ln e =0 − ln e =0 −1 =−1 r
e s + 2r
1 =
f ln 2 =−ln1 ln e2 = 0 − 2ln e =−2 r
e
logx 6 s s s
2 a eln 2 = 2 e log
= 9 6 = = =
logx 9 logx 32 2logx 3 2r
b eln 3 = 3
logx 18 logx (6 ⋅ 3)
c eln x = x f log
= 6 18 =
logx 6 logx 6
2
d e2 ln=
4
eln=
4 2
4= 16
logx 6 + logx 3 s + r
ln x 3
= =
e 3 ln x
e= e= x 3
logx 6 r
1
ln 1 6
f ln 3
e −= e=3
3 logx 2 logx 3
g log
= 32 =
3 a ln x = 2.7 logx 3 logx 3
2.7
x e=
= 14.9 logx 6 − logx 3 s − r
= =
b ln(x + 1) =
1.86 logx 3 r
x +1 =e1.86 logy y 1
4 log
= x y =
x
= e 1.86
1 5.42
−= logy x logy x
log10 1
x
4 x ln a
e= ln a
e= ax 5 =
ln10 =
log e log e
Exercise 9K 6 “Show that” is to use numbers to
demonstrate a certain property and that it
1 a log3 8 = 1.89 b log6 24 = 1.77
works for the numbers that you are using.
c log5 8 = 1.29 d` log3 30 = 3.10 To prove it to use variables to prove that
the system works for all numbers.
1 3
e log7 = −0.712 f log2 = −0.737
4 5
Exercise 9L
2 p = log3 A
1 a 2x = 5
q = log3 B
log2x = log5
log3 B q
log
= A B = x log2 = log5
log3 A p
log5
logx 6 s x =
3 a log log2
= 36 =
logx 3 r x = 2.32
logx 3 r
b log
= 63 = b 3x = 17
logx 6 s
log3x = log17
c
x log3 = log17
2 logx 6 s
log
= 3 36 log
= 36 2log
= 36 2= 2 log17
logx 3 r x =
log3
logx 54 x = 2.58
d log3 54 =
logx 3
c 9x = 49
log9x = log 49
x log9 = log 49
log 49
x =
log9
x = 1.77

Worked solutions
d 3x = 69 2 a 24 x = 9
log3x = log69 log24 x = log9
x log3 = log69 (4 x )log2 = log9
log69 log9
x = x =
log3 4log2
x = 3.85 x = 0.792
b 63 x = 4
e 16 = 67x
log63 x = log 4
log16 x = log67 (3x )log6 = log 4
x log16 = log67 log 4
x =
log67 3log6
x =
log16 x = 0.258
x = 1.52 1
x
c 52 = 79
f x
12 = 5
1
x
log12x = log5 log52 = log79
x log12 = log5 1
x log5 = log79
log5 2
x = 2log79
log12 x =
log5
x = 0.65
x = 5.43
g 7x = 4
d 2x +1 = 15
log7x = log 4
log2x +1 = log15
x log7 = log 4
(x + 1)log2 = log15
log 4
x = log15
log7 x +1 =
log2
x = 0.712
log15
h 19x = 2 =x −1
log2
log19x = log2 x = 2.91
x log19 = log2
e 6 x −2
=4
log2
x = log6 x −2 = log 4
log19
(x − 2)log6 = log 4
x = 0.235
log 4
i ex = 5 x −2 =
log6
log e x = log5 log 4
= x +2
x log e = log5 log6
log5 x = 2.77
x =
log e f e x −1
−4=
6
x = 1.61
e x −1 = 10
j x
e = 10 log e x −1 = log10
x
log e = log10 (x − 1)log e = 1
x log e = 1 1
x −1 =
1 log e
x =
log e 1
x= 1 +
x = 2.30 log e
x = 3.30

Worked solutions
g 23 x −2 = 53 b 4 × 63 x =
16
log23 x −2 = log53 3x 16
6= = 4
(3x − 2)log2 = log53 4
log53 log63 x = log 4
3x − 2 =
log2 3x log6 = log 4
log53 log 4
3x= 2 + x =
log2 3log6
1 log53 x = 0.258
x
= (2 + )
3 log2 c 3 × 4e2 −2 x + 1 =4
x = 2.58
3 × 4e2 −2 x = 3
h 42 x +1
= 10 3
e2 −2 x =
log 42 x +1 = log10 12
(2 x + 1)log 4 = 1 1
e2 −2 x =
1 4
2x + 1 = 1
log 4 log e2 −2 x = log
4
1
2x
= −1 1
log 4 (2 − 2 x )log e = log
4
1 1 1
=x ( − 1) log
2 log 4
2 − 2x = 4
x = 0.330 log e
i 11x −8 − 11 =
48 1
log
2 x= 2 − 4
11x −8 = 59
log e
log11x −8 = log59 1
(x − 8)log11 = log59 log
1 4)
x
= (2 −
log59 2 log e
x −8 =
log11 x = 1.69
log59 d 10 − 2e7 x +5 =
3
x= 8 +
log11
2e7 x +5 = 7
x = 9.70
7
j 9x +10 + 22 =
100 e7 x + 5 =
2
9x +10 = 78 7
log e7 x +5 = log
log9 x +10
= log78 2
7
(x + 10)log9 = log78 (7 x + 5)log e =
log
2
log78
x + 10 = 7
log9 log
7x + 5 = 2
log78 log e
= x − 10
log9 7
log
x = -8.02 2 −5
7x
=
log e
3 a 6 × 2x =
14
7
14 log
2x = 1 2 − 5)
=x (
6 7 log e
14 x = - 0.535
log2x = log
6
14
x log2 = log
6
14
log
x = 6
log2
x = 1.22

Worked solutions
e 2x −1 = 3x +1 5 a e2 x − 5e x + 4 =
0
log2x −1 = log3x +1 e2 x − 4e x − e x + 4 =
0
(x − 1)log2 = (x + 1)log3 e x (e x − 4) − (e x − 4) =
0
x log2 − log2 = x log3 + log3 (e x − 4)(e x − 1) =
0
x(log2 − log3) =log3 + log2
Hence e x = 4 or e x = 1 . Thus
log3 + log2
x = ex = 4
log2 − log3
x = - 4. 42 log e x = log 4
x log e = log 4
f 32 x −1 = 5x
log 4
log32 x −1 = log5x =x = ln 4
log e
(2 x − 1)log3 = x log5
2 x log3 − log3 = x log5
or
x(2log3 − log5) = log3
log3 ex = 1
x =
2log3 − log5 log e x = log1
x = 1.87 x log e = 0
g 3 x +1 1− 2 x x = 0.
4 =6
Hence x = 0,ln 4.
log 43 x +1 = log61−2 x
(3x + 1)log 4 = (1 − 2 x )log6 b e2 x − 2e x − 3 =0
3x log 4 + log 4 = log6 − 2 x log6 e2 x − 3e x + e x − 3 =0
x(3log 4 + 2log6) = log6 − log 4 e x (e x − 3) + (e x − 3) =
0
log6 − log 4 (e x − 3)(e x + 1) =
0
x =
3log 4 + 2log6
Therefore, e x − 3 =0 or e x + 1 =0.
x = 0.0524
Hence
h e x +1 = 5 x − 2
ex − 3 =0
x +1 x −2
log e = log5 ex = 3
(x + 1)log e = (x − 2)log5 ln e x = ln3
x log e + log e = x log5 − 2log5 x ln3 = ln3
x(log e − log5) = − log e − 2log5
x = ln3
− log e − 2log5
x = Or e x + 1 =0 which has no real
log e − log5
solutions. Therefore x = ln3 .
x = 6.92
c e4 x + 4e2 x − 12 =
0
4 a 3ln2 + ln3 = ln23 + ln3
e4 x + 6e2 x − 2e2 x − 12 =
0
= ln8 + ln3 = ln(8 ⋅ 3) = ln24
e2 x (e2 x + 6) − 2(e2 x + 6) =
0
b 6 ln2 − ln 4 =
− ln x
(e2 x + 6)(e2 x − 2) =
0
ln26 − ln 4 =
− ln x
Hence either e2 x + 6 =
0 or e2 x − 2 =
0.
26
ln = − ln x
4 0 has no real solutions thus it
e2 x + 6 =
64 remains e2 x − 2 =
0 which gives
ln = − ln x
4 e2 x − 2 =
0
ln16 = − ln x
e2 x = 2
ln x = − ln16
ln e2 x = ln2
x = e − ln16
2 x ln e = ln2
1
x = 2 x = ln2
16
ln2
x = .
2

Worked solutions
6 a 10(1.075)k ⋅0
t = 0 ⇒ h(0) = b t = 10
0 ⇒ W(10) =
84 − 10ln(10 + 1)
= 10(1.075)
= 10 cm
84 − 10ln11 =
= 60
b h(4) = 12
100
k ⋅4 c W=
(t ) = 50
=h(4) 10(1.075)
= 10(1.075)4k 2
12 = 10(1.075)4k 84 − 10ln(t + 1) = 50
12 10ln(t + 1) = 84 − 50 = 34
(1.075)4k =
10 34
12 ln(t + 1) =
log(1.075)4k = log 10
10 t +1 = e3.4
12
4k log(1.075) = log =t e3.4 − 1
10
12 t = 29
log
1 10 9 a t = 100
k =
4 log(1.075) 100
k = 0.630 ⇒ A(100) =
A0 (0.5)25000
1
c h(t ) =
2 ⋅ h(0) =
20 = 500(0.5)
= 250
499
t ⋅k
=20 10(1.075)
= 10(1.075)t ⋅0.630 t
20 b A(t ) 500(0.5)
= = 25000
100
(1.075)t ⋅0.630
= = 2
10 t
100 1
0.525000
= =
log(1.075)t ⋅0.630 = log2 500 5
t ⋅ 0.630log(1.075) = log2 t
log0.525000 = log0.2
log2
=t = 15.2 t
0.630log(1.075) log0.5 = log0.2
25000
7 a t =0 25000log0.2
t =
⇒ P(0) 20000(0.9)k ⋅0 + 1000
= log0.5
= 20000(0.9)0 + 1000 t = 58048
= 20000 + 1000 = 21000 10 2x = 3e4 x
b P(3) = 16000 ln2x = ln3e4 x
3k
P(3) 20000(0.9)
= 1000 16000
+= = ln3 + ln e4 x
x ln2
20000(0.9)3k = 15000 x ln2
= ln3 + 4 x ln e
3k 15000 x ln2
= ln3 + 4 x
(0.9)
= = 0.75
20000 x(ln2 − 4) = ln3
log(0.9)3k = log0.75 ln3
x =
3k log(0.9) = log0.75 ln2 − 4
log0.75
=k = 0.910
3log0.9 Exercise 9M
c P(t ) = 5000 1 a (7e x ) ' = 7e x
20000(0.9)t ⋅0.910 + 1000 =
5000 1 x 1
b (− − ex
e )' =
20000(0.9) t ⋅0.910
= 4000 4 4
4000 1 9
(0.9)
= t ⋅0.910
= 0.2 c (9ln =
x )' 9=
20000 x x
log(0.9)t ⋅0.910 = log0.2 π
d (π ln x )' =
0.910t log0.9 = log0.2 x
log0.2 1 5 1
=t = 16.8 e (ln5x=
)' (5x=)' =
0.910log0.9 5x 5x x
(6 x )' 6 1
8 a t =0 f (ln 6 x=
)' = =
6x 6x x
⇒ W(0) = 84 − 10ln(0 + 1)
= 84 − 10ln1
= 84 − 10 ⋅ 0 = 84

Worked solutions
(7 x )' 7 1 3 a 2x
(e=
3
)' e2 x (2
=
3
x 3 )' e2 x (2 ⋅ 3x 2 )
3
g (ln7 x=
)' = =
7x 7x x 3
= 6 x 2 e2 x
h=
(e2 x )' e=
2x
(2 x )' 2e2 x
3 2 3
+ 5)2
b=
(e(4 x +5) )' e(4 x ((4 x 3 + 5)2 )'
i=
(e4 x )' e=
4x
(4 x )' 4e4 x
3
+ 5)2
j=
(e5 x )' e=
5x
(5x )' 5e5 x = e(4 x (2(4 x 3 + 5)(4 ⋅ 3x 2 ))
3
+ 5)2
5 = 24 x (4 x 3 + 5)e(4 x 2
2 a (5ln x − 2e )' =− 2e x
x
x (3x 5 )' 15x 4 5x 4 5

c 5
(ln(3x= ))' = = =
3x 5 3x 5 x5 x
1 1
− x − x 1 1 3
b (x 2 − e 2
+ ln x )' = 2 x − e 2
(− ) + d ((ln x )3 )' 3(ln
= = x )2 (ln x )' (ln x )2
2 x x
1 − 12 x 1 e (xe
= 2x
)' x ' e2 x + x(e2 x )'
2x +
= e +
2 x
e2 x + 2 xe2 x =
= (1 + 2 x )e2 x
c (4 − ln9 x + e −5 x + x 3 )'
f (2
= x 3e −3 x )' 2(x 3 )' e −3 x + 2 x 3(e −3 x )'
(9 x )'
=
− + e −5 x (−5x )'+ 3x 2 = 6 x 2e −3 x + 2 x 3(−3x )' e −3 x
9x
= 6 x 2e −3 x − 6 x 3e −3 x
1
=− − 5e −5 x + 3x 2 = 6 x 2 (1 − x )e −3 x
x
d (ln7 x + ln7 + e7 x − 7 x )' g ((x 2 + 1)e3 x )'
(7 x )' = (x 2 + 1)' e3 x + (x 2 + 1)(e3 x )'

= + e7 x (7 x )'− 7
7x = 2 xe3 x + 3(x 2 + 1)e3 x
1 h (xe ax
2
+1
)'
= + 7e7 x − 7
x 2 2
e ax +1 + xe ax
= +1
(ax 2 + 1)'
5
e (e 10 4x
− 5ln x + 6e )' =− + 6e4 x (4 x )' = e ax
2
+1
+ 2ax 2e ax
2
+1
x
i ( x=
ln x )' x 'ln x + x(ln x )'
5
=− + 24e4 x
x 1
= ln x + x = ln x + 1
x 3 x
(e x )' e x + 3x e 3 2 x x
f x 3
(ln(e=x ))' =
ex x3 ex x3 j x 3 ln x )' (x 3 )'ln x + x 3(ln x )'
(=
x +3 3 x3
= = 1+ = 3x 2 ln x +
x x x
x2 + 1 x3 − x x2 + 1 = 3x 2 ln x + x 2
g (ln( ))' = ( )'
x3 − x x2 + 1 x3 − x = x 2 (3ln x + 1)
k (x 2 ln(2 x + 3))'
x 3 − x (x 2 + 1)'(x 3 − x ) − (x 2 + 1)(x 3 − x )'
= 2
x +1 (x 3 − x )2 = (x 2 )'ln(2 x + 3) + x 2 (ln(2 x + 3))'
1 2 x(x 3 − x ) − (x 2 + 1)(3x 2 − 1) (2 x + 3)'
= = 2 x ln(2 x + 3) + x 2
x2 + 1 x3 − x 2x + 3
1 2 x − 2 x − 3x 4 + x 2 − 3x 2 + 1
4 2
2x 2
= 2 = 2 x ln(2 x + 3) +
x +1 x3 − x 2x + 3
4 2
1 − x − 4x + 1 e3 x (e3 x )' x 2 − e3 x (x 2 )'
= 2 l ( )' =
x +1 x3 − x x 2
x4
− x 4 − 4x 2 + 1
= 2 3e3 x x 2 − 2 xe3 x 3xe3 x − 2e3 x
(x + 1)(x 3 − x ) = = 4
x x3
2 x(x 3 − x ) − (x 2 + 1)(3x 2 − 1)
= e3 x (3x − 2)
(x 2 + 1)(x 3 − x ) =
x3
2x 3x 2 − 1
= 2
− 3  2e4 x  (2e4 x )'(1 − e x ) − 2e4 x (1 − e x )'
x +1 x − x m  x 
'=
1 − e  (1 − e x )2

Worked solutions
8e4 x (1 − e x ) + 2e4 x e x 2e4 x (4 − 3e x ) y − 2= 4(x − 0)

= =
(1 − e x )2 (1 − e x )2 y −2 = 4x
ex + 1 y 4x + 2
=
n ( )'
ex − 1 6 y = ln x
(e x + 1)'(e x − 1) − (e x + 1)(e x − 1)' y(1) = 0
=
(e x − 1)2 1
y' =
e x (e x − 1) − e x (e x + 1) x
=
(e x − 1)2 y '(1) = 1
e2 x − e x − e2 x − e x The gradient at the point (1, 0) is 1.
=
(e x − 1)2 Hence the equation of the tangent at the
−2e x point (1, 0) is:
=
(e x − 1)2 y − 0 = 1(x − 1) = x − 1
x x 'ln x − x(ln x )' ln x − 1 y= x − 1
o ( )' = =
ln x (ln x )2 (ln x )2 The product of the tangent and the
normal is −1 . Thus the gradient of the
2 − ln x (2 − ln x )' x − (2 − ln x )x '
p ( )' = normal at (1, 0) is −1 Therefore the
x x2
equation of the normal at the point (1, 0)
1 is:
− x − 2 + ln x
x −3 + ln x
= = y − 0 =−1(x − 1)
x2 x2
y =− x + 1
1 + ln x (1 + ln x )' x 2 − (1 + ln x )( x 2 )'
q ( )' =
x 2
x4 7 The point where x = 6 is f (6)
= e −6 + 4 .
1 2 (e − x + 4)' =
f '(x ) = −e − x
x − 2 x(1 + ln x )
= x f '(6) = −e −6
x4
x − 2 x(1 + ln x ) Hence we get that the value of the
= gradient of the tangent of f (x ) at
x4
1 − 2(1 + ln x ) (6, e −6 + 4) is −e −6.
=
x3 8 ) x 2 + ln x
f (x=
4 A turning point has the first derivative
equal to 0 . 1
f '(x
= ) 2x +
x
y ln x − x
=
1
1 f '(x ) = 3 ⇔ 2 x + =3 ⇔
y=
' −1 x
x 2x 2 + 1 =3x
1
y '(x ) = 0 ⇔ − 1 = 0 ⇔ x = 1 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 =0
x
y(1) = −1 2(x 2 − x ) − x + 1 = 0
2 x(x − 1) − (x − 1) = 0
Therefore (1, −1) is a turning point. To
(x − 1)(2 x − 1) = 0
check if it is a maximum or minimum we
need the second derivative. (x − 1)(2 x − 1) = 0
1 1 Hence the values for which the derivative

y '' = − 2 < 0 . Hence (1, −1) is a
( − 1)' =
x x 1
is 3 are x = 1 and x = .
maximum. 2
5 f (x ) = 2e2 x The y − coordinates are:
f '(x ) (2
= =e2 x )' 2e2=
x
(2 x )' 4e2 x f (1) =1 + ln1 =1 and
1 1 1 1
= e 2 ⋅0 2
f (0) 2= f ( ) = + ln = − ln2. Thus the points
2 ⋅0 2 4 2 4
'(0) 4=
f= e 4
1 1
are (1,1) and ( , − ln2).
Equation of the tangent at the point (0,2) 2 4
is:

Worked solutions
9 =
f (x ) ln(e x + e − x ) 22 x −2 = 24
2x − 2 = 4
(e x + e − x )' (e x − e − x )
f '(x )
= = 2x = 6
(e x + e − x ) (e x + e − x )
x =3
f '(x ) = 0.6
(e x − e − x ) 1
= 0.6 b 93 =
x −1
= 3−3
(e x + e − x ) 27
e x − e −=
x
0.6(e x + e − x ) 32(3 x −1) = 3−3
0.4e x − 1.6e − x =
0 2(3x − 1) = −3
0.4e2 x − 1.6 =0 6 x − 2 =−3
1.6 6 x = −1
e2 x
= = 4
0.4 1
x = −
ln e2 x = ln 4 6
2 x ln e = ln22 c 32 − x = 243
2 x = 2ln2 32 − x = 35
x = ln2 2−x =
5
ln 2 − ln 2 1 5 x = −3
f (ln2) = ln(e +e ) = ln(2 + ) = ln
2 2 1
d 41−2 x =
5 64
Thus the point is (ln2,ln ).
2
41−2 x = 4−3
10 f (=
x ) xe − ex x
1 − 2x = −3
f '(x ) = e x + xe x − e x = xe x 2x = 4
x =2
The gradient of the tangent at x = 1 is
f '(1) = e while the gradient of the normal 4 a 15log6 x = −15
1 −15
is − . Hence the equation of the tangent log6 x = = −1
e 15
is: 1
log6 x = log
y − 0= e(x − 1) 10
y = e(x − 1) = ex − e. 1
6x =
10
The equation of the normal is:
1
1 1 1 x =
y − 0 =− (x − 1) =− x + . 60
e e e
b log(−7 x ) =
3
Chapter review log(−7 x ) =log103

−7 x = 1000
1 a log2 16 =4 ⇒ 24 =16
−1000
b log5 125 =3 ⇒ 53 =125 x =
7
c log9 81 =2 ⇒ 92 =81 c 3log10 x = −6
d log12 144 =2 ⇒ 12 =
144 2
log10 x = −2
e log10 x = log10−2
log10000 =4 ⇒ 104 =10000
1
2 a 34 =⇒
81 log3 81 =
4 10 x =
100
b 152 =
225 ⇒ log15 225 =
2 1
x =
1 1000
1
c 812 =
9 ⇒ log81 9 = d − log 4 x =
−2
2
d a14
c ⇒ loga c =
= 14 log 4 x = 2
log 4 x = log102
e e4 =x ⇒ ln x =4
4 x = 100
3 a 22 x −2 = 16 x = 25

Worked solutions
5 a log
= 5 25 log
= 55
2
2 e6 x + 8 = 5
b log=
2 128 log
= 22
7
7 log e6 x + 8 = log5
(6 x + 8)log e = log5
c log21 21 = 1
log5
d loga a = 1 6x + 8 =
log e
e =
log6 1 log
= 6 6
0
0 log5
−8
f 3log3 (79)
= 79
log e
x =
6
g ln e = 19
19
x = -1.07
h eln 7 = 7
g 4e6 x + 9 − 3 =
30
6 a 2x = 17
4e6 x + 9 = 33
=x log
= 2 17 4.09 33
e6 x + 9 =
b 66 x +3 = 19 4
33
6x + 3 =
log6 19 log e6 x + 9 = log
4
log6 19 − 3 33
x = (6 x + 9)log e = log
6 4
x = -0.226 33
log
4 −9
log e
c 2 × 123 x =
11 x =
6
11 x = -1.15
123 x =
2
h 5 − 4e −5 x − 4 =
−16
11
log123 x = log
2 4e −5 x − 4 = 21
11 21
3x log12 = log e −5 x − 4 =
2 4
11 21
log log e −5 x − 4 = log
x = 2 4
3log12 21
(−5x − 4)log e =
log
x = 0.229 4
d 6 × 8−5 x =
18 21
log
8−5 x = 3 −5x − 4 = 4
log e
log8−5 x = log3 21
log
−5x log8 = log3 4 +4
− log3 log e
x = x = −
5log8 5
x = -1.13
x = -0.106
7 a log3 + log 4
= log3 ⋅ 4
= log12
e e x +5 = 13
15
log e x +5 = log13 b log15 − log5= log = log3
5
(x + 5)log e = log13
x2
log13 c 2log x − 5log y = log x 2 − log y 5 = log
x +5 = y5
log e
log13 d 8log5 x + 2log5 y =log5 x 8 + log5 y 2
= x −5
log e = log5 x 8y 2
x = -2.44 1
1 1 1
f 2e6 x + 8 = 10 e ln x + ln y + ln z =ln x + ln y 2 + ln z
2 2 2
1
= ln x y z
2

Worked solutions
f 4ln x − 3ln y − 2ln z = ln x 4 − ln y 3 − ln z 2 c A reflection in the y-axis and a

horizontal translation of 2 units to the
x4 right.
= ln
y 3z2 d x=1
8 a ln ab =ln a + ln b =p+q 13 f (x ) = 2x
b =
ln a 3
3ln
= a 3p
g(x ) = -(2− x ) - 2
c 2 3 2 3
ln a b = ln a + ln b = 2ln a + 3ln b 14 f (x ) = ln x
= 2 p + 3q
g(x ) 3ln(x + 5)
=
b5
d ln 4 = ln b5 − ln a4 = 5ln b − 4ln a 7
a 15 a (8e x + 7ln x )' =
8e x +
x
= 5q − 4 p b=
(e3 x )' (3
= x )' e3 x 3e3 x
log17 x
9 a log
= 3 17 = 2.58 c (x ln x − x )'= ln x + −1
log3 x
log0.5 = ln x + 1 − 1= ln x
b log5 0.5 = = −0.431
log5 2 2
d=
(e6 x +5 x )' e6 x +5 x
(6 x 2 + 5x )'
log200
c log
= 8 200 = 2.55 = (12 x + 5)e6 x
2
+5 x
log8
10 1.02, 5.65 (x 2 + 8)' 2x
e (ln(x 2 + 8))'
= =
11 a (x 2 + 8) (x 2 + 8)
9e x + 1
f ( )'
2e x + 1
(9e x + 1)'(2e x + 1) − (9e x + 1)(2e x + 1)'
=
(2e x + 1)2
9e x 2e x + 9e x − 9e x 2e x − 2e x
=
(2e x + 1)2
7e x
=
(2e x + 1)2
3x − 2 ' (3x − 2)'

g (ln 3x −=
2)' =
3x − 2 2( 3x − 2)2
3
=
2(3x − 2)
ex
h (e x =
ln x )' e x ln x +
b x=0 x
c Vertical stretch of scale factor 5 and a 2
16 f (x ) = 4 xe x −1
vertical translation of 2 units down.
2 2
12 a 4e x −1 + 4 xe x
f '(x ) = −1
(x 2 − 1)'
2 2
= 4e x −1
+ 8 x 2e x −1
At point (1, 4) the tangent has gradient

f '(1) = 4 + 8 = 12 so the normal has
1
gradient − .
12
Therefore the equation of the normal is
−1
y −=
4 (x − 1)
12
12y − 48 =− x + 1
x + 12y − 49 = 0
b x=2

Worked solutions
17 f (x=
) x 2 + ln x 23 a
1
f '(x
= ) 2x +
x
1 9
f '(2) = 4 + = = 4.5
2 2
18 a t =⇒
0 30e0.032⋅0 =
P(0) = 30e0 =
30
Hence the population in 2020 is 30000.
b t = 30e0.032⋅5 =
5 ⇒ P(5) = 35.205
Hence the population in 2025 is
35205.
c P(t ) 30
= = e0.032⋅t 40
40 4 A1 shape A1 domain
e0.032
=
= ⋅t
30 3 b T (6=
) 25 + e 0.4×6
4 36.0 (1 d.p.) A1
0.032 ⋅ t = ln
3 c Solve 25 + e0.4t =
100 M1
4
ln t = 10.793... A1
=t = 3 9
0.032 10 hours 48 minutes A1
The population is expected to reach 24 a x >2 A1
40000 in 2029. b x =2 A1
19 V (t ) 150
= = 000e0.05875t 200 000 −
1
c 3ln ( x − 2 ) + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 + e 3
M1A1
200 000 4
0.05875t
e
= = 3
150 000 3 d f ′(x) = A1
x −2
4
0.05875t = ln 3
3 f '(x ) =1 ⇒ =1 ⇒ x = 5
x −2 M1
4
ln f (5) 3ln3 + 1
=
=t 3
= 4.90 M1
0.05875 y − (3ln3 + 1) = x − 5 A1
Hence the predicted year is 2025.
(or y =+
x 3ln3 − 4 )
20 f (t ) = 500(0.75)t
25 a log2 3x − log2 ( x − 3) A1
f (24) = 500(0.75)24
3x
f (24) = 0.502 log2 A1
x −3
21 a ¡ A1
b ln x 3 − ln ( x − 1) + ln e
2
A1A1A1
b −2 A1
ex 3
c 12 A1 ln A1
( x − 1)
2
d y < 16 A1
e x > −2 A1 26 a i T5 = 73.205 thousand taxis
f y = 16 A1 M1A1
22 a N ( 0 ) = 35 A1 ii Tn= 100 ⇒ n= 9 M1
b N ( 4 ) = 410 M1A1 2019 A1
c N ( t ) > 1000 M1 b P10 = 2.1873705... M1A1
t > 5.449... A1 2.187 million people A1

d 0 ≤ t < 5.45 A1 c Adjusting units in (i) or (ii) A1
6
P5 × 10
i = 28.4 people per taxi
T5 × 103
M1A1

Worked solutions
P10 × 106 c i y =2 A1
ii = 18.6 people per taxi
T10 × 103 x =2
ii A1
A1
d x >2 A1
d The model predicts a reduction in the
number of people per taxi, which may e Use GDC solver or intersection of
mean that the taxis are in use for graphs M1
fewer hours or fewer taxis are used x = 2.16 A1
every day. R1
30 a f ( 4) =
log2 4 + log2 (15) − log2 (5)
27 a For example, for x = e M1
M1
( )
ln x 2 =
ln e2 = ( )
2 ≠ (ln e ) =
1
2
4 × 15
A1R1 = log
= 2 log2 12 A1AG
5
b (ln x ) − ln ( x 2 ) − 15 =
2
0
b f ( x ) = log2 x + log2 ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
⇒ (ln x ) − 2ln ( x ) − 15 =
2
0 M1
− log2 ( x + 1) M1
(ln x − 5) (ln x + 3) =
0 M1
x ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
ln x −=5 0,ln x += 3 0 f ( x ) = log2 M1A1
x +1
ln x = 5,ln x = −3 A1
5 −3 f ( x ) log2 x ( x − 1)
= M1
=x e=
,x e A1A1
28 a i T ( 0 ) = 94 ⇒ 25 + a = 94 M1 = (
f ( x ) log2 x 2 − x ) AG
a = 69 A1
ii T (20 ) = 29
⇒ 25 + 69e20b =
29 M1
b = −0.142 (3 s.f.) A1
b T (30 ) = 26.0 (3 s.f.) M1A1
c y = 25 A1
d The temperature of the room. R1
dT
e = −9.82...e−0.142...t M1A1
dt
d2T
f = 1.399...e−0.142...t M1A1
dt 2
g The rate of change is always negative
which means the temperature is
decreasing; as the second derivative is
always positive, the temperature will
not have a minimum but will approach
the value 25 given by the horizontal
asymptote. A2
−1
3 2
29 a i f (0
= )  2  2 2
+=
3
 
= 2.67 (3 s.f) M1A1
ii (2.67, 0) A1
y −1
3
b x  
= +2 M1
2
y −1
3
  = x −2 M1
2
y log3 ( x − 2 ) + 1
= M1A1
2
g (=
x ) log3 ( x − 2 ) + 1
2

Worked solutions
10 From approximation to generalization:

integration
Skills Check
(x)
3
4
11 f = x3 x 4
=
1 a 30 × 60 = 1800 cm 2
1 4 74
b 0.5 × 4 × 9 = 18 m2 F ( x=
)
3
+1
x 4 + C= x +C
3
+1 7
c 0.5 × 42 × π = 8π mm2 4
2 a 3x 2 + 15x b x 2 − 25 1
12 f (=
x)
−1
= x 7
7
c d x
9x 2 + 6 x + 1 2x 2 − 9x − 5
1 7 67
F ( x=
)
1 − 1 +1
4
x 7 + C= x +C
3 a x3 b x7 − 17 + 1 6
1 2
c (2 x + 5) 2 d ( x − 3) 3
Exercise 10B
Note: throughout this chapter, C denotes an
arbitrary constant. 1 1 5
1 ∫x
4
dx= x 4 +1 + C= x +C
4 +1 5
Exercise 10A 2 ∫ (6 x )
2
+ 4 x + 5 dx
1 1 11
1 x)
F (= x10 +1 +=
C x +C = 6 ∫ x 2 dx + 4 ∫ x dx + 5 ∫ dx
10 + 1 11
1 1 6 = 2 x 3 + 2 x 2 + 5x + C
2 )
F ( x= x 5 +1 + C= x +C
5+1 6 3 ∫ (15t )
4
+ 12t 3 + 2t + 5 dt
1 1 26
3 F (=
x) x 25 +1 +=
C x +C = 15∫ t 4 dt + 12∫ t 3 dt + 2∫ t dt + 5∫ dt
25 + 1 26
1 1 = 3t 5 + 3t 4 + t 2 + 5t + C
4 F (x) = x −6 +1 + C =− x −5 + C
−6 + 1 5 4 ∫ 8 d=
x 8x + C
1 1 1 −6 1
5 f (=
x) = x −8 5 ∫u ∫ u du =− 6 u + C =− 6u6 + C
−7
x8 7
du =
1
F (x)
= x −8 +1 + C 2 1 −4 1
−8 + 1 6 ∫x 5
dx =2∫ x −5 dx =−
2
x +C =−
2x 4
+C
1 1
∫ (w )
=− x −7 + C = − +C 7 3
+ 3 w dw
7 7x 7
1 1 4 3 34
6 x)
f (= = x −2
1
∫w dw + ∫ w 3 dw =
3
w + w +C
x2 4 4
1 1
∫ (4 )
1
F (x) = x −2 +1 + C =− +C 8 = 4 ∫ x 2 dx + 3 ∫ dx
x + 3 dx
−2 + 1 x
1 3 53 8 23
F ( x= = x + 3x + C
)
2 +1
7 x 3 + C= x +C 3
2
3
+1 5
5 9 149
9 ∫ ∫=
9
1 1
+1 10 10 x 5 dx
= x dx9
x +C
F (=
x)
11
8 x 10
C
+= x +C 14
1
10
+1 11
10 ∫ du= u + C
1 4 3
F ( x=
) − 1 + 1 x − 4 +1 + C= 3 x 4 + C
1
9 3
4 11 a f ( x ) = x5 + = x 5 + 3x −2
x2
10 f (=
x)
1
x x2
= 6
f '(x ) =5x 4 − 6 x −3 =5x 4 −
1 2 23 x3
F ( x=
)
1 +1
x 2 + C= x +C
1
+1 3  3 
b ∫  x ∫x dx + 3∫ x −2 dx
5 5
+  dx =
2
x2 
1 6 x6 3
= x − 3x −1 + C = − +C
6 6 x

Worked solutions
p 2 1 1
12 ∫ (3x ) 3 ∫ 10x + 13=
2
+ px + q dx = x 3 + x + qx + C dx ln 10 x + 13 + C
2 10
= x 3 + 8x 2 + 7x + C 1
4 ∫e
−4 x + 3
− e−4 x +3 + C
dx =
So comparing the coefficients, 4
p 4
4∫ (5x + 1) = (5x + 1) + C
3 4
= 8 ⇒ p = 16 5 dx
2 5⋅4
q=7 1
(5x + 1) + C
4
=
5
Exercise 10C 2 2
6 1
6 ∫ 3x + 8 =
dx
3
ln 3x + 8 + C
1 ∫=
x
dx 6 ∫ =
x
dx 6 ln x + c
3
7 ∫ 3e
4 −2 x
− e4 − 2 x + C
dx =
2
2 ∫ 5e du 5 ∫ e =
u u u
= du 5e + C
7
∫ 7 (2 x − 9 ) = ( 2x − 9) + C
4 5
1 1 1 1 8 dx
3 ∫ 2=x
dx
2∫x
= dx
2
ln x + C 2 ⋅5
7
(2 x − 9 ) + C
5
ex 1 x 1 x =
4 ∫ 3
dx
=
3∫
dx
e=
3
e +C 10
1
dx ∫ ( 4 x + 3 )
−2
∫ (3x + 2 ) ∫ (9x ) 9 ∫ ( 4x + 3)= dx

2
5 dx= 2
+ 12 x + 4 dx 2
= 9∫ x 2 dx + 12∫ x dx + 4∫ dx
1
− ( 4 x + 3) + C
−1
=
= 3x 3 + 6 x 2 + 4 x + C 4
1 2
∫ ln ( e ) dx= ∫ ( x + 1) dx=
1
6
∫ (2x + 1) = ( 2 x + 1) 3 + C
x +1 1 4
x + x +C 10 dx 3
2 4
⋅2
3
7 ∫ t ( t + 3 ) dt = ∫ ( t )
2 3
+ 3t 2 dt 3
( 2 x + 1) 3 + C
4
=
1 4 8
∫t dt + 3∫ t 2 dt=
3
= t + t3 + C
4  8  8
11 ∫  e5 x + ∫
 dx = e5 x dx + ∫ dx
3 2  5 x − 3  5 x −3
ln(3 x )
8 ∫e dx 3∫ x=
= dx
2
x +C
1 5x 8
= e + ln 5x − 3 + C
4
x + 3x + 2 x 2 5 5
9 ∫ ∫ (x )
3
dx = + 3 x + 2 dx
x 1
∫ ( 4x + 7)
− 13
= ∫ x dx + 3 ∫ x d x + 2 ∫ d x
3
12 ∫ 3
4x + 7
=dx dx
1 4 3 2 1 3
( 4 x + 7 ) 3 + C= ( 4x + 7) 3 + C
2 2
= x + x + 2x + C =
4 2 4⋅ 3
2
8
eu − 4 1 u 13 a Using the chain rule,
10 ∫ =
2
du
2∫
e du − 2 ∫ du
f '(x) =
5 ⋅ 3 (3x + 10 ) =
15 (3x + 10 )
4 4
1 u
= e − 2u + C 1
2
∫ (3x + 10) (3x + 10) + C
5 6
b x
d=
3⋅6
Exercise 10D 1
(3x + 10) + C
6
=
18
1
∫ (7 x − 5) = (7 x − 5) + C
4 5
1 dx
(x) (12x + 7)
−1
7 ⋅5 14 a f=
1 Using the chain rule,
(7 x − 5) + C
5
=
35
f '(x) =
−12 (12 x + 7 )
−2
1
∫ ( −3x + 7) ( −3x + 7) + C
6 7
2 dx =−
3⋅7 1 1
b ∫ 12x =
+7
dx
12
ln 12 x + 7 + C
1
( −3x + 7) + C
7
=−
21

Worked solutions
Exercise 10E 3
9π
3 a A =∫ 9 − x 2 dx =
1 h ( t )= ∫ (6t ) 2
2
+ 1 dt= 2t 3 + t + C −3
π (3)
2
h (2 ) =18 + C =8⇒C =−10 π r2 9π
b=
A = =
∴ h ( t )= 2t + t − 10
3 2 2 2
6
x 
y (x) = 4 a A =∫  + 3  dx =24
∫ 8 ( 2 x − 3 ) dx = (2 x − 3)
3 4
2 +C 3
0  
y (2 ) = 6 = C + 1 ⇒ C = 5 a + b 3 + 5
b A =
= h  =  ( 6 ) 24
∴ y (x) = (2 x − 3)
4
+5  2   2 
5 25π
3 a (t )
v= ) dt ∫ ( 4t + 1) dt
∫ a (t= 5 a A= ∫0
25 − x 2 dx =
4
= 2t 2 + t + C 1 2 1 25π
( 5)
2
b
= A = πr π=
v (0) = 2 = C ⇒ C = 2 4 4 4
∴ v ( t )= 2t 2 + t + 2
4
6
= a A ∫=
| x | dx 16
dt ∫ (2t )
−4
b s (=
t) ∫ v (t ) =
2
+ t + 2 dt
bh
b A=2⋅ =bh =4 ( 4 ) =16
2 3 1 2 2
= t + t + 2t + C1
3 2
s ( 0 ) =8 =C1 ⇒ C1 =8 Exercise 10G
2 3 1 2 a + b 3 + 2 15
∴ s (t ) = t + t + 2t + 8 1 Geometric: =
  h =  (3)
3 2  2   2  2
dv Integration:
4 a (t )
a= = 8e2t + 1
dt 3
2 3
 3x 2 
∴ a (3) =8e6 + 1 ∫ 3dx +
0
∫ (9 − 3x ) dx =6 + 9x −
2  2 2

t2  27  15
b s ( t )= ∫ ( 4e ) =6+ − 12  =
2t
+ t dt = 2e2t + +C
2  2  2
s (0) = 4 = 2 + C ⇒ C = 2 1 1
2 Geometric: − − (2 ) (3) =
bh = −3
t 2 2 2
∴ s ( t )= 2e2t + +2
2 Integration:
4 5
5 f (x)
= f ( x ) dx
∫= ∫ 1
dx ∫ (9 − 3x ) dx + ∫ (3x − 15) dx
8x − 7 3 4
4 5
1  3x   3x 2
2

= ln ( 8 x − 7 ) + C =9 x −  + − 15x 
8  2 3  2 4
7e 7e  27   75 
f (1) = = ln1 + C = C ⇒ C = = 12 −  + − − ( −36 )  =−3
8 8  2   2 
7e
∴ f ( x=
) ln 8x − 7 + 8 15 1 21
3 Geometric: − 3 + (2 ) ( 6 ) =
2 2 2
Integration:
Exercise 10F 7 3 5 7
2x
a A ∫=
1= dx 12
6
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
0 0 3 5
0 3 7 7
15 9  3x 2 
1 1 = −3+ ∫5 ( 3 x − 15 ) d x = + − 15x 
b=A =
2
bh
2
(6=
) ( 4) 12 2 2  2 5
21
2 =
2
2 =
a A ∫=
5 dx
−1
15
b = = 3 (=
A bh 5) 15

Worked solutions
6 4
1  5
∫1  2 f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx
4
4 3 ∫ u du = 5ln u 
3
3
= 5ln 4 − 5ln3 = 5ln 34
6 6 2
1
∫ (3x )
2
f ( x ) dx − ∫ g ( x ) dx
2 ∫1
= 4 2
+ 4 x − 2 dx =  x 3 + 2 x 2 − 2 x 
−1
1 −1
1
= ( −4 ) − 6 =−8 = 12 − 3 = 9
2 2 2
 4   4 
1 10 5 ∫1  x 2 + 1 dx = − x + x 1 = 0 − ( −3) = 3
5 ∫ f ( x ) dx =
10
− ∫ f ( x ) dx =
1
−12
3 3
1  1  1  1 4
10 6
g ( x ) dx ∫ g ( x ) dx + ∫ g ( x ) dx
10 6 ∫ x3
dx = − 2
 2 x 1
=− − −  =
18  2  9
6 ∫=
1 1 6
1
16
( )
16 16
1 1  −1 1 4 3 2 3 
=6 + 14 =20 7 ∫  t
0
1
4
− t 2  dt = ∫ t 4 − t 2 dt =  t 4 − t 2 
 0 3 3 0
6
7 ∫ g ( x ) dx = 0
6
32 128
=− −32
=
3 3
10 10 6
8 f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx
∫=
e5
1 e5
6 1 1
8 ∫x dx = ln x  e2 = 5 − 2 = 3
e2
= 12 − ( −4 )= 16 2
2
 x3 
7 10 9 a (
A =∫ − x 2 + 2 x dx = − + x2  )
 3
9 ∫ f ( x + 3) d=
−2
x ∫ f (x) d
= x
1
12 0 0
8 4
12 10 =− +4=
1  1 3 3
∫  g ( x − 2 )  dx = g ( x ) dx
2 ∫1
10
 2  2 2
3
1  1 1 1
b A =∫ dx =  −  =− − ( −1) =
1 x2  x 1 2 2
= =
2
(20) 10 1
4 4
10 10 10 a ∫ 2f ( =
x ) dx 2 ∫ f ( =
x ) dx (10) 20
2=
∫ ( f ( x ) + 4) d=
x ∫ f ( x ) dx + 4 x 
10
11 1
0 0
1 1
4 4 4
= 12 + ( 40 − 4 ) = 48 b ∫ (2f ( x ) + x )=
0
dx ∫ 2f ( x ) dx + ∫ x dx
0 0
3 3
1 1 1 4
12 a ∫ 2 f (=
x ) dx
2 −∫3
f (=
x ) dx =
2
(20) 10  x2 
20 +   =
= 28
−3
 2 0
3 3 1
b f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) dx
∫= 2
1 −3 −3
11 a ∫=
x
dx 2ln x + C
= 20 − 6 = 14 k
2 k
∫ x=
2
b b−4
b dx 2ln =
x 2 2ln
= k
2
ln
= k
4
ln9
c ∫ f ( x − 4)=
dx ∫ f ( x )=
dx 20 2
a a− 4 k2
So a possible pair of values
∴
4
=9 ⇒ k =6 (k > 0)
for a and b is
b−4=3⇒ b =7 Exercise 10I
a − 4 =−3 ⇒ a =1 4 4
1 1 1
3 1 ∫1 4x − 2 = ) 4 ln7
dx  ln ( 4 x − 2=
4
d ∫ ( f ( x ) + k ) dx =
−3
20 + 6k = 32 ⇒ k = 2 1
1 1
1 3 1 1
2 ∫ (2t − 1)
2
t  (2t − 1) =
d=
6 6
1 − ( −1=
) 3 ( )
0  0
Exercise 10H
2 2
1 +4  1 10
3
3 3 ∫e
3x + 4
dx  e3 x=
=  e −e ( )
1 ∫ 6 x dx = 3x  = 27 − 12 = 15
2
−2 −1  3  −1 3
−2
4 4
ex  ex  e4 − e
2 ∫1 =
2
dx = 
 2 1 2

Worked solutions
2 2
 2k + 1 
∫ ( x + 2) ( x − 1) dx= ∫ ( x + x − 2) dx ⇒ ln  2ln3 = ln9
2
4 =
0 0  3 
2 2k + 1
 x3 x2  8 2 ⇒ = 9 ⇒ k = 13
=  + − 2x  = +2−4 = 3
 3 2 0 3 3
2 2
Exercise 10J
∫ (3x − 3) dx = 27∫ ( x − 1) dx
3 3
5
1 1 1
2
(
= 27∫ x 3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 dx )
1
2
 x4 3x 2 
= 27  − x3 + − x
 4 2 1
  1   27
= 27  0 −  − =

  4  4
4 4
∫ ( 4x + 9)
1
6 ∫ 4 x + 9dx = dx
2
0 0
4
 1 3 
= 3 ( 4x + 9) 2 
 2 ⋅ 4  0
=
1
6
3
( 3
252 − 9 2=
1
6
49
(125 − 27=) 3 )
2
∫ (e )
2
7 et + e−t  f ( x )= g ( x ) ⇒ x 2 + 2 x − 3
t
− e − t dt =
−2
−2
=( x + 3) ( x − 1) =0⇒x =−3, x =1
(
= e2 + e−2 − e−2 + e2 = 0 ) ( ) 1
∫ ( −2x + 3 − x ) dx
2
∴A=
( ) dt =+
9 9
3 t +2 − 12
3t 4t 
1 9
∫ ∫ 3 + 2t
−3
8 dt = 2
t   
1
4 4
4
x3  5 32
=  − x 2 + 3x −  = − ( −9 ) =
= (27 + 12) − (12 + 8) = 19  3  −3 3 3
2
9 a f (x) =−2 x x 2 − 4 =
0 ( )
⇒x =0 or x =±2
So (0, 0) , ( −2, 0) , (2, 0)
2
b ∫ 2 x ( 4 − x ) dx
2
2 2
c ∫ 2x ( 4 − x ) dx =∫ (8x − 2x ) dx
2 3
0 0
2
 x  4
= 4 x 2 −  =8
 2 0
k
1
10 a ∫ 2 x + 1 dx
1 x 2 − 5x + 4 = 4 ⇒ x ( x − 5) = 0
k
1 1 k =x 0=
or x 5
b ∫ 2x= dx ln (2 x + 1) 
2
5
+1
∫ ( 4 − 4 + 5 x − x ) dx
1
2
1
A=
1  2k + 1  0
= =ln   ln3 5 5
2  3   5x 2 x 3 
(
=∫ 5x − x 2 dx = ) − 
0  2 3 0
125
=
6

Worked solutions
3 −0.5x 2 + 8 =0.5x 2 − 8 ⇒ x =±4
∫ ( ( −0.5x ) ( ))
4
2
+ 8 − 0.5x 2 − 8 dx =
85.3
−4
4 x 2 − 2 x= 4 x ⇒ x= 0, 4
x+4
(4 ( ))
4
∫ x − x 2 − 2 x dx =
16 8 =− x − 7 ⇒ x =−7.36, 1.36
0 x −2
1.36  x + 4 
∫−7.36  x − 2 − ( − x − 7) dx =27.5
1
5 ln x= x − 2 ⇒ x= 0.15, 8.21
2
8.21  1 
∫0.15  ln x −  2 x − 2  dx =
8.78
9 The area enclosed is given by the integral

4 4
2  2 
∫  x − ( −2)  d=
1
x ∫  + 2  dx
x 1
(2ln 4 + 8) − (2)
4
= 2ln x + 2 x =
1
= 4ln2 + 6
6 x 2 − 5x + 1 =6 − x 2 ⇒ x =−0.77, 3.27 ⇒p = 4, q = 6
( (6 − x ) − ( x ))
3.27
∫
2 2
− 5 x + 1 dx =
21.8 x
−0.77 10 a f (x)= g (x) ⇒ x=
2
 x
∴ x 1 −  = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 4
 2
 
∴ ( 0, 0 ) and ( 4,2 )
4
 x
b i ∫ 
0
x −  dx
2
4 4
 x 2 3 x2  4
7 2e = x
3x + 4 ⇒ x =−1.11, 2 ii ∫0  x − 2  dx =  3 x 2 − 4  = 3
( (3x + 4) − 2e )dx =
2 0
∫
x
3.68
−1.11 k
 x
c i ∫ 
0
x −  dx
2

Worked solutions
2 23 k 2 Chapter Review
ii k −
3 4 x9
1 a ∫x
8
x
d= +C
2 23 k 2 2 9
iii k − = ⇒ k = 1.510 (3d.p.)
3 4 3 b ∫ (5 x )
4
− 6 x 2 + 7 dx = x 5 − 2 x 3 + 7 x + C
3 10 10
13
Exercise 10K c ∫ ∫ x=
10
x 3 dx
= dx 10
x +C
13
∫ (( x ) ( ) ) dx
0
1 2
− 2 x − 10 x + x 2 − 3x 3
−2 4 1
d ∫x ∫ 4 x dx =
−9
9
dx = − x −8 + C
2
∫ ( (10x + x ) ( ))
2
2
+ − 3x 3 − x 2 − 2 x dx
0
1
= 24 =
− +C
2x 8
∫ (( x ) )
1
2 3
− 3x 2 + 3x + 1 − ( x + 1) dx 8x5 + 4x  2
e ∫ ∫  4x
3
0 = dx +  dx
2x 2 x
∫ ( ( x + 1) − ( x ))
2
3
+ − 3x 2 + 3x + 1 dx
1
x 4 + 2ln x + C
=
= 0.5
f ∫ 4e =
x
dx 4e x + C
∫ (6 ) ∫ (6 x )
1
g x + 2 dx = 2
+ 2 dx
(( x ) )
0
∫
2
3 3
− 2 x − 3xe − x dx
−1.51677 3
= 4x 2 + 2x + C
(3xe ( ))
1.51677
∫
− x2
+ − x 3 − 2 x dx
∫ (x ) ( )
2
0 h 2
+ 3 dx = ∫ x 4 + 6 x 2 + 9 dx
≈ 4.65
x5
(( −x ) ( )) = + 2x 3 + 9x + C
−1.41421
4 ∫
4
+ 16 x 2 − x 4 − 20 x 2 + 64 dx
−4 5
(( x ) ( ) ) dx 1
1.41421
∫
4
− 20 x 2 + 64 − − x 4 + 16 x 2
∫ ( 4 x + 5) = ( 4 x + 5) + C
+ i dx
6 7
−1.41421
4⋅7
(( −x ) ( ))
4
∫
4
+ + 16 x 2 − x 4 − 20 x 2 + 64 dx
1.41421
1
( 4 x + 5) + C
7
≈ 440 =
28
x2
5 a f ( x ) =h ( x ) ⇒ − 1 =−3x − 5.5 6 3 x +2
j ∫ 6e
3 x +2
2 x
d= e C 2e3 x +2 + C
+=
3
( x + 3)
2
⇒ x2 + 6x + 9 = = 0 1 1
⇒x =−3
k ∫ 6 x − 7=
dx
6
ln 6 x − 7 + C
h ( −3) =−3 ( −3) − 5.5 =3.5 3x 2

l ∫ ln ( e )=
dx ∫ 3 x = 3x
dx +C
∴ P ( −3,3.5) 2
3
b The gradient of h is − 3 3
2 a ∫ (6 x − 1) dx = 3x − x 
2
−2
f '(x) =x⇒m=f ' ( −3) =−3 −2
y − 3.5 =−3 x − ( −3) ( ) = (24 − 14 ) = 10
y − 3.5 =−3x − 9 3
 x3   1  28
3
b ∫−1 x dx =  3  = 9 −  − 3  = 3
2
h (x) =−3x − 5.5
−1
c g ( x ) = h ( x ) ⇒ − x 2 − 1 = −3x − 5.5 25
3 25
c ∫ dx = 6  x  = 6 (5 − 3) = 12
x  9
Using GDC ⇒ Q ( −1.10, −2.21) 9
e4
5 e4
3 3 3
−  x2 
− 1 − ( −3x − 5.5)  dx
d ∫= dx 5ln=
x 1 5ln
= e4 20
d i ∫
2 2
−3

 2 
1x
0 0
∫ 8 (2 x + 3) dx =(2 x + 3) 
3 4
 x2  e
( )
0
+ ∫3 3 3  − 1 − −x2 − 1  dx −2
  −2
2 2  2
−

= 81 − 1 = 80
ii 1.81 (2 d.p.) 5
5
 1 4x  1 20
f ∫3 e=
4x
dx  =
 4
e 
3 4
e − e12 ( )
Worked solutions
4 4
b 3
x= 3x − 2
3 a ) dx 2∫ f ( x=
∫ 2f (x= ) dx 2=
(10) 20
1 1 ⇒ x 3 − 3x + 2 = ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x − 2)
4 4 3
= ( x − 1) ( x + 2) =
2
0
b ∫=
f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx − ∫ f ( x ) d x
3 1 1
∴x =−2
= 10 − 6 = 4 y =3 ( −2 ) − 2 =−8
4 4 4
∴ ( −2, −8 )
c ∫ ( f ( x ) + 4) d=
1
x ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ 4 dx
1 1
∫ (x ) ∫ (x )
1 1
c 3
− (3x − 2 ) d=
x 3
− 3 x + 2 dx
= 10 + 4 x 1 = 10 + (16 − 4 ) = 22
4 −2 −2
1
 x 4 3x 2  3
=  − + 2x  = − ( −6 )
4 2  −2 4
4 f (x) = ∫ ( 4x )
3
+ 2 dx = x 4 + 2 x + C
27
= = 6.75
f (2 ) = 20 + C = 24 ⇒ C = 4 4
∴ f ( x ) = x 4 + 2x + 4
9 a f ′(x) =
( )
2 x 2 + 1 − 2x ⋅ 2x
M1A1
(x )
2
2
0
1 +1
5 a ∫−8 f ( x ) dx =
− π 42 =
2
−8π ( )
2 − 2x 2
= A1
(x )
8 2
2
+1
b | −8π | + ∫ f ( x ) dx =
21π
0
2x
8 b ∫x 2
+1
= ln x 2 + 1 + C
dx ( ) M1A1A1
⇒ ∫ f ( x ) dx =
13π
0 dv
8 0 8 10 a a= = −3 ms −2 M1A1
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx dt
∴ ∫ ∫
−8 −8 0 3t 2
=−8π + 13π =
5π b s (t ) = ∫ ( 40 − 3t ) dt = 40t − +C
2
6 f (x) =− x ( x + 4) =0⇒x =−4 or x =0 M1A1
3
 x3 
0
s (1) = 10 ⇒ 40 − + C = 10
∫ ( )
0
2
− x − 4 x dx =− + 2x 2  2
−4
 3  −4
57
⇒C =− M1
( −4)
3
2
+ 2 ( −4 )
2
=0 +
3 3t 2 57
64 32 s ( t ) = 40t − −
= 32 − = 2 2
3 3
A1
7 a Lines intersect at x = −2.2808, 2.4765
and 9.7467 2×2
11 a i Aregion
= 1 = 2 M1A1
2
(0.5 e + 1 − ( x − 5x )) dx
2.4765
∫
x 4 2
−2.2808 2×3
ii Aregion
= = 3 M1A1
( x − 5x − (0.5 e + 1)) dx
9.7467 2
+∫ 4 2 x
2
2.4765
= 7530.19 b Aregion3 = 3 − 2 = 1 A1
≈ 7530 12 a Use GDC to obtain value of definite
b Lines intersect at x = −2, 0 and 3 integral M1
(x ) ) dx (
0 1
∫
3
− 9 x − x 2 − 3x f ( x ) dx
−2 =A ∫= 1.1202 A1
+ ∫ ( x − 3 x − ( x − 9 x ) ) dx
3 0
2 3
0 b i 2.24 (3 s.f.) A1
253 2 1
= = 21.1
12 ii ∫ 2f ( x − 1) =
1
dx 2 ∫ f ( x ) =
dx
0
2.24
8 a= (1) 1
y f=
2.24 (3 s.f.) M1A1
f ' ( x ) =3x 2 ⇒ f ' (1) =3 13 a x = 0, x = ±1 A1A1
∴ y − 1 = 3 ( x − 1) ⇒ y = 3x − 2 b Either:

Worked solutions
( )
f ′ ( x ) =1 ⋅ x 2 − 1 + 2 x 2 =3x 2 − 1 M1A1  1 2
0
1 2 
− 2 x  +  2 x 
=
2
A1
  −1  0
Or:
f ( x=  1 5
) x3 − x M1 =  0 +  + (2 − 0 ) = AG
 2  2
f ′ (=
x ) 3x − 1 2
A1
1 17 a
c f ′(x) =0⇒x =± =±0.577 M1A1
3
1
d ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
−1
M1A1
e The function changes sign in the

interval  −1,1 , so the areas above and
below the x-axis cancel out. R1
1
f ∫ f (x)
−1
dx = 0.5 M1A1
14 a f (1) = 12 = 3 − 2 × 1 = g (1) M1A1 A1 for shape; A1 for domain; A1 for

end-points coordinates; A1 for
f ( −3) =( −3) =3 − 2 × ( −3) =g ( −3) maximum point and its coordinates.
2
b 0 ≤ y ≤ 1.104 A1
A1
1 0.1011
1
 x3  c m
= = 0.0202... M1
b ∫ (3 − 2x − x )dx =
2 2
3x − x −  5
−3  3  −3
AB contains the origin R1
y = 0.0202 x A1
M1A1A1
 1 
=  3 − 1 −  −  −9 − 9 +
27  32
A1
d ( )
f ′ ( x ) =3e− x + 3x −e− x =(3 − 3x ) e− x
=
 3  3  3 M1A1AG
( x − 2) f ′ ( x ) 0.0202...
4
15 a e Solve = = ⇒ x 0.98201...
A1
= x 4 + 4 × ( −2 ) x 3 + 6 × ( −2 ) x 2
2
f ( 0.98201...) = 1.10345... A1
+ 4 × ( −2 ) x + ( −2 )
3 4
M1A1
= 0.0202 ( x − 0.982 )
y − 1.10 A1
=x 4 − 8 x 3 + 24 x 2 − 32 x + 16 A1 f Use of GDC to calculate M1
∫ ( x − 2 ) dx
4
b 5
∫ 3 xe
x
− 0.0202 x dx =
2.63 A2
∫ x − 8x + 24x − 32x + 16 dx
4 3 2 0
=
18 a
M1
x5
= − 2 x 4 + 8 x 3 − 16 x 2 + 16 x + C
5
A1A1
16 Use GDC to obtain graph of y = x
1 correct: A1; all correct: A2
M1A1
Attempt to calculate area of both triangles b
M1
2
1×1 2 × 2
∫
−1
x dx =
2
+
2
= 2.5 A1AG
OR:
2 0 2
∫ −1
x dx =∫
−1
( − x ) dx + ∫0 x dx M1A1A1

Worked solutions
A1 for shape; A1 for domain; A1 for

intercepts
c Either:
 1   15 1   1   21 1 
A = 0 ×  +  ×  + 3 ×  +  × 
 2  8 2  2  8 2
M1A1A1
15
= =( 3.75) A1
4
Or:
 15 1   1   21 1   1
A=  ×  + 3 ×  +  ×  + 0 × 
 8 2  2  8 2  2
M1A1A1
15
= =( 3.75) A1
4
2
 2 x4 
∫ ( )
2
d 4 x − x 3 dx =2 x −  M1A1
0
 4 0
=8−4 =4 A1

Worked solutions
11 Relationships in space: geometry and

trigonometry in 2D and 3D
Skills check
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
b d=
1 a 5 10 ≈ 15.8 b 2 6 ≈ 4.9
(2 + 3) + ( 4 − 7 ) + ( −1 − 2 )
2 2 2
2 a i 12600 cm 2
ii 1.26 m2 =
b 4 π ≈ 12.6 m3 ≈ 12566 l = 25 + 9 + =
9 43 ≈ 6.56
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
c d=
Exercise 11A
1 a (3, 0, 0) b (3, 4, 0) = (1 + 1) + ( −3 − 3) + ( 4 + 4 )
2 2 2
c (3, 0,2) d (3, 4,2) = 4 + 36 + 64 = 104 ≈ 10.2

e Midpoint of OF
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
 , , 
 2 2 2  = ( −2 − 2)
2
+ (1 + 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2
0 + 3 0 + 4 0 + 2
= = , ,  (1.5, 2,1
) = 16 + 4 + =
0 20 ≈ 4.47
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
f Distance of OF 4 a d=
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d= = ( −5 − 1) + ( −6 − 2 ) + ( −7 − 3)
2 2 2
(3 − 0 ) + ( 4 − 0 ) + (2 − 0 )
2 2 2

= = 36 + 64 + 100 200
= ≈ 14.1
= 9 + 16 + 4= 29 ≈ 5.4
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
b d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
2 a  , , 
( 4 − 0) + ( 0 + 4 ) + (5 − 2 )
2 2 2
 2 2 2  =
 −4 + 5 4 − 1 3 + 3  = 16 + 16 + =
9 41 ≈ 6.4
= = , ,  (0.5,1 .5, 3)
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
c d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
b  , , 
 2 2 2  (1 + 1) + (2 + 1) + (3 + 1)
2 2 2
=
 −4 − 2 4 + 2 5 + 9  = 4 + 9 + 16= 29 ≈ 5.39
=  , , = ( −3, 3, 7)
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
c  , , 
 2 2 2  = (1 − 4)
2
+ (1 − 1) + (1 + 3)
2 2
 5 − 4 2 − 3 −4 − 8 
=  , , = (0.5, 0.5, 6
− − ) = 9 + 0 + 16= 25 = 5
 2 2 2 
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2  Exercise 11B
d  , , 
 2 2 2 
1 a SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 202 + 2 × 20 × 26
 −5.1 + 1.4 −2 + 1.7 9 + 11 
= , ,  = 1440 cm2
 2 2 2 
= − 0 )
( −1.85, 0.15,1 b SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 42 + 2 × 4 × 6.3 = 66.4 cm2
c SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 52 + 2 × 5 × 13 = 155 cm2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
3 a d= d SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 52 + π × 5 × 13
= ( 4 − 2 ) + (3 − 3) + (1 − 5)
2 2 2
= 283 cm2
= 4 + 0 + 16= 20 ≈ 4.47 e SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 62 + π × 6 × 14
= 377 cm2
f SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 42 + π × 4 × 12
≈ 201 cm2

Worked solutions
2 a = 4 π =
SA r 2 4 π × 52 ≈ 314 cm2 7 Volume of the water tank, VT
4 3 4 1 2
V = πr = π × 53 = 524 cm3 =VT π r 2hcyl + π r hcone
3 3 3
2
3 1
b SA =4 π r 2 =4 π ×   =28.3 cm2 = π × 12 × (13 − 2 ) + π × 2 ×2
1
2 3
4 4 3
3 = 36.7 m3
V = π r 3 = π ×   =14.1 cm3 Conversion to litres
3 3 2
1000000 cm3 1
L
1 36.7 m3 × ×
3 a V (base area × height )
= 1 m3 1000 cm3
3
= 36700 L
1
=
3
( 4 × 4 × 12=) 64 cm3 8 Volume of each ball,
4 3 4
π × (3.35) =
3
Vball = πr =
157.5 cm3 .
1 3 3
=b V (base area × height )
3 hcyl =×
3 6.7 =20.1 cm
1  10 × 13.1 
=  = × 11  240 cm3 π r 2h =
Vcyl = π × 3.352 × 20.1 =
708.7 cm3
3 2 
total free space is
1
=c V (base area × height ) 236 cm3
VT = Vcyl − 3VB ≈ 708.7 − 3 × 157.5 =
3
1
=
3
(9 × 7 × 5=) 105 cm3
Exercise 11C
4 SA c =curved surface area, 19 19
1 a sin θ = =, θ sin−1= 44.7°
SA T = total surface area 27 27
33 33
b tan θ = = , θ tan−1= 30.5°
a l = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 56 56
SA c = π rl = π × 5 × 13 ≈ 204cm2 12 12
c tan θ = , θ tan−1= 67.4°
=
b SA T =π r + π rl =π × 5 + 204.2
2 2 5 5
11 −1 11
≈ 283 cm2 d cos θ = = , θ cos = 56.6°
20 20
1 2 1 x
c V= πr h =
π × 52 × 12 ≈ 314 cm2 2 a cos 22° =
= , x 27 =
cos 22° 25.0
3 3 27
π r 2 4 3
4 π× 2 44 44
5 a =
SA c = = 56.5 cm2 b tan 46° == ,x = 42.5
2 2 x tan 46°
4 π r 2 7 7
b SA=
T + π r=
2
56.5 + π × 32 c tan 46° == ,x = 6.76
2 x tan 46°
= 84.8 cm2 x
d sin 43° == , x 22 =
sin 43° 15.0
22
4 3 2
c π r = π × 33 = 56.5 cm3
V = h
6 3 3 tan25° =
= , h 12 tan25
= ° 5.60
12
1 2 14 
6 a π r h +  π r3 
VT =VC + VHS = 5.6 5.6
3 23  tan a = =, a tan−1 = 29.2°
10 10
1 14 3
= π × 42 × 10 +
 π × 4  = 302 cm
3
q
3 23  4 tan30° = ,
55
b Sum of the curved surface area of the 55
cone, SA cc , and curved surface area of q 55 tan30
= = ° = 31.75... ≈ 31.8
3
the hemisphere, SA CHS
q 31.75
tan50
= ° =
l= 2 2
10 + 4 ≈ 10.8 cm ( − p)
55 ( − p)
55
SA T = π rl + 2π r 2
SA CC + SA CHS = (55 − p ) tan50° =31.75
= π × 4 × 10.8 + 2 π × 4 = 236 cm
2 2
31.75
(55 − p ) =
tan50°

Worked solutions
31.75 =h 50 =
sin55° 41 m
p=
55 − ≈ 28.4
tan50° 0.8
3 a sin θ =
7 7 3
5 = ,x
cos 20° = = 7.45
x cos 20° 0.8
θ sin−1 = 15.5°
=
6 6 3
6 tan30° =
= , h = 10.4
h tan30° b h = 32 − 0.82 =2.89 m
1
7 a 3000 cm3
× 20 × 15 × 30 = 81.5
3 4 tan 40° =
d
b AC = 2NC = 202 + 152 = 25 . Then 81.5
NC = 12.5 cm =d = 97.1 m
tan 40°
TC = 302 + NC 2 = 302 + 12.52 5 R and J are the same height, so it cancels
Then
out. Then the calculation is
= = 1056.25 32.5 cm
H
30 30 tan70° =
c sin θ = =, θ sin−1 = 67.4° 3
32.5 32.5
=H 3 tan70
= ° 8.24 m
d TM = TC2 − MC2 = 32.52 − 7.52 = 31.6
N
6 a cos 36° =
30 30 25
e sin TMN
= = ,
TM 31.6 =N 25 =
cos 36° 20.2k
m
30
= sin−1 = 71.7°
TMN W
31.6 b sin36° =
25
1
8 a V= × 230.4 × 230.4 × 146.5 =W 25 =
sin36° 14.7 km
3
W
= 2592276.5 cm3 7 sin68° =
51
b AB = 2 OM ,
=W 51 =
sin68° 47.3k
m
=EM 146.52 + OM 2
8 =
H HE + HD
= 146.52 + 115.22 ≈ 186 cm
HE
EO 146.5 tan23° =
c tan EMO
= = , 300
OM 115.2
=HE 300
= tan23° 127.3 m
146.5
= tan−1
EMO = 51.8° ≈ 52°
115.2 HD
tan30° =
1 300
d AT =4 × AF + AB , AF = × AB × EM
2 =HD 300
= tan30° 173.2 m
AT =
2 × 230.4 × 186.4 + 230.4 × 230.4 H = HE + HD = 301 m
= 139000 cm2
9 Let C be the bottom of the Eiffel tower.
e =
EB 2
EM + BM 2 Then
AB ABC − BC
=
= 186.42 + 115.22 = 219.1
40° + 32° + θ= 90°
EO 146.5
sin EBO
= = θ= 18°
EB 219.1
ABC
146.5 tan (32° + 18° ) =
sin−1 = 42.0° 300
219.1
ABC 300
= = tan50° 357.53
BC
Exercise 11D tan18° =
300
h
1 tan25° = =BC 300
= tan18° 97.48
12
AB = ABC − BC = 260 m
=h 12 =
tan25° 5.60 m
D + 1.5
h 10 tan75° =
2 sin55° = 498
50

Worked solutions
=D 498 tan75
= ° − 1.5 1857 m Area = 173cm2
1
5 Area= 5 × ab sin C
Exercise 11 E 2
1 1
1 Area = ab sin C Area = 5 × × 4 × 4 × sin72° = 38.0 m2
2 2
1 1
a Area = × 8 × 6 × sin80° 6 ( x + ) (2x + 1) sin60° =5 3
2
2 2
= sin 80° 23.6 cm2
Area 24 = 10 3
1 1)
( x + 2 ) (2 x + = = 20
b Area = × 10 × 15 × sin125° 3
2 2
= sin125° 61.4 cm2
Area 75 = 2x 2 + x + 4x + 2 =
20
1 2 x 2 + 5x − 18 =
0
c Area = × 2.5 × 3.9 × sin34°
2
Either factorise, or use the quadratic
=Area 4.875
= sin34° 2.73 cm2 formula:
1 −5 ± 52 − 4 × 2 × ( −18 )
d Area = × 4 × 7 × sin96° x1,2 =
2 2×2
sin 96° 13.9 cm2
Area 14 =
= −5 ± 25 + 144
=
1 4
e Area= × 12 × 20 × sin (180° − 80° − 40° )
2 −5 ± 13
x1,2 =
4
Area 120
= = sin 60° 104cm2
We take the positive value, as distances
1
f Area= × 14 × 18 × sin(180° − 78° − 60°) cannot be negative.
2
Then x = 2
Area 126
= = sin 42° 84.3 cm2
1 Exercise 11F
g Area= × 12 × 8 × sin(180° − 30° − 67°)
2 sin θ sin35°
1 a =
Area 48=
= sin83° 47.6 cm 2
23 45
1 23 sin35°
2 Area = ab sin C sin θ =
2 45
1 23 sin35°
a Area = × 8 × 5 × sin39° θ sin−1
= = 17.0°
2 45
sin39° 12.6 cm2
Area 20 =
= sin θ sin66°
b =
4 8
1
b 16 = × 8 × 8 × sin C
2 4 sin 66°
sin θ =
8
1
sin C =
2 4 sin66°
=θ sin−1 = 27.2°
8
1
= sin−1 = 30°
C
2 sin θ sin75°
c =
6 18
1
3 Area= 2 × ab sin C
2 6 sin75°
sin θ =
Area = 20 × 12 × sin60° 18
6 sin75°
Area 240
= = sin 60° 208 cm2 θ sin−1
= = 18.8°
18
4 4 faces, so area is multiplied by 4
sin θ sin 48°
3 angles in an equilateral triangle are 60° d =
22 63
1
Area= 4 × ab sin C 22 sin 48°
2 sin θ =
63
Area =2 × 10 × 10 × sin60°

Worked solutions
22 sin 48° We substitute back into the first equation

θ sin−1
= = 15.0°
63 sin70°
h= x
sin20°
sin θ sin82° so h sin70°  sin50° 
e = =  h − 15 
20 29 sin20°  sin 40° 
20 sin 82°  sin70°  sin50°   sin70°

sin θ = 1 −   h =−15 ×
29  sin20°  sin 40°   sin20°
20 sin 82° sin70°
=θ sin−1 = 43.1° −15 ×
29 =h = sin20° 18.1
sin70°  sin50° 
sin θ sin78° 1−
f = sin20°  sin 40° 
18 34
sin74° sin 64°
18 sin78° 4 =
sin θ = 10 x
34
10 sin 64°
18 sin78° =x = 9.35 km
=θ sin−1 = 31.2° sin74°
34
sin 49° sin 41°
sin99° sin (180° − 99° − 18° ) 5 We have
d
=
20 − b
2 a =
37 x
sin 41°
sin 63° 20 − b =
d
=x 37
= 33.4 cm sin 49°
sin 99°
sin 41°
sin53° sin 44° b 20 − d
=
b = sin 49°
x 7
sin38° sin52°
sin53° and =
=x 7= 8.05 d b
sin 44°
sin52°
sin23° sin77° b=d
c = sin38°
x 15
We equate both expressions for b
sin23°
=x 15
= 6.02 sin 41° sin52°
sin77° 20 − d d
=
sin 49° sin38°
sin33° sin108°
d =  sin 41° sin52° 
x 24 =20 d  + 
 sin 49° sin38° 
sin33°
=x 24
= 13.7 20
sin108° =d = 9.31 km
sin 41° sin52°
+
sin (180° − 100° − 22° ) sin22° sin 49° sin38°
e =
x 10 sin74° sin16°
6 We have =
sin58° 16 + AD DC
=x 10
= 22.6
sin22° sin74°
16 + AD =
DC
sin (180° − 52° − 56° ) sin52° sin16°
f =
x 6 sin74°
=AD DC − 16
sin72° sin16°
=x 6= 7.24
sin52° sin 62° sin28°
and =
3 base = 15 + x AD DC
sin70° sin20° sin 62°
We have that = AD = DC
h x sin28°
sin 40° sin50° We equate both expressions for AD
and =
h 15 + x sin74° sin 62°
DC − 16 =
DC
sin50° sin16° sin28°
Then 15 + x = h
sin 40°  sin74° sin62° 
DC  − =16
sin50°  sin16° sin28° 
=x h − 15
sin 40°
Worked solutions
16  10 
=DC = 9.96k m B sin−1 
= sin 45°=
 62.1°
sin74° sin62°  8 
−
sin16° sin28°
and 180° − 62.1
= ° 117.9°
sin15° sin75°
7 We have = sin 40° sin C
h 10 + d 4 =
24 30
sin75°
10
= + d h = 3.73h 30
sin15° sin C
= sin 40°
24
=d 3.73h − 10
 30 
sin18° sin72° C sin−1 
= sin 40°=
 53.5°
and =  24 
h d
and 180° − 53.5
= ° 126.5°
sin72°
=d h= 3.08h 1
sin18° 5 Area = × AB × BC × sin B =20
2
Then 3.08
= h 3.73h − 10
3.73h − 3.08h =
10 1
× 8 × 10 × sin B =20
2
0.65h = 10
20
h = 15.3 sin B =
40
sin55° sin 90°
8 We have = 20
h 4 = sin−1 = 30°
B
40
=h 4 sin55
= ° 3.27660.. mm
The obtuse angle is 180° − 30
= ° 150°
sin78° sin 47°
and =
4 b
Exercise 11H
sin 47°
=b 4= 2.99077.. mm 1 a a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
sin78°
Then a2= 122 + 92 − 2 × 12 × 9 × cos 62°
a = 11.1 cm
1 1
Area = bh = 4.90 mm2
× 3.27660 × 2.99077 = b b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
2 2
b2= 152 + 282 − 2 × 15 × 28 × cos112°
Exercise 11G b = 36.4 cm
sin 64° sin A c a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A

1 =
10 8 a2= 142 + 222 − 2 × 14 × 22 × cos 80°
8 a = 23.9 m
sin A
= sin64°
10
d c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
 8 
A sin−1 
= sin 64=
°  46.0° c 2= 102 + 92 − 2 × 10 × 9 × cos 66°
 10 
c = 10.4 m
and 180° − 46.0
= ° 134°
e a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
sin20° sin A
2 = a2= 402 + 252 − 2 × 40 × 25 × cos 20°
3 5
5 a = 18.6 cm
sin A
= sin20°
3 f a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
5  a2= 212 + 302 − 2 × 21 × 30 × cos123°
C sin−1  sin20°=
=  34.8°
 3  a = 45.0 cm
and 180° − 34.8
= ° 145.2° 10.42 + 182 − 21.92
2 a cos θ =
sin 45° sin B 2 × 10.4 × 18
3 =
8 10 cos−1 ( −0.1267 ) =
θ = 97.3°
10
sin B
= sin 45° 8.62 + 3.12 − 9.72
8 b cos θ =
2 × 8.6 × 3.1

Worked solutions
cos−1 ( 0.197299 ) =
θ =− 101° Exercise 11I
202 + 122 − 142
652 + 552 − 1182 1 cos A =
c cos θ = 2 × 20 × 12
2 × 65 × 55
=A cos−1 0.725
= 43.53°
−3337
θ cos
= −1
= 159°
1
3575 Area = bc sin A
2
52 + 52 − 32
d cos θ = 1
2×5×5 = × 20 × 12 × sin 43.5°= 82.6 cm2
2
=θ cos−1 0.82
= 34.9°
150 × 106
2 2 2 2 sin7° =
24 + 22 − 20 d
e cos θ =
2 × 24 × 22
150 × 106
=d = 1230.8 million km
θ cos 0.625
= −1
= 51.3° sin7°
3.82 + 72 − 42 3 a PR2= PS 2 + RS 2 − 2 × PS × RS × cos S
f cos θ =
2 × 3.8 × 7
PR2= 142 + 112 − 2 × 14 × 11 × cos 55°
=θ cos 0.891729
−1
= 26.9° PR = 11.8 m
92 + 122 − 62 sin PSR sin PRS
3 a cos θ = b =
2 × 9 × 12 PR PS
=θ cos−1 0.875
= 29.0° sin55° sin PRS
=
1 11.84.. 14
b A= ab sin C
2 sin55°
sin PRS
= 14 ×
1 11.84..
A= × 12 × 9 × sin29.0°= 26.1 cm2
2
ˆ = sin−1 14 × sin55°  = 75.4809..°
PRS
4 c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C  11.84.. 
c 2= 602 + 302 − 2 × 60 × 30 × cos160° ˆ= 180° − 75.4809..

PRQ = ° 104.519...°
c = 89 km
h1 ˆ= 180° − 50° − 104.519..
QPR = ° 25.4809...°
5 a tan33° =
46
ˆ
sin PQR ˆ
sin QPR
=h1 46=
tan33° 29.9 m =
PR QR
h2 sin50° sin25.4809..°
and tan17° = =
28 11.84... QR
=h2 28 =
tan17° 8.56 m sin25.4809..°
QR =
11.84.. × 6.65m
=
b =
A 180° − 33° − 17
= ° 130° sin50°
b = 462 + 29.872 =54.9 1

c A = × QS × PS × sin S
2
c = 282 + 8.562 =29.3
1
= × (11 + 6.68 ) × 14 × sin50°= 94.81 m2
a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A 2
a2 54.92 + 29.32
= DB2 + DA2 − BA2
4 a cos ADB =
− 2 × 54.9 × 29.3 × cos130° 2 × DB × DA
a = 77.0 m 122 + 202 − 282
cos ADB =
6 =
C 210° − 70
= ° 140° 2 × 12 × 20
c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C ADB = cos−1 − 0.5 = 120°
c 2 = 92 + 152 − 2 × 9 × 15 × cos140° 1
b Area = × BD × DA × sin ADB
2
c = 22.6 km
1
Area= × 12 × 20 × sin120°= 104 m2 .
2
sin DCB sin BDC
c =
BD BC
Worked solutions
sin DCB sin60o 5

= sin A
= sin 95°
12 13 6.67
12  5 
sin DCB = sin60o A sin−1 
= sin 95=
°  48.3°
13  6.67 
−1 12 c ACD
= 180° − 32° − 48.3
= ° 99.7°
=DCB sin
= sin60o 53.1o
13 d Let C=AD. Then
d CBD = 180o − BCD − BDC sin D sin C
=
d c
= 180o − 53.1o − 60o = 66.9o
sin 48.3.. sin
° 99.7..°
sin BAD sin ADB =
= 6.67.. c
BD AB
sin99.7..°
sin BAD sin120o =c 6.67..
= 8.8039..
= sin 48.3..°
12 28
1
12 e AABC = × 4 × 5 × sin 95°= 9.96 cm2
sin BAD = sin120o 2
28
−1 12
=BAD sin
= sin120o 21.79o
28 1
AACD = 15.55.. cm2
× 6.67.. × 8.80.. × sin32° =
Then 2
ABD = 180o − ADB − BAD
= 180o − 120o − 21.79o = 38.2o
and so AABCD = AABC + AACD = 9.96.. + 15.55.. = 25.5cm2
ABC = CBD + ABD = 66.9o + 38.2o (3 s.f.)
= 105.1o ≠ 90o h
7 tan50° =
x
sin ABC sin ACB
5 a =
AC AB h
x =
tan50°
sin 46o sin ACB
=
48 22.5 h
and tan60° =
10 − x
22.5
sin ACB = sin 46o
48 (10 − x ) tan60° =h
−1 22.5 h
=ACB sin
= sin 46o 19.7o 10 − x =
48 tan60°
b BAC = 180o − ABC − ACB h
x 10 −
=
= 180 − 46 − 19.71 = 114.3
o o o o tan60°
We equate both expressions for x and get
= AC 2 + AB2
BC 2
− 2 × AC × AB × cos BAC h h
= 10 −
tan50° tan 60°
BC 2 22.52 + 482
=
 1 1 
− 2 × 22.5 × 48 × cos114.3° h + =10
 tan50 ° tan 60 ° 
BC = 60.8 m
10
6 a Let AC=b =h = 7.06 m
 1 1 
b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B  tan50° + tan60° 
 
b2 = 52 + 42 − 2 × 5 × 4 × cos 95° 8 a 180° − 67
= ° 113°
b = 6.67 cm 113° + 123° + ABC
= 360°
b Let BAC = A. Then ABC
= 124°
sin B sin A b b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
=
b a
b2= 802 + 1202 − 2 × 80 × 120 × cos124°
sin 95° sin A
= b = 178 km
6.67 5

Worked solutions
a2 + b2 − c 2 VD
= OD2 + VO2
c cos C =
2ab
= 7.072 + 20=
2
21.2 cm
1202 + 1782 − 802
= = 0.9289 VO
2 × 120 × 178 b tan α =
OM
cos−1 0.9289
= 21.7°
20
complement to 123° is 57° , then α tan−1= 76.0°
=
5
360° − 57° − 21.73
= ° 281 ° c Let K be the point that connects A with
9 We use lowercase letters for sides opposite OA perpendicularly. Let M denote the
capital letter angles. Find p midpoint of BA
Complementary angle to 84° : OA2 + MA2 − OM 2
cos OAM =
° 96° .
180° − 84= 2 × OA × MA
21.22 + 52 − 20.62
ˆ = 360° − 210° − 96° = 54°
Then HPQ =
2 × 21.2 × 5
We have two sides and one angle
= cos−1 0.236226
OAM = 76.3 °
a 2 2 ˆ2
p = q + h − 2hq cos HPQ
BK
2
Then sin BAK =
p
= 3402 + 1602 − 2 × 340 × 160 × cos 54° AB
p = 278 km BK= AB sin BAK= 10 × sin76.3 9.72
=
°
b We find H as The angle between two sloping edges,
2 2 2 β is formed by two sides of length BK
p +q −h
cos H = and the diagonal of the base
2 pq
9.722 + 9.722 − 14.42
2782 + 3402 − 1602 cos β =
= 2 × 9.72 × 9.72
2 × 278 × 340
= 0.884913 9.722 + 9.722 − 14.42
=β cos−1 = 95.6 °
2 × 9.72 × 9.72
H cos−1 0.884913
= = 27.8°
a2 + c 2 − b2 62 + 82 − 122 −11
Then 84° + 27.8
= ° 111.8° is Bc , the 12
= a cos B = =
2ac 2×6×8 24
complement of the angle
complementary to the bearing B . b The cosine of the angle is negative, so
c
ABC > 90° , i.e. we have an obtuse
B
= 180° − 111.8
= ° 68.2° angle.
Then =
B 360° − 68.2
= ° 292°
10 Triangle ABC with sides a, b, c
B 360° − (180° − 30° ) − 100
= = ° 110° Chapter Review
1
b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B =1 a
3
( base area × height )
2
b
= 3202 + 5002 − 2 × 320 × 500 × cos110°
1
b = 680 km =
3
(8 × 8 × 3=) 64 m3
Then Slant height l is the hypotenuse of the
b2 + c 2 − a2 triangle formed by the pyramid height and
cos A =
2bc the distance from the origin O to the
6802 + 5002 − 3202 midpoint of a side of the base.
=
2 × 680 × 500 l = 32 + 42 = 5
= 0.897
b = x 2 + 2 xl = 82 + 2 × 8 × 5 = 144 m2
−1
A cos 0.897
= = 26.2°
1 2 1
2 a= π r h= π × 62 × 8= 96 cm
π 3
Bearing: 360° − (180° − 30° − =
A ) 236° 3 3
11 a Let M be the midpoint of AD. Then slant height l is the hypotenuse of the
triangle OMD is right-angled with triangle formed by the cone height and the
OM=5, MD=5, then cone radius
OD = OM 2 + MD2 = 7.07 cm l = 82 + 62 = 10
Then b = π r 2 + π rl = π × 62 + π × 6 × 10 = 96 cm
π 2

Worked solutions
4 3 32 1
3
= V =
3
πr
3
π 7 a V
=
3
( base area × height )
4 3 32 1
r = = × 6 × 6 × 3 = 36 cm3
3 3 3
4r 3 = 32 b W = 12 × V = 12 × 36 = 432 grams
r3 = 8 1
c OC = AC
r =2 2
Then SA = 4π r 2 = 4π × 22 = 16 m
π 2 AC = AB2 + BC 2 = 62 + 62 = 8.49 cm
1 2 1 1 1
4 a Vcone = πr h = π × 42 × 10 Then OC =AC =× 8.49 =
4.24 cm
3 3 2 2
160 π Then
= = 168 cm3
3 VC
= VO2 + OC 2
b =
Vtr V
cone − Vcut =32 + 4.242 =5.20 cm
1 2 1 as required.
π rcut hcut =
Vcut = π × 22 × (10 − 6 )
3 3 d We split the triangle BVC into two right-
16 π angles triangles, BVM and MVC, M is the
= = 16.8 cm3
3 midpoint of BC.
Vtr =168 − 16.8 =151 cm3 sin BMV sin BVM
Then =
VB BM
5 a d = 2r
sin90° sin BVM
65 = 2r =
5.20 3
65
r = sin90°
2 sin BVM = 3
5.20
=r 32.5
= mm 3.25 cm
sin90°
V =π r 2h =π × 3.252 × 39 =1294.14 cm3 = sin−1 3
BVM = 35.2°
5.20
b Each ball has a diameter of
2BMV = BVC
2 × 3.25 = 6.5 cm
so BVC =
2 × 35.2 =
70.5°
h 39
= = 6 e Slant height
6.5 6.5
6 tennis balls fit in the cylinder VM
= VB2 − BM 2
c V=
air Vcyl − 6Vball = 5.202 − =
32 4.25 cm
4  = x 2 + 2 xl
SA
Vair= 1294.14 − 6  π × 3.253 
3  = 62 + 2 × 6 × 4.25 = 87.0 cm2
= 431 cm3 (3 s.f.)
= 431.38..
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
8 a d=
1 m3
d 431.38.. cm3 ×
(1 − 1) + (5 − 0 ) + ( 3 − 3 )
2 2 2
1000 000 cm3 d=
= 0.431 × 10−3 m3 d =5

6 a =
VT Vcyl + Vsph b Midpoint
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
d 3  , , 
r
= = = 1.5 m  2 2 2 
2 2
1 + 1 5 + 0 3 + 3 
4 = = , ,  (1, 2.5, 3)
VT π r h + π r 3
= 2
 2 2 2 
3
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
4 c d=
=π × 1.52 × 8.5 + π × 1.53 =74.2 m3
3
( )
2
(7 − 1) + (10 − 3)
2 2
b SA =h × 2π r + 4π r 2 d = + 15 − 0
= 8.5 × 2π × 1.5 + 4π × 1.52 = 108 cm2

d= 62 + 15 + 72 = 10

Worked solutions
1 300 − 3x 2
9 Area = ab sin C V = 3x 2
2 4x
3
Area =
1
× 6 × 4 sin30° =
4
x 300 − 3x 2 ( )
2
9
= 12 sin30= °
12
= 6 cm2 =
4
x 100 − x 2 ( )
2
14 Distance at angle 45°
70
tan 45° =
d 16 OA
10 a =
r = = 8 cm
2 2 70
=OA = 70 m
4 3 4 tan 45°
VB = πr = π × 83 = 2144.66 cm3
3 3 distance at angle 10°
Then 70
tan10° =
V=
T 80V=
B 80 × 2144.66 OB
= 171573 cm3 70
OB
= = 397 m
tan10°
1 2
b=
Vcone = π r h 171573 cm3
3 Δd 397 − 70
= = 65.4 m / min
Δt 5
1
Then π × 402 h =
171573
3 m 1 km 60 min
65.4 × × 3.92 km / h
=
171573 min 1000 m 1 h
=h 3= 102 cm 15 We can form a triangle with the bottom of
1600 π
the building, O
CD
11 a tan60° = ACO= 90° − 32=
° 58°
10
x
=CD 10 =
tan60° 10 3 m tan15° =
CO
CD x
b tan30° = CO =
OA tan15°
10 3 CO
=OA = 30 m and tan58° =
tan30° 80 + x
AB = OA − OB = 30 − 10 = 20 m x
12 4 faces, equilateral triangles tan15 ° x
tan58
= ° =
h= 62 − 32 = 3 3
80 + x (80 + x ) tan15°
1 1 tan58° tan15° ( 80 + x ) =
x
A= bh = ×6×3 3 = 9 3
2 2 x ( tan58° tan15° − 1) =
−80 tan58° tan15°
AT =× 36 3 cm2
4 9 3 =
−80 tan58° tan15°
=x = 60.1 m
13 a =A 2 ( x ) (3x ) + 2 xh + 2 (3x ) h tan58° tan15° − 1
= 6 x 2 + 8 xh 82 + 72 − 62
16
= a cos θ = 0.6875
2×8×7
as required.
=θ cos−1 0.6875
= 46.6°
b 6 x 2 + 8 xh =
600
1 1
xh 600 − 6 x 2
8= b A= ab sin C = × 8 × 7 × sin 46.6°
2 2
600 − 6 x 2 300 − 3x 2
=h = = 20.3 cm2
8x 4x
17 a 2
CB= AC 2 + AB2 − 2 × AC × AB × cos BAC
c area × height= ( x ) ( x ) h
V= base 3
CB2= 152 + 342 − 2 × 15 × 34 × cos 25°
CB = 21.4 m
b ACB= 180° − 25° − 85=
° 70°

Worked solutions
sin ACB sin ABC sin130° sin BCA

Then = =
AB AC 100 70
sin70° sin85° sin130°
= sin BCA = 70
34 AC 100
sin85° sin130°
=AC 34
= 36.0 m = sin−1 70
BCA = 32.4°
sin70° 100
1 Then the bearing is given by
c A = × AB × AC × sin BAC
2 360° − 32.4° − (180° − 150=
° ) 298°
1 c CAB
= 180° − 130° − 32.4
= ° 17.6°
= × 34 × 36.0 × sin25°= 259 m2
2 2
BC= AC 2 + AB2 − 2 × AC × AB × cos CAB
d ACB
= 180° − 70
= ° 110°
BC 2 1002 + 702
=
and so ABC= 180° − 110° − 25=
° 45°
− 2 × 100 × 70 × cos17.6°
sin ACB sin ABC
= BC = 39.4 km
AB AC
20 a PQA= 180° − 95=
° 85°
sin110° sin 45°
=
34 AC QPA
= 180° − 85° − 26.5
= ° 68.5°
sin 45° sin PAQ sin QPA
=AC 34
= 25.6 m b =
sin110° PQ QA
sin QRS sin QSR sin26.5° sin68.5°
18 a = =
QS QR PQ 119
sin 42° sin85° sin26.5°
= =PQ 119
= 57.1 m
QS 30 sin68.5°
sin 42° sin QPA sin PQA
=QS 30
= 20.2 m c =
sin85° QA PA
b SQR= 180° − 85° − 42=
° 53° sin68.5° sin85°
=
1 119 PA
Area = × QS × QR × sin SQR
2 sin85°
=PA 119
= 127.4 m
1 sin68.5°
Area= × 20.2 × 30 × sin53°= 242 m2
2 PG
sin PAG =
1 PA
c Area = × PQ × QS sin θ =141
2 PG
sin26.5° =
242 127.4
sin θ =
12 × 20.2 =PG 127.4
= sin26.5° 56.8 m
242 5×7
=θ sin−1 = 86.7° 21 a S =4 × + 52 =95 cm2 M1A1
12 × 20.2 2
and the obtuse angle, b h = 72 − 2.52 =6.54 cm M1A1
180° − 86.7
= ° 93.3°
1
d We choose the obtuse angle,
= θ 93.3° V = × 52 × 6.538... = 54.5 cm3
3
2
PS= PQ2 + QS 2 − 2 × PQ × QS × cos θ M1A1
2
PS
= 122 + 20.22 22 a l= 2 2
10 − 3 = 9.54 m M1A1
− 2 × 12 × 20.2 × cos 93.3° 6 × 9.538...
b S= 4 ×
PS = 24.1 m 2
19 a = 360° − (180° − 100° ) − 150°
ABC = 114 m2
= 114.47... M1A1
c h= 42 + 9.538... − 3 2 2
= 130°
= 51.1 m M1A1
sin ABC sin BCA
b =  3 
AC AB d arccos   = 72.5º M1A1
 10 

Worked solutions
e CP 6=
= tan 60º 10.4 m M1A1 ^
d The angle C D B can either be acute or
23 a l = 52 + 32 = 5.83 cm M1A1 obtuse A1
S = 2 × (π × 3 × 5.83...) = 110 cm2 and the two possible values add up to
180º. A1
M1A1
1 1 4π
2 × × π × 32 × 5 28 a V = × × 33 + π × 32 × 7 M1A1A1
3 2 3
b × 100% =
31.9%
π × 3.052 × 10.1 = 81
= π 254 cm3 (3 s.f.) A1
M1A1
22 − 12 1
24
= a x = 5 A1 b S = × 2π × 32 + 2π × 3 × 7 + π × 32
2 2
132 − 52= 12
h= M1A1 M1A1
22 + 12 = 60
= π 188 cm (3 s.f.) 2
A1
b=A 12 204 cm2
×= M1A1
2 30
 5  29 a tan32º =
c C =
90º + sin−1  =112.6º M1A1 x
 13 
30
⇒
= x = 48.0 metres M1A1A1
d AC = 172 + 122 = 20.8 cm M1A1 tan32º
^
25 a A B C = 135º A1 b 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑦𝑦 = �(3 + 48.0)2 + 302
2 2
AC
= 20 + 25 − 2 × 20 × 25 × cos135º = 59.2 metres M1A1
M1A1 30
AC = 41.6 km A1 c 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 �51.0� = 30.5º M1A1
^
sin C sin135º 30 a BC
= 482 + 572 − 2 × 48 × 57 cos117º
b = M1
20 41.61...
^
C = 19.9º A1 = 89.7 metres M1A1A1
Therefore the bearing of A from point C
1
is 360 − 105 − 19.9 =
235.1o M1A1 b A = × 48 × 57 sin (117º )
2
26 a 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = √82 + 102 + 62 = 10√2
= 1219 sq metres (3 s.f.) M1A1
M1A1AG
𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝐵𝐵 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 117º
0 + 8 0 + 0 6 + 6 c = ⇒ 𝐵𝐵 = 28.5º M1A1A1
b M , ,  = ( 4, 0, 6 ) M1A1 48 89.7
 2 2 2 
c FM = 42 + 02 + 62 = 2 13 M1A1
d CM = 2 2
4 + 10 + 0 = 2 29 2
A1
p = 2 13 + 2 29 + 10 2 cm M1A1
6 3
e 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑀𝑀 = 4 = 2 M1
1 2√13
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑀𝑀 = = M1A1AG
9 13
� +1
4
1 25
27 a A= × 5 × 10 sin30º = M1A1
2 2
b BD2 = 52 + 102 − 2 × 5 × 10 cos 30º
M1A1
BD
= 125 − 50 3 A1
BD
= (
25 5 − 2 3 ) M1
BD 5 5 − 2 3
= AG
^
sin C D B sin 45º
c = M1A1
13 5 5−2 3
^
13 2
sin C D B = A1
10 5 − 2 3

Worked solutions
12 Periodic relationships: trigonometric functions
Skills check 5π 5π 180°

i = × =300°
2 3 3 3 π
1 a b 3 c 13π 13π 180°
2 2 j = × =585°
4 4 π
2 a ( −0.618, 0) , 1,
( 0) , 1.62,
( 0)
10π
3 a 10
= ° ≈ 0.175
b (0.633, 0) 180
40π
3 a ( −1.61, 0.199) b 40
= ° ≈ 0.698
180
b (2.21, 0.792) 25π
c 25
= ° ≈ 0.436
180
Exercise 12A 300π
d 300
= ° ≈ 5.24
45π π 180
1 a 45
= ° =
180 4 110π
e 110
= ° ≈ 1.92
60π π 180
b 60
= ° =
180 3 75π
f 75
= ° ≈ 1.31
270π 3π 180
c 270
= ° =
180 2 85π
g 85
= ° ≈ 1.48
360π 180
d 360
= ° = 2π
180 12.8π
h 12.8
= ° ≈ 0.233
18π π 180
e 18
= ° =
180 10 37.5π
i 37.5
= ° ≈ 0.654
225π 5π 180
f 225
= ° =
180 4 π
j =
1° ≈ 0.0175
80π 4π 180
g 80
= ° =
180 9 180°
4 a 1c =
1× 57.3°
=
200π 10π π
h 200
= ° =
180 9 180°
b 2c =
2× 115°
=
120π 2π π
i 120
= ° =
180 3 180°
c 0.63c =0.63 × =36.1°
135π 3π π
j 135
= ° =
180 4 180°
d 1.41c =1.41 × =80.8°
π π 180° π
2 a =× 30
=°
6 6 π 180°
e 1.55c =1.55 × =88.8°
π π 180° π
b = × 18°
=
10 10 π 180°
f 3c =
3× 172°
=
5π 5π 180° π
c = × =150°
6 6 π 180°
g 0.36c =0.36 × =20.6°
180° π
d 3π =
3π × 540°
=
π 180°
h 1.28c =1.28 × =73.3°
7π 7π 180° π
e = × =63°
20 20 π 180°
i 0.01c = 0.01 × = 0.573°
4π 4π 180° π
f = × =144°
5 5 π 180°
j 2.15c =2.15 × =123°
7π 7π 180° π
g = × =315°
4 4 π
14π 14π 180°
h = × =280°
9 9 π

Worked solutions
Exercise 12B Exercise 12C

π 1 a 130° is obtuse, hence we have a
1 a i l = rθ = 14 × = 7π cm
2 negative cosine
3π b 320° is obtuse, hence we have a
ii l = rθ =12 × = 9π cm
4 negative sine
5π 5π sin225°
iii l =rθ =3× = cm c tan225° = is negative sine
6 2 cos 225°
14π 70π divided by negative cosine hence we
iv l =rθ =15 × = cm have a positive tangent
9 3
1 2 1 π 2 a sin36
= ° sin (180° −=
36° ) sin144°
b i A= r θ = × 142 × = 49π cm2
2 2 2 b sin50
= ° sin (180° −=
50° ) sin130°
1 1 3π
ii A = r 2θ = × 122 × =54π cm2 c sin85
= ° sin (180° − 85
= ° ) sin95°
2 2 4
1 2 1 5π 15π d 460° sin ( 460° − 360
sin= = ° ) sin100°
iii A = r θ = × 32 × = cm2
2 2 6 4
π  π 2π
1 1 14π e sin = sin  π − = sin
iv A = r 2θ = × 152 × =175π cm2 3  3  3
2 2 9
π  π 4π
1 2 1 π f sin = sin  π − = sin
2 A= r θ = × r2 × = 3π 5  5 5
2 2 12
12 2π  2π  5π
r 2 = 3π × 2 × = 72 g sin = sin  π −  = sin
π 7  7  7
=r 72 6 2 cm
= 8π  8π  2π
h sin = sin  − 2π=
 sin
3  3  3
1 2
3 a=A = r θ 36π cm2
2 3 a cos
= 40° cos (360° −
= 40° ) cos 320°
1
× 122 × θ =
36π b cos110
= ° cos (360° −=
110° ) cos 250°
2
c cos 300
= ° cos (360° − 300
= ° ) cos 60°
36π × 2 π
=θ =
144 2 d cos= 360° ) cos140°
500° cos (500° − =
π π  π 15π
b l = rθ = 12 × = 6π cos= cos  2π − =
2 e  cos
8  8  8
Then P = 2r + l = 2 × 12 + 6π = 42.8 m π  π  19π
4 Area of sector: f cos = cos  2π − =  cos
10  10  10
1 1
As = r 2θ = × 102 × 1.5 =75 3π  3π  π
2 2 cos = cos  2π − =
g  cos
Area of triangle: 2  2  2
1 2 1 2 9π  9π  π
=At = r sin θ 10=
sin1.5 49.9 h cos = cos  − 2π=
 cos
2 2 4  4  4
note that the angle is in radians 1 π
Area of shaded region: 4 a sin−1 =
2 6
A = As − At = 75 − 49.9 = 25.1 units2
π  π 5π
sin = sin  π − =
 sin
π π 6  6 6
5 l per second: l =rθ =4 × =
12 3
π 5π
60 times in a minute: angles ,
6 6
60l = 20π m
2 π
1 b cos−1 =
6 We have ° per minute, which in radians 2 4
60
1 π π
π  π 7π
is
= ° = cos= cos  2π − = cos
60 60 × 180 10800 4  4 4
π π 7π
Then l =
rθ =
6371 × 1.85 km
= angles ,
10800 4 4

Worked solutions
π 2 sin θ − 1 =0
c tan−1 3 =
3 1
sin θ =
π π  4π 2
tan= tan  + π=
 tan
3 3  3 −1 1 π 5π
=θ sin
= and
2 6 6
π 4π
angles ,
3 3 4 a 4 cos x = 3 sin x
5 a sin θ + cos θ =
2
1 2 sin x 4
=
2 cos x 3
 8 
sin2 θ= 1 −   4
 17  tan x =
3
2
 8  15 −1 4
sin θ =
1−  =
± =x tan
= 0.93
 17  17 3
We take the positive value for θ acute and 0.93 + π =
4.07
15 b 2 sin x + cos x =
0
sin θ 17 15 2 sin x = − cos x
b tan
= θ = =
cos θ 8 8
sin x 1
17 = −
cos x 2
1
Exercise 12D tan x = −
2
1 a=
θ cos−1 =
0.6 53.1°
1
and 360° − 53.1
= ° 306.9° x= tan−1 − = 5.82 and 2.68
2
b=θ sin−1 0.15
= 8.63°
c tan2 x − tan x − 2 =
0
and 180° − 8.63
= ° 171.4 °
( tan x − 2) ( tan x + 1) =
0
c=
θ tan−1 =
0.2 11.3°
tan x = 2 and tan x = −1
and 180° + 11.3
= ° 191.3°
−1
d θ = tan−1 − 0.76 = 322.8° Then
= x tan
= 2 1.107..
= 1.11 (3 s.f.)
and 322.8° − 180

= ° 142.8° + π 4.249..
and 1.107= = 4.25 (3 s.f.)
e θ = cos−1 − 0.43 = 115.5° x tan−1 ( −=

and= 1) 5.50
and 360° − 115.5
= ° 244.5° and 5.50 − π =
2.36
2 a θ sin
= = −1
0.82 0.96 d 2 cos2 x + sin x =
1
and π − 0.96 =
2.18 2(1 − sin2 x ) + sin x =
1
b θ = tan−1 − 0.94 = 5.53 −2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 =0
and 5.53 − π =
2.39 −(sin x − 1)(2 sin x + 1) =
0
c θ = cos−1 − 0.94 = 2.79 so sin x 1,
= = then x 1.57
and 2π − 2.79 =
3.49
1
and sin x =
− , then x =
5.76 and 3.67
d θ cos
= = −1
0.77 0.69 2
and 2π − 0.69 =
5.59 5 a cos θ = 0.3
e θ =sin − 0.23 =6.05
−1
=θ cos
= −1
0.3 1.27
and π − 6.05 = 2π − 2.91 =
−2.91 = 3.37 and 2π − 1.27 =
5.02
3 2 sin θ + 5 sin θ =
2
3 For 2π ≤ θ ≤ 3π
( sin θ + 3) (2 sin θ − 1) =
0 2π + 1.27 =
7.55
For −π ≤ θ ≤ 0
Then sin θ + 3 =
0
5.02 − 2π =
−1.27
sin θ = −3
θ sin−1 − 3
=
This is outside of the domain for the sine
function. Second equation gives us

Worked solutions
b tan θ = 1.61 c 2 cos 3x − 1 =0

=θ tan
= 1.61 1.01 −1
1
cos 3x =
and 1.01 + π =
4.16 2
For 2π ≤ θ ≤ 4π 1
3x = cos−1
2
2π + 1.01 =
7.30
Because we have 3x , and
4.16 + 2π =
10.4
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use
c sin θ = −2 cos θ −540° ≤ 3x ≤ 540° .
sin θ 3x= 60°, −60°,300°, −300°, 420°, −420°
= −2
cos θ
Then x= 20°, 20
− °,1
00°, 100
− °,
tan θ = −2
1
40°, 140
− °
θ=tan−1 − 2 =−1.11
x
π − 1.11 =
2.03 d 3 tan +3 =
0
2
d 2 tan2 θ + 5 tan θ =
3
x 3
tan =− =−1
( tan θ + 3) (2 tan θ − 1) =
0 2 3
1 x
tan θ =
−3 and tan θ = Because we have , and
2 2
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use
1
θ =tan−1 − 3 and θ =tan−1 x
2 −90° ≤ ≤ 90° .
2
θ = −1.25
x
θ = =
and 0.46 0.46 − 2π =
−5.82 Then =−45° and so x =−90°
2
as well as −1.25 − π =−4.39
and − 5.82 + π =−2.68 3
2 a sin−1 = 3θ
6 3 cos x = 5 sin x 2
Because we have 3θ , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
sin x 3
= then we use 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 6π .
cos x 5
π 2π 7π 8π 13π 14π
3 3θ = , , , , ,
tan x = 3 3 3 3 3 3
5
π 2π 7π 8π 13π 14π
3 then θ = , , , , ,
x tan−1 = 31°
= 9 9 9 9 9 9
5
b cos 3θ − 1 =0
as well as 31° + 180
= ° 211°
3θ = cos−1 1
Exercise 12E Because we have 3θ , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

then we use 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 6π .
3
1 a cos−1 = 2x 2π 4π
2 3θ = 0, 2π , 4π , 6π then θ = 0, , ,2π
3 3
Because we have 2x , and
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use θ 2
c sin =
−360° ≤ 2 x ≤ 360° . 2 2
2 x= 30°, 30
− °,
330°, 330
− ° θ 2
= sin−1
Then x= 15°, 15
− °,1
65°, 165
− ° 2 2
3 θ
b cos−1 = 3x Because we have , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
2 2
θ
Because we have 3x , and then we use 0 ≤ ≤π
2
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use
−540° ≤ 3x ≤ 540° . θ π 3π
= ,
2 4 4
3x= 30°, 30
− °,
330°, 330
− °,
390°, 390
− °
Then x= 10°, 10
− °,1
10°, −110°,
π 3π
Then θ = ,
2 2
130°, 130
− °

Worked solutions
2θ 1 3
d sin2 −1 =0 sin2 θ =1 − =
3 4 4
2θ 3
sin = ±1 sin θ =
3 2
2θ 3 1 3
Because we have , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , b sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × ×− = −
3 2 2 2
2θ 4π
then we use 0 ≤ ≤ .  1 3 1
2
3 3 c cos 2θ =cos2 θ − sin2 θ =−
  − =−
 2 4 2
2θ π
= sin−1 ±=
1

3 2 3
−
π 3 3π sin2θ 2
Then θ = × = d tan2
= θ = = 3
cos 2θ 1
2 2 4 −
2
4 a θ is obtuse, so we take the negative
Exercise 12F
value of the cosine
1 a 2 sin5 cos = 5 sin10 by the
5 sin2 × =
sin2 θ + cos2 θ =
1
double angle formula
2
π π π  1
 −  + cos θ =
2
b 2 sin cos = sin2 × = sin π by the 1
2 2 2  8
double angle formula 1 63
c cos2 θ =1− =
2 sin 4π cos 4π = sin2 × 4π = sin8π by the 64 64
double angle formula
63
d cos2 0.4 − sin2 0.4 = cos 2 × 0.4 = cos 0.8 cos θ = −
8
by the double angle formula
sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
e 2 cos2 6 −= 6 cos12 by the
1 cos 2 ×=
double angle formula 1 63 63
= 2×− ×− =
8 8 32
π π π
f 1 − 2 sin2 = cos 2 × = cos by the
4 4 2 b cos
= 2θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ
double angle formula 2
2
 63   1
2 a We use the Pythagorean identity = −
  − − 
 8   8
sin2 θ + cos2 θ =
1
2 63 1 62 31
1 = − = =
  + cos θ =
2
1 64 64 64 32
3
2
63
1 1 8 sin2θ 32 63
cos θ =1 −   =1 − =
2
c tan2
= θ = =
3 9 9 cos 2θ 31 31
We take only the positive value as θ is 32
2 2 d sin 4θ = 2 sin2θ cos 2θ

acute cos θ =
3 63 31 31 63
=2× × =
1 2 2 4 2 32 32 512
b sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × × =
3 3 9 5 a sin2θ = sin θ
2 this is true for θ = 0, 2π , π
8 1 7
c cos 2θ =
cos2 θ − sin2 θ =−   =
9 3 9 divide by sin θ
2 cos θ = 1
4 2
sin2θ 9 4 2 1
d tan2
= θ = = cos θ =
cos 2θ 7 7 2
9 π 5π
−1 1
=θ cos
= ,
3 a sin2 θ + cos2 θ =
1 2 3 3
2
 1
sin2 θ +  −  =1
 2

Worked solutions
b cos 2θ + sin θ =
0 6 a 32 sin x cos x
1 − 2 sin θ + sin θ =
2
0 =2 × 16 × sin x cos x =16 sin2 x
− ( sin θ − 1) (2 sin θ + 1) =
0 Then a=16, b=2
b 16 sin2 x = 8
sin θ = 1
8 1
π so sin2=
x =
=θ sin
= −1
1 16 2
2
Note that 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 2π , so
1
and sin θ = − 1 π 5π
2 sin−1= 2= x ,
2 6 6
1 π 7π π 5π
θ = sin−1 − =π + = and so x = ,
2 6 6
12 12
π 11π
1
and θ = 2π − =
6 6 7 Area = × 15 sin2
x θ =
10
2
c sin2θ = 3 cos θ 1
15x × 2 × sin θ cos θ =10
2 sin θ cos θ = 3 cos θ 2
π 3π 15 sin
x θ cos θ = 10
this is true for θ = ,
divide by cos θ
2 2
15 sin
x θ ( 1 − sin θ ) =
2
10
1
2 sin θ = 3 with sin θ = we have that
4
3
sin θ =
1 
2 
2 1
x× ×
15 1 −   =10
4  4 
π 2π  
then θ = ,
3 3
1 15
d cos θ = sin θ sin2θ 15 10
x× × =
4 4
cos θ = sin θ 2 sin θ cos θ
15
x = 10
π 3π 16
true for θ = ,
2 2
160 32
divide by cos θ =x =
15 3
2 sin2 θ = 1
1 Exercise 12G
sin2 θ =
2 1 a
1
sin θ = ±
2
π 3π 5π 7π
Then θ =sin−1 ± 1
/ 2 = , , ,
4 4 4 4
e cos 2θ = cos θ
2 cos2 θ − 1 =cos θ
2 cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 =0
(cos θ − 1)(2 cos θ + 1) =
0
cos θ = 1
cos−1 1= θ= 0, 2π
2 cos θ + 1 =0
1
cos θ = −
2
1 2π 4π
θ= cos−1 − = ,
2 3 3

Worked solutions
b c period of 2π , amplitude of 2 , then

y = −2 cos x
d period of 2π , amplitude of 2 , then
=y 2 sin ( − x )
4 a The amplitude is 6 = 6
2π
b The period is =4
π /2
Exercise 12H
c 2π
1 a amplitude 3, period = π . Option iv
2
b amplitude 2, period 2π and vertical
shift +1 . Option ii
1 π π
c amplitude , horizontal shift − or
2 2 2
units to the right. Option i
2π
d amplitude 1, period = 4π , vertical
1/2
shift 2. Option iii
d 2 a period 2π , amplitude
max − min 5 − 1
= = 2 , vertical shift +3
2 2
, = y 2 sin x + 3
b period 2π , amplitude
max − min 2 − 0
= = 1 , vertical shift +1
2 2
y cos ( x − π ) + 1
horizontal shift π , =
c period 2π , amplitude
max − min 0 + 4
= = 2 , vertical shift −2
2 a The amplitude is 1 = 1 and the period 2 2
= y 2 cos x − 2
2π
is .
3 2π
d period , amplitude
3
b The amplitude is 0.5 = 0.5 and the
max − min −0.5 + 1.5
2π = = 0.5 ,
period is =π . 2 2
2 vertical shift
= −1 , y 0.5 sin3x − 1
c The amplitude is −4 =4 and the period 3 a vertical shift 2, amplitude 3, period π ,
2π plot given
is .
3
1 1
d The amplitude is − = and the
2 2
2π
period is = 6π .
1
3
3 a period of π , amplitude of 1 , then
y = sin2 x
b period of π , amplitude of 3 , then
y = 3 cos 2 x

Worked solutions
π 1
b horizontal shift − , amplitude 0.5 , 6 Plot sin x − =y , find zero at
3 2
period 2π , plot given π 5π 13π 17π
x = , , ,
6 6 6 6
7 Plot e x − cos x =
y between −2 and −1 .
Find zero at ( −1.29, 0 )
π
8 a c is the horizontal shift:
2
b The graph of y = cos x may be
c vertical shift −1 , amplitude 1 , π
translated horizontally to the right to
period 2π , horizontal shift −π , plot 2
given become the graph of y = sin x
9 a
d vertical shift 2, amplitude 2, period π , b 0.6075,1.571,2.534, 4.712

plot given
10 a (2.36, −1)
2π
b = 4π
1
2
c x = 0,1
.26, 3.77, 4.19
Exercise 12I
1 a
e vertical shift 1 , amplitude 2 ,
2π
period , horizontal shift −π ,
3
plot given
4 ( −0.824, 0) , 0.824,
( 0)
5 Plot 2 sin x − x − 1 =y . Find zero at
( −2.38, 0)

Worked solutions
b f
c 2 a 1.25, 4.39
b 1.13, 4.53
c –π , 0, π
d −0.903, 0.677,1.98,2.61
Exercise 12J
π 
1 a Minimum when sin  ( t − 5)  =
−1 , i.e.
 6 
h ( t ) =−5 + 7 =2 m
π 
Maximum when sin  ( t − 5)  =
1 , i.e.
 6 
d h ( t ) = 5 + 7 = 12 m
π 
b sin  ( t − 5)  = 1
 6 
π  π
 ( t − 5)  = ⇒t = 8
 6  2
High tide at 8 am
π 
c sin  ( t − 5)  =−1
 6 
π  π
 ( t − 5)  =− ⇒ t =2
 6  2
Low tide at 2 am
π 
e h ( 9 ) 5 sin  ( 9 − 5)  + 7
d =
 6 
2π
= 5 sin +7
3
5 3
= +7
= 11.3 m
2

Worked solutions
π π π 1
h ( t ) 5 sin  ( t − 5
e=
6
= )  + 7 3 so −12 cos
20
6 , i.e. cos
p=
20
p= − .
2
 
π −1  4 2π
(t − 5=) sin  − 5  Then the required angle is θ =
6   3
π 4 4 π 2π 40
6
(t − 5) =−π + sin−1   , − sin−1   , c
20
p=
3
then=
p = 13.3 s
3
5 5
4 4 6 a max = 20 × 2 + 1 = 41 m , min = 1 m .
π + sin−1   , 2π − sin−1   Then amplitude is 20, a = −20
5 5
t = 0.771, 3.229, 12.771, 15.229 vertical shift =
max + min 41 + 1
0:46 am, 3:14 am, 12:46 am, 3:14 pm = = 21 m
(multiply decimals by 60 to convert the 2 2
decimal number of hours into minutes) 2π π
period =
2 a 13000 on February 1 st 40 20
b 7000 on August 9th π
h (t ) =
−20 cos x + 21
20
c ( )
3000 cos 0.5 ( 4 − 1) + 10000 =
10212
π
3 a 20 b for h = m=
23 20
− cos x + 21 ,
20
b 10
π 23 − 21 1
20 − 0 cos x = = −
c amplitude = 10 , vertical shift 10 20 −20 10
2
20 1
period ≈ 4π=. Then y 10 sin0.5x + 10 cos−1 − =x =10.64 s
π 10
d 16 fish
60 − 40
4 a 35 m 7 a amplitude = 10
2
b 5m
2π
35 − 5 period 2 × (1.8 − 0.3) =
3 , then b =
c = 15 m 3
2
60 + 40
d=a 15, 20
= c vertical shift
= vertical shift = 50
2
e horizontal distance between
maximum at 0.3 instead of 0 , so
maximums: 4 − 0 = 4 (period)
horizontal shift of 0.3
2π π
f b is calculated as=
b =  2π
4 2 50 + 10 cos 
y =
3
(t − 0.3) 
 
π
g=
plot y 15 cos t + 20 . Find y = 30 at b
2
 2π
t = 0.535 y =
50 + 10 cos  (17.2 − 0.3)  =43.3 m
 3 
5 a radius=12 m, so diameter=24 m c Plotting the function and the line y = 59
maximum is at 2m + 24 m = 26 m gives t = 0.0847 s
above the ground
minimum is at 2 m above the ground Chapter review
26 − 2 π π
amplitude = 12 , increases then 1 a 30 × =
2 180 6
decreases, so a = −12 π 5π
b 150 × =
max + min 26 + 2 180 6
=c = = 14 m
2 2 π 7π
c 315 × =
2π π 180 4
b =
=
40 20 π 2π
d 120 × =
180 3
π
h (t ) =
−12 cos x + 14
20 π π
e −20 × =−
180 9
π
b At t = p , −12 cos p + 14 =
20 π 4π
20 f −240 × = −
180 3

Worked solutions
π 3π π π 5π
g −270 × =− c tan
=−1
1 and π=
+
180 2 4 4 4
π 4π 6 a 8 sin x cos x =
4 × 2 sin x cos x =
4 sin2 x
h 144 × =
180 5 so a = 4 and b = 2
3π 180 b 4 sin2 x = 2
2 a × =270°
2 π
2 sin2 x = 1
7π 180
b × =210°
6 π 1
sin2 x =
2
7π 180
c − × =−105°
12 π 1
sin−1 = 2x
π 180 2
d × =20°
9 π Note that 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 4π , so
7π 180 π 5π 13π 17π
e × = 420° 2x = , , ,
3 π 6 6 6 6
11π 180 π 5π 13π 17π
f − × = −66° so x = , , ,
30 π 12 12 12 12
11π 180 7 a the angle is obtuse, so we need a
g × =330°
6 π positive sine
34π 180  12 
2
h × = 408°
 + sin θ =
2
15 π − 1
 13 
3 a We have that rθ = l so
144 25
6= 5 × θ sin2 θ =
1− =
169 169
6
θ = rad 5
5 sin θ =
13
1 2 1 6
b A= r θ = × 25 × = 15 b cos
2 2 5
2 2
4 a We use the Pythagorean identity  12   5  119
=
−  −  =
cos2 θ + sin2 θ =
1
 13   13  169
5
cos2 θ + 0.62 =
1 c sin (θ + π ) =
− sin θ =
−
13
cos2 θ =
1 − 0.36 =
0.64
8 a 2 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 =0
cos θ = ±0.8
(sin θ + 1)(2 sin θ − 1)
We take the positive value for acute θ
Then sin θ = −1
cos θ = 0.8
1
sin θ 0.6 and sin θ =
and tan
= θ = = 0.75 2
cos θ 0.8
3π
b 2 sin x = tan x b sin−1 − 1 =
2
holds for x = 0 . We divide by tan x to
get 1 π 5π
and sin−1 = ,
2 6 6
2 cos x = 1
2
1 3
cos x = 9 a   + cos θ =
2
1
2 4
π π 9 7
holds for x = and x = − cos2 θ =1− =
3 3 16 16
1 π π Obtuse angle, so we take the negative
5 a sin−1 − = π + and 2π −
2 6 6 − 7
cosine cos θ =
7π 11π 4
So θ = ,
6 6 b cos
2 π π 7π
b −1
cos= π−
and 2=
2 4 4 4

Worked solutions
2
 7 3 1
2
15 a Plot
= y cos x − x 2 and find zeros for
=
 −  −   =
−
4 4
  8 π
  0≤ x ≤ , then x = 0.824
2
π 30 + 30
10 period: , amplitude = = 30 . b Plot =
y 4 sin π x − 4e − x + 3 for
2 2
0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 and find zero at x = 1.14
2π
b
Then= = 4 and a = 30 1 1
π 16 A = ab sin θ = × 10 × 8 × sin θ = 10
2 2 2
11 a period is π − 0 =
π 1
sin θ =
4
b 3
c 3 −1 1
=θ sin
= 0.25
4
2π
d =
b = 2 Obtuse angle and positive sine,
π
12 a 5 π − 0.25 =
2.89
17 Area of the sector is
2π
b =4 1 1
π Asector = r 2 θ = × 2 × 0.8 =40
10
2 2
2
c ˆ =
Then OAN π − 0.8 =0.77
ˆ
sin ANO ˆ
sin OAN
Using the sine rule =
AO ON
π
sin
2 = sin 0.77
10 ON
=ON 10
= sin 0.77 6.96
1
Then Atriangle = × 10 × 6.96 × sin 0.8 =25
2
Then
Ashaded
= Asect − Atriangle
= 40 − 25 = 15 cm2
sin ADO sin AOD
18 a Using the sine rule =
AO AD
sin AOD sin 0.8
=AD AO = 8= 14.7 cm
13 A=
shaded Asector − Atriangle sin ADO sin 0.4
1 2 1 b π − ADO − AOD
DAO =
Ashaded
= r θ − r 2 sin θ
2 2 =π − 0.8 − 0.4 =1.94
1 π 1 π sin DAO sin ADO
Ashaded = × 82 × − × 82 × sin =
2 6 2 6 OD AO
= 0.755
1 sin DAO sin1.94..
14 a =
A θ 2
2 × 4 × sin= =OD = 8= 19.1 cm
AO
2 sin ADO sin 0.4
2 2 sin θ = 2 1 2 1
c A= r θ = × 82 × 0.8 = 25.6 cm2
2 2
1 3π
sin
= θ = 1
2 4 d Atriangle = × AD × OD × sin ADO
2
for obtuse θ
1
3π π 54.9 cm2
=× 14.7 × 19.1 × sin 0.4 =
b Then CBD =π − = 2
4 4
AABCD Atriangle − Asector
=
1 π
and so ABDC = × 42 × = 2π
2 4 = 54.9 − 25.6 = 29.3 cm2

Worked solutions
19 a f ( x ) =2 × 10 × sin3x cos 3x =10 sin6 x 2π 4 2π

22 a p = 3 ,=
q = ,=
b = 2
3π 3 π
b 10 sin 6 x = 0
2
sin 6 x = 0 2
−d =− =−1 , so d = 1
for 0 ≤ 6 x ≤ 2π . Then 6 x = 0, π , 2π 2
π π 4
and x = 0, , b 3 cos
= x sin2 x − 1
6 3 3
The intersection points can be found as
f (θ )
20 a = (2 cos 2
θ − 1) + cos θ + 1
x = 1.30, 3.41, 6.19
= 2 cos2 θ + cos θ
23 a 3
b This is a quadratic equation in cos θ
with positive discriminant, so there are 2 2π π
b 10 − 2 =
8 =period,=
b =
distinct values of cos θ which satisfy it. 8 4
c cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) =
0 c
8+2
=5
2
cos θ = 0
π
⇒θ = −90°, 90° f ( x ) 3 sin
d= x +5
4
1
2 cos θ + 1 =0 ⇒ cos θ =− translated (3,0)
2
⇒θ =−120°,120° π
fˆ ( x )
3
= sin ( x − 3) + 5
4
π
21 a l = rθ = 15 × = 7.85 m reflected in the x axis
6
π
1 2 1 π fˆ ( x ) =−(3 sin ( x − 3) + 5) =g (x)
b A= r θ = × 152 × = 58.9 m2 4
2 2 6
24 a A ( t ) = (2 cos t − 1) ( cos t − 1) A1A1
π
c When wheel turns through , A is 15
2 b (2 cos t − 1) ( cos t − 1) =
0
m above the ground.
1
π 2 cos t − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos t =
Wheel then turns a further radians to 2
6
π 5π
2π ⇒ t =, M1A1
complete a total turn of . 3 3
3
cos t − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos t = 1
π 3
hA = 15 + 15 sin = 15 × = 22.5 m t = 0,2π M1A1
6 2
π  π π  25 2 cos x = sin2 x
2
d h   = 15 − 15 cos 2  +  = 25.6 m
4 4 8 ⇒ 2 cos2 x − 2 sin x cos x =
0 M1
π  2 cos x ( cos x − sin x ) =
0 M1
e h (0) =
15 − 15 cos 2   =4.39 m
8 cos x 0,
= = cos x sin x M1
 π π 3π
f When cos 2  t +  is −1 , we have a x = , x = A1
 8 2 2
maximum. Then π 5π
x = , x = A1
 π 4 4
cos 2  t +  =
−1
 8 26 a Correct attempt to at least one
 π parameter M1
π
2 t +  =
 8 14 − 8
=a = 3 A1
2
π π
t = − = 1.18 s 2π
2 8 b
= = 2 A1
π
14 + 8
=c = 11 A1
2

Worked solutions
b π
ii θ = A1
18
29 a i −1 ≤ y ≤ 3 A1
ii 2 A1
b a = −2 A1
2π
b
= = π M1A1
2
A1 for trigonometric scale and correct
domain, c =1 A1
A1 for correct max/min, 1
c −2 cos π x + 1 = 0 ⇒ cos π x = M1
A1 for two complete cycles 2
27 a S ( x ) = sin
144
2
2x
4 2+ cos
2
2x + 2
4 4 43 1 sin2 x cos
4 44 2 4 4243x  π π 5π 7π 
π x ∈ − , , , , M1
 3 3 3 3 
M1A1A1
= 1 + sin 4x AG  1 1 5 7 
x ∈  − , , , , M1
 3 3 3 3 
b A1 for correct shape, A1 for 2 cycles,
A1 for correct max/min π
30 a i =
x 0,
= x =,x π A1
2
π
ii A1
2
iii ¡ A1
b b=2 A1
d =1 A1
c The first point of inflexion occurs at
π
x = R1
4
π 
d f   = −2
π 8
c i A1
2
  π π 
ii 0≤y ≤2 A1 ⇒ f ( x ) =a tan  2  −   + 1 =−2
  8 4 
d <Please insert the graph of M1
=y cos (2 x ) − 1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π > A3
 π
a tan  −  = −3 A1
1 4
e i A1 1 4 2 43 
2 −1
ii p = π (or any π + 2nπ , n ∈ ¢ ) a=3 AG
A1 π
q = −2 A1 e A1
8
5π 9π
and A1
8 8
1 2π 4π
28 a i A= × 22 × = A1 31 a −2 cos2 x + sin x + 3
2 3 3
2π 4π = ( )
−2 1 − sin2 x + sin x + 3 M1
ii l =2× = A1
3 3 = 2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 A1
π
b i rθ = A1 b −2 cos2 x + sin x + 3 =
2
3
⇒ 2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 =2 M1
θ
r 2
=π A1 2
2 2 sin x + sin x − 1 =0
Solve simultaneously M1 ⇒ (2 sin x − 1) ( sin x + 1) =
0 M1
r = 6 cm A1

Worked solutions
1
sin x = , sin x = −1 A1
2
 11π π 7π π 5π 3π 
x ∈ − ,− ,− , , , 
 6 2 6 6 6 2 
A2
Award A1 for two correct
solutions

Worked solutions
13 Modelling change: more calculus
Skills Check 6 y sin

= = 3
x sin x 3 ( ) 1
2 3
1 a − b -1 c −
2 2 dy  1 − 23  1 − 23
= = x  cos 3 x x cos 3 x
dx  3  3
3 1
d e 0 f −
2 2 π
7 y cos
= = cos π x −1
x
( )
2 a 2 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x =cos u − sin u 2 2
dy π π
= cos
= 2u cos 4 x
dx
= (
−π x −2 ) ( − sin (π x ) ) =
x
sin
x
−1
2
b 6 sin x cos =
3 × 2 sin x cos x =
3 sin2 x
1 cos x
g (x)
8 = =
c e x sin2 x + e x cos2 x =
e x (1) =
ex tan x sin x
( sin x ) ( − sin x ) − cos x ( cos x )

( ) d  
1
d g '(x) =
3 a
dx
3
4 x 3 + 7=
x (3
 4x + 7x
dx 
) 3
 sin2 x

sin2 x + cos2 x 1
2 =
− =
− −cosec2 x
=
1 12 x 2 + 7 sin2 x sin2 x
( )( )
−
= 12 x 2 + 7 4 x 3 + 7 x 3
= 2
3
(
3 4x 3 + 7x ) 3
9 f (x) = 1 ⇒ f '(x) =
sin2 x + cos2 x = 0
d
b
dx
( e2 x
3x 2= )
6 x e2 x + 6 x 2 e2 x =10 y sin
= (2x ) cos (2x )
1
sin ( 4 x )
2
1 2 dy
x − 2 x ln x ∴ 2 cos ( 4 x )
=
d  ln x  x
c  2 = dx
dx  x  x4
x − 2 x ln x 1 − 2ln x
11 a ( g o f ) ( x ) = cos ( 4x 3 )
= =
x4 x3 d d
b ( g o f ) ( x )  =
dx  dx
cos 4 x 3 ( ( ))
Exercise 13A ( )(
12 x 2 − sin 4 x 3
= ( )) =
−12 x sin ( 4 x )
2 3
1 ' ( x ) 4 ( cos x ) + 3 ( − sin x )

f=
c r ( x ) = x 2 cos 4 x 3 ( )
= 4 cos x − 3 sin x
dy
( )
r ' ( x ) 2 x cos 4 x 3 + x 2 −12 x 2 sin 4 x 3
= ( ( ))
2 = 5 cos (5x )
dx = 2 x cos 4 x ( 3
) − 12x 4
sin 4 x ( 3
)
dy 1 x
3= cos − ( −3 sin (3x ) ) 12 a i f '(x ) = cos x
dx 3 3
ii f ''(x ) = − sin x
1 x
= cos + 3 sin (3x ) iii f '''(x ) = − cos x
3 3
3 iv f (4)(x ) = sin x
f (x) = 3 ( cos x )
−1
4 =
cos x
b n = 4x where x is an integer, therefore
3 sin x n = 4, 8, 12
3 ( − sin x ) ( −1) ( cos x )
f '(x) =
−2
=2
cos x f ( ) (x ) f=
c i = (
80 )
(x ) sin x
20× 4
( = 3 sec x tan x )
f ( ) (x) = f (
42 10× 4 + 2 )
ii (x ) = − sin x
5 h ( t ) = sin3 t
=h ' (t ) cos t ) (3 sin2 t )

(= 3 cos t sin2 t

Worked solutions
Exercise 13B Exercise 13C
1 f (π ) = −1  π
f ' ( x ) 3 ( 4 ) cos  4 x −  + 5
1=
 6
f '(x) =
− sin x + 2 cos x
 π
∴ f ' (π ) =
−2 = 12 cos  4 x −  + 5
 6
Therefore at (π , −1) the tangent
dy
has gradient − 2 and the normal (12x )
3
+2 x2 + x
2 = 2
+ 4 x + 1 e4 x
1 dx
has gradient
2 dy (1 − cos x ) ( cos x ) − sin x ( sin x )
Tangent: y − ( −1) =−2 ( x − π ) 3 =
(1 − cos x )
2
dx
⇒y =−2 x + 2π − 1
1 cos x − 1 1
Normal: y − ( −=
1) (x − π ) = = −
(1 − cos x )
2
2 1 − cos x
x π
⇒y = −1−
2 2 4 f ' ( x ) = 2 xe x + x 2 e x + e x
π 
2 f   =1
3
( )
= e x x 2 + 2 x + 1= e x ( x + 1)
2
f ' ( x ) = −6 sin ( 6 x ) 5 h ' ( t ) = −2ecos t sin t
π  dy
f '  = 0 6
= 5e5 x sin (3x ) + 3e5 x cos (3x )
3 dx
π  = e5 x (5 sin (3x ) + 3 cos (3x ) )

Therefore at  ,1  the tangent is
3 
parallel to the x − axis and the normal dy
7 = − sin x + sin x + x cos x =
x cos x
is parallel to the y − axis dx
Tangent: 1 y =
π
8 f ' ( x ) = −2 xe x sin e x
2 2
( )
Normal: x =
3 1
9 f '(x)
= sin (3x ) + 3ln (3x ) cos (3x )
1 π  1 2 x
3 a f =  sin  = =
4
  4 2 2 1
10 f ' ( x ) = 3 cos (3x ) ⋅ = 3 cot (3x )
sin (3x )
b f ' ( x ) = π cos (π x )
11 a f ' ( x ) = −ecos x sin x
1 π
c f '  =
4 2 b ecos x is always positive, so can just
1 π  1 consider the behaviour of − sin x
∴y − = x − 
2 2 4
∴ Increasing for π < x < 2π
πx 1 π
⇒ y= + − Decreasing for 0 < x < π
2 2 4 2
4 f ' ( x ) = −2 sin x
c f ' ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = π or x = 2π
f '(x) =
− 2 =
−2 sin x
= (
f '' ( x ) ecos x sin2 x − cos x )
1 f '' ( 0 ) =−e < 0
⇒ sin x =
2 f '' (=
π ) e−1 > 0
π 3π (2π ) f '' (0) < 0
f ''=
⇒ x =,
4 4

Worked solutions
d
Alternative method: Since the
exponential function is a
continuous increasing function,
the minima and maxima of cos x
will correspond directly to respective
minima and maxima of ecos x
∴ Local maxima at ( 0, e ) and (2π , e )
Local minimum at π , e−1 ( )
12 a f ' ( x )= 1 − sin x
Exercise 13D
f '' ( x ) = − cos x
1 C ' ( x=
) x − 50
b Concave up when f '' ( x ) > 0
C ' (120 ) = 70
 π 3π 
⇒ x ∈ , 
2 2  This means it costs 70 Euros to produce
the 121st table
Concave down when f '' ( x ) < 0
 π   3π  v ( t ) s=
2 a = ' (t )
et (1) − t et ( )
⇒ x ∈  0,  U  ,2π  e2t
 2  2 
et (1 − t ) 1 − t
3π π = =
f '' ( x ) 0 when
c = x or x
= =
( )
2
et et
2 2
Concavity changes at both of 1−2
b v (2 ) = = −e−2
these values of x, so e2
π π   3π 3π 
 ,  and  ,  ∴ Velocity is − e−2 and speed is e−2
2 2  2 2 
are both points of inflexion c Look for change in sign of v ( t )
13 a f '(x) =−2 sin2 x + 2 ( − sin x ) ( cos x ) This occurs at t = 1
−2 sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x

= v ( t ) d=
3 = ' ( t ) 3 cos18t + 6 sin18t
= −2 sin2 x − sin2 x
 π   2π   2π 
= −3 sin2 x v '
=  3 cos   + 6 sin  
 27   3   3 
b In the range 0 ≤ x ≤ π ,  3 6 3 −3
 1
= 3−  + 6  =
 2 
f ' ( x ) = 0 when  2  2
=x 0,
= x
π
,=x π 4 a
(
120 e ( ) − e0
0.2 10
)
= 12 e2 − 1 ( )
2 10
π 
∴ ( 0,2 ) ,  , −1  , (π ,2) b P ' ( t ) 120
2 
= = (0.2) e0.2t 24e0.2t
c f '' ( x ) = −6 cos 2 x c P ' (10 ) = 24e2
f '' ( x ) = 0 in the interval when At day 10 the number of bacteria

π 3π are increasing at a rate of
=x = , x 177 bacteria per day
4 4
Concavity changes at these
π 1  3π 1 
points, so  ,  and  , 
 4 2  4 2
are points of inflexion

Worked solutions
5 a P '(x) =
−0.00015x 2 + 12 π d2 A
At θ = , =−128 < 0
4 dθ 2
P ' (200 ) = 6 So this value of θ gives the
The profit gained by selling the maximum value of the area
201st unit of the chemical is 6 euros 3 a Let the angle between the downward
b (x) R (x) − P (x)
C= vertical and the curved
(
= 10 x − 4 − −0.00005x 3 + 12 x − 200 ) face of the cone be θ , then:
4 2 r 2
tan θ = = = ⇒ r = (6 − h)
= 0.00005x 3 − 2 x + 196 6 3 6−h 3
2
c C ' ( x ) 0.00015x 2 − 2
= 2 
b= hr 2 π h  ( 6 − h ) 
V π=
 3 
C ' (200 ) 0.00015 (200) − 2 4
2
= =
4 
6 a 3.19s (use of GDC)  9
(
= π h  36 − 12h + h2 

)
4π
b
s (3.18533) − s ( 0 )
= −0.408 (3 s.f.)
=
9
( 2
36h − 12h + h3
)
3.18533
dV 4π
so − 0.408 ms−1 c =
dh 9
(
36 − 24h + 3h2 )
c v (t ) =
s ' (t ) =
−9.8t + 15.2 d2V 4π
dh2
=
9
( −24 + 6h)
15.2
d v ' (t ) = 0 ⇒ t = = 1.55 (3s.f .)
9.8 dV
d =0 ⇒ 3h2 − 24h + 36 =0
dh
This is the value of t at which
the ball reaches its maximum height ⇒ h2 − 8h + 12 = ( h − 6 ) ( h − 2 ) = 0
h = 6 would not make sense,
(and changes direction)
so consider h = 2 :
d2V 4π 16π
At h =
2, = ( −12 ) =
− <0
Exercise 13E dh2 9 3
2 8
1 C ' ( x )= 1 −
10000 ∴ h= 2, r=
3
(6 − 2=) 3
x2
4 a P ( x ) =R ( x ) − C ( x ) =4 x − 2x 2
C ' ( x ) = 0 ⇒ x = 100
20000 dP 2
C '' ( x ) = b = − 4x
x3 dx x
⇒ C '' (100 ) > 0 so minimum
dP 3 −2 −1
c = 0 ⇒ 2 − 4x 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 3 = 4 3
2 a | PQ =| 8 cos θ
=| | SR dx
PS | | QR
|= =| 8 sin θ Students should verify using their
d
(8 cos θ ) (8 sin θ )
∴A= GDC that this does indeed
= 64
= sin θ cos θ 32 (2 sin θ cos θ ) give rise to the maximum profit
= 32 sin2θ
dA
( ) = 2.38110...
P 4
− 13
b = 64 cos 2θ So maximum profit is $2381.10

dθ
675
dA π 5 a Let |AB |=
| CD |=⇒
x |BC |=
| AD |=
=0⇒θ = x
dθ 4
 675 
c
d2 A
= −128 sin2θ C ( x ) = 10 x + 4 x + 4 (2 )  
dθ 2  x 
5400
= 14 x +
x

Worked solutions
b C '(x) =
14 −
5400
0
= ∴ ∫ 15x 4 sin 3x 5 dx = (
∫ sin u du )
x2
=− cos u + C =− cos 3x 5 + C ( )
19.64 (2d.p.)
⇒x =
3 Let u= 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 ⇒ du= ( 4 x + 3 ) dx
 5400 
=Cmax C=  549.91 (2d.p.)
 14  4x + 3 1
∴∫ dx =∫ u −2 du =− +C
(2 x )
2
So minimum cost is $550 2
+ 3x + 1 u
Minimum to be verified by use of GDC 1
=
− +C
2 x 2 + 3x + 1
Exercise 13F 4 Let u = x 2 + 7 x ⇒ du = (2 x + 7 ) dx
1 ∫ 5 sin x dx =
5∫ sin x dx =
− 5 cos x + C ∴ ∫ (2 x + 7 ) e x
2
+7 x
dx =∫ e du =
u
eu + C
∫ ( 4 cos x − 2 sin x ) dx
2
2 = ex +7 x
+C
5 Let =
u x 4 − 3x 2
= 4∫ cos x dx − 2∫ sin x dx
1
= 4 sin x + 2 cos x + C ⇒ du = ( 4x 3
− 6 x dx = ) 2
(
8 x 3 − 12 x dx )
1
3 ( 7 x ) dx
∫ cos= 7
sin (7 x ) + C (
∴ ∫ 8 x 3 − 12 x )( x 4
− 3x 2 )
3
dx
u4
6 = 2∫ u3 d=
u +C
4 (2x ) dx 2 sin (2x ) + C
∫ 6 cos= 2
1 4
( )
4
= x − 3x 2 +C
= 3 sin (2x ) + C 2
1
5 ∫sin (5x + 3) dx = 1
− cos (5x + 3) + C
6 Let u = x ⇒ du =
2 x
dx
5
x
e
∫ (x + sin (2 x ) dx )
3
6 ∴∫ 2 ∫ e u du =
dx = 2eu + C
x
∫x dx + ∫ sin (2 x ) dx
x
= 3
= 2e +C
x4 1 7 Let=
u 2x 2 − 2x
= − cos (2 x ) + C
4 2
⇒ du = ( 4x − 2) dx = 2 (2 x − 1) dx
x x
7 ∫ cos=
  dx 2 sin   + C
2
  2 (2x − 1) cos (2x 2 − 2x ) dx
∴∫ 1
8 ∫ 2π sin (2π x ) dx = ∫cos
= udu
1
sin u + C
2 2
1
=
−
2π
cos (2π x ) + C
=
2
(
sin 2 x 2 − 2 x + C )
2π
− cos (2π x ) + C
= 8 Let u =
cos x ⇒ du =
− sin x dx
u5
∴ ∫ sin x cos4 x dx =
− ∫ u 4 du =
− +C
Exercise 13G 5
1
= − cos5 x + C
1 Let u = 5x 3 + 4 x ⇒ du = 15x 2 + 4 dx ( ) 5
1
( ) (15x )
2
∴ ∫ 5x 3 + 4 x 2
+ 4 dx 9 Let u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
1 3
∫ u=
2
= du u +C sin (ln x )
3 ∴∫
1 x
dx =∫ sin u du =
− cos u + C
( )
3
= 5x 3 + 4 x +C
3 − cos (ln x ) + C
=
2 Let u = 3x 5 ⇒ du = 15x 4 dx

Worked solutions
5 Let u = x 3 + 1 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx
3 3
10 Let u = e x + 5 ⇒ du = 3x 2e x dx
1 1 2 3 x =2 ⇒ u =9
∴ ∫ x 2e x ∫
3 3
e x + 5 dx = u 2 du = u 2 + C
3 9 x =1 ⇒ u = 2
2 x3
( )
3
2 9
= e +5
2
+C 3x 2 −1
9 ∴∫ ∫ u 2 du
dx =
3
1 x +1 2
11 f ( x ) = ∫ e
( )
sin x 9
cos x dx = 2 u=
 2 3− 2
1
2
 2
u= sin x ⇒ du= cos x dx
6 Let u = e x ⇒ du = e x dx
∴ f (x) = ∫ e du = e + C = e + C
u u sin x
π
f (π ) =1 + C =12 ⇒ C =11 x = ln π3 ⇒ u=
3
∴ f ( x ) = esin x + 11 π
x = ln π4 ⇒ u=
4
4x
12 f ( x ) = ∫ ln π3 π
dx 3
( ) dx =
π
2 x + e2
2
∴ ∫
x
e sin e ∫ sin u du =
x
− cos u  3
π
4
ln π4 π
4
Let u = 2 x 2 + e2 ⇒ du = 4 x dx
1 1  2 −1
∴ f ( x ) =∫ u −1 du =ln u + C =
− − =
2 2 2
(
= ln 2 x 2 + e2 + C ) 7 a As ex ≠ 0, consider sin x = 0. x = 0 or
f (0) = 2 + C = 5 ⇒ C = 3 π∴k = π
∴ f ( x=
) ln 2x 2 + e2 + 3 ( ) π
eπ + 1
b Using GDC: ∫e
x
sin=
x dx ≈ 12.1
0 2
Exercise 13H 8 Limits of integration are x = 0, x=

π
1.27531 and x = 4.06401
4
π
1 2
1 ∫ cos x =
dx sin x=
 04 =
2 2
Using GDC:
( )
0 1.27531
5π
∫0
sin x − − x 3 + 5x 2 − 4 x dx
( −x )
6
5π 4.06401
∫ 2 sin x dx = ∫
3
2 −2 cos x  π 6
+ + 5x 2 − 4 x − sin x dx
3
1.27531
π
3
≈ 11.4
 3 1
=−2  − −  =3 + 1
 2 2 
 Exercise 13I
3 Let u = x 2 + x ⇒ du = (2x + 1) dx 1 a v ( t ) =s ' ( t ) =−t 2 + 8t − 12
x = 0 ⇒ u = 0, x = 2 ⇒ u = 6 9 9
b ∫ v ( t ) dt = ∫ ( −t )
2
2
+ 8t − 12 dt
( )
3
∴∫ x + x 2
(2x + 1) dx 0 0
9
0  1 3 
6 6 = 2
 − 3 t + 4t − 12t  =−27 m
 u4   0
∫=
3
= u du =  324
0  4 0 9 9
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = ∫ | −t
2
+ 8t − 12 |dt = 48.3 m
4 Let u =
cos x ⇒ du =
− sin x dx 0 0
x =
π
⇒u=
1 2 a v ( t=
) s ' (t=) 2t − 6
3 2
6 6
π 3 6
b ∫ v (t ) dt =∫ (2t − 6 ) dt =t − 6t 0 =0 m
2
x = ⇒u=
6 2 0 0
π 1
3 2
∴ ∫ sin x cos3 x dx =
− ∫ u 3 du 6 6
π
6
3
2
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = ∫ | 2t − 6 |dt = 18 m
0 0
1
 u4  2 1 9 1  1
=
−  =  − =
 4  23 4  16 16  8

Worked solutions
3 a (t ) s ' =
v= (t ) 3 (t − 1)
2
v ( 0 ) = −2 ms–1
3 3 π
b v ( t ) =−2 cos t =0 ⇒ t =
∫ v (t=
) dt ∫ 3 (t − 1)
2
b dt 2
0 0
π 
3
c s  = 6 −2 = 4m
= ( t − 1)  = 8 − ( −1) = 9 m
3
 0 2
3 3
3 a i v ( t ) 0=
= whenever sin t 0
∫ | v (t ) |dt =∫ | 3 (t − 1)
2
c |dt =9 m
0 0
t π, =
t 0, =
∴= t 2π
8
4 a Displacement = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 22 m ii v ( t ) < 0 whenever sin t < 0
∴ t ∈ (π ,2π )
8
Distance = ∫0
v(t ) dt = 22 m
14 b a (t ) = v ' (t )
b Displacement = ∫
2
v(t ) dt = 6 m
14 = ecos t cos t + ( − sin t ) ecos t sin t

Distance = ∫2
v(t ) dt = 30 m
14
(
= ecos t cos t − sin2 t )
c Displacement = ∫
0
v(t ) dt = 10 m
s (t )
c= v ( t ) dt ∫ e
∫=
cos t
sin t dt
14
Distance = ∫0
v(t ) dt = 34 m
Let 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ⇒ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 d𝑡𝑡
5 a The acceleration is the gradient of ∴ 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = − � 𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑒𝑒 𝑢𝑢 + 𝐶𝐶
this graph. The gradient at = −𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐶𝐶
=t 3 is − 3 so the acceleration 𝑠𝑠(0) = 3𝑒𝑒 ⇒ −𝑒𝑒 + 𝐶𝐶 = 3𝑒𝑒 ⇒ 𝐶𝐶 = 4𝑒𝑒
is − 3 ms−2 ∴ 𝑠𝑠(𝑡𝑡) = 4𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
4 a Assume initial displacement is 0.
b t ∈ ( 0,3) U (5,7 )
s (t )
= (t ) dt ∫ 5 sin t + 2 cos t
∫ v= dt
7
c ∫ | v (t ) |dt = 16.5 m
0
= 2 sin t − 5 cos t + C
s(0) = 2 sin0 – 5cos0 + C = 0
a ( t ) v=
6 a = ' ( t ) 2t
= −5 + C = 0 → C = 5
a (2 ) = 4 ms –1 s(4) = 2sin4 – 5cos4 + 5 = 6.75 m (3 s.f.)
4
1 3
b s (t ) = ∫ v ( t ) dt = 3
t − 16t + C b ∫ | 5 sin t + 2 cos t |dt =
0
14.0 m (3s.f.)
) C= 10
s ( 0= 5 a i −2.37 ms−2 (use of GDC)
1 3
∴ s (t ) = t − 16t + 10 ii v ' (1.3) < 0 so slowing down
3
6 b 3.54s and 5.01s (use of GDC)
c ∫ | t − 16 |dt =
2
32 m
2 c i −6.92 m (use of GDC)
ii At 6 seconds, the particle

Exercise 13J is 6.92m to the left of its
v ( t ) s=
1 a = ' ( t ) e ( cos t − sin t )
t inital position
d 18.6 m (use of GDC)

b a ( t ) = v ' ( t ) = −2et sin t
6 a −12.8 ms−2 (use of GDC)
2 a v ( t ) = s ' ( t ) = −2 cos t
b t = 0.696, 5.59 (use of GDC)

Worked solutions
c 13.2 m (use of GDC) d Let u = 2 x 3 + 5x ⇒ du = (6 x 2

)
+ 5 dx
d 24.8 m (use of GDC)
( )( )
4
∴ ∫ 6 x 2 + 5 2 x 3 + 5 x dx
Exercise 13K
1 5
∫u=
4
= du u +C
∫ (1025t ) dt =
1.5
1 2
−t 3
1152 spectators 5
0
1
( )
5
= 2 x 3 + 5x +C
8 ( −0.05t 3 + 2.3 ) dt = 5
2 33.4 + ∫0
5.2te 206 cubic feet
e Let u = x 3 ⇒ du = 3x 2 dx
20  t 
3 3800 + ∫ −150 1 −  dt ≈ 1175 gallons
0
 80 
∫ 3x
2
( )cos x 3 =
dx ∫ cos u=
du sin u + C
10
t = sin ( x ) + C 3
4 ∫ 0
20.4e18 dt ≈ 273 billions of barrels
f u x 2 + 5x
Let =
Chapter Review 1
⇒ du = ( 2 x + 5 ) dx = ( 4x + 10) dx
2
f ' ( x ) 3 cos x − 4 sin x
1 a =
∫ ( 4x + 10) e 2∫ eu du =
x2 +5 x
dx = 2eu + C
dy
b −3 sin (3x − 4 )
=
2
= 2e x +5 x
+C
dx
1
c h ' ( t ) = 4 cos x sin3 x g Let u = ln x ⇒ du = dx
x
f ( x ) = ( cos x ) 2
1
d cos (ln x )
∴∫ ∫ cos u du =
dx = sin u + C
x
1 sin x = sin (ln x ) + C
f '(x) = ( − sin x ) ( cos x )
− 12
=
−
2 2 cos x
h Let =
u e4 x + 5
dy 1
e
= ( cos x ) (ln x ) + ( sin x )  x 
dx   du 4e4 x =
⇒= dx 2 2e4 x dx ( )
sin x
= ( cos x ) (ln x ) + ∴∫
2e4 x 1 1
2∫
x dx = u −1 du =+ln u C
e4 x + 5 2
dy 1 1
f
dx
= cos (ln x )
x
=
2
(
ln e4 x + 5 + C )
et ( − sin t ) − cos t et ( )
3π
4
3π
1 2
g s ' (t ) = 3 a ∫ sin x dx =
 − cos x  = =
4
2
π
e2t
π
2
2 2
et ( sin t + cos t )
=
− =
−
sin t + cos t b Let u = x 3 − 2 x ⇒ du = 3x 2 − 2 dx ( )
( )
2
e t et
x =2 ⇒ u =4
h f ' ( x ) 2e
= 2x
sin2 x + 2e 2x
cos 2 x x =−1 ⇒ u =1
2
∫ (3x )( )
3
2
− 2 x 3 − 2x dx
= 2e 2x
( sin2x + cos 2x ) −1
4
1 4 4 255
∫ (3x ) ∫= u 
3
2 a 4
+ cos x dx =3∫ x 4 dx + ∫ cos x dx = u du =
1 4  1 4
3 5 π
= x + sin x + C 6
π 1
∫ (1 + cos x ) dx =
π
5 c  x + sin x  6
=+
0
0
6 2
1 π +3
b ∫ sin 4x dx =
− cos 4 x + C
4
=
6
1
c ∫ cos (2x + 3=
) dx 2
sin (2 x + 3) + C d Let u= 4 x 2 + 1 ⇒ du= 8 x dx

Worked solutions
x =1 ⇒ u = 5  5π  1 π
y − −1
=  4 x −  A1
x = 0 ⇒ u =1  4  2  4
1 5
∴ ∫ 8 xe 4 x
5
b the normal to the graph is
∫ e du =
2
+1
dx = u
eu  =e5 − e
0 1
1 vertical when the tangent is
horizontal R1
4 a The surface area of the box is f ′(x) =
0 ⇒ sec2 x =5 M1
x 2 + 4 xh =
432 1 5
cos2 x = ⇒ x = arccos A1
432 − x 2 5 5
⇒h=
4x 1
cos2 x = ⇒ tan x = 5 − 1 = 2 M1
b= 2
V x= h
(
x 432 − x 2
)1
= 108 x − x 3
5
4 4  5 5
f  arccos
=  5 arccos − 2 A1
 5 5
dV 3  
c = 108 − x 2
dx 4 The coordinates of A are
 5 5 
dV  arccos ,5 arccos − 2 .
= 0 ⇒ x 2 = 144 ⇒ x = 12 5 5 
dx  
d2V 3
= − x so the second 9 a d ( t ) = sin2t − sin ( t − 0.24 ) A1A1
dx 2 2
derivative is negative at x = 12 b Use GDC to find the maximum M1
∴ Maximum volume occurs when t = 2.25 A1
=x 12= and accordingly h 6 c Find intersection of graphs M1
t = 1.13 A1
5 a v ( t ) = s ' ( t ) = −3ecos t sin t
x2
a (t ) =
v ' (t ) =
−3ecos t cos t + 3ecos t sin2 t
10 a ∫ ( x − sin x ) dx =2 + cos x + C
M1A1A1
= 3ecos t sin2 t − cos t ( ) π π
x 2
 π2
b v ( t ) < 0 when sin t > 0 ⇒ t ∈ ( 0, π )
b ∫ ( x − sin x ) dx =
0

2
+ cos x 

=− 2
2
0
M1A1A1
c Using a GDC, plot a ( t ) to
da
11
= a
dx
( e )′ cos x + e ( cos x )′
x x
see where it is positive

= e x cos x − e x sin x M1A1A1
t ∈ ( 0.905, 5.38 )
b a(0) = 1 A1
2π
a′(0) = 1 A1
d ∫ | v (t ) |dt = 14.1 m
0 y= x + 1 M1A1
10
12 a A1 for shape, A1 for domain, A1 for
6 ∫ 7t e
2 −1.2t
4.5 + dt =
12.6 cm (3 s.f.) scale on axes
0
a g′ ( x ) 2 sin x cos x − 5
7= A1A1
b g′ ( x ) =sin2 x − 5 ≤ 1 − 5 =−4 < 0
M1A1R1
Therefore g is decreasing on all its
domain. AG
8 a f ′ ( x )= 5 − sec2 x M1A1
π  π  1
f′  =5 − sec2   =4 A1
4 4 2
b i Minimum points: (0.785,0.909)
 π  5π and (2.36,0) A1A1
f=  −1 A1
4 4
Maximum points: (0.304,1) and
(1.27,1) A1A1

Worked solutions
ii 0≤ x ≤1 A1 x
16 a 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π ⇒ 0 ≤ ≤π M1
iii sin1 A1 2
2.356... In the 1st and 2nd quadrants sine is
c i ∫ sin (1 + sin2 x ) dx A1A1 positive R1
0
Therefore f ( x ) ≥ 0 for all
ii Using GDC to evaluate the definite
integral M1 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π . AG
area = 1.76 A1
π x
13 a i –0.524 (or −
π
) A1 b ) sin  2 − 2 
f (π − x=
6  
ii −0.369 ≤ y ≤ 1.76 A1A1   π x 
= sin  π −  −  
f ′ ( x ) 2 cos 2 x − sin x
iii= A1A1   2 2 
π x 
= sin  +  = f (π + x )
π
2 M1R1
2 2
b ∫ ( sin2x + cos x ) 2.25 M1A1A1
dx =
Therefore a = f (π − x ) = f (π + x ) = b
π
−
6
14 a s ( 0 ) = 2 mm A1 A1
π − x 
b i ′ 15 cos 3t + 2t
v= s= M1A1 c A ( x ) = 2 x sin   M1A1
 2 
ii v′ =
a= −45 sin3t + 2 M1A1
Find maximum point (1.72,2.24)
c v = 0 ⇒ t = 0.548, t = 1.50, t = 2.74 M1A1
M1
a < 0=
⇒ t 0.548,
= t 2.74 R1A1 A(1.42,0.652) and B(4.86,0.652)
A1A1
15 a i f (0) = 5 A1
d = = 8.19 M1A1AG
p 2 AB + 2 × 0.6520...
ii f (π ) = 5 A1
b A1 for coordinates of A, A1 for
coordinates of B,
A1 for zeros, A1 for shape and
domain
b
c ∫ f ( x ) dx = 2.11 (or 2.07 using 3 s.f. for
a
a and b) A2
d The graph crosses the x -axis
between a and b R1
e Either
b
∫ f (x)
a
dx = 7.39 M1A1
Or
1.961... 2.588...
∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx =
7.39
1.017... 1.9601...
M1A1

Worked solutions
14 Valid comparisons and informed

decisions: probability distributions
Skills check 2 a
3×3 +5× 4 + 7×5 + 9×6 + 6×7 + 2×8

1 a
3+5+7+9+6+2
176
= = 5.5
32 b P(T > 4) = P(T = 5) + P(T = 6)
3 × 10 + 10 × 12 + 15 × 15 + 9 × 17 + 2 × 20 12 9 7
b = + =
3 + 10 + 15 + 9 + 2 36 36 12
568 3 a
= ≈ 14.6
39
2 a 5.5 b 14.6
6 8
3 a   = 15 b   = 56
2 5
b P(S > 2)
9
c 3 6
  (0.3) (0.7) = 0.267 =P(S =3) + P(S =6) + P(S =
10)
6 1 1 1 1
= + + =
55 149 6 6 6 2
4 a x= = 1.719 b x= = 2.98
32 50 4 a The sum of the probabilities in a
probability distribution should be 1, so
217 1 1
c x= = 8.68 1= + +c+c
25 3 3
2
1
= + 2c
Exercise 14A 3
1 a 2
1− = 2c
3
1
= 2c
3
b 1
÷2 = c
3
1
c =
6
b P(1 < X < 4) = P( X = 2) + P( X = 3)
c 1 1 1
= + =
3 6 2
5 The sum of the probabilities must be equal
to 1, so
1 = 13 c + 23 c + 33 c
d
1= c + 8c + 27c
1 = 36c
1
c =
36

Worked solutions
6 As the sum of the probabilities must be 1, b P(sum

= 8)
= P(3 and 5) + P(4 and 4)
we have 2
2 2
= b= + b2 2b2
1 2k + 4k + 6k + k
=
P(sum
= 9) = b2
= P(4 and 5)
1 3k + 10k 2
=
P(sum
= 10) 5) b2
= P(5 and=
0 = 10k 2 + 3k − 1
P(sum > 7) = P(sum = 8) + P(sum = 9)
0= (2k + 1)(5k − 1)
+ P(sum = 10)
1
So the possible values for are k = −
k
2 P(sum
= > 7) 2b2 =
+ b2 + b2 4b2
1 25
and k = but as a probability must be =
5 144
1 9 a P(C = 3)
non-negative, k = is the only possible
5 = P=
( A 1 and=B 2)
solution
+ P=
( A 2 and=
B 1)
7 Using the fact that the sum of the
probabilities must be equal to 1, 1 2 1 1
= ⋅ + ⋅
0 1 2 3 3 3 3 6
1 1 1 1 5
=1 k  +k  +k  +k 
3 3 3 3 =
18
k k k
1= k + + + b
3 9 27
40
1= k
27
27
k =
40
8 a As the sum of the probabilities must
equal 1, Exercise 14B
P( X ≥ 2) 1 E( X )
= P( X = 2) + P( X =3) + P( X =4)
1 1 1 1
+ P( X = 5) = × 1 + × 4 + × 9 + × 16
6 6 6 6
= a+b+b+b 1 1 91
+ × 25 + × 36 =
P( X < 2) =P( X =0) + P( X =1) =a + a 6 6 6
1= a+a+a+b+b+b
≈ 15.2
1 3a + 3b
=
P( X ≥ 2)
= 3P( X < 2)
2 E( X )
a + b + b + b= 3(a + a)
a + 3b =6a 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 1× + 2 × + 3 × + 5 × + 8 × + 13 ×
3=
b 6a − a 6 6 6 6 6 6
16
3b = 5a =
3
5
b= a 3 E( X )
3
5  1 2 3 4 5
1 = 3a + 3 ×  a  = 1× +2× + 3× + 4× +5×
3  36 36 36 36 36
1 3a + 5a
= 6 7 8
+6× +7× +8×
1 = 8a 36 36 36
1 17
a= =
8 3
5 1 4 a Using the fact that the sum of the
b= × probabilities must equal 1,
3 8
1 =k + 2k + 3k + 4k + 5k + 4k
5
b=
24 + 3k + 2k + k
1 = 25k
1
k =
25

Worked solutions
b E( X ) P(R = 3)
1 2 3 4 5 = P(blue then blue then red)
= 1× +2× + 3× + 4× +5×
25 25 25 25 25 8 8 2 16
4 3 2 1 = × × =
+6×
25
+7×
25
+8×
25
+9×
25
10 10 10 125
=5 c For the first red to be drawn on the r th
try, there are r − 1 blues picked first so
5 a 0.2 ≤ k ≤ 1
P(=
R r= ) P(r blues then a red)
b E( X ) n
 8  2
=  ×
= 1 × 0.2 + 2 × (1 − k )  10  10
+ 3 × (1 − (1 − k ) − 0.2) d 1
= 1.6 + k 8 a As the sum of the probabilities must
6 a If you pick the first red ball on the r th equal 1, let=x P= (Z 0)
try, that means you have picked r − 1 1 =x + 0.2 + 0.05 + 0.001 + 0.0001
blue balls 1= x + 0.2511
1 1 − 0.2511 = x
P(R=1) =
5 x = 0.7489
8 b E (Z )
P(R=2) =
45 = 0 × 0.7489 + 2 × 0.2 + 20 × 0.05
7 + 200 × 0.001 + 1000 × 0.0001
P(R=3) = = 1.7
45
so the expected winnings on a ticket
2 are $1.70
P(R=4) =
15 c You expect to lose $0.30 per ticket
1
P(R=5) =
9 Exercise 14C
4  1
P(R=6) = 1 X ~ B  4, 
45  2
1 3
1  4  1   1 
P(R=7) = a P( X
= 1=
)     
15 1  2   2 
2 1 1 4 1
P(R=8) = = 4× × = =
45 2 8 16 4
b E(R) b P( X < 1)= P( X= 0)

0 4
1 8 7 2 1  4  1   1  1 1
= 1× +2× + 3× + 4× +5× =      = 1×1× =
5 45 45 15 9 0  2   2  16 16
4 1 2 1
+6× +7× +8× +9× c P( X ≤ 1) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1)
45 15 45 45
11 1 1 5
= = + =
3 4 16 16
c 1 1 15
d P( X ≥ 1) =1 − P( X < 1) =1 − =
7 a P(=
R 2)
= P(blue then red) 16 16
8 2 4  1
= × = 2 X ~ B  6, 
10 10 25  3
b P(R > 3) =P(R =1) + P(R =2) + P(R =3) 2 4
6  1   2 
a P( X
= 2)
=      = 0.329
2 8 2 8 8 2 2  3   3 
= + × + × ×
10 10 10 10 10 10 0 6 1 5
61 6  1   2  6  1   2 
= b =
P( X < 2)       +      
125 0  3   3  1  3   3 
= 0.351

Worked solutions
c P( X ≤ 2)= P( X < 2) + P( X= 2) b If 13 are not faulty then 3 are faulty,

= 0.329 + 0.351 = 0.680 16 
P( X
= 3= )   (0.01)3(0.99)13
d P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2) 3
= 0.000491
1 − 0.351 =
= 0.649
c P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2)
 2
3 X ~ B  8,  1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =
1)
 7
16 
8  2   5 
5 3
= 1 −   (0.01)0 (0.99)16
a P( X
= 5=
)      0
5  7   7 
16 
−   (0.01)1(0.99)15
= 0.0389 (3 s.f.)
1
b P( X < 5) = 0.0109
0 8 1 7
8  2   5  8  2   5  4 X ~ B(10, 0.25)
=      +     
0 7
     7 1  7   7  10 
2 6 3 5 a P( X =   (0.25)5(0.75)=
= 5) 5
0.0584
8  2   5  8  2   5  5
+      +       
2  7   7  3  7   7  b P( X ≥ 3) =1 − P( X < 3)
4 4
8  2   5  =1 − P( X = 0) − P( X =−
1) P( X =
2)
+     
 4  7   7  10  10 
= 0.952 (3 s.f.) = 1 −   (0.25)0 (0.75)10 +   (0.25)1(0.75)9
0 1
c P( X > 5) =1 − P( X =5) − P( X < 5) 10 
+   (0.25)2 (0.75)8 = 0.474
= 1 − 0.038857.. − 0.9524.. 2
= 0.00870 (3 s.f.) 5 X ~ B(5, 0.4) ,
d P( X ≥ 1) =1 − P( X =0) P( X ≤ 3)
0
8  2   5 
8 = P( X = 0) + P( X =
1) + P( X =2)
= 1 −       = 0.932 + P( X = 3)
0  7   7 
5 5
=   (0.4)0 (0.6)5 +   (0.4)1(0.6)4
Exercise 14D 0
  1
 1 5 5
1 R ~ B  4,  , then +   (0.4)2 (0.6)3 +   (0.4)3(0.6)2
2
  3
 4
= 0.913
6 X ~ B(6, 0.15)
a P( X > 1) =
1 − P( X =
0) − P( X =
1)
So the most likely number of times the red
face shows is 1
6 6
2 X ~ B ( 8, 0.55) 1 −   (0.15)0 (0.85)6 −   (0.15)1(0.85)5
=
0
  1
8 = 0.224
=   ( 0.55) ( 0.45)= 0.257
5 3
a P( X
= 5)
5
 
6
b If he misses at least 5 times then he b P( X )   (0.15)1(0.85)=
= 1= 5
0.399
1
 
hits at most 3 times,
7 X ~ B(15, 0.05)
8 8
P( X ≤ 3)   (0.55)0 (0.45)8 +   (0.55)1(0.45)7
=
0
  1 15 
a i P( X =   (0.05)3(0.95)12
= 3)
8 8 3
+   (0.55)2 (0.45)6 +   (0.55)3(0.45)5
2 3 = 0.0307
= 0.260 15 
ii P( X =   (0.05)0 (0.95)15
= 0)
3 X ~ B(16,0.01) 0
16  = 0.463
a P( X =   (0.01)0 (0.99)16 = 0.851
= 0)
0 iii P( X ≥ 2) =1 − P( X < 2)
1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =
1)

Worked solutions
15  0.5n < 1 − 0.99

= 1 −   (0.05)0 (0.95)15
0 n log0.5 < log0.01
15  log 0.01
−   (0.05)1(0.95)14 n>
1 log0.5
n > 6.644 ⇒ n = 7
= 0.171
b i (P( X = 0))2 = 0.215
Exercise 14F
ii (P( X ≥ 2))2 =
0.0292  1 1
1 a X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =20
iii 2 × P( X = 0) × P( X ≥ 2) =
0.158  2  2
 1 1 20
Exercise 14E b X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =
 6 6 3
1 0.0256= P( X < 1)= P( X= 0)
 1 1
 n c X ~ B  40,  , E( X ) = np = 40 × =10
=   (0.6)
= 0
(0.4)n 1=
× 1 × (0.4)n 0.4n  4 4
0
10
log 0.0256 = n log0.4 2 E( X=
) np
= 0.4=
n 10 ⇒ n = = 25
0.4
log 0.0256
n=
log0.4 3 a X ~ B(15,0.25)
n=4 b E( X
= ) np
= 15 × 0.25 = 3.75
2 X ~ B(n, 0.01) , c P( X ≥ 10)
 n
0.5 < P( X =0) = 0
  (0.01) (0.99)
n
=P( X =10) + P( X =11) + P( X =12)
0
  + P( X =13) + P( X =14) + P( X =15)
= 1 × 1 × (0.99)n = 0.99n  15  15 
=   (0.25)10 (0.75)5 +   (0.25)11(0.75)4
log0.5 < n log0.99 10   11 
log0.5  15  15 
n< +   (0.25)12 (0.75)3 +   (0.25)13(0.75)2
log0.99 12   13 
n < 68.968 ⇒ n = 68  15  15 
+   (0.25)14 (0.75)1 +   (0.25)15(0.75)0
1
  4  15 
3
= 0.000 795
 n 0 × 13 + 1 × 34 + 2 × 40 + 3 × 13
0.25 > P( X < 1) = P( X = 0) =   (0.2)0 (0.8)n 4 a P(girl) =
0 300
= 1 × 1 × (0.8)n = 0.8n 153
= = 0.51
log0.25 > n log0.8 300
log0.25 b 300 × 0.51 × 0.51 × 0.49 =
38.2
n>
log0.8
n > 6.213 ⇒ n =
7 Exercise 14G
4 X ~ B(n, 0.3) , 1 E( X= = np and Var( X )= 3= np(1 − p)
) 12
0.95 < P( X ≥
= 1) 1 − P=
( X 0) Solving these simultaneously gives
 n 12(1 − p) = 3
= 1 −   (0.3)0 (0.7)n= 1 − 0.7n
0 3
= 1− p
0.7n < 1 − 0.95 12
3
n log0.7 < log0.05 p= 1 −
12
log 0.05
n> 3
log0.7 p=
4
n > 8.399 ⇒ n =
9
3
n× = 12
5 X ~ B(n, 0.5) , 4
0.99 ≤ 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 ≥ 1) = 1 − 𝑃𝑃(𝑋𝑋 = 0) 4
n = 12 ×
 n 3
= 1 −   (0.5)0 (0.5)n= 1 − 0.5n n = 16
0
Worked solutions
2 a X ~ B(20,0.2) = P(−0.4 < Z < 0.4) = 0.311

b E( X ) = np = 20 × 0.2 =
4 and b P(| Z |> 1.24)
Var( X )= np(1 − p)= 20 × 0.2 × 0.8 =
3.2 = P(Z > 1.24) + P(Z < −1.24)
= 0.215
Exercise 14I
c P( X ≥ 10) =−
1 P( X < 10) 1 X ~ N(14,52 )
1 − P( X =
= 0) − P( X =−
1) P( X = 2)  16 − 14 
− P( X =3) − P( X =4) − P( X =5) a P( X < 16) = P  Z < 
 5 
− P( X =6) − P( X =7) − P( X =8)
= P(Z < 0.4) = 0.655
− P( X =9)
 9 − 14 
 20   20 
= 1 −   (0.2)0 (0.8)20 −   (0.2)1(0.8)19 b P( X > 9)= P  Z > 
 5 
 0   1 
 20  2 18  20 
−   (0.2) (0.8) −   (0.2)3(0.8)17
= P(Z > −=
1) 0.841
 2   3 
 9 − 14 12 − 14 
 20   20  c P(9 ≤ =
X < 12) P  ≤Z< 
−   (0.2)4 (0.8)16 −   (0.2)5(0.8)15  5 5 
 4  5 
 20   20  = P(−1 ≤ Z < −0.4) =0.186
−   (0.2)6 (0.8)14 −   (0.2)7 (0.8)13
 6   7  d As the mean is 14, P( X < 14) =
0.5
 20   20 
−   (0.2) (0.8) −   (0.2)9 (0.8)11
8 12
2 X ~ N(48,81)
 8   9 
= 0.00259  52 − 48 
a P( X < 52) = P  Z < 
3 We know that  81 
Var(
= X ) np(1 −=
p) 12 × p(1 −=
p) 1.92 , so
P(Z < 0.4444) =
= 0.672
1.92
p(1 − p) =
12  42 − 48 
b P( X ≥ =
42) P  Z > 
0 = p2 − p + 0.16  81 
0= ( p − 0.8)( p − 0.2)
= P(Z > −0.6667)
= 0.748
Which gives us that p = 0.2 or p = 0.8 .
 37 − 48 47 − 48 
c P(37=
< X < 47) P  <Z< 
 81 81 
Exercise 14H = P(−1.2222 < Z < −0.1111)= 0.345
1 a P(−2 < Z < −1) + P(1 < Z < 2)
3 X ~ N(3.15, 0.022 )
= 0.1359 + 0.1359 = 0.272
 3.2 − 3.15 
b P(−1.5 < z < −0.5) + P(0.5 < Z < 1.5) a P( X < 3.2) = P  Z < 
 0.02 
= 0.2417 + 0.2417 = 0.483 = P(Z < 2.5) = 0.994
2 a P(Z > 1) =
0.159
b P( X ≥ 3.11)
b P(Z > 2.4) =
0.0082
 3.11 − 3.15 
= P Z ≥ 
c P(Z < −1) =0.159  0.02 
d P(Z < −1.75) =0.0401 = P(Z > −=2) 0.977
3 a P(Z < 0.65) =
0.7422 c P(3.1 < X < 3.15)
b P(Z > 0.72) =
0.2358  3.1 − 3.15 3.15 − 3.15 
= P <Z< 
c P(Z ≥ 1.8) =
0.0359  0.02 0.02 
d P(Z ≤ −0.28) =0.3897 = P(−2.5 < Z < 0) = 0.494
4 a P(0.2 < Z < 1.2) =
0.3057
b P(−2 < Z ≤ 0.3) = 0.5952 Exercise 14J
1 X ~ N(100,202 )
c P(−1.3 ≤ X ≤ −0.3) =
0.2853
 130 − 100 
5 a P(| Z |< 0.4) a P( X < 130) =
P Z < 
 20 
Worked solutions
= P(Z < 1.5) = 0.933 P(Z < a) − 0.8413 =

0.12
P(Z < a)= 0.12 + 0.8413
b P( X > 90)
P(Z < a) =0.9613
 90 − 100  ∴a = 1.77
= P Z > 
 20  b P(a < Z < 1.6) =
0.787
= P(Z > −0.5)
= 0.691
= P(Z < 1.6) − P(Z < a)
c P(80 < X < 125)
0.9452 − P(Z < a) =
0.787
 80 − 100 125 − 100  P(Z < a) =
0.9452 - 0.787
= P <Z< 
 20 20  P(Z < a) =
0.1582
∴ a =−1.00
= P(−1 < Z < 1.25) = 0.736
c P(a < Z < −0.3)
2 X ~ N(4, 0.252 ) ,
 3.5 − 4 4.5 − 4  = P(Z < −0.3) − P(Z < a)
= 0.182
P(3.5 < X < 4.5) =
P <Z < 
 0.25 0.25  0.3821 − P(Z < a) =
0.182
= P(−2 < Z < 2) = 0.9545 P(Z <=a) 0.3821 − 0.182
P(Z < a) =
0.2001
, now Y ~ B(500,0.9545) and
∴ a =−0.841
E(Y
= ) np
= 500 × 0.9545
= 477.25 so one
would expect 477 to be accepted on 1
3 a (1 − 0.3) =
0.35 , so we look for a
average 2
3 X ~ N(14, 42 ) such that P(Z < a) =1 − 0.35 =0.65 ,
∴a = 0.385
 20 − 14 
a P( X > 20) = P  Z >  1
 4  b 0.1096 = 0.0548 , so we look for a
2
= P(Z > 1.5) = 0.0668 such that
P(Z < a) =1 − 0.0548 =0.9452 ,
 10 − 14 
b P( X < 10) = P  Z <  ∴a =
1.60
 4 
4 a P(Z < a=
) 0.95 ∴ =
a 1.64
= P(Z < −=
1) 0.1587
= 15.87%
b P(Z > a)= 0.2 ∴ a= 0.842
4 X ~ N(551.3,15) ,
 550 − 551.3 
P( X > 550) = P  Z > 
 15  Exercise 14L
P(Z > -0.08667)=0.5345 ≈ 53.5%

=  a − 5.5 
1 0.235= P( X > a)= P  Z >  , this
 0.2 
5 X ~ N(500,20)
a − 5.5
gives that = 0.722
 475 − 500  0.2
a P( X < 475) = P  Z < 
 20  a 0.722 × 0.2 + 5.5 ⇒=
⇒= a 5.64
= P(Z < −1.25)
= 0.106 2 M ~ N(420,102 )
b P(3 packets less than 475 g) a The first quartile equates to

 a − 420 
=(P( X < 475))3 =0.10563 =0.00118 0.25 = P(M < a) = P  Z <  , so
 10 
a − 420
Exercise 14K =−0.674 ⇒ a =−0.674 × 10 + 420
10
1 a P(Z <=
a) 0.922 ∴=
a 1.42 ⇒a= 413
b P(Z >=
a) 0.342 ∴
= a 0.407 b The 90th percentile is
 a − 420 
c P(Z >=
a) 0.005 ∴
= a 2.58 0.9 P(M < a) = P  Z <
=  , giving
 10 
2 a P(1 < Z < a) =
0.12
a − 420
= 1.282
= P(Z < a) − P(Z < 1) us 10
⇒= a 1.282 × 10 + 420 ⇒= a 433
3 X ~ N(502,1.62 )
a P( X < 500)
Worked solutions
 500 − 502  2 X ~ N(µ , 42 ) ,

= P Z < 
 1.6   20.5 − µ 
0.9 P( X < 20.5) = P  Z <
=  , so
= P(Z < −1.25)
= 0.106  4 
b P(500 < X < 505) 20.5 − µ
= 1.282 ⇒ µ= 20.5 − 1.282 × 4
4
 500 − 502 505 − 502  ⇒ µ = 15.4
= P <Z < 
 1.6 1.6  3 X ~ N( µ , σ 2 ) ,
= P(−1.25 < z < 1.875)  58.39 − µ 
0.0217 =
P( X > 58.39) =
P Z > 
= 0.864
= 86.4%  σ 
c 0.95 = P(b < X < a) = P(−a < X < a) , so and
1  41.82 − µ 
0.025 , so we look for a '
(1 − 0.95) = 0.0287 =
P( X < 41.82) =
P Z < 
2  σ 
such that P(Z < a ') =1 − 0.025 =0.975 , 58.39 − µ
, so =2.02 ⇒ 58.39 =2.02σ + µ
∴ a' =1.96 , so σ
a = 1.6a '+ 502 = 1.6 × 1.96 + 502 =
505.1 and
41.82 − µ
4 X ~ N(550,252 ) = −1.90 ⇒ −41.82 = 1.90σ − µ ,
σ
a P(520 < X < 570) solving these simultaneously gives
 520 − 550 570 − 550  σ = 4.23 and µ = 49.9
= P <Z< 
 25 25  4 X ~ N( µ , σ 2 ) ,
= P(−1.2 < Z < 0.8) = 0.673  89 − µ 
0.90 = P( X < 89) = P  Z < and
 σ 
 a − 550 
0.9 P( X < a) = P  Z <
b =   94 − µ 
 25  0.95 = P( X < 94) = P  Z < , so
 σ 
a − 550
= 1.282 ⇒= a 1.282 × 25 + 550
25 89 − µ
= 1.282 ⇒ 89
= 1.282σ + µ and
⇒a= 582 σ
5 X ~ N(55,152 ) 94 − µ
= 1.645 ⇒ 94
= 1.645σ + µ , solving
d − 55 
σ

a 0=
.95 P( X < d ) = P  Z <  , giving these simultaneously gives σ = 13.8 and
 15 
µ = 71.3
d − 55
= 1.645 5 X ~ N(136, σ 2 ) ,
15
d 1.645 × 15 + 55 ⇒=
⇒= d 79.7  145 − 136 
0.12 = P( X > 145) = P  Z >  , so
 σ 
 f − 55 
0.1 P( X < f ) = P  Z <
b =  , giving 145 − 136 145 − 136
 15  σ
= 1.175 ⇒=
σ 1.175
f − 55 ⇒σ = 7.66 cm
= −1.282
15
6 X ~ N(µ , 202 ) ,
⇒f = −1.282 × 15 + 55 ⇒ f = 35.8
 500 − µ 
0.01 = P( X < 500) = P  Z <  , so
 20 
Exercise 14M
500 − µ
1 X ~ N(30, σ 2 ) , = −2.326
20
 40 − 30  ⇒ µ= 500 + 2.326 × 20 ⇒ µ= 546.5 g
0.115
= P( X > 40) = P  Z >  , so
 σ  7 X ~ N(0.85, σ 2 )
40 − 30 40 − 30
= 1.2 ⇒ σ = ⇒ σ = 8.33  1.1 − 0.85 
σ 1.2 a 0=
.74 P( X < 1.1) = P  Z > ,
 σ 
1.1 − 0.85
so = 0.643
σ
1.1 − 0.85
⇒σ
= = ⇒ σ 0.389 kg
0.643
Worked solutions
 1 − 0.85  Chapter review

b P( X > 1) = P  Z > 
 0.389 
1 a 0.3 + 1 + 2 + 0.1 + 0.1 =
1
= 0.3497
= P(Z > 0.386) = 35% k k
3
8 X ~ N(µ ,72 ) , 0.5 + 1
=
k
 68 − µ  3
= P( X > 68) = P  Z >
0.025  , so = 0.5
 7  k
68 − µ 3
= 1.96 ⇒ µ = 68 − 1.96 × 7 k
= = 6
7 0.5
⇒ µ = 54.3 cm
b E( X )
9 X ~ N(2.9, σ 2 ) ,
1 2
 3 − 2.9  = −2 × 0.3 + −1 × +0×
0.35 = P( X > 3) = P  Z > , so 6 6
 σ  + 1 × 0.1 + 2 × 0.1
3 − 2.9 3 − 2.9 6 1 1 2
= 0.385 ⇒=σ =− − +0+ +
σ 0.385 10 6 10 10
⇒σ = 0.260 m 3 1 9 5 14 7
=− − = − − =− =−
10 X ~ N(µ , σ 2 ) 10 6 30 30 30 15
 108 − µ 
a 0.30 = P( X < 108) = P  Z < 
 σ  2 a 1 = c(6 − 1) + 2c(6 − 2) + 3c(6 − 3)
and + 4c(6 − 4) + 5c(6 − 5)
 154 − µ  1 = 5c + 8c + 9c + 8c + 5c
0.20 = P( X > 154) = P  Z >  , so
 σ  1 = 35c
108 − µ 1
−0.524 ⇒ 108 =
= −0.524σ + µ c =
σ 35
and b E( X )
154 − µ
= 0.842 ⇒ 154= 0.842σ + µ , 5 8 9
σ =1× +2× +3×
35 35 35
solving these simultaneously gives
8 5
σ = 33.7 and µ = 125.66 + 4× +5×
35 35
 117 − 125.66  5 16 27 32 25
b P( X > 117) = P  Z >  = + + + +
 33.7  35 35 35 35 35
105
= P(Z > −0.257)
= 0.601
= 60.1% , =
35
so this is consistent with the normal =3
distribution
3 Find the value of x:
11 X ~ N(µ , σ 2 ) ,
1 1 1
 495 − µ  + + +x =
1
0.95 =P( X > 495) =P  Z >  and 4 4 8
 σ 
5
 490 − µ  +x =1
0.99 =P( X > 490) =P  Z >  , so 8
 σ  3
x =
495 − µ 8
−1.645 ⇒ 495 =
= −1.645σ + µ
σ P(total 6) = P(2, 4) + P(3,3) + P(4,2)
and
1 3 1 1 3 1
490 − µ = × + × + ×
−2.326 ⇒ 490 =
= −2.326σ + µ , 4 8 8 8 8 4
σ 3 1 3
solving these simultaneously gives = + +
32 64 32
σ = 7.34 and µ = 507.1 6 1 6
= + +
64 64 64
13
=
64

Worked solutions
4 a 2,4,6,8,12,16 c i E( X ) =−5 ×
8
+1×
19
27 27
b 1 ,2 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,1
8 8 8 8 8 8 40 19 21 7
=
− + =
− =
−
c E( X ) 27 27 27 9
1 2 1 2
Expected loss of $0.78
=2× + 4× +6× +8×
8 8 8 8 ii Expected loss of $7
1 1 9 a X ~ B(8, 0.3)
+ 12 × + 16 ×
8 8
2 8 6 16 12 16 8
= + + + + + P( X =   0.330.7=
= 3) 5
0.254
8 8 8 8 8 8 3
60 b P( X ≥ 3) =
0.448
=
8
= 7.5 10 X = no. of sixes when 6 dices are thrown
d E(Money per week)  1
X ~ B  6, 
6 2 30 20 50  6
=5 × + 10 × = + = P( X
= 3)= 0.0536
8 8 8 8 8
= £6.25 Y = no. of times three sixes are seen
E(Money in 10 weeks) Y ~ B (5, 0.0536 )
10 £6.25 =
=× £62.50 P(Y
= 2)
= 0.0243
5 X ~ B  5, 
1 11 a i X ~ B(10, 0.2)
 3 P( X
= 4)
= 0.0881
3 2
5  1   2  40 ii P( X > 5) =
0.00637
P( X
= 3)
=      =
3
   3   3  243
b E( X ) =np =10 × 0.2 =2
6 P( X =0) =0.9 × 0.9 =0.81
c Y ~ B(n, 0.2)
P( X = 1) = 2 × 0.1 × 0.9 =0.18
P(Y > 1) =1 − P(Y =0) =1 − 0.8n
P( X =2) =0.1 × 0.1 =0.01
E( X ) = 0 × 0.81 + 1 × 0.18 + 2 × 0.01 1 − 0.8n > 0.95
= 0 + 0.18 + 0.02 = 0.2 0.05 > 0.8n
log0.05 > n log0.8
7 a P( X < 65) = P( X > a)
log0.05
By symmetry a =75 + (75 − 65) =85 <n
log0.8
b P(65 < X < a) =
0.954 13.4 < n
P( X < a) − P( X < 65) =0.954 ∴n = 14
P( X < a) − 0.023 = 0.954 12 P(−a < Z < a) =0.85
P( X < a) = 0.977 By symmetry:
∴a = 85
0.85 − 0.5
P( X > 85) = 0.023 P(Z < a) =1 − =0.825
2
1 2 1 2 1
2
∴a =0.935
8 a P( X = 1) = + × +  ×
3 3 3 3 3 13 a P( X < 80) =
0.85
1 2 4 9 6 4 19  80 − 71 
= + + = + + = P Z < =0.85
3 9 27 27 27 27 27  σ 
b 80 − 71
= 1.036
σ
x P(X = x)
9
= 1.036
-5 8 σ
27 9
=σ = 8.68
1 19 1.036
27 65 − 71
b P  Z > =

 P ( Z > −0.69
= ) 0.755
 8.68 

Worked solutions
14 P  Z <
30 − µ 
0.15
=
b P ( X ≤ 1) =
0.999 (3 s.f.) M1A1
 σ  P ( X = 1)
c P ( X = 1 X ≤ 1) =
30 − µ P ( X ≤ 1)
⇒ −1.036
=
σ = 0.0478 M1A1A1
⇒ µ = 30 + 1.036σ
50 − µ 
20 Let X : B ( n, p ) .

P Z > 0.10
=
 σ  np = 3 and npq = 1.2 A1A1
50 − µ Solve simultaneously M1
⇒ =1.282 q = 0.4 ⇒ p= 0.6 A1
σ
⇒ µ = 50 − 1.282σ n=5 A1
∴ 30 + 1.036σ = 50 − 1.282σ 21 X : N (50.1, 0.4 2
)
⇒ 2.318σ = 20
a P ( X < 49.5) =
0.0668 (3 s.f.) M1A1
σ = 8.63
µ = 50 − 1.282(8.63) =
38.9 b P ( 49.5 < X < 50.5) =
0.775 (3 s.f.)
35 − µ  M1A1
15 a P  Z > =0.2 c P ( X > 49 X < 49.5)
 2 
35 − µ P ( 49 < X < 49.5)
⇒ =0.841.. = = 0.955 M1A1A1
2 P ( X < 49.5)
⇒ 35 − µ =
1.683..
22 X : N ( µ,52 )
⇒ µ = 35 − 1.683.. = 33.3
b X ~ B(5, 0.8) a P ( X < 5) =

0.754
P( X
= 5)
= 0.328  5−µ
⇒ PZ < =0.754 M1
 3 
c Y ~ B(5, 0.2)
5−µ
P( X ≥ 2) =
0.263 = 0.6871...
= ⇒ µ 2.94 M1A1
3
16 a 0,1,2 A1 b P ( 4 < X < 5) =
0.116 M1A1
10 10 25
b P ( X =2) = × = M1A1 23 a i Let X be the number of correct
18 18 81
answers in the 12 questions
c
answered at random.
x 0 1 2 X : B (12, 0.5) M1
P (X = x) 16 40 25
12 
P (X )   (0.5)= 0.0161
12
81 81 81 = 2=
A2 2
M1A1
17 a 0.2 + k + 0.25 + k − 0.05 + 0.3 =
1
12 
( X 12 )   (0.5=) 0.000244
12
⇒k =
0.15 M1A1A1 ii P= =
12 
b E(X ) A1
= 0 × 0.2 + 1 × 0.4 + 2 × 0.1 + 3 × 0.3 =1.5 b E ( X ) =12 × 0.5 × 0.5
M1A1
= 3 correct answers M1
18 a 0.05 + 0.22 + 0.27 + a + b = 1
3 correct random answers = 6 marks
⇒ a+b = 0.46 M1A1 A1
b E ( X ) = 2.46 9 incorrect random answers =-9 marks
A1
⇒ 0 × 0.05 + 1 × 0.22 + 2 × 0.27 + 3a + 4b 8 answers known =16 marks A1
If the student answers all the question
= 2.46 M1A1 the expected number of marks is 13
3a + 4b = 1.7 marks which is 3 less than the total
Solve simultaneously marks if he just answers the questions
a+b = 0.46 and 3a + 4b =
1.7 M1 he knows the correct answer. R1
a = 0.14 , b = 0.32 A1A1
19 a X : B (10, 0.005) M1
P (X ) 0.0478 (3 s.f.)
= 1= A1

Worked solutions
24 a i (
W : N µ, σ 2 ) 82 − µ
= 1.28... ,
σ
P (W < 65) =
0.27 40 − µ
= −0.841... M1
 65 − µ  σ
⇒ PZ < 0.27
= M1
 σ  Solve simultaneously M1
µ = 56.6 and σ = 19.8 A1A1
P (W > 96 ) =
0.25
 96 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.75
=
 σ 
65 − µ
= −0.6128...
σ
96 − µ
= 0.6744... A1A1
σ
ii Solve simultaneously
65 − µ
= −0.6128... , §
σ
96 − µ
= 0.6744... M1
σ
µ = 79.8 and σ = 24.1 A1A1
b P (W > 100 ) =
0.20 M1A1
(
c Let Y : N 80.5,10.12 )
P (75 < Y < 85) =
0.379 . M1A1
d 630P (Y > 85) =

207 M1A1
630 × 80.5 + 370m
e = 79.7573...
1000
M1
m = 78.5 kg A1
25 a i (
T : N 45, 9 2
)
P (T ≥ 55) =
0.133 M1A1
P (T > 65)
ii P (T ≥ 65 T > 55) =
P (T ≥ 55)
0.01313...
= = 0.0986 M1A1A1
0.13326...
(0.133...) = 0.00237
3
b M1A1
c N : B (50, 0.133...)
i E (N ) = 50 × 0.133... = 6.66 M1A1
ii P ( N ≥ 5) =1 − P ( N ≤ 4 ) =0.814
M1M1A1
26 P ( X > 82 ) =
0.1
⇒ P ( X < 82 ) =
0.9
 82 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.9
= M1A1
 σ 
P ( X < 40 ) =
0.2
 40 − µ 
⇒ PZ < 0.2
= A1
 σ 

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WORKED

1 From patterns to generalizations: sequences

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

u9 = x + 2 + ( 8 ) (3) 184= 4 + (3) d

u15 → u11 = 2010 + ( n − 1) 4

−3.7 + (14 ) ( −4.86 )

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

6 u10 = 232 (1.03)

u30 = 536 870 912 grains Exercise 1I

128.57 = (𝑥𝑥 + 5) 3  −6560 

3 Arithmetic because you are adding from S8 = 2460

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

As 1000 is a multiple of 4, the largest S12 6 2 + (11) (1) 

un −4 S48 = 4752 line segments

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

5 Choose any r value −1 < r < 1, 0

6 Since the geometric series has only

A minimum of 5 rounds are required. c ii u1 =m − 1 =−11 − 1 =−12

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

Exercise 1L 104r 0.067585 …

I = 35200 − 32000 = 3200 GBP A ≈ $100705.89

=I 438532.63 − 250000  0.0125 

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

(2.52) 8 + (3) ( 4 ) ( 0.52 ) + (3) (2 ) ( 0.52 )

9 a x 5 − 25x 4 + 250 x 3 − 1250 x 2 + 3125x Exercise 1P

b Hence, the term containing x 4 will be −2 ( a − 4 ) + 3 (2a + 6 ) − 6 ( a − 5) −2 ( a − 28 )

0 1 2 x +1

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Chapter review b un = u1rn−1

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n 6 a An infinite sum can only be found for a

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u10 = 81 cm = 729x6 + 6 (243x5 ) ( −y ) + 15 ( 81x 4 )( y2 )

so the length will become constant. +6 (3x ) ( −y ) + y

Also, the spring could break from too

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b 100th term is a + 99d M1  1   4  1 

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= 3072.791 − 1440 + 16 = 1648.8 A1

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2 A (3, 0), B (-2, 4), E (-1, 1), R (2, -1)

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g This is a function. Every x -coordinate

h This is a function. This is seen when c C (100 ) =20 ⋅ 100 + 250

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Range: {4, 4}

f Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

Range: y ≤ 0,  −∞, 0 or ( −∞, 0

x-intercepts: (-9,0), (2.5,0)

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2 a Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

Range: −1 ≤ y ≤ 5,  −1,5

Domain: x ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

Range: y ∈ R ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞ , ∞ )

Domain: x > 1, 1, ∞  or (1, ∞ )

Range: y ∈ ¡ ,  −∞, ∞  or ( −∞, ∞ )

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b b The equation satisfies the vertical line

Range: 𝐶𝐶(𝑛𝑛) ≥ 40, [40, ∞[ or (40, ∞) ( )

Range e.g: 75.8 ≤ h ≤ 228 ( )

h (51) 2.47 (51) + 54.10

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