Objectives

• Fascicle arrangement
• Naming muscles
Bio 231C
• Sternocleidomastoid, brachialis, extensor
Human Anatomy carpi radialis longus, deltoid
Chapter 11 • Muscle compartments
• movements
Muscles of the Body
• Names of muscles
• Special functions (mastication, breathing,
joint stabilization)

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

(a)
(e)
(b)
• Skeletal muscles—consist of fascicles (a) Circular (c)
(orbicularis oris)
• Fascicles—arranged in different patterns (b) Convergent
(pectoralis major)
• Fascicle arrangement—tells about action of a (d)
(f)
muscle
(g)

(c) Fusiform
(biceps brachii)

(d) Parallel
(sartorius) (e) Multipennate (f) Bipennate (g) Unipennate (extensor
(deltoid) (rectus femoris) digitorum longus)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1

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 Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

• Types of fascicle arrangement • Types of fascicle arrangement

• Parallel—fascicles run parallel to the long • Convergent
axis of the muscle • Origin of the muscle is broad
• Strap-like—sternocleidomastoid • Fascicles converge toward the tendon of
• Fusiform—biceps brachii insertion
• Example—pectoralis major

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Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles

• Types of fascicle arrangement • Circular

• Pennate • Fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
• Unipennate—fascicles insert into one side • Surround external body openings
of the tendon • Sphincter—general name for a circular
• Bipennate—fascicles insert into the tendon muscle
from both sides • Examples
• Multipennate—fascicles insert into one • Orbicularis oris and orbicularis oculi
large tendon from all sides

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 Muscle Actions and Interactions Muscle Actions and Interactions

• A muscle cannot reverse the movement it • Prime mover (agonist)

produces • Has major responsibility for a certain movement
• Another muscle must undo the action • Antagonist
• Opposes or reverses a movement
• Muscles with opposite actions lie on opposite
• Synergist—helps the prime mover
sides of a joint
• By adding extra force
• By reducing undesirable movements
• Fixator
• A type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place

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(a) A muscle that crosses on the anterior side (b) A muscle that crosses on the posterior
of a joint produces flexion* side of a joint produces extension*

Example: Example:
Pectoralis major Latissimus dorsi
(anterior view) (posterior view)

*These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb
*These generalities do not apply to the knee and ankle because the lower limb
is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly
is rotated during development. The muscles that cross these joints posteriorly
produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
produce flexion, and those that cross anteriorly produce extension.
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.5a, b

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 (c) A muscle that crosses on the lateral
side of a joint produces abduction (d) A muscle that crosses on the medial
side of a joint produces adduction

Example:
Medial deltoid
(anterolateral view) Example:
Teres major
(posterolateral view )

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.5c, d

Muscle Compartments of the Limbs Muscle Compartments of the Arm and

Forearm
• Dense fibrous connective tissue divides limb Extensors
Flexors

muscles into compartments (a)

• Muscles in opposing compartments are Lateral

head
• Agonist and antagonist pairs Triceps
brachii
Long
head Posterior compartment
of arm (extends elbow);
• Each compartment is innervated by a single
Medial
head innervation: radial nerve

nerve Humerus

Brachialis

Short head
Biceps brachii
Long head

(a) Muscles of the arm

Anterior compartment of
arm (flexes elbow); innervation:
musculocutaneous nerve
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a

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 Muscle Compartments of the Arm and Muscle Compartments of the Thigh and Leg
Forearm (a) Adductors Hamstrings

Extensors Posterior compartment

Flexors of forearm (extends wrist
and fingers); innervation: Vastus
radial nerve lateralis

Femur
Posterior compartment of
(b)
thigh (flexes leg and extends
Vastus thigh); innervation: tibial
Extensors intermedius nerve (portion of sciatic nerve)

Rectus femoris
Radius Vastus medialis
Abductor Ulna
pollicis longus
Pronator teres
Brachioradialis Flexors
(elbow flexor)
Posterior compartment
muscles
(b) Muscles of the forearm Anterior compartment
muscles Medial compartment
Medial compartment Anterior compartment (extends (adducts thigh); innervation:
Anterior compartment muscles of thigh and leg); innervated by femoral nerve obturator nerve
of forearm (flexes wrist and
fingers); innervation: median or ulnar nerve lateral compartment (a) Muscles of the thigh
muscles of leg
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.7a

Muscle Compartments of the Thigh and Leg Naming the Skeletal Muscles
Triceps surae

Fibula
• Location
Fibularis
muscles
• Example—the brachialis is located on the arm
Posterior compartment
• Shape
(b) of leg (plantar flexes foot,
flexes toes); innervated by
tibial nerve
• Example—the deltoid is triangular
Tibialis
anterior • Relative size
Lateral compartment of Tibia
leg (plantar flexes and everts
foot); innervation: superficial
• Maximus, minimus, and longus indicate size
• Example—gluteus maximus and gluteus
fibular nerve
(b) Muscles of the leg

Posterior compartment muscles

minimus
Anterior compartment muscles
Anterior compartment of leg
Medial compartment muscles (dorsiflexes foot, extends toes);
of thigh and lateral compartment
innervated by deep fibular nerve
muscles of leg
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.7b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Naming the Skeletal Muscles Naming the Skeletal Muscles

• Direction of fascicles and muscle fibers • Number of origins

• Name tells direction in which fibers run
• Example—rectus abdominis and transversus
abdominis
• Location of attachments—name reveals
point of origin and insertion
• Example—brachioradialis
• Two, three, or four origins
• Indicated by the words biceps, triceps, and
quadriceps
• Action
• The action is part of the muscle’s name
• Indicates type of muscle movement
• Flexor, extensor, adductor, or abductor

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Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression Muscles of the Head—Facial Expression

Galea
• Muscles of facial expression aponeurotica

Frontal Epicranius
• Lie in the face and scalp belly
Corrugator supercilii Occipital
• Thin and variable in shape Orbicularis oculi belly
Levator labii
• Often insert in the skin—not on bones superioris Temporalis

Zygomaticus
minor and major
Buccinator
• Innervated by cranial nerve VII—the facial Risorius
Masseter

Orbicularis oris Sternocleidomastoid

nerve Mentalis Trapezius
Depressor
labii inferioris Splenius
Depressor anguli oris capitis
Platysma

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.9

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 Muscles Mastication and Tongue Movement Muscles of Mastication and Tongue
Movement
• Four main pairs of muscles involved in
mastication
• Prime movers of jaw closure
• Masseter and temporalis
Temporalis
• Side-to-side movement
Lateral
pterygoid
• Pterygoid muscles
Orbicularis Medial
• Compression of cheeks oris
Masseter
pterygoid

Buccinator
• Buccinator muscles
Masseter
pulled away

(a) (b)
• Innervated by mandibular division of the trigeminal
nerve (cranial nerve V)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.10a, b

Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column
Mastoid process

• Head movement
• Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
• Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
Base of
1st cervical occipital Spinous processes
vertebra bone of the vertebrae
Mastoid
process
Middle
scalene Splenius cervicis
Sternocleido-
mastoid
Anterior
scalene

Posterior
scalene

(a) Anterior (b) Posterior

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.12a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.12b

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 Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing

• Trunk extension • Diaphragm

• Deep muscles of the back • Most important muscle of respiration
• Maintain normal curvatures of the spine • Flattens as it contracts
• Form a column from sacrum to the skull • Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity
• Erector spinae group • Passive breathing
• Largest of the deep back muscles

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Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing

Xiphoid process of sternum

Foramen for inferior

Foramen for
vena cava
esophagus
Costal cartilage

Central
External
tendon of intercostal
Diaphragm
diaphragm

Foramen
for aorta
Lumbar Internal
vertebra intercostal

12th rib Quadratus

lumborum

Psoas major (a)

(b)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.13b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.13a

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 Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing Deep Muscles of the Thorax—Breathing

• Forced inhalation • Forced exhalation

• External intercostal muscles • Internal intercostal muscles
• Scalenes • Push rib cage down
• Sternocleidomastoid • Abdominal muscles
• Lift the rib cage • Push diaphragm up

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Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

Pectoralis major

Serratus
anterior
Linea alba

Tendinous
Transversus intersection
abdominis Rectus
abdominis
Internal oblique

External
oblique

Inguinal ligament
Aponeurosis (formed by free
of the external inferior border of
oblique the external oblique
(a) aponeurosis)

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 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Muscles of the Perineum

• Lateral and anterior abdominal wall • Pelvic floor composed of muscles to help
• Formed from three flat muscle sheets hold up pelvic contents
• External oblique
• Internal oblique
• Transversus abdominis
• Fourth muscle pair
• Rectus abdominis
• Inserts at the linea alba

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Superficial Muscles of the Anterior Thorax Muscles of the Thorax

• Pectoralis major
Sternocleidomastoid Subclavius
• Serratus anterior
Clavicle

Deltoid Subscapularis
Pectoralis
minor
Pectoralis
major Coracobrachialis
Sternum Serratus
anterior
Biceps
brachii Humerus

(a)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Thorax Muscles of the Back
Levator
scapulae
Trapezius Supraspinatus • Trapezius
Clavicle
Deltoid • Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboid
minor
Spine of scapula
Infraspinatus
• Erector spinae
Rhomboid Teres minor
major
Teres
major
Humerus

Latissimus
dorsi

(c)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.16c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Fixators of Scapula Rotator Cuff Muscles

• Levator scapulae • “SITS”

• Rhomboids • Subscapularis
• Infraspinatus
• Teres minor
• Supraspinatus

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 Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint Muscles of the Forearm

• Posterior muscles—extensors of the forearm • Movements of the wrist, hand, and fingers
• Triceps brachii • Tendons are anchored by
• Anterior muscles—flexors of the forearm • Flexor and extensor retinacula
• Biceps brachii • Movements at the wrist include
• Brachialis • Flexion, extension, abduction, and
• Brachioradialis adduction
• Wrist and fingers are “operated” by muscles in
the forearm

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Superficial Anterior Muscles of the Forearm Superficial Posterior Muscles of the

Forearm
• Pronator teres Superficial • Brachioradialis— Extensor expansion
transverse

• Flexor carpi radialis ligament of palm flexes forearm

Palmar
• Extensor carpi
Tendons of

•
aponeurosis
Palmaris longus Flexor
extensor digitorum
Extensor pollicis
longus
Tendons of extensor carpi
radialis brevis and longus
Extensor indicis

• Flexor carpi ulnaris

retinaculum
Pronator
radialis longus Extensor pollicis
brevis
Extensor digiti minimi
quadratus

• Flexor digitorum
Flexor digitorum
superficialis Flexor pollicis
longus
• Extensor carpi Abductor
pollicis longus
Extensor carpi
ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

superficialis Flexor carpi ulnaris

Palmaris longus
radialis brevis Extensor carpi
Flexor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis brevis Anconeus

Flexor carpi
radialis
radialis longus
Brachioradialis • Extensor digitorum Extensor carpi Insertion of triceps brachii
radialis longus
Pronator teres
Medial epicondyle
of humerus Tendon of
• Extensor carpi ulnaris (a)
Brachioradialis

Medial head of biceps brachii

triceps brachii
(a) Biceps brachii

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.18a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.19a

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 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand
• Fine movement of the fingers
• All located in the palm
• Control precise movements
• Include muscles of
• Adduction, abduction, and opposition
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
• Thigh and leg movements
• Adductor muscles—on medial aspect of thigh
• Adduct the thigh only
• Deep fascia of the thigh
• Surrounds and encloses all three groups
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
• Thigh and leg movements
• Anterior muscles
• Flex the thigh and extend the leg at the
knee
• Posterior muscles
• Extend the thigh and flex the leg
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Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joints
• Movements at the hip joint
• Muscles that flex the thigh
• Originate on vertebral column or pelvis
• Muscles that extend the thigh
• Arise posterior to the hip joint
• Adductors originate medial to the hip joint
• Abductors originate lateral to the hip joint
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
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 Anterior and Medial Muscles Anterior and Medial Muscles
12th thoracic vertebra
12th rib
Quadratus lumborum
• Origin on pelvis or vertebral column Psoas minor
Iliac crest
• Iliacus Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Iliacus
5th lumbar vertebra
• Psoas major Anterior superior iliac
spine
• Sartorius Tensor fasciae latae
Pectineus
• Muscles of the medial compartment Adductor longus
Sartorius
• Adductor longus Quadriceps femoris Gracilis
Rectus femoris Adductor magnus
• Adductor brevis Vastus lateralis
• Adductor magnus Vastus medialis

• Pectineus Tendon of quadriceps

femoris
Patella
• Gracilis Patellar ligament

(a)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.22a

Muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Posterior Muscles

Thigh
• Quadriceps femoris • Origin on pelvis or sacrum
• Has four separate heads • Gluteus maximus
• Has a common insertion at the quadriceps • Gluteus medius
tendon • Gluteus minimus
• Powerful knee extensors
• Rectus femoris
• Vastus lateralis
• Vastus medialis
• Vastus intermedius
• Tensor fasciae latae

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 Muscles of the Posterior Compartment of Posterior Muscles
the Thigh

Gluteus • Hamstrings
medius (cut)
Gluteus
minimus
• Biceps femoris
Superior
• Semitendinosus
gemellus

Obturator
Piriformis
• Semimembranosus
internus Obturator
externus
Inferior Quadratus
gemellus femoris

Gluteus
maximus (cut)

(a)
Figure 11.23a

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

Posterior Muscles Muscles of the Leg

Gluteus medius

• Fascia lata of the leg surrounds muscles

• Tightly binds muscles
Gluteus maximus
• Prevents swelling during exercise
Adductor magnus • Aids venous return
Gracilis
Iliotibial tract • Divides leg into three compartments
Long head
• Tendons are held in place by
Biceps femoris
Short head
• Extensor, fibular, and flexor retinacula
Semitendinosus

Semimembranosus
• Muscle movement at ankle and intertarsal
joints
(c)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.23c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Muscles of the Anterior Compartment Muscles of the Lateral Compartment

• Tibialis anterior • Fibularis longus

• Extensor digitorum longus • Fibularis brevis Patella

Head of fibula
• Extensor hallucis longus Fibularis longus
• Flexor hallucis Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Gastrocnemius
Tibia
longus Fibularis longus
Tibialis anterior Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor digitorum longus
Soleus
• Extensor hallucis Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus longus

Fibularis tertius
Fibularis brevis Extensor hallucis longus
Fibularis tertius
Superior and inferior Flexor hallucis
longus Superior and inferior extensor retinacula
extensor retinacula Extensor hallucis brevis
Extensor hallucis Fibular retinaculum Extensor digitorum brevis
brevis Lateral malleolus
Extensor digitorum 5th metatarsal
(a)
brevis
(a)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.25a Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.26a

Muscles of the Lateral Compartment Muscles of the Posterior Compartment

• Superficial muscles
O = origin
I = insertion
• Triceps surae
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus
• Plantaris
Fibularis longus

Fibularis
brevis

Tendon of
(b) fibularis longus (c)
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.26b, c Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Muscles of the Posterior Compartment Muscles of the Posterior Compartment

• Deep muscles
Lateral head Plantaris (cut)
Plantaris
Plantaris Gastroc-
nemius
(cut)
Medial head
• Flexor digitorum longus Gastrocnemius Gastrocnemius
lateral head (cut)
Popliteus medial head (cut) Popliteus
(cut)
Head of fibula • Flexor hallucis longus Soleus (cut)
Tibialis posterior
Gastroc- Medial head
nemius Lateral head
Soleus
• Tibialis posterior Fibula

Tendon of Fibularis
plantaris Flexor digitorum longus
longus
Flexor hallucis
Fibularis longus longus
Tendon of
gastrocnemius
Tendon of tibialis Fibularis brevis
Fibularis brevis posterior
Calcaneal Medial malleolus
tendon Tendon of tibialis Calcaneal tendon
Medial posterior (cut)
Lateral
malleolus
malleolus (c) Calcaneus

(a) Calcaneus (b)

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.27a, b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.27c

Intrinsic Muscles of the Foot Surface Anatomy

• Toe movement and foot support • Palpation—feeling internal structures

• Help to flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the through the skin
toes • “Living anatomy”—provides information about
• Support the arches of the foot • Palpation of arterial pulses
• Single muscle on dorsal aspect of the foot • Skeleton, muscles, and blood vessels
• Many muscles on the plantar aspect • Sounds of the heart and lungs
• Where to give injections

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 The Shoulder Lower Limb and Gluteal Region
Posterior superior
iliac spine
Iliac crest
• Acromion—lateral
end of the spine of
Deltoid Safe area in
the scapula muscle gluteus medius:
• Acromioclavicular ventral gluteal site
Gluteus maximus
joint
• Deltoid muscle
• Covers the greater Sciatic
tubercle of the Humerus
nerve
humerus

(a) Ventral gluteal site

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.38a

Thigh

Inguinal
ligament

Adductor The femoral

longus triangle
(within dashed
Sartorius outline)
Vastus
lateralis

(b) Lateral thigh site

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.38b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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 Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships Lever Systems
Effort x length of effort arm = load x length of load arm
(force x distance) = (resistance x distance)
• Movement of skeletal muscles involves
leverage Effort
• Lever—a rigid bar that moves 10 Effort
kg
• Fulcrum—a fixed point 0.25 cm

• Effort—applied force 25 cm
• Load—resistance Fulcrum
Load

10 x 25 = 1000 x 0.25 1000 kg

250 = 250
Load Fulcrum

(a) Mechanical advantage with a power lever

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2a

Lever Systems Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships

• Bones—act as levers
Effort
• Joints—act as fulcrums
100 kg
Effort • Muscle contraction—provides effort
Load
25 cm • Applies force where muscle attaches to bone

Fulcrum
50 cm
• Load—bone, overlying tissue, and anything
Fulcrum lifted
50 kg
100 x 25 = 50 x 50
2500 = 2500 Load

(b) Mechanical disadvantage with a speed lever

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2b Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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