Article 4 Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck-Girder Superstructure in IRC

Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck-Girder Superstructure
In IRC 112 and IRC 6 Standards
4 Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck -

Girder Superstructure in IRC112 and IRC 6
Sandipan Goswami, B.Sc, BE, M.Tech, FIE, C.Eng, PE (M)
Abstract: By using IRC Standard the design of deck slab is done by Transverse Analysis by
Live Load Calculations with Effective width method. Design is checked for Ultimate Limit
State (ULS) and Service Limit State (SLS) conditions. The Design of PSC I-Girders is done
for Bending moments and Shear forces by Dead Load, Super Imposed Dead Load (SIDL)
and Live Loads (LL). The Shrinkage strain, Creep Strain and effect of Temperature rise and
fall are also determined. The design is complete for Pre-stressing cables, End anchorages,
un-tensioned reinforcements, End cross girder, Shear connectors.
4.0 General
Pre-stressed concrete is not a material rather it is a reinforced concrete structural member in

which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude and distribution are introduced so that the
stresses resulting from external loads are resisted to desired degree. In reinforced concrete
members, the pre-stress is commonly introduced by tensioning the steel reinforcement.
The development of early cracks in reinforced concrete was due to incompatibility in the
strains of steel and concrete. This was perhaps the starting point in the development of the
“Pre-stressed concrete”. The application of permanent compressive stress to a material like
concrete, which is strong in compression but weak in tension, increases the apparent tensile
strength of that material, with an intension that the subsequent application of tensile stress
must first nullify the compressive pre-stress.
By using high strength concrete and steel in ‘pre-stressed’ members results lighter and
slender members than that by ordinary reinforced concrete members. In fully pre-stressed
members, the member is free from tensile stresses under working loads, by making the
whole of the section effective and dead loads may be counter-balanced by eccentric pre-
stressing.
There are certain disadvantages in implementing pre-stressed concrete, which include: the
less availability of experienced builders, high initial equipment cost, less availability of
experienced engineers, pre-stressed sections are commonly brittle and pre-stressed concrete
sections are weak in fire resistance because of tendon cables.
(Note: The values in ‘Red Color’ are Design Input Data by the User)
1
Aim and Objective
1. Analysis of loads and computing stresses acting on Pre-stressed I-Girder in accordance

with IRC 6:2014.
2. Design of the Pre-stressed I-Girder as per IRC 112:2011.
3. Determination of Losses as per IRC 1343:2000.
4. To prepare a Grillage Model of Deck-Girder superstructure and analyze it in software
The analysis of the super structure is done for the 2 lane loading with footpath & 3 lane
loading without footpath loading, and the critical force values (worst stresses) are
considered.
(i) Dead Load (DL):
Unit weight for Dead loads calculation is considered as per IRC: 6-2014
(ii) Carriageway & Footpath Live Load (LL):
1 Lane of Class 70R / 2 lane of Class A
3 Lanes of Class A / 1 lane of 70R in combination with 1 lane of class A on third lane
Conforming to IRC 6-2014 shall be considered in analysis and whichever producing severe
effect shall be considered in design. Reduction in longitudinal effect for three lane loading
shall be considered as per clause 208 of IRC: 6. Pedestrian live load in conformity with
clause 209.4 shall be considered over the footpath
(iii) Pre-stressing Effects
• It is proposed to use 19T15 cables conforming to Class 2 of IS : 14268 (Low relaxation

strands) with Uncoated galvanized Sheathing for pre-stressing.
• Values of friction and wobble coefficient (µ and k) for pre-stressing strands shall be
considered as µ = 0.2 and k = 0.0030. ( Ref Table 7.1 of IRC 112:2011)
• Relaxation losses shall be computed considering relaxation loss of 2.5% at 0.75 UTS. (Ref
Table 6.2 ; IRC:112-2011)
• Ultimate resistance of the T-Girder in flexure shall be checked against yielding of steel and
against crushing of concrete as of IRC: 112- 2011.
• Maximum jack pressure shall be considered as 75% of ultimate force.
• Duct diameter (Internal) is considered as 100mm. Clear cover protecting cable from the
nearest concrete surface is kept as 75mm as per IRC: 112-2011.
2
Figure 4.1 (A) Grillage Model of Deck-Girder Superstructure resting on Supports in

Skew
Figure 4.1 (B) Figure 4.1 (C)

Outer and Inner girder Outer and Inner girder
Sections at the Mid-Span Sections at the Supports
The ‘Grillage Model’ is a lumped mass model of the ‘Deck-Girder’ superstructure. It is a frame in
the horizontal plane with network of beam elements defined at the positions of long and cross
girders including edges of the deck. Virtual cross members are also defined at desired additional
locations to obtain forces at Supports, at distances equal to effective depth, L/8, L/4, 3L/8 and L/2.
3
4.1 RCC Deck Slab

4.1.1 User's General Design Data
(Note: Values in ‘Red Color’ are Data by the User)
1 Distance between C/C Exp. Joint 26.52 m

2 Effective span Leff 23.32 m
3 Overhang of girder off the bearing 1.050 m
4 Overhang of slab off the bearing 1.600 m
5 Expansion Joint 40.0 mm
6 Deck Width 12.0 m
7 Angle of skew Ang 45.00 deg.
8 Clear carriage way Bcw 11.50 m
9 Width of outer railing 0.30 m
10 Width of Footpath 0.00 m
11 Width of Crash Barrier Wkerb 0.50 m
12 Spacing of main girder c/c S pmg 3.00 m
13 Spacing of cross girder c/c Spcg 11.66 m
14 Thk of deck slab Df 0.20 m
15 Thk of deck slab at overhang 0.40 m
16 Length of cantilever Lcan 1.50
17 Cantilever slab thk at fixed end Dcan1 0.21 m
18 Cantilever slab thk at free end Dcan2 0.21 m
19 Thk of wearing coat Wc 0.075 m
20 No of main girder Nomg 4 Nos
21 Width of footh path 0.00
And Width of raillings 0.00
22 Top Flange width of girder bf 1.000 m
23 No of Intermediate cross girder Nocg 1.00
24 Grade of concrete Cgrade M35 Mpa
25 Grade of reinforcement Sgrade Fe 500 Mpa
26 Shape Factor λ λ 0.80 IRC-112-Anexure A2- A2.9(2)
27 strength Factor η η 1.00 IRC-112-Anexure A2- A2.9(2)
28 Partial factor of safety (Basic and seismic) ɣc 1.50 RC-112-Cl 6.4.2.8
29 Partial factor of safety Accidental ɣc 1.20 IRC-112-Cl 6.4.2.8
30 Coefficient to consider the influence of the strength α 0.67
31 Design value of concrete comp strength for Basic and seismic fcd 40.00 Mpa
4
32 Design value of concrete comp strength for Accidental fcd 15.63 Mpa
33 Clear cover cov 40.0 mm

34 Unit weight of dry concrete wcon 2.40 t/m3
35 Unit weight of wet concrete 2.60 t/m3
36 Unit Weight of wearing course wwc 2.200 t/m^3
37 Weight of Crash Barrier wrail 1.00 t/m
38 Weight of Railing 0.30 t/m
39 Intensity of Load for shuttering 0.50 t/m2
40 Stress in concrete (compression) fck 35 Mpa
41 Stress in steel (tension) fyk 500 Mpa
42 Partial factor of safety for basic and seismic γs 1.15 IRC-112 Fig 6.3 (Note)
43 Partial factor of safety for Accidental γs 1 IRC-112 Fig 6.3 (Note)
44 Ecm 32000 Mpa
45 Es 200000.00 Mpa
46 Modular ratio m 6.250
4.1.2 Live Load calculations as per Effective Width Method
The live load intensity on deck slab is calculated based on effective width method
as given in Annexure-B.3 of IRC-112. The dispersion along span of deck slab is
ignored, this is a safer side assumption as concentrated load produce worst effect
than UDL.
C/C Spacing of Girder = 3.000 m

Total Width of Deck = 12.00 m
Cantilever length = 1.500 m
Number of support = 4.000 m
b/lo = 3.887
α (Constant) = 2.600 (Cont.)
Thickness of wearing coat = 75.00 mm
Thickness of deck slab = 200.00 mm
5
Figure 4.2 Bridge Deck Supported by Main Long Girders
4.1.2.1 Transverse Analysis (1) for 1-Lane Class – A Live Load,
Load on Wheel-1 = 57 kN
Contact width across span = 250 mm
Contact width along span = 500 mm
Distance between two vehicle c/c of wheels (Traffic Direction) = 1.200 m
Distance between two Wheels C/C (Transverse direction) = 1.800 m
Minimum edge distance upto c/l of wheel = 0.400 m
b1 = 0.400 m
initial position of first wheel = 0.900 m
Final position of first wheel = 9.300 m
Number of load generation = 58 Nos
Transverse increment of Wheels = 0.1448 m
Impact factor = 1.5
6
Table 4.1 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 1-Lane Class A Loads
7
4.1.2.2 Transverse Analysis (2) for 2-Lane Class – A Live Load,
Load on Wheel-1 = 57.000 kN

Distance Between Two vehicle C/C of wheel (Traffic direction) = 1.700 m
Distance between two Wheels C/C (Transverse direction) = 1.800 m
initial position of first wheel( Wheel 1) = 0.900 m
Final position of first wheel( Wheel 1) = 5.800 m
Number of load generation = 40 nos
Table 4.2 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 2-Lane Class A Loads
8
9
4.1.2.3 Transverse Analysis (3) for 1-Lane 40 Ton Boggie Live Load (L-Type)

Max. load on a wheel = 100 kN
Max. tyre pressure = 5.273 kg/cm2
Contact area = 1896.5 cm2
Contact width across span = 234.1 mm
Distance between two loads across span = 1.22 m (1.93) = 0.384 m
Distances between C/C of wheel Across the traffic 5.273 = 1.93 m
Impact factor = 1.25
Initial position of first wheel = 2.13 m
Final Position of first wheel = 7.940 m
Transverse increment = 0.1162 m
10
Table 4.3 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 1-Lane 40T L-Type Boggie Loads
11
4.1.2.4 Transverse Analysis (4) for 1-Lane 40 Ton Boggie Live Load (M-Type)
Max. load on a wheel = 50 kN

Contact area = 948.2 cm2
Distance between two loads across span = 0.79 m
b1 = 0.413 m
Initial Position of first wheel = 1.905 m
Final position of first wheel = 7.715 m
No of Load generation = 50
Transverse increment = 0.1162 m
12
Table 4.4 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 1-Lane 40T M-Type Boggie Loads
13
4.1.2.5 Transverse Analysis (5) for 1-lane 70R Track Live Load

b1 = 0.99 m
Initial Position of first wheel = 3.985
Final position of first wheel = 7.82
No of Load generation = 50
Transverse increment = 0.0767
14
Table 4.5 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 1-Lane 70R Track Loads
15
4.1.2.6 Transverse Analysis (6) for 70Rw+1-Lane Class A Live Load
70RW
Contact area for 70RW = 1612.0 cm2
Contact width across span = 199.0 mm
b1 = 0.349 m
1Lane Class - A
16

Minimum edge distance upto c/l of wheel = 0.400 m
b1 = 0.400 m
Impact factor = 1.5
Initial position of first wheel (70Rw) = 2.130 m

Initial position of 2nd wheel (1LCA) = 7.740
Final position of 2nd wheel of 1LCA = 11.100 m
Total movement of train = 3.360 m
Number of load generation = 20
17
Table 4.6 Effective Width on Bridge Deck for 1-Lane 70R Track Loads
18
4.1.3 Design Forces For Deck Slab
The RCC deck slab is analyzed as 2-Dimensional frame considering 1m width of

slab. The slab is supported over longitudinal girders. The concentrated live load for
1m width of deck slab is calculated as per effective width method given in
AnnexureB-3 of IRC-112. The analysis of deck slab is carried out for Transverse
Live Load.
Analysis Models
Figure 4.3 (A) Analysis Model with Member Numbering
19
Figure 4.3 (B) Analysis Model with Node Numbering
20
Figure 4.4 Summary of Un-factored Bending Moments
Table 4.7 Design Hogging and Sagging Moments for ULS and SLS
21
4.1.4 Design for ULS condition
Design Hogging Moment at Cantilever Face at node 2,16 (end of haunch)

= 60.9 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at Outer Support (Node 4, 14) = 44.3 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at Outer Support 6,12 = 14.3 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at intermediate support Node 8,10 = 11.7 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at Intermediate Span at mid node 9 = 45.2 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at outer span (at mid node 5,13) = 43.0
Design Sagging Moment at End Span (at node 5,13) = 0.0 KNm/m
Design Sagging Moment at mid of mid span( at node 9) = 0.0 KNm/m
4.1.4.1 Design of Deck Slab
fck = 35.0 Mpa

fav = 32.0 Mpa
fyk = 500 Mpa
fcd = 40.0 Mpa (IRC-112-6.4.2.8)
Es = 200 Gpa
Ec.eff = 32 Gpa
η = 1.000 (IRC-112 -A2.9)
λ = 0.800
β = 0.400
γs = 1.150 (IRC-112 -6.2.2)
Clear Cover = 40.0 mm
Bar dia. to be used = 16.0 mm
22
Table 4.8 Check for Steel Reinforcements at ULS
Min Ast Required min of ((0.26*fctm/fyk bt*d),(0.0013*bt*d))
Ast Required at top 1066.92 mm^2

Provide 16 dia @ 200 c/c + 10 dia @ 200 c/c at bottom.
Ast provided qat Top 1398.01 mm2/m ok
Ast required at bottom 188.5 mm^2

Provide 16 dia @ 200 c/c + 10 dia @ 200 c/c
Ast provided at top 1398.01 mm2/m ok
Calculation of` Longitudinal Reinforcement

23
Design BM for Longitudinal Reinforcement, BM are in KNm
Table 4.9 Requirements of` Longitudinal Reinforcement at ULS
N od e 2
N od e 4
N od e 5
N od e 6
N od e 8
N od e 9
N od e
N od e
N od e
N od e
N od e
10
12
13
14
16
SECTION
0.2*(DL + SIDL) 5.7 4.1 5.6 1.9 1.0 8.3 1.6 1.2 3.8 8.6 9.3
0.2*(LL+ FPLL (Max. Hog)) 4.4 3.2 2.0 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.2*(LL+ FPLL (Max. Sag)) -4.4 -3.2 -2.0 -0.6 -0.9 -0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0.0
Design Hogging BM 10.0 7.3 7.6 2.5 1.8 8.8 2.1 1.5 3.9 8.7 9.3
Design Sagging BM 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Provided Depth (mm) 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210 210
2
Reqd Ast (cm /m) (Top) 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.4 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.2 1.3
Reqd Ast (cm2/m) (Bottom) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Required longitudinal top reinforcement at cantilever support = 1.394 cm2/m

Provide 10 dia @ 200 c/c at top for cantilever support
Ast provided = 3.9 cm2/m > 1.4 cm2/m OK
Required longitudinal bottom reinforcement = 0.0 cm2/m

Provide 10 dia @ 200 c/c at bottom except cantilever
Ast provided = 3.9 cm2/m > 0.0 cm2/m OK
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Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck-Girder
Girder Superstructure
4.1.5 Design for SLS condition
Design Hogging Moment at cantilever Face at node 2,16 = 41.2 KNm/m

Design Hogging Moment at outer Support Node 4, 14 = 29.9 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at outer Support 6,12 = 9.7 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at intermediate support Node 8,10 = 8.0 KNm/m
Design Hogging Moment at IIntermediate Span at mid node 9 = 30.9 KNm/m
Design Hogging Momen
Moment at outer span at mid node 5,13 = 29.2 KNm/m
Design Sagging Moment at End Span node 5, 13 = 0.0 KNm/m
Design Sagging Moment at Intermediate Span node no9 = 0.0 KNm/m
Table 4.10
.10 Check for Stress in Concrete and Steel for
Design Hogging and Sagging Moments
25
Check for crack width for maximum moments at node no 3
26
4.1.6 Design of Transverse Cantilever of Slab
A) Loads & Moments at Crash Barrier Side:
Figure 4.5 Transverse Cantilever of Slab
Load due to self-weight of slab = 0.500 t

Cg of self-weight of slab = 0.500 m
Load due to RCC Railing = 0.000 t
Cg of RCC railing from edge of cantilever = 775 mm
Cg from cantilever face = 0.775 m
Load due to wearing coat = 0.110 t
Cg from cantilever face = 0.275 m
Load due to Crash barrier = 1.000 t
Cg of crash barrier from edge of cantilever = 0.775 mm
Intensity of FPLL = 0.000 t/m
CG of FPLL = 0.275 m
Intensity of Water Pipe = 0.000 t/m
C.G of Pipe = 0.600 t/m
Moment due to rcc railing = 0.000 t-m
Moment due to wearing coat = 0.030 t-m
Moment due to crash barrier = 0.775 t-m
Moment due to FPLL = 0.000 t-m
Moment due to selfwt of slab = 0.250 t-m
Moment due to pipe = 0.000 t-m
27
Load due to Class A wheel
Wheel Contact Width = 500 mm

Wheel Contact Length = 250 mm
Clear distance from kerb face = 150 mm
Effective width, beff 1.2 a + b1
1st Wheel
a = 0.15 m
b1 = 0.38 m
beff = 1.00 m
Concentrated maximum wheel load = 5.70 t
Spacing between consecutive , nearest axle = 1.20 m
Net beff = 1.00 m
Hence Load acting on the 1m width slab = 5.70 t
LL with Impact IF= 1.5 = 8.55 t
Moment at the cantilever face due to LL = 1.28 tm
2nd Wheel(it will not lie on the cantilever part)

a = 0.15 m
b1 = 0.38 m
beff = 1.00 m
Concentrated maximum wheel load = 5.70 t
Spacing between consecutive , nearest axle = 1.20 m
Net beff = 1.00 m
Hence Load acting on the 1m width slab = 5.70 t
LL with Impact IF= 1.5 = 8.55 t
Moment at the cantilever face due to LL = 1.28 tm
Total design moment as ULS = 1.35*(DL+SIDL1)+1.75*SIDL+1.5*LL

Total design moment at cantilever face = 3.36 tm
Total design moment as SLS = 1*(DL+SIDL1)+1*SIDL+1*LL

Total design moment at cantilever face = 3.62 tm
Total Design Moment due to DL+SIDL+LL = 3.62 tm
28
Design Check
Concrete Grade M40

Reinforcement Grade Fe500
sc = 13.33 Mpa
sst = 240.00 Mpa
k = 0.357
j = 0.881
Q = 2.0975
Moment per metre = 3.62 tm
deff required = 131 mm

Provided deff = 150 mm OK
Ast required = 11.4 cm2

Provide 16 dia @ 200 mm c/c
12 dia @ 200 mm c/c, at top
Ast provided = 15.7 cm2 OK
Distribution Steel along Longitudinal Direction
Design Bending Moment =0.3*LL+0.2*(DL+SIDL)

= 0.44 tm
j = 0.881
Q = 2.098
Moment per metre = 0.44 tm
Ast required = 1.39 cm2

Provide 12 dia @ 200 mm c/c, at top
Ast provided = 5.65 cm2
29
4.2 Design of PSC I-Girders
This design note pertains to design of Precast PSC beam and cast-in-situ RCC slab
superstructure of 37.5m span C/C expansion Joint.
The superstructure consists of four numbers of PSC I girders spaced at 3.0m c/c over which
200mm thick deck slab is casted. The deck width of superstructure is kept 12.0m including
0.5m of crash barrier on both sides.
This design note pertains to design of Precast PSC beam and cast-in -situ RCC slab
superstructure of 37.5m span C/C expansion Joint.
The superstructure consists of four numbers of PSC I girders spaced at 3.0m c/c over which
200 mm thick deck slab is casted. The deck width of superstructure is kept 12.0m including
0.5m of crash barrier on both sides.
The construction sequence proposed for the approach span superstructure is as follows
1 Casting of PSC beam on casting bed.

2 Stressing of stage I cables after 21 days of casting or when the concrete attains the
strength of 45Mpa, whichever is later.
3 Launching and placing the pre-stressed beams upon Permanent bearings (Pot cum PTFE)
4 Staging & shuttering for deck slab and end cross diaphragm to be erected.
5 Deck slab casting along with End diaphragm after 28days of casting of Girder
6 Casting of crash barrier & laying of wearing coat at 56 days after casting of girder.
The analysis of superstructure has been carried out by grillage analogy using ASTRA
software. The four span superstructure has been idealized as a mesh of longitudinal and
transverse members and the loading has been applied as per the construction sequence.
The analysis and design of beams has been carried out for the outer beam
30
Transverse analysis of deck has been done using ASTRA software and excel For dispersion,
65mm thick wearing coat has been assumed but lode due to wearing coat has been
assumed as 0.2 t/m2 assuming future overlay.
31
Loading
Density of Concrete (RCC) = 2.5 t/m3

Density of Concrete (PSC) = 2.5 t/m3
Live Load = 2Lane/3Lane loading
Material
Concrete Grade for Deck Slab/End Diaphragm = M-40

PSC Girder = M-45
Reinforcement Bars = HYSD Fe-500
Clear cover = 40mm
Reference Codes List
IRC:6 2010 Loads & Stresses

IRC:112 2011 Design Criteria for PSC Road Bridges
IRC:22 2000 Cement Concrete(Plain & Reinforced)
4.2.1 User's General Design Data
1 Distance between C/C Exp. Joint = 37.50 m (Skew)

2 Distance between C/C Exp. Joint = 26.52 m (Square)
3 Effective span C/C bearing Leff = 34.30 m (Skew)
4 Effective span c/C bearing Leff = 24.25 m (Square)
5 Overhang of girder off the bearing = 1 m
6 Overhang of slab off the bearing = 1.600 m
7 Expansion Joint = 40 mm
8 Deck Width = 12.0 m
9 Deck Width (Skew) = 16.97 m
10 Angle of skew Ang = 45.00 deg.
11 Clear carriage way Bcw = 11.10 m
12 Width of outer railing = 0.000 m
13 Width of Footpath = 0.000 m
14 Width of Crash Barrier Wkerb = 500 mm
15 Spacing of main girder c/c Spmg = 3.000 m (Square)
16 Spacing of main girder c/c Spmg = 4.243 m (Skew)
17 Thk of deck slab Df = 200 mm
32
18 Thk of deck slab at overhang = 400 mm

19 Thk of wearing coat Wc = 65 mm
20 Length of cantilever Lcan = 1.50 m
21 Cantilever slab thk at fixed end Dcan1 = 200 mm
22 Cantilever slab thk at free end Dcan2 = 200 mm
23 No of main girder Nomg = 4 nos
24 Depth of main girder Dmg = 2400 mm
25 Flange width of girder bf = 1000 mm
26 Web thk of girder at mid span = 0.30 m
27 Web thk of girder at Support = 0.65 m
28 Thickness of top flange = 150 mm
29 Thickness of top haunch = 75 mm
30 Bottom width of flange = 650 mm
31 Thickness of bottom flange = 250 mm
32 Thickness of bottom haunch Bbw = 200 mm
33 Length of varying portion Lwv = 2.50 m
34 Length of solid portion Lwu = 2.50 m
35 No of Intermediate cross girder Nocg = 1.00
36 Depth of Int. cross girder = 2350 mm
37 Depth of End. cross girder = 2350 mm
38 Web thk of Intermediate cross girder bwcg = 300 mm
39 Web thk of end cross girder = 600 mm
40 Grade of concrete for precast Girder M 45 = 45 Mpa
41 Grade of concrete of other component Cgrade M 40 = 40 Mpa
42 Grade of reinforcement Sgrade Fe 500 = 500 Mpa
43 Shape Factor λ = 0.80 Section 3.1.7, Eq. 3.19, BS Eurocode2
44 strength Factor η = 1.00 Section 3.1.7, Eq. 3.21, BS Eurocode2
45 Partial factor of safety (Basic and seismic) ɣc = 1.50 Section 2.4.2.4,
Table 2.1N, BS Eurocode2
46 Partial factor of safety Accidental ɣc = 1.20 Section 2.4.2.
Table 2.1N, BS Eurocode2
47 Coefficient to consider the influence of the strength α = 0.67
48 Design value of concrete comp strength for Basic and seismic fcd= 17.87 Mpa
49 Design value of concrete comp strength for Accidental fcd= 17.87 Mpa
43 Clear cover cov = 40.0 mm
44 Unit weight of dry concrete wcon = 2.50 t/m3
45 Unit weight of wet concrete = 2.60 t/m3
46 Weight of wearing course wwc = 0.20 t/m2
47 Weight of Crash Barrier wrail = 1.00 t/m
33
48 Weight of Railing = 0.30 t/m

49 Intensity of Load for shuttering = 0.50 t/m
50 Stress in concrete (compression) fck = 40 Mpa
51 Stress in steel (tension) fyk = 500 Mpa
52 Partial factor of safety for basic and seismic ɣs = 1.15
Section 2.4.2.4, Table 2.1N, BS Eurocode2
53 Partial factor of safety for Accidental ɣs = 1.00
Section 2.4.2.4, Table 2.1N, BS Eurocode2
54 Ecm = 33000 Mpa
55 Es = 200000 Mpa
56 Modular ratio m = 6.061
57 Anchorage from c/L of bearing = 1.050 m (Min. 1/2 of end X-girder Thk.)
58 Length of Girder beyond c/L of Bearing = 0.900 m
59 Distance of Jack from c/L of Bearing = 0.900 m
4.2.2 Stressing and Casting Sequence
1st stage pre-stressing 21 day

Casting of Deck Slab 28 day
Shift of Bearing 56 day
SIDL(Wearing Coat & Crash Barrier) 56 day
Age of deck slab at time of SIDL 28 day
Fck at 1st stage of pre-stressing 45.0 Mpa

Fck at service 45.0 Mpa
Modulus of Elasticity (Conc) 21th Day 3.24E+06 t/m2
Modulus of Elasticity (Strands) 1.95E+07 t/m2
Type of cables 19 T13

Breaking Load 183.7 KN
Area of 1 strand = 98.7/1000000 = 9.870E-05 m2
Area of one cable = 9.870E-05*19 = 1.875E-03 m2
No of Cables stressed in 1st stage 3.737
Jacking Force 0.765 *UTS
No of Sections to be checked 5
34
Pre-stressing force per cable (UTS) 349.5 t

Factors with 20% for loss calculation
Elastic Shortening loss 1.0

Relaxation loss 1.2
Shrinkage loss 1.2
Creep loss 1.2
Factors without 20% for loss calculation
Elastic Shortening loss 1.0

Relaxation loss 1.0
Shrinkage loss 1.0
Creep loss 1.0
Factor for Relaxation Loss
1000hr relaxation (for low relaxation steel) 2.50%

1000hr relaxation (for normal relaxation steel) 5.00%
Strain due to differential shrinkage and creep 1.00E-04

Reduction factor due to differential creep 0.43 (As per BS:5400)
4.2.3 Section Properties

OUTER GIRDER AT MIDSPAN
35
Figure 4.6 Section Properties – Outer Girder at Mid-span
INNER GIRDER AT MIDSPAN
Figure 4.7 Section Properties – Inner Girder at Mid-span
OUTER GIRDER AT SUPPORT
Figure 4.8 Section Properties – Outer Girder at Support
36
INNER GIRDER AT SUPPORT
Figure 4.9 Section Properties – Inner Girder at Support
END CROSS GIRDER
Figure 4.10 Section Properties – End Cross Girder
Properties of Members 820 to 844
Length of slab = 3.34*32500/33500= 3.240 m Area, Ax = 0.6481 m2

Thickness of slab = 0.200 m Iz = 0.0022 m4
Properties of Members 815 to 819 849 to 859

37
Length of slab =(3.717+1.8)/2*32500/33500=2.676 m Area, Ax = 0.5352 m2

Thickness of slab =0.200 m Iz = 0.0018 m4
Length of slab =(2.8+1.8)/2*32500/33500=2.231 m Area, Ax = 0.4463 m2

Length of slab =(2.8)/2*32500/33500=1.358 m Area, Ax = 0.2635 m2

4.2.4 Sections Considered In Design
Figure 4.11 Section Considered in Design
Simply Supported Span

Sec 1-1 Support = 0.000 m
Sec 2-2 At end varying = 5.000 m
Sec 3-3 L/4 = 34.3*0.25 = 8.575 m
Sec 4-4 3L/8 = 34.3*0.375 = 12.863 m
Sec 5-5 L/2 = 34.3*0.5 = 17.150 m
38
39
4.2.5 Calculation of Moments and Shears for Outer Girder

Analysis for dead load is done manually while analyses for SIDL and LL are done by
GRILLAGE analysis using ASTRA-PRO. Only the c/c of bearing has been considered in
analysis.
DEAD LOAD
1. Under self weight of the precast Girder
Effective Span of the girder = 34.3021 m
Figure 4.12 Self Weight of Precast Girder
Support Reaction = 47.80 t

Section 1-1
Support X = 0.000 m
BM = -0.05 t-m
SF = 47.80 t
Section 2-2
At End varying X = 5.000 m
BM = 190.89 t-m
SF = 29.58 =+45.89-(3.89*(2.5-0.001))-3.11*(5-(2.50.001))
Section 3-3
At L/4 X = 8.575 m
BM = 281.09 t-m
SF = 20.88 t
Section 4-4
At 3L/8 X = 12.863 m
BM = 348.23 t-m
SF = 10.44 t
Section 5-5
At L/2 X = 17.150 m
BM = 370.62 t-m
40
SF = 0.00 t
2. Under Deck Slab Load
Figure 4.13 Girder Under Deck Slab Load
With Wet density With Dry density

(2.6 t/m3) (2.5 t/m3)
Section 1-1
Support X = 0.000 m
BM = 0.00 t-m 0 t-m
SF = 28.01 t 26.93 t
Section 2-2
BM = 120.56 t-m 115.92 t-m
SF = 20.21 t 19.43 t
Section 3-3
L/4 X = 8.575 m
BM = 182.85 t-m 175.81 t-m
SF = 14.63 t 14.07 t
Section 4-4
3L/8 X = 12.863 m
BM = 231.25 t-m 222.36 t-m
SF = 7.95 t 7.64 t
Section 5-5
L/2 X = 17.150 m
BM = 250.99 t-m 241.33 t-m
SF = 1.26 t 1.21 t
41
3. Shuttering Load
Figure 4.14 Girder Under Shuttering Load
Section 1-1
Support X = 0.000 m
BM = 0.00 t-m
SF = 8.58 t
Section 2-2
BM = 36.63 t-m
SF = 6.08 t
Section 3-3
L/4 X = 8.575 m
BM = 55.15 t-m
SF = 4.29 t
Section 4-4
3L/8 X = 12.863 m
BM = 68.93 t-m
SF = 2.14 t
Section 5-5
L/2 X = 17.150 m
BM = 73.53 t-m
SF = 0.00 t
42
43
4.2.6 Live Load Bending Moment (BM) Summary
FOR OUTER GIRDER OG1 AND OG2
70R WHEEL ONLY
1 LANE IRC70R WHEEL MOST ECCENTRIC
Maximum BM and corresponding SF
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 5.84 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.00 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.32 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.49 t
Maximum SF and corresponding BM
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.59 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.41 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 8.10 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.40 t
1 LANE IRC70RWHEEL ON MEMBER
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 5.84 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.00 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.32 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.49 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.59 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.41 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 8.10 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.40 t
44
45
1 LANE IRC70RWHEEL PLACED CONCENTRICALLY
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 5.84 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.00 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.32 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.49 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.59 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 2.65 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 2.65 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.72 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.41 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.25 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.40 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 8.10 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.40 t
1 LANE IRCCLASSA PLACED MOST ECCENTRICALLY
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.39 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 0.69 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.39 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 0.69 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 2.19 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.22 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.23 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.13 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 2.38 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.08 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.39 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 0.69 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.39 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 0.69 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.47 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.37 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.18 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.22 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 2.19 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.22 t
46
2 LANE IRCCLASSA PLACED MOST ECCENTRICALLY
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 1.04 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 1.04 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 2.87 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.43 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.91 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.24 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 3.60 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.20 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 1.04 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 1.04 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.49 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.55 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.91 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.43 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 3.22 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.43 t
3 LANE IRCCLASSA PLACED MOST CONCENTRICALLY
Maximum BM & corrs. SF
BM SEC. (1-1) 3.40 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 8.57 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 3.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 8.57 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 3.65 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.40 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 3.69 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.17 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 4.83 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.08 t
Maximum SF & corrs. BM
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.52 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 8.57 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 3.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 8.57 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 3.40 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.74 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 3.62 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.64 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 4.27 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.64 t
47
1 LANE IRCCLASSA + 1 LANE IRC70RWHEEL
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 3.00 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 3.00 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 6.48 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.96 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.17 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 10.55 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.56 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 3.00 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 3.00 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.96 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.14 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.59 t
1 LANE IRC70RWHEEL + 1 LANE IRCCLASSA
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 3.00 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 3.00 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 6.48 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.96 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.17 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 10.55 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.56 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 3.00 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 3.00 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.95 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.96 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.14 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.59 t
48
2 LANE IRCCLASSA PLACED AFTER IRC70RTRACK
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 1.04 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 1.04 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 2.87 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.43 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.91 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.24 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 3.60 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.20 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 1.04 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 0.62 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 1.04 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 1.49 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 0.55 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 2.91 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.43 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 3.22 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.43 t
2 LANE IRC70RTRACK PLACED MOST ECCENTRICALLY
BM SEC. (1-1) 5.09 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 16.20 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 5.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 16.20 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 7.88 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.16 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.81 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.42 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.57 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 16.20 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 2.64 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 16.20 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 6.60 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.25 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.17 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.16 t
49
2 LANE IRC70RTRACK PLACED AT CENTER OF THE EACH LANE
BM SEC. (1-1) 5.09 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 14.98 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 5.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 14.98 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 7.88 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.16 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 15.95 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.81 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 15.95 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.42 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.57 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 14.98 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 5.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 14.98 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 6.87 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.19 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 15.95 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.16 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 15.95 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.16 t
IRC70RTRACK PLACED AT THE CENTER OF INNER GIRDER
BM SEC. (1-1) 3.34 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 14.99 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 3.44 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 14.99 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 4.94 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.10 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 15.53 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.58 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 15.53 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.25 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 1.31 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 14.99 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 1.65 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 14.99 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 4.90 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.18 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 15.53 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.10 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 15.53 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.01 t
50
Maximum Bending Moment due to Live load
BM SEC. (1-1) 5.09 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 16.20 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 5.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 16.20 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 7.88 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.16 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 0.81 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 17.44 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 0.42 t
BM SEC. (1-1) 5.09 tm SF(SEC. 1-1) 16.20 t

BM SEC. (2-2) 5.40 tm SF(SEC. 2-2) 16.20 t
BM SEC. (3-3) 6.48 tm SF(SEC. 3-3) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (4-4) 6.96 tm SF(SEC. 4-4) 1.61 t
BM SEC. (5-5) 9.14 tm SF(SEC. 5-5) 1.59 t
51
4.2.7 Summary for Dead Load, SIDL & Live Load Bending Moment
Outer Girder
BM & SF DUE TO GIRDER LOAD ONLY
BM & SF DUE TO DECK LOAD ONLY
BM & SF DUE TO SHUTTERING LOAD
BM & SF DUE TO SIDL (WEARING COAT)
BM & SF DUE TO SIDL (CRASH BARRIER)
52
BM & SF DUE TO LIVE LOAD

Maximum BM and Corresponding Shear force
Maximum Shear force and Corresponding BM
Comparison between Total BM and SF of Inner and Outer Girder
53
54
4.2.8 Design of Pre-stressing Cable Tendons
Figure 4.15 Pre-stressing Cable Tendons
LEGEND:
a (mm) St. length of cable at left end in elevation

b (mm) Length of curved profile in elevation
c (mm) St. length of cable at mid in elevation
d (mm) Length of curved profile in elevation
e (mm) St. length of cable at left end in elevation
Y1 (mm) Coordinate of cable at jacking end
Y6 (mm) Coordinate of cable at jacking end
Y3 (mm) Coordinate of cable at mid span
p (mm) St. length of cable at left end in plan
q (mm) Length of curved profile in plan
r (mm) Length of reverse curve in plan
s (mm) St. Length of cable at mid in plan
t (mm) Length of curved profile in plan
u (mm) Length of reverse curve in plan
v (mm) St. length of cable at left end in plan
Z1 (mm) Coordinate of cable at jacking end in plan
Z4 (mm) Coordinate of cable at mid span in plan
55
CABLE 1
Cable Design Data
Length of Cable1 = 30791 mm (Between Anchorages)

Projected Length = 30700 mm
Cable Type = 17K 13
Type of Duct = HDPE
Coeff. of Friction, µ = 0.170
Wobble coeff., k = 0.002 per m
Mod. of Elasticity Es = 1.95E+07 t/m2
Ratio of Jacking force to UTS = 0.85*0.9/1.05 = 0.729
Slip at Live Anchorage s = 6.000 mm
Area of one Strand = 98.7 mm^2
UTS of one Strand = 18.737 t
Area of Cable A = 1677.9 mm^2
UTS of Cable Pu = 319 t
Length of Cable L = 30.700m
Jacking force Po = 232 t
Table 4.11 Cable Design Data for Profile at Elevation and Plan
56
Table 44.12 Cable1-Estimation

Estimation of Friction Losses
57
Table 4.13 Cable1-Estimation of Slip Losses
Assuming slip travels up to 15.350 m from Anchorage

Force at Null point = 220.22 t (After Friction Loss by Linear Interpolation)
s x Es x (A/2) = 98.2 tm (at 8.444)
58
Cable1 Drawing Data
Type = 17K 13
Jacking Force = 232 tons
Duct = HDPE
UTS of Cable = 319 tons
Mod. of Elasticity, Es = 1.95E+07 t/m2
Elongation = 118 mm
Exit Angle = 7.444 Degree
Length = 30791 mm
Wobble coeff. k = 0.0020 per m
Area of Cable = 1677.9 mm^2
UTS of One Strand = 18.737 t
Table 4.14 Cable1-Drawing Data
Table 4.15 Cable1-Distances (X) and Ordinates (Y & Z)
59
CABLE 2
Cable Design Data

Length of Cable2 = 30771 mm (between Anchorages)
Cable Type = 18K 13
Type of Duct = HDPE
Coeff. of Friction µ = 0.170
Ratio of Jacking force to UTS = 0.729
Slip at Live Anchorage s = 6.000 mm
60
Table 4.17 Cable2-Estimation of Friction Losses

S x Es x (A/2) = 103.9 tm 17.150
61
Cable2 Drawing Data
Type = 18K 13
Jacking Force = 246 t
Duct = HDPE
UTS of Cable = 337 t
Elongation = 117 mm
Length = 30771mm
62
CABLE 3
Cable Design Data
Length of Cable3 30742mm (between Anchorages)

Projected Length = 30700 mm
Cable Type = 18K 13
Type of Duct = HDPE
Mod. of Elasticity Es = 1.950E+07 t/m^2
Slip at Live Anchorage s = 6 mm
63
64

S x Es x A/2 = 103.9tm 19.894
65
Cable3 Drawing Data

Type = 18K 13
Duct = HDPE
Elongation = 115 mm
Length = 30742mm
66
CABLE 4
Cable Design Data
Length of Cable4 = 30785 mm (between Anchorages)

Projected Length L = 30700 mm
Cable Type = 17K 13
Type of Duct = HDPE
Mod. of Elasticity Es = 1.950E+07 t/m^2
Slip at Live Anchorage s = 6 mm
67
68

s x Es x A/2 = 98.2tm 0.002
69
Cable4 Drawing Data
Type = 17K 13
Duct = HDPE
Elongation = 118 mm
Length = 30785mm
70
4.2.9 Summary of Total Pre-stress Force at Various Sections
Table 3.31 Total Pre-stress Force at Various Sections
71
Detail Design of PSC I-Girder
Girder Bridge Deck
Deck-Girder Superstructure
PRESTRESS SUMMARY
Table 4.32 Pre-stress Forces at Various Sections at STAGE – I
72
73
PRESTRESS SUMMARY
STRESS CHECK WITH 20% LOSS
Item Unit 1 2 3 4 5
Support End Varying L/4 3L/8 L/2
Chainage of Section from left support m 1.050 5.000 8.575 13.913 18.200
Section Property (Beam Only)
Area of beam m2 1.619 0.974 0.974 0.974 0.974

Depth of beam m 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400 2.400
CG from bottom m 1.241 1.221 1.221 1.221 1.221
Inertia of beam m4 0.820 0.635 0.635 0.635 0.635
Zt m3 0.707 0.538 0.538 0.538 0.538
Zb m4 0.661 0.520 0.520 0.520 0.520
Section Property (Composite)
Area of Composite section m2 2.201 1.556 1.556 1.556 1.556

Depth of Composite section m 2.600 2.600 2.600 2.600 2.600
CG from bottom m 1.574 1.699 1.699 1.699 1.699
Inertia of Composite section m4 1.501 1.233 1.233 1.233 1.233
Zt m3 1.462 1.369 1.369 1.369 1.369
Zb m4 0.954 0.726 0.726 0.726 0.726
Dead Load Moments 1st Stage t-m -0.05 190.89 281.09 348.23 370.62
Stress due to Dead Load
Top t/m2 -0.1 354.6 522.2 646.9 688.5

Bottom t/m2 0.1 -367.0 -540.4 -669.5 -712.6
Stress after E-loss
Top t/m2 -0.1 354.6 522.2 646.9 688.5

Bottom t/m2 0.1 -367.0 -540.4 -669.5 -712.5
Stress at CG of Cable GR1 t/m2 0.1 -367.0 -540.4 -669.5 -712.5
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575 5.338 4.288 0.000

Average Stress for Each Segment t/m2 -183.4 -453.7 -604.9 -691.0 0.0
Average Stress at CG of Cables t/m2 -497.8
74
Stress at 21 st day before 1st stage of stressing
Top t/m2 -0.1 354.6 522.2 646.9 688.5

Bottom t/m2 0.1 -367.0 -540.4 -669.5 -712.5
Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 0.000 -237.5 -415.0 -551.1 -587.8
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575 5.338 4.288 0.000

Average Stress for Each Segment t/m2 -118.8 -326.3 -483.1 -569.5 0.000
Average Stress at CG of Cables t/m2 -388.1
Detail of 1st StagePrestressing after 21 days
No. of Cables of 19 T 13 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.74 3.740

Prestressing Force (P2) t 834.3 867.0 881.0 892.6 895.3
CG of Cables from Bottom m 0.922 0.431 0.283 0.216 0.214
Eccentricity of Cables m 0.318 0.790 0.937 1.005 1.007
Prestressing Factor (Top) 0.168 -0.441 -0.715 -0.840 -0.844
Prestressing Factor (Bottom) 1.099 2.546 2.829 2.959 2.963
Elastic Shortening Loss (ELOSS)
Eloss of GR2 Cables t 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2

P2-Eloss t 811.1 843.8 857.7 869.4 872.1
Stress due to P2-Eloss (2)
Top t/m2 135.9 -371.9 -612.9 -730.0 -735.8

Bottom t/m2 891.6 2148.2 2426.8 2572.2 2584.0
Stress after Stressing Cables
Top t/m2 135.8 -17.3 -90.7 -83.1 -47.3

Bottom t/m2 891.7 1781.2 1886.4 1902.8 1871.4
Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 601.2 1458.6 1653.2 1724.2 1700.7
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575 5.338 4.288 0.000
Average Stress for Each Segment t/m2 1029.9 1555.9 1688.7 1712.4 0.000
Increase in Avg. Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 1515.2
Check for E-loss for cable t 23.4
Shuttering Load Moments t-m 0.00 36.63 55.15 68.93 73.53
Stress due to Shuttering (for deck slab casting)
Top t/m2 0.0 68.0 102.4 128.1 136.6

Bottom t/m2 0.0 -70.4 -106.0 -132.5 -141.4
75
76
Losses From 21st day to 28th day
Creep loss of Cable (C) t 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0

Shrinkage loss of Cable (S) t 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
=(shr21-shr28)*nocable2*acable*ecable*ifshr)
Relaxation loss of Cable (R) t 11.2 13.5 14.5 15.3 15.5
Relaxation Factor 0.618
Total Loss (C+S+R) t 22.7 25.0 26.0 26.9 27.1
Stress due to (C+S+R)
Top t/m2 -3.8 11.0 18.6 22.6 22.8

Bottom t/m2 -25.0 -63.8 -73.7 -79.5 -80.2
Stress at 28th day before casting of deck slab
Top t/m2 132.0 61.7 30.3 67.5 112.1

Bottom t/m2 866.7 1647.1 1706.7 1690.7 1649.9
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575 5.338 4.288 0.000

Average Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 1381.0
Check for Creep loss of Cable t 11.1

(creep21-creep28)*ifcreep*nocable2*acable*C190*ecable/1000)
Dead Load Moments due to Deck Slab t-m 0.00 120.56 182.85 231.25 250.99
Stress due to Deck load moments
Top t/m2 0.0 224.0 339.7 429.6 466.3

Bottom t/m2 0.0 -231.8 -351.5 -444.6 -482.5
Stress after casting of deck slab
Top t/m2 132.0 285.7 370.0 497.1 578.4

Bottom t/m2 866.7 1415.3 1355.2 1246.1 1167.4
Stress due to release of Shuttering Load
Top of Deck t/m2 0.0 -26.8 -40.3 -50.4 -53.7

Top of Girder t/m2 0.0 -20.8 -31.3 -39.2 -41.8
Bottom of Girder t/m2 0.0 50.5 76.0 95.0 101.3
77
Stress release due to hardening of solid slab i.e density reduces from 2.6 to 2.5 t/m3
Top of Deck t/m2 0.0 -3.4 -5.1 -6.5 -7.1

Top of Girder t/m2 0.0 -2.6 -4.0 -5.1 -5.5
Stress after release of Shuttering Load & hardening of deck slab
Top of Deck t/m2 0.0 -30.1 -45.4 -56.8 -60.8

Top of Girder t/m2 132.0 262.3 334.7 452.9 531.1
Losses from 28 to 56 day

Relaxation Factor 0.33
Total Loss (C+S+R) t 17.2 18.5 19.0 19.5 19.6
Prestressing Factor (after Composite action)
Cable
Top 0.009 -0.284 -0.392 -0.441 -0.442
Bottom 1.137 2.391 2.594 2.687 2.690
Top of Deck t/m2 -0.2 5.3 7.5 8.6 8.7

Top of Girder t/m2 -1.6 1.4 3.1 3.9 3.9
Bottom of Girder t/m2 -19.6 -44.2 -49.4 -52.3 -52.7
Stress at 56th day before laying SIDL
Top of Deck t/m2 -0.2 -24.9 -38.0 -48.3 -52.1

Top of Girder t/m2 130.4 263.7 337.7 456.8 535.0
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575 5.338 4.288 0.000

78
79
Stress after Shift of bearings
Top of Deck t/m2 -0.2 -24.9 -38.0 -48.3 -52.1

Top of Girder t/m2 130.4 263.7 337.7 456.8 535.0
SIDL applied at 56th day
Moments due to SIDL t-m 34.00 89.00 164.80 205.30 219.00
Stress due to SIDL
Top of Deck t/m2 23.3 65.0 120.4 150.0 160.0

Top of Girder t/m2 18.7 50.6 93.6 116.7 124.4
Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 -13.01 -88.98 -186.10 -243.98 -260.69
Losses from 56th day to Infinity

=(shr56-shr_infinity)*nocable2*acable*ecable*ifshr
Relaxation Factor 2.048 (=2+1-0.334-0.62)
Total Loss (C+S+R) t 84.2 91.9 95.2 97.9 98.6
Top of Deck t/m2 -0.8 26.1

Top of Girder t/m2 -8.1 7.2
Bottom of Girder t/m2 -95.8 -219.8
Stress during Service at Infinity
Top of Deck t/m2 22.3 66.2

Top of Girder t/m2 141.0 321.5
Bottom of Girder t/m2 715.6 1085.5
Stress at CG of Cable t/m2 449.16 902.64
Segment Length m 3.950 3.575

Average Stress for Each Segment t/m2 675.9 863.0
Moment due to Live Load t-m 19.5 19.5 8.0 7.1 7.2
80
Stress Due to Live Load
Top of Deck t/m2 13.3 14.2 5.8 5.2 5.3

Top of Girder t/m2 10.7 11.1 4.5 4.0 4.1
Stress at Service with Live Load
Top of Deck t/m2 35.7 80.5 125.5 150.1 156.8

Top of Girder t/m2 151.8 332.6 451.3 597.1 683.4
Stress due to Differential Shrinkage & Creep
Force t 83.95 83.95 83.95 83.95 83.95

Eccentricity m 0.93 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Top of Deck Slab t/m2 -52.91 -41.16 -41.16 -41.16 -41.16
Top of Girder t/m2 80.95 92.16 92.16 92.16 92.16
Bottom t/m2 -43.41 -38.67 -38.67 -38.67 -38.67
Stress after Differential Shrinkage & Creep (at service condition with Live Load)
Top of Deck t/m2 -17.2 39.3 84.4 108.9 115.6

Top of Girder t/m2 232.7 424.7 543.5 689.3 775.6
81
SUMMARY OF SHORT-TERM LOSSES
1st Stage Pre-stressing
Loss due to Friction & Slip t 157.9 129.8 117.5 106.5 103.8
Loss due to Elastic shortening t 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2 23.2
% Loss due to Friction & Slip 15.8 13.0 11.8 10.7 10.4
Total Loss t 181.1 153.1 140.8 129.7 127.0
SUMMARY OF LONG-TERM LOSSES
1st Stage Pre-stressing
Loss due to Creep t (C) 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1 38.1

Loss due to Shrinkage (S) t 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7 31.7
Loss due to Relaxation of Steel (R) t 54.4 65.7 70.5 74.5 75.4
Total Loss (C+S+R) t 124.2 135.5 140.3 144.3 145.2
% Loss in terms of applied Force 14.8 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.2
(After Friction & Slip)
Total (C+S+R) t 124.2 135.5 140.3 144.3 145.2
% Loss in terms of applied Force 14.8 15.6 15.9 16.2 16.2

(After Friction & Slip)
SUMMARY OF LONG-TERM+SHORT TERM LOSSES
Total Loss in 1st Stage t 305.3 288.5 281.0 274.0 272.2

% Loss in terms of Jacking Force 30.6 28.9 28.1 27.4 27.2
Total Loss t 305.3 288.5 281.0 274.0 272.2

% Loss in terms of Jacking Force 30.6 28.9 28.1 27.4 27.2
82
4.2.10 Stress Summary

Item Unit 1 2 3 4 5 Permissible stress
Support End Varying L/4 3L/8 L/2
Section m 1.050 5.000 9.625 13.913 18.200 t/m2
Stress at 21 st day before 1st stage of stressing
Top t/m2 -0.1 354.6 522.2 646.9 688.5 > -229.4 OK

Bottom t/m2 0.1 -367.0 -540.4 -669.5 -712.5 < 2293.6 OK
Stress after Stressing GR1 Cables
Top t/m2 135.8 -17.3 -90.7 -83.1 -47.3 > -229.4 OK

Bottom t/m2 891.7 1781.2 1886.4 1902.8 1871.4 < 2293.6 OK
Stress at 28 th day before casting of deck slab
Top t/m2 132.0 61.7 30.3 67.5 112.1 > -229.4 OK

Bottom t/m2 866.7 1647.1 1706.7 1690.7 1649.9 < 2293.6 OK
Stress after casting of deck slab
Top t/m2 132.0 285.7 370.0 497.1 578.4 > -229.4 OK

Bottom t/m2 866.7 1415.3 1355.2 1246.1 1167.4 < 2293.6 OK
Stress at 56th day before laying SIDL
Top of Deck t/m2 -0.2 -24.9 -38.0 -48.3 -52.1 > -305.4 OK
Top of Girder t/m2 130.4 263.7 337.7 456.8 535.0 > -229.4 OK
Bottom of Girder t/m2 847.1 1427.9 1391.5 1301.1 1229.3 < 2293.6 OK
Stress during Service at Infinity
Top of Deck t/m2 22.3 66.2 119.7 144.9 151.5 > -305.4 OK
Top of Girder t/m2 141.0 321.5 446.8 593.1 679.3 > 0 OK
Stress at Service with Live Load
Top of Deck t/m2 35.7 80.5 125.5 150.1 156.8 > -305.4 OK
Stress after Differential Shrinkage & Creep (at service condition with Live Load)
Top of Deck t/m2 -17.2 39.3 84.4 108.9 115.6 > -305.4 OK
83
4.2.11 Shrinkage Strain

Shrinkage Model (Microstrain) (Refer Cl: 6.4.2.6 of IRC; 112-2011)
Total shrinkage strain εcs = εcd + εca

εcd = Drying Shrinkage Strain
εca = Autogenous Shrinkage strain
Basic Drying Shrinkage Strain (Refer Annexure A2.6 of IRC; 112-2011)
fcmo = is the mean compressive strength (Mpa) = 55

fcm = 12.5 Mpa
αds1 = is the co-efficient which depends on the type of cement
= 4 for Normal cement
αds2 = is the co-efficient which depends on the type of cement
= 0.12 for Normal cement
RH = is the ambient relative humidity (Percent) = 17

RH0 = 100 percent = 100
= 1.55*(1-17/100)^3 = 0.88627
84
1 2 3 4 5
Section Support End Varying L/4 3L/8 L/2
Distances m 1.050 5.000 9.625 13.913 18.200
Residual Shrinkage Strain 0.000206 0.000203 0.000203 0.000203 0.000203

(up to 7 days)

(up to 14 days)

(up to 21 days)

(up to 28 days)

(up to 42 days)

(up to 56 days)
Differential Shrinkage Strain0.000030 0.000033 0.000033 0.000033 0.000033

(up to 7 days)

(up to 14 days)

(up to 21 days)

(up to 28 days)

(up to 42 days)

(up to 56 days)

(up to Infinity days)
85
Table 4.33 (A) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 7-Days
Table 4.33 (B) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 14-Days
86
Table 4.33 (C) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 21-Days
Table 4.33 (D) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 28-Days
87
Table 4.33 (E) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 42-Days
Table 4.33 (F) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at 56-Days
88
Table 4.33 (G) Shrinkage Strain at different Sections at Infinite time
4.2.12 Creep Strain
Creep strain of concrete = φ x σc / Ec

where φ = creep coefficient (calculated as per IRC-112))
σc = constant Compressive stress applied to the concrete at time t
Ec = Modulus of Elasticity of concrete
Compressive stress at CG of the tendons at transfer stage = (1396.5+15.31)/2/100

= 6.981 N/mm2
Compressive stress at CG of the tendons after application of SIDL

= (1167.8+6.981)/2/100
= 5.796 N/mm2
Comp stress at CG of the tendons after application of LL (losses up to infinity)

= (754.9+5.874)/2/100
= 3.715 N/mm2
89
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete = 34000 N/mm2
90
Calculation of Creep Coefficient
The development of creep with time may be taken as
φ (t,to) = β (t,to) x φ (inf,to)
Where,
β (t,to) = ((t - to)/( βH+(t-to)))^0.3
t is the age of the concrete in days at the time considered
to is the age of the concrete in days at time of loading = 21 days
(t - to) is the actual duration of loading in days

βH is a coefficient depending on the relative humidity ( RH in percent) and the notional
member size (ho in mm).
βH = 1.5 x (1+(1.2 x RH/RHo)^18) x ho+250 <= 1500 for fcm <=45
βH = 1.5 x (1+(1.2 x RH/RHo)^18) x ho+250α <= 1500α for fcm >=45
fcm = 55
α = SQRT(45/fcm) = 0.904534
Grade of concrete = M45
βH = 824.1969
φ (inf,to) = 1.500
β (t,to) = for 21 days = 0.0000
28 days = 0.2386
56 days = 0.3589
90 days = 0.3796
φ (t,to) = 28 days = 0.3579
56 days = 0.5384
90 days = 0.5695
Creep Strain at 21 = 0.000000

Creep Strain at infinity = 0.000170
91
92
4.2.13 Check for Ultimate Moment
Figure 4.16 Section Schematic with Strain and Stress
Stress-Strain Relationship of concrete at ULS: Considering Rectangular stress block
εc3 0.0018 0.0018 Compression strain at peak stress for rectangular Stress
distribution
εcu3 0.0035 0.0035 Ultimate compression stress in for rectangular stress
distribution
η 1.00 1.00 Co-efficient to convert to rectangular stress block

λ 0.80 0.80 Co-efficient to convert to rectangular stress block
αc 0.67 0.67 Co-efficient to convert the strength in the test to strength in

structural member
αc 1.00 1.00 Co-efficient to convert to rectangular stress block
fcd 20.1 20.1 N/mm2 Co-efficient to convert to rectangular stress block

25.125 25.125 N/mm2 Co-efficient to convert to rectangular stress block
93
Table 4.34 Check for Ultimate Moment
94
4.2.14 Check for Ultimate Shear

(Shear Corresponding to Maximum Moment)
Shear Corresponding to Maximum Moment
Grade of Concrete 45 Mpa

Grade of Steel 500 Mpa
fcd 45.00 Mpa
fyk 435 Mpa
fywd 348 Mpa
Table 4.35 Ultimate Shear Capacity of Un-cracked Section in Flexure
95
Table 4.36 Ultimate Shear Capacity of Cracked Section in Flexure
Table 4.37 Shear Reinforcement

(Shear Corresponding to Maximum Moment)
96
4.2.15 Check for Ultimate Shear2

(Maximum Shear & Corresponding Moment)
Grade of Concrete 45 Mpa
Grade of Steel 500 Mpa
fcd 45.00 Mpa
fyk 435 Mpa
fywd 348 Mpa
Table 4.38 Ultimate Shear Capacity of Un-cracked Section in Flexure
Table 4.39 Ultimate Shear Capacity of Cracked Section in Flexure
97
Table 4.40 Shear Reinforcement

(Maximum Shear & Corresponding Moment)
98
4.2.16 Temperature (Rise)
As per sec. Fig.10 of IRC : 6 - 2010, for the combination of loads with differential
temperature gradient effects, maximum 50% live load shall be considered .
Effect of Temperature Rise
F = EC α ∆t Α
EC = 3.35E+06 t/m2
α = 1.20E-05 /0C
∆t = Temperature differential
A = X - sectional Area Where temp. differential is ∆t
T E M P E R A T U R E G R A D I E N T (FOR CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURE)

( FOR CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURE, Refer IRC : 6 - 2010 ; clause 218.3 )
AT MID-SPAN
Figure 4.17 Gradient at Mid-Span for Temperature Rise

Temperature Rise case
Element
1 2 3 4 TOTAL
No.
Width 2.910 1.000 0.300 0.650
Height 0.200 0.199 1.805 0.396
Area 0.582 0.199 0.542 0.258 1.580
Y 0.100 0.299 1.301 2.402
A*Y 0.058 0.060 0.705 0.618 1.441
A*Y^2 0.0058 0.0178 0.9170 1.4856 2.426
T 6.64 0.53 0.00 1.07
A*T 3.865 0.105 0.000 0.276 4.245
A*T*Y 0.387 0.031 0.000 0.662 1.080
99
Ref. As per Dr. V. K . Raina's book ''Concrete Bridge Practice Analysis , Design and Economics''
Chapter 30.
εo Sum(A) - θ x Sum(AxT) = α x Sum( AxT)

εo Sum(AxY) - θ x Sum(AxY^2) = α x Sum( A x Y x T)
P1 = Sum(AxT) x Sum(AxY^2) = 10.300
P2 = Sum(AxYxT) x Sum(A*Y) = 1.556
P3 = Sum(A) x Sum(AxY^2) = 3.833
P4 = (Sum(AxY))^2 = 2.076
Extreme Fibre Strain (εo) = α x (P1 - P2) / (P3 -P4) = 0.0000597

θ = (εo x Sum (A) - α x Sum (AxT)) / Sum(AxY) = 0.0000301
Calculation of Eigen Stress
1 2 3 4 5
Section Support End Varying L/4 3L/8 L/2
Distances m 1.050 5.000 9.625 13.913 18.200
Check for Stresses
For checking of stresses with thermal effects only 50% Live load will be considered
and Permissible stresses increased by 15%
Clause : 3.2.1 of IRC : SP 33C
Clause : 202.3 of IRC : 6 - 1966
Figure 4.18 Stresses at Mid-Span for Temperature Rise

100
Consider 1 mt strip
Area of steel required = (1/2 x 0.044 x 234.125) / (2.4 x 1.15) = 1.9 cm2/m
Provide 10 φ @ 250 mm/m = 3.1 cm2/m OK
AT SUPPORT
Figure 4.19 Gradient at Support for Temperature Rise
Element
1 2 3 TOTAL
No.
Width 2.910 1.000 0.650
Height 0.200 0.247 2.153
Area 0.582 0.247 1.399 2.229
Y 0.100 0.324 1.524
A*Y 0.058 0.080 2.132 2.270
A*Y^2 0.0058 0.0259 3.2483 3.280
T 6.64 0.44 0.00
A*T 3.865 0.109 0.000 3.974
A*T*Y 0.387 0.035 0.000 0.422
101
Ref. As per Dr. V. K . Raina's book ''Concrete Bridge Practice Analysis ,Design and Economics''
Chapter 30.

P3 = Sum(A) x Sum(AxY^2) = 7.310
P4 = (Sum(AxY))^2 = 5.154
Check for Stresses
For checking of stresses with thermal effects only 50% Live load will be considered And Permissible
stresses increased by 15%
Clause : 3.2.1 of IRC : SP 33C

Clause : 202.3 of IRC : 6 - 1966
Figure 4.20 Stresses at Support for Temperature Rise
102
Consider 1 mt strip
Area of steel required = (1/2 x 0.153 x 251.2) / (2.4 x 1.15) = 7.0 cm2/m
4.2.17 Temperature (Fall)
Effect of Temperature Fall
F = EC α ∆t Α
EC = 3.35E+06 t/m2
α = 1.20E-05 /0C
∆t = Temperature differential
A = X - sectional Area Where temp. differential is ∆t
TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
(FOR CONCRETE SUPERSTRUCTURE)
AT MID-SPAN
REVERSE TEMP. DIFFERENCES
Figure 4.21 Gradient at Mid-Span for Temperature Fall
103
Temperature Fall case
Element
1 2 3 4 TOTAL
No.
Width 2.910 1.000 0.300 0.650
Height 0.200 0.199 1.805 0.396
Area 0.582 0.199 0.542 0.258 1.580
Y 0.100 0.299 1.301 2.402
A*Y 0.058 0.060 0.705 0.618 1.441
A*Y^2 0.0058 0.0178 0.9170 1.4856 2.426
T 6.64 0.53 0.00 1.07
A*T 3.865 0.105 0.000 0.276 4.245
A*T*Y 0.387 0.031 0.000 0.662 1.080
Chapter 30.

P3 = Sum(A) x Sum(AxY^2) = 3.833
P4 = (Sum(AxY))^2 = 2.076

Check for Stresses
And Permissible stresses increased by 15%
104
Figure 4.22 Stresses at Mid-Span for Temperature Fall
Consider 1 mt strip
2
Area of steel required = 1/2 x 0.000 x 20.343 / (2.4 x 1.15) = 0.0 cm /m
2
Provide 10 φ @ 250 mm/m = 3.1 cm /m OK
AT SUPPORT
105
Figure 4.23 Gradient at Support for Temperature Fall
Element
1 2 3 TOTAL
No.
Width 2.910 1.000 0.650
Height 0.200 0.247 2.153
Area 0.582 0.247 1.399 2.229
Y 0.100 0.324 1.524
A*Y 0.058 0.080 2.132 2.270
A*Y^2 0.0058 0.0259 3.2483 3.280
T 6.64 0.44 0.00
A*T 3.865 0.109 0.000 3.974
A*T*Y 0.387 0.035 0.000 0.422
Chapter 30.

P3 = Sum(A) x Sum(AxY^2) = 7.310
P4 = (Sum(AxY))^2 = 5.154

Check for Stresses
106
And Permissible stresses increased by 15%
Figure 4.24 Stresses at Support for Temperature Fall
Consider 1 mt strip
Area of steel required = (1/2 x 0.119 x 240.3) / (2.4 x 1.15)
= 5.2 cm2/m
107
4.2.18 End Cross Girder

B.0 Design of End Cross Girder at Temporary Lifting Condition / Jack up condition
The end cross girder is designed as a continuous deep beam for bearing replacement condition,
continuous over knife supports at the jack locations. The CL of jacks are taken to be 1061 mm from
the CL of main girder. The reactions of main girder due to (DL+SIDL) are applied as load at the
girder location as shown below.
Figure 4.25 Design of End Cross Girder as a Continuous Deep Beam
Since the jack will be operated from single console, hence the loads from bearings will be
equally divided into all jacks.
Reaction in each jack = 120+105+110+120 = 455.0 t
Design Bending Moment = 130.00 t-m
Design of deep beam [ As per clause 29.2, IS 456-2000 ]
L= 1.5 D= 2.350 m
L/D = 0.638 < 1 for continuous beam
Lever arm Z = 0.5L = 0.75 m
Required Top Ast for max support M=M/(σstxZ)=130.000/(0.75x1.33x240)=54.30 cm2

(33% overstressing considered for temporary condition)
108
Minimum Area of steel required = 0.2/100*2.35*0.6*10000 = 28.20 cm2
Details of zone 1
Depth of zone is 0.2D =0.2 x 2.350 x 1000 = 470 mm

Fraction of reinforcement to be provided in this zone=0.5*(1.277-0.5) = 0.388
Ast to be provided in this zone=ROUNDUP(0.388*MAX(54.3,28.2),2) = 21.09 cm2
Provide 25 dia bars, Nos of bars required = 4.3

No of bar provided = 5
Hence Ast Provided = 24.55 cm2 OK
Details of zone 2
0.3D on either side of mid depth and distributed uniformly

0.3D = 705 mm
Ast to be provided in this zone = 33.22 cm2

This reinforcement is added with side face reinf.
Provide 25 dia bars, Nos of bars required = 7
Hence Ast Provided = 34.37 cm2
Total Ast Provided for Hogging Moment = 58.92 cm2
Provide 4 nos 25 f + 4 nos 20 f + 2 nos 20 f

Provided Ast = 38.5 cm2
Calculation for side face reinforcement :

0.1 % of web area on each face = 12 cm2
Asr required in Zone 2 for Hogging Moment = 33.22 cm2
Total Ast required on each face = 28.61 cm2
Provide 25 dia bars, Nos of bars required = 5.9
No of bar provided = 6
Hence Ast Provided = 30.0 cm2 OK
Hanging reinforcement [ As per clause 29.3.3, IS 456-2000 ]
It is considered 50% of Longitudinal reaction will hang

Force for Hanging reinforcement of Outer Girder = 60.00 t
Force for Hanging reinforcement of Inner Girder = 55.00 t
109
At Outer Girder Location
Required Ast as hanging R/F = 60.0 x (100/1.33) x 240 = 18.8 cm2

33% overstressing
Provide 2 L 16 dia Stirrups 5 nos = 20.1 cm2 OK
At Inner Girder Location

Required Ast as hanging R/F =55.0 x (100/1.33) x 240 = 17.2 cm2
Provide 2 L 16 dia Stirrups 5 nos = 20.1 cm2 OK
4.2.19 Shear Connectors

(As per clause 611.4.2 of IRC-22)
At Support
Shear Force Due to
Dead Load of beam = 47.80 t

Dead Load of slab = 28.01 t
SIDL = 23.70 t
Live Load ( with impact) = 77.42 t
VL = VAeY/I
VL = Longitudinal shear per unit length
V= Vertical shear
Ae = Area of transformed section on one side of interface
Y = Distance of centroid of the area under consideration from NA of compostie section
I = Moment of Inertia of section
V= 1.5*(47.802+28.011+23.7)+2.5*77.416 = 342.81 t
Ae = 3*0.2 = 0.600 m2
Y= 2.6-1.574-0.2/2 = 0.926 m
I= = 1.501 m4
VL = 342.81*0.60*0.926/1.5008 = 126.95 t
110
Provide 2 Legged 12 dia. @ 175 c/c + 2 Legged 12 dia. @ 175

c/c
Ultimate Shear capacity, Qu = As * fu * 10-3

As = The cross section area of anchorage connector = 2585 mm2
fu = The ultimate tensile strength of steel = 500 Mpa
Qu = Ultimate Shear capacity = 129.25 t OK
AT 5.00 m
Shear Force Due to

SIDL = 20.50 t
VL = VAeY/I

V = Vertical shear
Y = Distance of centroid of the area under consideration from NA of composite section
V= 1.5*(29.581+20.211+20.5)+2.5*77.416 = 298.98 T
Ae = 3*0.2 = 0.600 m2
Y= 2.6-1.699-0.2/2 = 0.801 m
I= = 1.2331 m4
VL = 298.98*0.600*0.801/1.2331 = 116.49 T
Provide 2 Legged 12 dia. @ 150 c/c + 2 Legged 10 dia. @ 150 c/c
As =The cross section area of anchorage connector = 2555 mm2

fu = The ultimate tensile strength of steel = 500 Mpa
111
Qu = Ultimate Shear capacity = 127.76 t OK
112
AT 8.58 m
Shear Force Due to

SIDL = 12.80 t
VL = V x Ae x Y/I
V= Vertical shear
Y = Distance of centroid of the area under consideration from NA of composite section
V= 1.5*(20.879+14.63475+12.8)+2.5*38.007 = 167.49 T
Ae = 3*0.2 = 0.600 m2
Y= 2.6-1.699-0.2/2 = 0.801 m
I= = 1.233 m4
VL = 167.49*0.600*0.801/1.2331 = 65.26 T
Provide 2 Legged 12 dia. @ 200 c/c + 2 Legged 10 dia. @ 200 c/c
As =The cross section area of anchorage connector = 1916 mm2

fu =The ultimate tensile strength of steel = 500 Mpa
Qu =Ultimate Shear capacity = 95.82 t OK
113
4.2.20 Design of End Anchorage

As per clause 13.5.1 of IRC: 112 - 2011
Size of Anchor Block = 270 mm

C/C spacing of Cable = 400 mm
Width of web bulb = 650 mm
Minimum loss after friction and slip = 379 KN
Max force in one cable = 2673.675 KN
Grade of Concrete of Girder = 40 Mpa
First Stage Pre-stressing after the casting of Girder = 21 days
Ultimate Cable force Pk = 3495 KN
Type of reinforcement = Fe 500
Figure 4.26 Design of End Anchorages
1.0 Permissible Bearing Stress behind Anchorages
fcj = 45.0 Mpa

Smaller of (i) and (ii)
(i) fb = 0.48 fcj sqrt (A2/A1)
(ii) fb = 0.8 fcj
A1 = 0.27*0.27 = 0.0729 m2
A2 = 0.4*0.4 = 0.1600 m2
fb from (i) = 32000.0 KN/m2
fb from (ii) = 36000.0 KN/m2
Hence fb = 32000 KN/m2
114
Max force in cable after friction and slip loss = 2294.7 KN

fb developed = 31477 KN/m2, Hence OK
Hence no hoop reinforcement is required as per design. But from detailing point of view
hoop reinforcement has been provided. CEB-FIP model code has been used to calculate the
increase in permissible bearing stress.
According to the above code, increase in permissible stress

∆F = 1.3 x u/s x As x (fyd -(Ac1-Ac2) x fcd x (1-(8 x Msdu)/(u/π x Nsdu))
Using 16 φ spirals with 300 mm ID and 100 mm Spacing
Where,
u = perimeter of hoop = pi x (0.3 + 0.016) = 0.993 m
s = hoop spacing = 0.100 m
As = Cross sectional area of hoop reinforcement = 201 mm2
fyd = design strength of hoop = 0.87 x 500 = 435 N/mm2
AC1 = 320 x 320 = 102400 mm2
AC2 = Area of concrete within hoop reinforcement
= pi/4 x 0.3^2 = 70685.8 mm2
fcd = 0.8 x fcj / 1.5 = 24.00 N/mm2
Msdu = Maximum moment in hoop reinforcement zone = 0.00
∆F = 1.3 x (u/s) x As x fyd - (Ac1-Ac2) x fcd x (1 - (8 x Msdu)/(u/π x Nsdu))

= 367.61 KN
Increase in permissible stress = ∆F / A1 = 5042.7 KN/m2
Required permissible stress = = -523.0 KN/m2, Hence OK
2.0 Bursting Reinforcement
115
Figure 4.27 Design of Bursting Reinforcement
2Ypo = 400
2Yo = 270
Ypo / Yo = 0.68
From Table 8 of IRC-18,
Fbst / Pk = 0.1175225
Fbst = 410.74 KN
Allowable stress in steel = 0.87fy = 0.87 x 500 = 435.0 N/mm2

Ast required = 410.741 x 1000 / 435 = 944 mm2
Provide Nos. 4 Dia. 16 legged 2
Provide 4 nos 2 legged T16 in the form of spiral as mentioned above
Area of Steel provided = 1608 mm2 OK

This reinforcement shall be provided in a zone 0.2 Yo = 40 mm from face to 2Yo = 400 mm
Therefore, revised spacing of the spiral shall be 50 mm
4.2.21 Un-tensioned Reinforcement
Minimum Reinforcement in Vertical direction
a) In Web 0.18 % of Area

=(0.18/100*30*100)
= 5.40 cm2/m
Minimum reinforcement provided in the web ( vertical stirrups )
I.e. 2 Legged 12dia @ 200 c/c

Area provided = 11.31 cm2/m > 5.40 cm2/m OK
b) In bottom bulb
0.18 % of Area
=(0.18/100*65*100)
= 11.70 cm2/m
116
Minimum reinforcement provided in the bottom bulb (vertical shear stirrups + additional
reinforcement in bottom bulb)
I.e. 2 Legged 12dia @ 200 c/c + 2 Legged 10dia @ 200 c/c

2
Area provided = 19.16 cm /m > 11.70 cm2/m OK
c) In top bulb
0.18 % of Area
=(0.18/100*100*100)
= 18.00 cm2/m
Minimum reinforcement provided in the top bulb ( vertical shear stirrups + additional
reinforcement in top bulb)
I.e. 2 Legged 12dia @ 200 c/c + 2 Legged 10dia @ 200 c/c
Area provided = 19.16 cm2/m > 18.00 cm2/m OK
Minimum Reinforcement in Longitudinal direction
Support
Minimum reinforcement = 0.18 % of Area of Beam
= (0.18/100 x 161.915 x 100)
= 29.14 cm2
Providing 12 no 12 dia + 20 no 10 dia

Area provided = 29.28 cm2 OK
bars distributed around the perimeter of the beam
Mid Sect
Minimum reinforcement = 0.18 % of Area of Beam
= (0.18/100 x 97.375 x 100)
= 17.53 cm2
Providing 12 no 10 dia + 20 no 10 dia

Area provided = 25.13 cm2 OK
117
bars distributed around the perimeter of the beam
118
4.3 Computer Applications for the Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge

Deck-Girder Superstructure in IRC 112 and IRC 6
This section is continuation of Section 1.5 of ‘Chapter 1 Grillage Analysis of Bridge

Superstructure’ of this book.
Step 1 Open the Main Screen of ASTRA Pro by double clicking on desktop icon,
Step 2 Select menu item File >> Select Working Folder,
119
Step 3 The folder “Work” is selected (or may be created and selected) from desktop,
Step 4 Select menu item, File >> Bridge Design >> Pre Stressed Concrete (PSC) I-Girder
Bridge >> Limit State Method
Step 5 Select Design Standard ‘AASHTO – LRFD Standard’,
120
Step 6 This session is continuation of last session described in section 1.3, of Chapter 1
for Grillage Analysis and was created as ‘DESIGN JOB# 01’, which is now opened here.
Step 7 As the project ‘DESIGN JOB #1’ is opened, message comes, click on ‘OK’,
‘O
121
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 8 Open tab page ‘Design Forces’, and select results of ‘‘STAGE
STAGE 2’ analysis,
analysis he results
of ‘STAGE 2’ analysis are opened,
Step 9 Open tab page ‘Deck

Deck Slab’
Slab’, under this tab page another tab page ‘Deck Slab Input
Data’ is opened, change any default data as required,
122
Step 10 Under the tab page ‘Deck Slab’, another tab page ‘‘Live
Live Load Input Data’ is
opened, which further contains six tab pages, in tab page LOAD 1 user may change any
default data as required,
Step 11 Open tab page LO

LOAD 2, change any default data as required,
123
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 12 Open tab page LOAD 3, change any default data as required,
124
125
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 16 Under the tab page ‘Deck Slab’, Open tab page ‘Analysis Process and Design’,
click on button ‘Process Dec
Deckk Slab Analysis’, a list comes with seven processes, click on
button ‘Process’,
126
Step 17 The dialog box comes, click on ‘Proceed’, and once again on ‘PROCEED’,
Step 18 As the analysis is done the message comes, this will repeat for all seven
processes.
127
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 19 As all the analyses are over the reports are read and the results are displayed in
Notepad,
Step 20 Click
lick on button ‘Process for New Design….’, mes
message
sage comes, wait to get the
‘Excel Design Worksheet’,
128
Step 21 Save the ‘Deck Slab

Slab’’ design with a file name on the desktop, close the design
worksheet,
Step 22 Click on button ‘Open User’s Design….’ Select the saved file and open,
129
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 23 The design Excel Worksheet is once again opened, after viewing close the
worksheet,
Step 24 User is then back to the design workspace window, close the window,
130
Step 25 Open tab page ‘PSC Girder

Girder’,
’, change default data as required, click on
button ‘Process for New Design….’, message comes, wait to get the ‘Excel Design
Worksheet’,
131
Girder Bridge Deck
Step 26 View the design details, some design data may be changed in the worksheet as
desired and the design changes, save the PSC II-Girder
Girder design with a file name on the
desktop, close the design worksheet,
Step 27 Click on button ‘Open User’s Design….’ Select the saved file and open,
132
Step 28 The saved design worksheet is again opened,
Step 29 The processes for the designs of Deck Slab and PSC I-Girder in IRC 112 and 6 are
now over, and user is finally come back to the ASTRA Pro main screen.
This is the end of the current design session for the design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck-
Girder Superstructure in IRC Standard.
133
References:
1. IRC 112-2011, Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Published by Indian Roads Congress.
2. IRC 6-2017, Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section: II,
Loads and Load Combinations, Seventh Revision, March 2017, Published by Indian
Roads Congress, Kama Koti Marg, Sector -6, R. K. Puram, New Delhi 110022.
3. British Standard, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures, BS EN 1992-1-1:2004,

Published by: British Standards Institution.
4. British Standard, Design Manual for Roads And Bridges, Volume 1, Section 3, Part 14,
BD 37/01, Loads For Highway Bridges, Published by: British Standards Institution.
5. British Standard, BS 5400-3 : 2000, Steel, concrete and composite bridges Ð, Part 3:
Code of practice for design of steel bridges
6. British Standard, BS 5400-4 : 1990, Steel, concrete and composite bridges — Part 4:
Code of practice for design of concrete bridges
7. ''Concrete Bridge Practice Analysis , Design and Economics'' by Dr. V. K . Raina
8. Grillage Analysis of Bridge Deck by Prof. (Dr.) C. S. Surana
9. ASTRA Pro User’s Manual and Design Manual, Techsoft Engineering Services, Web site:
www.techsoftglobal.com
134

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Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck-Girder Superstructure

In IRC 112 and IRC 6 Standards

4 Detail Design of PSC I-Girder Bridge Deck -

Pre-stressed concrete is not a material rather it is a reinforced concrete structural member in

Aim and Objective

1. Analysis of loads and computing stresses acting on Pre-stressed I-Girder in accordance

(i) Dead Load (DL):

(ii) Carriageway & Footpath Live Load (LL):

1 Lane of Class 70R / 2 lane of Class A

(iii) Pre-stressing Effects

• It is proposed to use 19T15 cables conforming to Class 2 of IS : 14268 (Low relaxation

• Maximum jack pressure shall be considered as 75% of ultimate force.

Figure 4.1 (A) Grillage Model of Deck-Girder Superstructure resting on Supports in

Figure 4.1 (B) Figure 4.1 (C)

4.1 RCC Deck Slab

(Note: Values in ‘Red Color’ are Data by the User)

1 Distance between C/C Exp. Joint 26.52 m

33 Clear cover cov 40.0 mm

4.1.2 Live Load calculations as per Effective Width Method

C/C Spacing of Girder = 3.000 m

Figure 4.2 Bridge Deck Supported by Main Long Girders

4.1.2.1 Transverse Analysis (1) for 1-Lane Class – A Live Load,

4.1.2.2 Transverse Analysis (2) for 2-Lane Class – A Live Load,

Load on Wheel-1 = 57.000 kN

Load on Wheel-1 = 100 kN

Max. tyre pressure = 5.273 kg/cm2

Load on Wheel-1 = 350 kN

4.1.2.6 Transverse Analysis (6) for 70Rw+1-Lane Class A Live Load

Distance between two loads across span = 1.200 m

Initial position of first wheel (70Rw) = 2.130 m

4.1.3 Design Forces For Deck Slab

The RCC deck slab is analyzed as 2-Dimensional frame considering 1m width of

Figure 4.3 (A) Analysis Model with Member Numbering

Figure 4.3 (B) Analysis Model with Node Numbering

Figure 4.4 Summary of Un-factored Bending Moments

4.1.4 Design for ULS condition

Design Hogging Moment at Cantilever Face at node 2,16 (end of haunch)

4.1.4.1 Design of Deck Slab

fck = 35.0 Mpa

Table 4.8 Check for Steel Reinforcements at ULS

Min Ast Required min of ((0.26*fctm/fyk bt*d),(0.0013*bt*d))

Ast Required at top 1066.92 mm^2

Ast required at bottom 188.5 mm^2

Calculation of` Longitudinal Reinforcement

Design BM for Longitudinal Reinforcement, BM are in KNm

Table 4.9 Requirements of` Longitudinal Reinforcement at ULS

Required longitudinal top reinforcement at cantilever support = 1.394 cm2/m

Required longitudinal bottom reinforcement = 0.0 cm2/m

4.1.5 Design for SLS condition

Design Hogging Moment at cantilever Face at node 2,16 = 41.2 KNm/m

Check for crack width for maximum moments at node no 3

4.1.6 Design of Transverse Cantilever of Slab

A) Loads & Moments at Crash Barrier Side:

Figure 4.5 Transverse Cantilever of Slab

Load due to self-weight of slab = 0.500 t

Load due to Class A wheel

Wheel Contact Width = 500 mm

2nd Wheel(it will not lie on the cantilever part)

Total design moment as ULS = 1.35*(DL+SIDL1)+1.75*SIDL+1.5*LL

Total design moment as SLS = 1*(DL+SIDL1)+1*SIDL+1*LL

Total Design Moment due to DL+SIDL+LL = 3.62 tm

Concrete Grade M40

deff required = 131 mm

Ast required = 11.4 cm2

Min Ast Required min of ((0.26fctm/fyk btd),(0.0013btd))

Total design moment as ULS = 1.35(DL+SIDL1)+1.75SIDL+1.5*LL

Total design moment as SLS = 1(DL+SIDL1)+1SIDL+1*LL

Design Bending Moment =0.3LL+0.2(DL+SIDL)