[Mission 2022] INSIGHTS DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS +

PIB SUMMARY 22 APRIL 2022

insightsonindia.com/2022/04/22/mission-2022-insights-daily-current-affairs-pib-summary-22-april-2022/

Insights Editor April 22, 2022

InstaLinks help you think beyond the issue but relevant to the issue from UPSC
prelims and Mains exam point of view. These linkages provided in this ‘hint’ format
help you frame possible questions in your mind that might arise(or an examiner
might imagine) from each current event. InstaLinks also connect every issue to their
static or theoretical background. This helps you study a topic holistically and add
new dimensions to every current event to help you think analytically

Table of Contents:

GS Paper 2:

1. How Election Commission decides on party symbols?

2. African swine fever.

3. G20.

GS Paper 3:

1. Regulatory framework for special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs).

2. Human – animal conflict.

3. NASA-ISRO NISAR Mission.

Facts for Prelims:

1. Europa.

2. ‘India Out’ campaign.

3. Fincluvation.

4. Civil Services Day.

5. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

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How Election Commission decides on party symbols?
GS Paper 2:

Topics Covered: Separation of powers between various organs dispute redressal

mechanisms and institutions.

How Election Commission decides on party symbols?

Context:

Delhi High Court has dismissed public interest litigation, seeking the removal of
election symbols from ballot papers for the municipal elections in the city.

What’s the issue?

The petitioner contended that the objective behind the municipal elections is “local
self-governance” which is “taken away” by the appearance of election symbols of
political parties on ballot papers.
The plea argued that a candidate with an existing symbol of a recognised political
party gets an unfair advantage over a candidate with an unknown symbol.

Firstly, how are symbols allotted to political parties?

As per the guidelines, to get a symbol allotted:

1. A party/candidate has to provide a list of three symbols from the EC’s free symbols
list at the time of filing nomination papers.
2. Among them, one symbol is allotted to the party/candidate on a first-come-first-
serve basis.
3. When a recognised political party splits, the Election Commission takes the decision
on assigning the symbol.

Powers of Election Commission:

The Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 empowers the EC to
recognise political parties and allot symbols.

Under Paragraph 15 of the Order, it can decide disputes among rival groups or
sections of a recognised political party staking claim to its name and symbol.
The EC is also the only authority to decide issues on a dispute or a merger. The
Supreme Court upheld its validity in Sadiq Ali and another vs. ECI in 1971.

How many types of symbols are there?

As per the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) (Amendment) Order, 2017,
party symbols are either:

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 1. Reserved: Eight national parties and 64 state parties across the country have
“reserved” symbols.
2. Free: The Election Commission also has a pool of nearly 200 “free” symbols that
are allotted to the thousands of unrecognised regional parties that pop up before
elections.

What are the Election Commission’s powers in a dispute over the election symbol
when a party splits?

On the question of a split in a political party outside the legislature, Para 15 of the
Symbols Order, 1968, states: “When the Commission is satisfied that there are rival
sections or groups of a recognised political party each of whom claims to be that party the
Commission may decide that one such rival section or group or none of such rival
sections or groups is that recognised political party and the decision of the
Commission shall be binding on all such rival sections or groups.”

This applies to disputes in recognised national and state parties (like the LJP,
in this case). For splits in registered but unrecognised parties, the EC usually
advises the warring factions to resolve their differences internally or to approach the
court.

Please note that before 1968, the EC issued notifications and executive orders under the
Conduct of Election Rules, 1961.

Insta Curious:

Do you know the differences between a recognised National Political Party and a State
Political Party? Reference: read this.

InstaLinks:

Prelims Link:

1. Recognition of political parties.

2. What are state parties and national parties?
3. Benefits for recognized parties.
4. Who assigns party symbols? What are the types?
5. Who decides on issues related to merger of political parties?
6. Article 226 is related to?

Mains Link:

Discuss how are symbols allotted to political parties?

Sources: the Hindu

African swine fever:

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GS Paper 2:

Topics Covered: Issues related to health.

Context:

After African Swine Fever (ASF) cases were reported in a breeding farm in Sepahijala
district, the Tripura government has decided to go in for mass culling of infected pigs at
the farm.

About African Swine Fever (ASF):

ASF is a highly contagious and fatal animal disease that infects domestic and
wild pigs, typically resulting in an acute form of hemorrhagic fever.
It was first detected in Africa in the 1920s.
The mortality is close to 100 per cent, and since the fever has no cure, the only way
to stop it spreading is by culling the animals.
As of now, there is no approved vaccine, which is also a reason why animals are
culled to prevent the spread of infection.

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Insta Curious:

Do you know the differences between African Swine fever and Classical swine fever?
Read here.

InstaLinks:

Prelims Link:

1. Can swine fever affect humans?

2. Is it a viral disease?
3. Where was it first discovered?
4. Which countries have been affected by this in 2020?
5. Is there any vaccine available against this?

Mains Link:

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Write a note African Swine Fever, symptoms and its spread.

Sources: Down to Earth.

G20:
GS Paper 2:

Topics Covered: Important International Institutions.

Context:

US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen and her counterparts from the mostly western bloc
recently walked out of a G20 finance boffins session as Russian officials began to
speak.

This was a boycott — to protest Moscow’s war on Ukraine.

However, these countries were not joined by officials from at least ten other nations,
including Indonesia, China, India, Brazil, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia.

What’s the issue?

These countries have continued to resist Russian aggression and war crimes.

They said, Russia’s illegal invasion of Ukraine is a grave threat to the global
economy.
They demanded that Russia should not be participating or included in these
meetings.

What is the G20?

The G20 is an annual meeting of leaders from the countries with the largest and fastest-
growing economies.

Its members account for 85% of the world’s GDP, and two-thirds of its population.
The G20 Summit is formally known as the “Summit on Financial Markets and the
World Economy”.

Establishment:

After the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-1998, it was acknowledged that the participation
of major emerging market countries is needed on discussions on the international
financial system, and G7 finance ministers agreed to establish the G20 Finance Ministers
and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999.

Presidency:

The group has no permanent staff of its own, so every year in December, a G20
country from a rotating region takes on the presidency.

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 That country is then responsible for organising the next summit, as well as smaller
meetings for the coming year.
They can also choose to invite non-member countries along as guests.
The first G20 meeting took place in Berlin in 1999, after a financial crisis in East
Asia affected many countries around the world.

Full membership of the G20:

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United
Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

Its relevance in changing times:

As globalization progresses and various issues become more intricately intertwined,

the recent G20 summits have focused not only on macroeconomy and trade, but
also on a wide range of global issues which have an immense impact on the global
economy, such as development, climate change and energy, health, counter-
terrorism, as well as migration and refugees.
The G20 has sought to realize an inclusive and sustainable world through its
contributions towards resolving these global issues.

Insta Curious:

Do you know about Sherpas? Reference: read this.

Currently, Indonesia holds the presidency of the G20 Summit.

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InstaLinks:

Prelims Link:

1. G20 vs G20+ vs G7 vs G8.

2. Objectives and sub- groups.
3. Overview of Geographical locations of the member countries.

Mains Link:

Do you think the recent G20 summits have turned into talking shops rather than getting
down to brass tacks? Critically analyse.

Sources: the Hindu.

Regulatory framework for special purpose acquisition companies

(SPACs):
GS Paper 3:

Topics Covered: Indian economy and issues related to planning and governance. .

Context:

The government is reportedly considering a regulatory framework for special purpose

acquisition companies (SPACs).

What are SPACs?

An SPAC, or a blank-cheque company, is an entity specifically set up with the

objective of acquiring a firm in a particular sector.
An SPAC aims to raise money in an initial public offering (IPO) without any
operations or revenues.
The money that is raised from the public is kept in an escrow account, which can
be accessed while making the acquisition.
If the acquisition is not made within two years of the IPO, the SPAC is delisted
and the money is returned to the investors.

Why are they attractive?

While SPACs are essentially shell companies, a key factor that makes them attractive to
investors are the people who sponsor them.

Globally, prominent names have participated in SPACs.

Associated concerns:

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 In March last year, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued an
investor alert on SPACs, cautioning investors “not to make investment decisions
related to SPACs based solely on celebrity involvement”.
There may be lesser returns for retail investors post-merger.
Certain clauses could potentially prevent investors from getting their monies back.

Where does India stand?

Of the 1,145 IPOs by blank-cheque companies since 2009, 248 happened in 2020, 613 in
2021, and 58 in 2022 so far.

The gross proceeds raised by SPACs amounted to over $83 billion in 2020 and
$162 billion in 2021. The number for 2022 has crossed $10 billion already.

Insta Curious:

Did you know that the Company Law Committee, which was set up in 2019 to make
recommendations to boost ease of doing business in India, has suggested the
government to set up SPACs?

InstaLinks:

Prelims Link:

1. SPACs.
2. The Company Law Committee.
3. Shell Companies.
4. Companies Act.

Mains Link:

Discuss the concerns associated with SPACs.

Sources: Indian Express.

Human Animal Conflict:

GS Paper 3:

Topics Covered: Conservation related issues.

Context:

Standing Committee on Science, Technology, Environment and Climate Change headed

by Rajya Sabha member Jairam Ramesh has submitted its report.

The report analyses the Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill, 2021 tabled in the
Lok Sabha in December 2021.

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Significance:

While Standing Committee reports on Bills usually stick to criticism of text of the Bill,
this report devoted space to the question of Human Animal conflict— a subject not
mentioned in the proposed amendments — as it was “a complex issue as serious as
hunting” and needed “legislative backing.”

Key recommendations to reduce human – animal conflict:

The report recommends an HAC Advisory Committee to be headed by the Chief

Wild Life Warden, who can consult the committee to act appropriately.
Such a committee with few members and in-depth technical knowledge for evolving
effective site-specific plans/ mitigation strategies including recommendations on
changing cropping patterns and for taking critical decisions at short notice,
empowered under the law is necessary.

WWF and UNEP report on Human-wildlife conflict:

A report titled, A future for all – the need for human-wildlife coexistence, was
released by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and the UN Environment
Programme (UNEP) in July 2021.

Highlights of the Report:

1. Conflict between humans and animals is one of the main threats to the long-term
survival of some of the world’s most iconic species.
2. Globally, conflict-related killing affects more than 75 per cent of the world’s wild cat
species. It also affects polar bears and Mediterranean monk seals as well as large
herbivores such as elephants.
3. Global wildlife populations have fallen an average of 68 per cent since 1970.

Indian scenario:

1. Over 500 elephants were killed between 2014-2015 and 2018-2019, mostly due to
human-elephant conflict.
2. During the same period, 2,361 people were killed as a result of conflict with
elephants.
3. India will be most-affected by human-wildlife conflict because it had the world’s
second-largest human population as well as large populations of tigers, Asian
elephants, one-horned rhinos, Asiatic lions and other species.

What needs to be done?

Completely eradicating human-wildlife conflict is not possible. But well-planned,

integrated approaches to managing it can reduce conflicts and lead to a form of
coexistence between people and animals.

Sonitpur Model:

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 1. In Sonitpur district in Assam, destruction of forests had forced elephants to raid
crops, in turn causing deaths of both, elephants and humans.
2. In response, WWF India had developed the ‘Sonitpur Model’ during 2003-2004 by
which community members were connected with the state forest department.
3. They were given training on how to work with them to drive elephants away from
crop fields safely.
4. WWF India had also developed a low-cost, single strand, non-lethal electric fence to
ease the guarding of crops from elephants.
5. Afterwards, crop losses dropped to zero for four years running. Human and
elephant deaths also reduced significantly.

Advisory for management of Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) approved by Standing

Committee of National Board of Wildlife (SC-NBWL):

1. Empower gram panchayats in dealing with the problematic wild animals as per the
WildLife (Protection) Act, 1972.
2. Utilise add-on coverage under the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna for crop
compensation against crop damage due to HWC.
3. Augment fodder and water sources within the forest areas.
4. Other measures: The advisory prescribes inter-departmental committees at
local/state level, adoption of early warning systems, creation of barriers, dedicated
circle wise Control Rooms with toll free hotline numbers which could be operated on
24X7 basis.

Insta Curious:

The National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) is a “statutory board” constituted under the Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972 (wildlife act). Do you know who heads the board? Read here.

Sources: the Hindu

NASA-ISRO NISAR Mission:

GS Paper 3:

Topics Covered: Awareness in space.

Context:

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working with the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States of America to jointly realise a
satellite mission named ‘NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR)’ for scientific
studies of Earth.

The NISAR mission is scheduled for launch in 2023.

About NISAR:

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 It is optimised for studying hazards and global environmental change and can help
manage natural resources better and provide information to scientists to better
understand the effects and pace of climate change.
It will scan the globe every 12 days over the course of its three-year mission of
imaging the Earth’s land, ice sheets and sea ice to give an “unprecedented” view of
the planet.
It will detect movements of the planet’s surface as small as 0.4 inches over areas
about half the size of a tennis court.
NASA will provide one of the radars for the satellite, a high-rate communication
subsystem for science data, GPS receivers and a payload data subsystem.
ISRO will provide the spacecraft bus, the second type of radar (called the S-band
radar), the launch vehicle and associated launch services.
NISAR will be equipped with the largest reflector antenna ever launched by NASA
and its primary goals include tracking subtle changes in the Earth’s surface, spotting
warning signs of imminent volcanic eruptions, helping to monitor groundwater
supplies and tracking the rate at which ice sheets are melting.

Synthetic aperture radar:

The name NISAR is short for NASA-ISRO-SAR. SAR here refers to the synthetic
aperture radar that NASA will use to measure changes in the surface of the Earth.

Essentially, SAR refers to a technique for producing high-resolution images.

Because of the precision, the radar can penetrate clouds and darkness, which
means that it can collect data day and night in any weather.

InstaLinks:

Prelims Link:

1. About SAR.
2. About NISAR.
3. Objectives.

Mains Link:

Write a note on NISAR.

Sources: the Hindu.

Facts for Prelims:

Europa:

Researchers have said that there might be an abundance of water pockets beneath
formations called double ridges on Jupiter’s moons Europa.

Europa’s surface is mostly solid water ice.

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 Double ridges are the formations which are most common on Europa’s surface and
are similar to those seen on Earth’s Greenland ice sheet.

About Europa:

Europa is slightly smaller than Earth’s moon and its diameter is about one-quarter
that of the Earth.
Europa has a very thin oxygen atmosphere.
Interestingly, while its diameter is less than the Earth’s, Europa probably contains
twice the amount of the water in all of the Earth’s oceans.

NASA is expected to launch its Europa Clipper in 2024. The module will orbit Jupiter
and conduct multiple close flybys to Europa to gather data on the moon’s atmosphere,
surface and its interior.

‘India Out’ campaign:

Maldives has issued a decree banning the ‘India Out’ campaign.

Opposition parties and a section of the media in the Maldives have been engaged in
renewed efforts to whip up anti-India sentiments.

In this regard, “India Out” slogan was first used on social media platforms last year.
This campaign alleged that the cooperation between the governments of the two
countries is undermining the national security and sovereignty of the Maldives.

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Fincluvation:

India Post Payments Bank (IPPB), a 100% government owned entity under Department
of Posts (DoP) has announced the launch of Fincluvation– a joint initiative to
collaborate with Fintech Startup community to co-create and innovate solutions for
financial inclusion.

Fincluvation is an Industry first initiative to create a powerful platform to mobilize the

start-up community towards building meaningful financial products aimed at
financial inclusion.
Fincluvation will be a permanent platform of IPPB to co-create inclusive financial
solutions with participating start-ups.

Civil Services Day:

The Government of India celebrates April 21 every year as ‘Civil Services day’ as
an occasion for the civil servants to rededicate themselves to the cause of citizen
and renew their commitments to public service and excellence in work.
This date is chosen to commemorate the day when first Home Minister of
Independent India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel addressed the probationers of
Administrative Services Officers in 1947 at Metcalf House, Delhi.
As part of Civil Servant Day, Prime Minister’s Awards for Excellence in Public
Administration are presented to Districts/Implementing Units for implementation of
Priority programme and innovation categories.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay:

He was a Bengali poet and writer.

He wrote the national song Vande Mataram.
His novel Anandamath — which was set in the background of the Sanyashi
Bidroho (rebellion of monks in late 18th century) — is considered to be one of key
works on Bengal’s nationalism.
His first Bengali fiction is called ‘Durgeshnondini’ published in 1865.
He also wrote other famous novels like Kapalkundala in 1866, Mrinalini in 1869,
Vishbriksha in 1873, Chandrasekhar in 1877, Rajani in 1877, Rajsimha in 1881 and
Devi Chaudhurani in 1884.
He brought out a monthly magazine called Bangadarshan in 1872.
His first fiction to appear in print was the English novel Rajmohan’s Wife.

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