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https://ischool.hse.ru/
2. David Spencer. Gateway B1+ Student Book: 2011 by Macmillan Education
https://prime-school.com/materials/books/2018-8-
14_gateway_b1_plus_students_book_Intermediate
3. David Spencer. Gateway B1 Student Book: 2011 by Macmillan Education
https://prime-school.com/assets/books/Gateway-B1-Students-book.pdf
4. Dorothy E. Zemach, Lisa A. Rumisek College Writing - from paragraph to
essay. – MacMillan, 2013
https://hostnezt.com/cssfiles/essay/College%20Writing%20-
%20From%20Paragraph%20to%20Essay%20By%20Lisa%20A%20Rumisek.pdf
5. . //fipi.ru
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: Modal verbs
: Environment
25 2
: Environmental problems
: Environment

: The Passive
: Environment
26 2
: How can we protect the environment?
: Opinion paragraph

: The Passive
: Revision: Environment
27 2
/ :
: Opinion paragraph

: Modals/The Passive
:
28 2
: Tasks 1,2 ( )
4

: Conditionals. Types 1, 2
: City Life
29 2
: Living in a new city
: City Life

: Revision. Conditionals.
: Revision. City Life
30 2
:
/ :

31 4 2

: Revision
: Revision
32
: Revision
: Tasks 1,2 ( )

3
 Seminar 25

1. Grammar: Modal verbs

2. Vocabulary: Environment
3. Listening: Environmental problems
4. Word formation: Environment

Grammar
Exercises

*1. Fill in the gaps with can, could, to be able to.

1. I ________ drive now but next year I __________drive.
2. Last year he _________ speak English as well as he _________ speak this year.
3. I’ve never ___________ remember his name.
4. I ________cook a month ago but I’m taking a course and next month I ________
cook.
5. She might _________ baby-sit but I’m not sure of that.
6. ___________ I help you? Do you need help?
7. _______you______ do the shopping in the evening?
The fridge is empty.
8. ____________ you skate when you were six?

*2. Fill in the gaps with must or have to in an appropriate form.

1. He says I _______ tell him the truth.
2. He __________ drive last year.
3. I _______ look for another job next month.
4. I __________ wake up early yesterday.
5. _____I ____ type this article now?
6. I was late because I_________ type an article.
7. I’ll prove it and you __________ admit I’m right.
8. The house was too small for them and they _________look for another house last
year.
9. I ___________ leave in an hour.

*3. Use should or shouldn’t with the verbs given in brackets.

revise/ forgive/ disturb/ believe /use/ paint/ return/ miss /help
Example:
You see Jack is busy. You shouldn’t disturb him.
1. The old man is afraid to cross the street. You ________________ him.
2. You don’t know the rules well. You ________________ everything.
3. He is a liar. You _______________________ him.
4. His lectures are interesting. You __________________ them.
5. The house looks ugly. You _________________________ it.
6. Nobody wants you here. You ______________________ here.

4
7. The girl is too young. She ______________________ make-up.
8. He has apologized. You _____________________________ him.

*4. Ask a question using the modal verb may.

Example:
Snow feels bad. She wants her boss to let her leave her office earlier.
What does she say?
May I leave earlier?
1. Ted is tired and needs a day off. What does he say?
__________________________________________________________________
2. Mr. Newton is nervous and wants to speak to the pilot. He asks the stewardess:
__________________________________________________________________
3. You want to use the telephone but the line is busy. Mary has been talking for forty
minutes. What do you say?
__________________________________________________________________
4. Your car has broken down and you must meet a friend at the airport. Ask your
neighbor to let you have his car.
__________________________________________________________________
5. You don’t like your room at the hotel. You want to have another room. What do
you say?

**5. Fill in the gaps with can/can’t/could/couldn’t /must or mustn’t.

1. She is a small baby. She ______________ eat meat, but she ______________
drink milk.
2. He is so ill that he ______________ see the doctor.
3. It’s raining heavily. You ______________ take your own umbrella.
4. We ______________ pick the flowers in the park. It’s forbidden.
5. I ______________ sing now but I ______________ sing very well when I was a
child.
6. Mike is only nine months old. He ______________ eat nuts yet.
7. He has a lot of weight so he ______________ run so fast.
8. I’m very tall, so I ______________ play basketball.
9. You ______________ park that car there. It’s a no-parking zone.
10. Many students in Great Britain ______________ wear a uniform when they go to
school.

**6. Fill in the gaps with must/have to/to be in an appropriate form.

1. As we had agreed I ______ meet him at 7.
2. I know I _______ do the work myself. It’s my duty.
3. Susan says I _______ drive her to the station. She thinks it’s my duty.
4. The baby -sitter was ill and Ellen _______ look after the child herself.

5
5. “You _________look after the children properly, feed them and take them for a
walk,” Mrs. Swift said to the baby-sitter.
6. The guide _________meet the group and take them to the hotel yesterday.
7. The children didn’t understand the rule and the teacher ________ explain it again.

***7. Rephrase the following situations using an appropriate modal verb.

1. I advise you to stop eating chocolate. You _________ stop eating chocolate.
2. I insist that you do your homework. You _________ do your homework.
3. Will you let me speak to David, please? _____I _____speak to David, please?
4. She can hear you well enough. You _________ shout.
5. Talking is not permitted during the test. You _________ talk during the test.
6. It isn’t right to speak to your mother like that. You _________ speak to your
mother like that.
7. It isn’t possible for him to come to the party. He _________ come to the party.
8. He is obliged to go to the police station once a week. He _________ go to the
police station once a week.
9. It’s forbidden to feed the animals in the Zoo. You _________ feed the animals in
the Zoo.

**8. Choose the correct modal verb.

1. I don’t want anyone to know it. You (mustn’t/don’t have to) tell anyone.
2. Listen! I (can/must) hear someone crying.
3. When we were at school, we (had to/must) wear a uniform.
4. You (don’t have to/mustn’t) wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight.
5. You (should/have to) tell her that you are sorry.
6. You (need/must) be a member of the library before you can borrow books.
7. I (needn’t/shouldn’t) wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good.
8. When I first came to Madrid, I (could/couldn’t) say only a few words in Spanish.
9. Helen (must/had to) leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch.
10. I (didn’t need to/couldn’t) get tickets after all – they were sold out.
11. “I can’t find my umbrella.” “You (should/might) have left it in the restaurant last
night.”
12. (Must/May) I see your passport, please?
13. He’s not working tomorrow, so he (doesn’t have to/ should) get up early.

***9. Choose the correct answer.

1. Who (could have/should have) done such a terrible thing?
2. You (mustn't/don't have to) decide now, but you must decide by the end of the
week.
3. You (needn't/shouldn't) shout, I can hear you perfectly well.
4. David (ought/must) to see a doctor about his leg.
5. They (mustn't/can't) take the car because the petrol tank is empty.
6. You (could have/ must have) been crazy to do something like that!
7. You (should/have to) tell him that you are sorry for what happened.
8. When I went to secondary school, I (had to/ought to) wear a uniform.
6
9. I (can/might) not be able to come to the restaurant with you, so don't wait for me.
10.You (could/should) wash your hands before preparing food.

Vocabulary
Environment
Geographical features: beach, desert, forest, ice cap, jungle, mountain range,
rainforest
The environment: drought, flood, torrential rain, hurricane, global warming,
greenhouse effect, nuclear disaster, oil spill, ozone layer, pollution, recycle, save,
waste, be harmful to the environment, damage the environment

Geographical features
*1. Look at the names. What are the geographical features?
1. Sahara______
2. The Amazon River and _________
3. The Andes____________________
4. Ipanema in Rio de Janeiro___________________
5. Costa de Sol______________________
6. The North Pole______________
7. Sherwood___________

The environment
**2. Read the definitions and give the terms.
1. When heat cannot escape from the atmosphere and the temperature on earth goes
up_______________________
2. To use something again, or change something so that you can use it again_______
3. The natural world around us___________
4. To stop using something (for example, water, money, electricity) or to use it
less______________
5. A long period of time when there is no rain___________
6. The part of the earth’s atmosphere that protects the earth from the
sun___________
7. The process of making the air, water or land worse, with chemicals, for
example_________________
8. A large quantity of water that suddenly covers an area___________________
9. The increase in the temperature on earth______________
10. To use something more than necessary, or in an incorrect way ___________
11. An accident with nuclear power, usually causing radioactivity____________
12. An accident when oil comes out of its container, for example_____________

7
**3. Complete the text with these words.
droughts / floods / global warming / ozone layer / recycle / save /waste

__________ (a) is getting worse and worse – the temperatures keep going up and up.
That's probably because of the big hole in the (b) ______, which protects us from the
sun. In some parts of the planet there have been terrible ______(c) where the water
has destroyed towns and cities. Meanwhile, in Africa there are terrible d) _________
where it hasn't rained for a long time. But in places like the USA and Europe people
(e) ______ water - they use too much, without thinking. It's important to (f) _______
water, for example by having short showers, not baths. There are other things we can
do to protect the earth. We can______ (g) things like bottles or newspapers.

Listening practice
*1. Listen to four descriptions of environmental problems. Name the problems.
1. ________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________

4._________________________________________________________________

Word Formation
**1. Complete the text below with the correct form of the words.

Hurricanes
A hurricane is a 1) (destroy) ______ storm which is always accompanied by
torrential rain and winds that can reach speeds of up to 3000 kilometers per hour.
Hurricanes form over warm expanses of water and increase in 2) (strong)_____ as
they make their way towards the main land, 3) (coast)________ areas are usually hit
the hardest, but the 4) (intense)________of the storm decreases as it continues
inland. Hurricanes can cause 5) (extend)________damage. They uproot trees,
destroy houses and 6) (construct)_________sites and even lift up boats right out of the
water. So, it is crucial that meteorologists keep constant 7) (observe)________ of any
suspicious weather formations which may evolve into hurricanes. If a hurricane is
approaching inhabited areas, the authorities issue 8) (warn)___________ and give
people 9) (instruct)______as to how to prepare for its10) (arrive)________ and for
their evacuations.

8
**2. Complete these sentences with correct form of the words in brackets.
1. What can we do to reduce the __________ (pollute) of the atmosphere?
2. The change in the climate has produced_________ (disaster) floods.
3. Many rare species are threatened with _________ (extinct).
4. Many of the gases produced by factories are ________ (harm) to our health.
5. Exhaust fumes have ________ (damage) effects on the environment.
6. Many countries must try and control the growth of the _______(populate).
7. Protecting the environment is essential to our ________ (survive).
8. While some countries get richer, the ________ (poor) in others gets worse.
9. Millions of people in the world are threatened with_________ (starve).

9
 Seminar 26

1. Grammar: The Passive

2. Vocabulary: Environment. Collocations. Prepositional phrases with verbs
3. Reading: How can we protect the environment?
4. Writing: Opinion paragraph

Grammar
Exercises
*1. Complete the table with irregular verbs.
Base form Past Simple Past Participle

*2. Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets to complete the sentences.
1. I_______________ (like / am liked) this place.
2. What books by Charles Dickens _________ (translated / are translated) into
Russian?
3. Who ___________ (protects / is protected) animals?
4. This city ______________ (is visited / visited) by many people.
5. Who ____________ (gives / is given) bad marks in your class?
6. Our house___________ (made /is made) of wood.
7. Our holiday___________ (is begun / begins) next week.
8. Pupils __________ (are given / give) textbooks by the teacher.
9. The holiday ___________ (celebrated / is celebrated) every year.

*3. Fill in the correct form of the verb to be.

1. Grammar rules_________ always learnt by heart.
2. Rare animals _______ protected in many countries.
3. This scarf ________made by my granny two years ago.
4. Animals in the reserve______ fed two times a day.
5. The same shirts ________ worn by all the members of our team last year.
6. New books _______shown in our library
7. Many Russian towns _______ described in this book.

10
8. Dinner _______ cooked by my mother tomorrow.
9. This place ________crowded tomorrow.
10. Our village ________ surrounded with a forest.

**4. Ask for more information about the sentences using the words in brackets.
Example:
The children are left after the lessons. (why, how often)
Why are the children left after the lessons?
How often are the children left after the lessons?
1. The game is won by our school team. (what game)
__________________________________________________________________

2. The map was brought from England. (when)

__________________________________________________________________

3. My books are not kept on the shelf. (why)

__________________________________________________________________

4. School meetings will be held next month. (where)

__________________________________________________________________

5. The glass is filled with something. (what)

__________________________________________________________________

6. Hockey is usually played by boys. (when)

__________________________________________________________________

7. The dinner is not served. (why)

__________________________________________________________________

**5. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using the Simple Tenses
(give two forms where possible).
Example: Tom gave her a book. — She was given a book. The book was given to
her.
1. He broke my watch. 2. The teacher explained the rule. 3. He often asks me to help
them. 4. They usually do written exercises in class. 5. She will make a cake
tomorrow. 6. Steve will make a report at the conference. 7. They play tennis all year
round. 8. His friends bought new bags yesterday. 9.The manager offers me several
jobs. 10. They will promise you much, but don't believe them.

**6. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form.
1. You (take)____ around the city tomorrow.
2. Melons (grow)____ in the south of France.

11
3. The ship building industry (reduce)____ since 1970.
4. He (shock)_____ by the story at our last meeting.
5. In 1980 the Olympic Games (hold)____ in Moscow.
6. The room (not clean) _____ yet.
7. Mercedes cars (make)_____ in Germany.
8. The streets (decorate)_____ at the moment.
9. The translation (do)_____ in time. Everyone was glad.
10. We (impress)______ by her acting at her last concert.
11. More raw materials (import)______ in the future.
12.The examination (hold)______ next Friday.
13. The letters (send)_____ this week.

***7. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using the given
grammar tense.
1. Everybody loves this dish.
2. Have they collected all the necessary information?
3. Nobody will ever buy such an ugly picture.
4. The police caught this criminal a year ago.
5. The doctor was examining a patient when I came.
6. The noise frightened the children.
7. We had spent all the money by the end of our vacation.
8. Will they raise prices again?
9. Our neighbours are growing new flowers this year.
10. They use this word in several meanings.

***8. Use Active or Passive voice.

English as a global language
English 1) ______(speak) originally in Britain by the Anglo-Saxons 1500 years ago,
but it 2) ______(differ) a lot from the language we 3) ______(know) today. In fact,
we would have great difficulty understanding Old English now. Since then, the
English language 4) _______(change) a lot and it 5) _____(spread) all over the
world. It 6) _______(speak) as the first language in the UK, the USA, Australia, New
Zealand, Canada, South Africa and the Caribbean, and it 7) _____(use) as an official
language in more than 70 countries. A lot of different forms and varieties of English
8) _____(use) not only across the world, but even within the British Isles. It 9)
______(teach) as a foreign language in several countries. More and more people 10)
______(use) English when travelling and doing business abroad. It seems that
English is becoming the language of international communication.

12
 Vocabulary
Environment
Collocations: acid rain, tropical rainforest, exhaust fumes, nuclear energy, natural
resources, solar energy, noise pollution, traffic jams, heavy traffic, greenhouse effect,
fossil fuels, carbon footprint, renewable energy, extinct/endangered species (of
animals)
Prepositional phrases with verbs: apologize for, believe in, belong to, dream of,
listen to, agree with, complain about, depend on, wait for, search for, rely on, spend
on, accuse of, congratulate on, concentrate on, succeed in, divide into, happen to, fill
with, insist on, crash/drive/ bump/ run into
Collocations
*1. Complete the collocations below by adding an appropriate noun. Some can
combine with more than one noun.
Example: environmental – effect, changes, disaster, pollution, resources
warming/ effect/ energy/ fumes/ fuels/ waste products/ jams/ rain/ layer/
changes/disaster/ pollution/ rainforest/ transport/ resources/ gases

1)acid 6) nuclear 11) sea 16) recycled

2)tropical 7) public 12) solar 17) noise
3) exhaust 8) traffic 13) finite 18) renewable
4) global 9) natural 14) greenhouse
5) ozone___ 10) air 15) clean

**2. Complete the following sentences with missing words. Do not write the first
letter.
1.Global w______________________ refers to an increase in the world’s
temperature caused by increased amounts of carbon dioxide.
2. The largest source of c_____________________ emissions comes from the release
of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
3. C______________________ change has led to the rise of sea levels around the
world.
4. The report said that a_____________________ rain is the main factor causing the
death of many trees.
5.The members of the committee agreed that an increase in r___________________
energy must be achieved at all costs.
6. We can reduce our carbon e_____________________ by buying home-grown
food.
7. G______________________ gases only make up a small part of the earth’s
atmosphere.
8. The most important f_____________________ fuels are coal, oil and natural gas.
9. S______________________ power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity.
10. Industrial w______________________ is often buried in the ground or dumped
in landfills.

13
Prepositional phrases with verbs
*3. Complete the sentences with correct prepositions.
1. Residents listened_______the experts.
2. Most people agree _________the scientists.
3. People used to believe ___________supernatural causes for natural disasters.
4. The strength of a volcano depends______different factors.
5. The experts apologized _________not warning people about the possibilities of a
tsunami.
6. You can rely ______firefighters to help you in dangerous situations.
7. The residents complained _________not being informed.
8. Nobody dreamt _________something so big as a 20 meter wave.
9. Governments spend a lot of time and money _____protecting the public from
natural disasters.
10. Nobody knew who the dog belonged _____.
11.They accused him_______stealing money.
12.I congratulate you _______winning the race
13. She was concentrating ______her book.
14.I hope you succeed ________getting what you want.
15. The country is divided _____six regions.

**4. Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs with dependent
prepositions in the correct form.
believe/concentrate/ divide/ drive/ fill/happen/succeed/insist

1. I wanted to go alone but Sue ______ coming with me.

2. I haven't seen Harry for ages. I wonder what has ______ him.
3. I was driving along when the car in front of me stopped suddenly. Unfortunately, I
couldn't stop in time and ______ the back of it.
4. It's a very large house. It's ______ four flats.
5. I don't ______ ghosts. I think people only imagine that they see them.
6. Steve gave me an empty bucket and told me to ______ it ______ water.
7. Don't try to do two things together. ______ one thing at a time.
8. It wasn't easy but in the end we _______ finding a solution to the problem.

***5. Answer the questions using the underlined verbs. You may need to change the
form of the verb.
1. What did you spend pocket money on where you were a young child?
__________________________________________________________________
2. What did you rely on most? Your mobile phone or your computer?
__________________________________________________________________
3. Who does the pen you’re using belong to?
__________________________________________________________________
4. What was the most recent thing you complained about?
14
__________________________________________________________________
5. Do you find it hard or easy to apologize when you’ve done something wrong?
__________________________________________________________________

Reading Practice

*1. You are going to read a text about things we can do to protect the environment.
Read the four paragraphs and match them to these titles.
Paragraph _____ a Young people can make a difference
Paragraph _____ b Predictions for the future
Paragraph _____ c What is a carbon footprint?
Paragraph _____ d Your lifestyle and your carbon footprint
1. It’s difficult to know exactly how our climate will change. Scientists think that
the global temperature may go up by between 1.4°C and 5.8°C in the next fifty years.
This global warming will definitely make a big change to life on earth. Most areas will
become warmer. Some parts of the world might have terrible floods, but some may
have droughts. This will probably be bad for plants and animals in all parts of the world.
In the Arctic we can already see that the changing weather is going to make life very
difficult for polar bears.
2. So what can we do about this? One thing we can do is to think about our” carbon
footprint”. A carbon footprint is a way of working out the difference that each person
makes to the environment. It shows the pollution that we, as individuals, are
responsible for. For example, when you go to school by car every day your carbon
footprint gets bigger because you are adding to the pollution. When you walk to school
or go by bike, your footprint is much smaller.
3. Your decisions in life make a difference to your carbon footprint. Do you fly
when you go on holiday? Planes are much worse for the environment than trains. They
leave a bigger carbon footprint. When you buy products that have a lot of plastic
packaging, you are also making your carbon footprint bigger.
4. You are a teenager. Perhaps, you think that you are not responsible for your
own carbon footprint because your parents and your school are responsible. But you
can help your family and others to change their habits. And you can watch less TV and
turn off the light when you leave a room. Each small action will make your carbon
footprint smaller. And that will help to slow down global warming and its dangerous
consequences.

**2. Choose the correct alternative. Write the number of the paragraph where you
found the answer.
1. A carbon footprint works out the difference that each human being/type of
transport makes to the environment.
Paragraph________

15
2. The text suggests that teenagers can take decisions for their parents/influence their
parents’ decisions.
Paragraph________
3. Rail travel/Flying is relatively good for the environment.
Paragraph________
4. The effects of climate change will probably/will probably not affect nature all over
the planet.
Paragraph________
5. Everyday activities make/don't make a big difference to your carbon footprint.
Paragraph________
6. Scientists are/aren’t sure what will happen in the next fifty years.
Paragraph________
7. Scientists predict that the changes will/won’t be the same in different places.
Paragraph _______

***3. Match the underlined words in the text with their definitions.
1. cause ______________
2. the plastic that covers things you buy__________
3. deciding, calculating__________
4. results___________
5. routines___________
6. the mark that your foot leaves on the ground___________

Writing
Opinion paragraph
*1. Read the opinion paragraph about recycling. Do you agree with the author?

As far as I am concerned, recycling is a waste of time and money.

To begin with, it is more expensive than we think. Furthermore, it is difficult or even
impossible to recycle some materials. Some people say that burning rubbish is harmful
to the environment because of the fumes. Nevertheless, burning rubbish is a very
efficient way to generate electricity. Although many people say that they recycle their
rubbish, only some of them take the time to separate glass, paper and plastics. All things
considered, I totally disagree with the idea of making people recycle.
*2. Put the linkers from the text in the correct place. Add two more to each line.
1) Sequence:
___________________________________________________________

2) Addition:
____________________________________________________________

16
3) Contrast:
____________________________________________________________

3.Fill in the correct connectives and linking words from the list. There may be more
than one answer in some sentences.
although/as a result/however/in case /including/in other words/ on the
contrary/otherwise/therefore

1. Sea levels will probably rise in the next few decades

__________________________ of global warming.
2. I hope he drives carefully, __________________________ he may have problems
on such a slippery road.
3. The president was not a very popular leader. __________________________, his
resignation did not come as a surprise.
4. Our economy will not improve this year. _______, all projections show that it will
get worse.
5. The couple broke up a few days ago. _______, they are still living together
because of the children.
6. ________ it was a wonderful place to go skiing, not many tourists found their way
there.
7. The candidate didn’t quite meet the necessary requirements.
__________________________, he failed.
8. Please take some warm clothes with you, just _______________________ it gets
cold at night.
9. The scientist studied the behaviour of various animals, _______ whales and
dolphins.

***4. Write an opinion paragraph.

The government wants to build a new airport. What about the people who live in the
area where they want to build this new airport? How will they live with all this
pollution from the sky? How will they live with all the road traffic that this airport
will bring to the area?
express your opinion and explain your main reason for it
make sure your paragraph has three basic parts: the topic sentence, the supporting
sentences, the concluding sentence.
use linking words
use the passive
use the environment-related active vocabulary, prepositional phrases with verbs

Write at least 60 words.

17
_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________

18
 Seminar 27

1. Grammar: The Passive

2. Vocabulary: Revision
3. Word Formation/Grammar ( )
4. Writing: Opinion paragraph

Exercises
Grammar
*1. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using modal verbs.
Example: He can do this work. – The work can be done .

1. The children can read books.

Books ____________________________________ by the children.
2. Susan has to learn geography.
Geography ____________________________________ by Susan.
3. The dog should bring the bones.
The bones ____________________________________ by it.
4. Tom must open the window.
The window ____________________________________ by him.
5. Poor people cannot spend a lot of money.
A lot of money ____________________________________ by poor people.
6.The pupils must answer a lot of questions.
A lot of questions ____________________________________ by the pupils.
7. How can we solve that problem?
How ____________ the problem __________________________?
8. You must not touch this button while the experiment is in progress.
This button _____________________________________ while the experiment is in
progress.
9. We should call the police at once after the accident.
The police ________________________________ at once after the accident by us.
10. We must put an end to this quarrel.
This quarrel ____________________________________ an end to.

*2. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using modal verbs.
Example: He can do this work. – The work can be done (by him).

1. She can find a job easily.

__________________________________________________________________
2. The matter is urgent. They must phone her immediately.
__________________________________________________________________

19
3. Where is Mr. Black? You must find him.

__________________________________________________________________

4. The weather is warm. She may plant the flowers.

__________________________________________________________________

5. Ecologists say that we must take care of our planet.

__________________________________________________________________

6. The lecture is over. You may ask questions.

__________________________________________________________________

7. You should avoid the center of town during rush hours.

__________________________________________________________________

8. They agreed that the club should raise membership fee.

__________________________________________________________________

**3. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.

1. Someone will attend to you later.
__________________________________________________________________

2. I don't remember Jack giving me the tickets.

__________________________________________________________________

3. We must do something before the situation gets out of control.

__________________________________________________________________

4. You can hear the music in all sections of the stadium.

__________________________________________________________________

5. The company employs five people.

__________________________________________________________________

6. They are going to buy a new TV set next week.

__________________________________________________________________

7. My great grandfather built this house 60 years ago.

__________________________________________________________________

8. My sister gave me the key so I could get in.

__________________________________________________________________

20
9. Nobody said anything.
__________________________________________________________________

10. A loud noise woke me up last night

__________________________________________________________________

***4. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.

1. The lawyer is preparing some important documents for the trial.
__________________________________________________________________
2. They are building a new amusement park in this neighbourhood.
__________________________________________________________________
3. The politicians will have reached a decision by tomorrow.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Millions of people all over the world watch this programme.
__________________________________________________________________
5. They ought to pay the workers more.
__________________________________________________________________
6. Somebody stole my car from the car park.
__________________________________________________________________
7. She hasn't watered these plants for over a week.
__________________________________________________________________
8. Joe introduced me to his girlfriend last week.
__________________________________________________________________
9. The audience is not listening to the speaker.
__________________________________________________________________
10. They might invite us to the party, but I'm not sure.
__________________________________________________________________

***5. Rewrite the sentences in the Passive voice.

1. Someone might have stolen the valuable jewels.
__________________________________________________________________

2. They are monitoring the whole area with TV cameras.

__________________________________________________________________

3. Everyone must wear hard hats when working on the building site.
__________________________________________________________________

21
4. Scientists have not tested the new product on humans.
__________________________________________________________________

5. The company normally delivers cars within a month.

__________________________________________________________________

6. They saw the suspect entering the building.

__________________________________________________________________

7. The teacher ought to have sent her to the headmaster.

__________________________________________________________________

8. The organizers will offer drinks during the break.

__________________________________________________________________

9. The manager will report all shoplifters to the police.

__________________________________________________________________

10. Border officials made me open my suitcase.

__________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary
Revision

*1. Fill in the blanks using a word from the list.

weather / exhaust / on / greenhouse/ recycling / fuel / resources/

environmental / atmosphere / energy
Save it!
In recent years, the number of 1) ______ problems have increased dangerously. One
of the most serious problems is changes to the 2) ______ which has led to the 3)
_______effect; this is making most climates warmer. It is already affecting several
areas of the world with unusual 4) _______ causing droughts or heavy storms. Cutting
down on 5) ________ fumes from vehicles would help solve the problem. Natural 6)
______ such as oil and coal are not endless, so using other forms of 7) ______such as
wind, sun, water and even sea waves would help preserve our planet. Very soon we
will be able to drive cars in cities and towns that run 8) _____ electricity-a much cleaner
9) _____ than petrol. And we can also help to reserve finite resources by 10) ______
things made of glass, aluminium, plastic and paper.

*2. Complete each sentence with the correct form of a verb from the box.
apologize for / believe in / belong to/ dream of / listen to / agree with
/complain about/ depend on / spend on/ wait for

22
1. The bank ___________ their mistake when I ____________being charged twice
for the same thing.
2. The students ________both sides of the argument and then decided which one they
_______most.
3. Many boys _________becoming a football star in order to have loads of money to
_________a luxury lifestyle.
4. Some of my friends _______the tennis club in my town but I’m still ________ a
vacancy so I can join-they’re full at the moment.
5. The ideas you ________may _________what your parents think.

*3. Fill in the correct preposition.

1. A strange thing happened ___________me a few days ago.
2. Mark decided to give up sport so that he concentrates _______studies.
3. I don’t believe _______ working very hard.
4. I hope you succeed ________getting what you want.
5. Do you spend much money _______clothes?
6. I felt cold but Peter insisted _______having the window open.
7. I filled the tank but unfortunately, I filled it _____ the wrong kind of petrol.
8. You can rely______ him to be polite.
9. They complained to me ______the noise.
10. It is impossible to divide this text ________paragraphs.

Word formation

. ,
, ,
.
.

*Task 1
We believe that in old times people were “environmentally-1) _____ (friend)” and
lived in harmony with nature. Some people (such as the 2) ______ (America) Indians)
respected and protected their environment. But there are many examples of ancient
people who carelessly destroyed the land they inhabited. The great city of Ur was
destroyed by floods because people cut down the trees 3) ________ (regular) on the
bank of their river to use for their fires. Although the Bible says that the cause of the
floods was the anger of God, the real cause of the flood was probably 4) ______
(environment) damage by man. The dodo was a large bird, rather like a turkey, that
lived on the island of Mauritius in the Indian ocean. When the first man arrived in
Mauritius in the early 16th century, they found that the dodos were not afraid of people.

23
The 5) ___________ (settle) Killed dodos partly for food and partly for sport. Less
than 200 years after the first man settlement on Mauritius, the last dodo was dead. Only
the expression “as dead as dodo” lives in the 6) _______ (England) language.
*Task 2
What is global warming?
“Greenhouse effect” is actually a 7) ______(nature) feature of our atmosphere without
which life on our planet would be 8) ______(possible).
Certain atmospheric gases work as a kind of blanket, keeping the Earth warm. The
amount of these” greenhouse “gases used to be more or less the same for centuries. But
the 9) _______(industry) revolution broke this balance. Because of heavy industry and
other human 10) _______(activity) the amount of CO2 and other gases have increased
by 30%. Climate experts predict that by 2050 the
11) _______(globe) average temperature will rise by 2-3 degrees. It doesn’t seem
much.
Remember, however, that the 12) ________(differ) between the average global
temperatures now and the last ice age (20, 000 years ago) is only 6 to 8 degrees.

Grammar

. ,
, ,
. .

**Task 1
Kate knocked on the door and entered the room. The room was large – three times 1)
______ (large) than Kate’s classroom. The walls 2) ______ (to paint) light blue.
Several 3) ________ (child) were sitting in a circle. “Come in, Kate,” the teacher 4)
________ (to tell) her. “We 5) ________ (play) word games. Would you like to join
us?”
Kate 6) ________ (not /know) how to play word games but sat down between a tall
blond girl and a dark-haired boy “I 7) ________ (never/play) this game,” Kate
whispered to the girl. “Is it difficult?”

**Task 2
When I was little, I loved reading books written by Roald Dahl. They were my favourite
choice of bedtime story. When Mum asked me what book I wanted, always 1) ______
(choose) a book by Dahl. Mum readily agreed.
She said she 2) _______ (enjoy) reading him too in spite of the fact that she was an
adult and had a very serious job.
In those years there 3) ____ (be) lots of Dahl's books in our home library.
24
Then, unfortunately, some of them disappeared but to me he is still the best children's
author of the 4) ________ (twenty) century. Roald Dahl started as an adult writer.
Roald Dahl started as an adult writer. His first book 5) ________ (publish) in 1942.
Later he began writing children's books. Many of the stories 6) ________ (base) on
Dahl's own childhood memories. Several of his books are now successful films, for
example ‘Matilda’, ‘Charlie and the Chocolate Factory’ and ‘Fantastic Mr Fox’.
I'm sure you 7) _______ (see) at least one of them!
When you shop for children's books, Dahl is the 8) _______ (easy) choice.

Writing

**1. Punctuate the following paragraph.

In my opinion we should always do what we can to help countries that have suffered
natural disasters. The first point to make is that people living in our country tend to
waste too much money. It is better to support people in need than to spend money on
unnecessary things. Although they may be on the other side of the world that does not
make the suffering less important. Furthermore one day we might encounter the same
difficulties and ask for financial aid. All things considered I firmly believe that it is
absolutely crucial to save human lives by providing any kind of support.

25
 Seminar 28

1. Revision: Modal verbs/The Passive

2. Reading:
3. Speaking: Tasks 1, 2
4. Progress Test

*1. omplete the text with the following modal verbs.

can /can’t/ could (2) / couldn’t/ might/ must /should (2) /shouldn’t

Tania: Hi Peter, what are you doing here? You ______(1) still be at work, it’s only 4
o’clock.
Peter: I asked the boss if I______ (2) leave early. It’s Sally’s birthday tomorrow and
I (3)______ get her a present – she never forgets my birthday.
Tania: I (4)_______ buy her something too. What are you going to get her?
Peter: That’s the problem; I don’t know. I (5)______ get her some CDs, or a book.
Tania: Well, you (6)_______ buy her just anything. Do you know what she likes?
Peter: Clothes, jewellery. But I looked in the jewellery shop and I (7)_______ afford
any of the things she likes. And buying clothes for someone else is difficult.
Tania: I (8)_______ help you with that. I saw a nice blouse she’d like. You
(9)_______ get her that.
Peter: OK, but what about you?
Tania: I’m not sure. Now that you’re getting the blouse, I (10)______ think of what
to get her.

**2. Use Active or Passive Voice.

Amy Johnson joined (join) the London Aeroplan club when she was still a schoolgirl.
There she 1) ______(teach) how to service planes and she 2) ______ (introduce) to a
pilot called Jim Mollison, who 3) ______(hold) the record for a flight to Australia. In
1929, she 4) _______ (award) her pilot’s license and, the following year, Amy 5)
________(try) to beat Jim’s record. She 6) ______ (not succeed), but she was still the
first woman to fly to Australia. When she 7) ______ (return), she and Jim Mollison 8)
_________ (marry). Amy was very popular but her death is still a mystery.

**3. Write one word in each gap.

The European Diet
It’s hard for us to imagine what 1) ______included in the European diet before
America 2) _______discovered 3) _______Columbus in 1492. So many ingredients
which today 4) _______grown all over the world 5) ________unknown to medieval
Europeans. Potatoes, tomatoes, maize and chocolate 6) _____all originally imported
from the New World. Until then, meals had 7) ______prepared with ingredients native
26
to Europe, such as root vegetables. Of course, spices such as pepper 8) _______been
traded and added to food for centuries. When the potato 9) ______first introduced, it
was surprisingly unpopular. It 10) ______considered to be poisonous and it took a long
time for it to become common. There is a story of Parmentier, a French army officer,
who 11) ______potatoes planted in the royal garden and got Marie Antoinette to wear
a potato flower. The poor peasants were curious about the new plants and many of
them 12) ______ stolen to be planted in their own gardens. It was the start of French
fries!

***4. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.

1. His lights are on, so I am pretty sure Dan is at home as

Dan _______________________________ his lights on.
2. Susie’s car’s not here, so she’s almost certainly taking Dobber to the vet. be
Susie ____________________________Dobber to the vet since her car’s not here.
3.There’s no way that boy’s Simon. He’s much taller! boy
That ___________________________ Simon. He’s much taller.
4. I bet you were exhausted after such a long journey! have
You __________________________ exhausted after such a long journey!
5. There’s no way Casey won the disco dancing competition — he’s got two left
feet! have
Casey _____________________ the disco dancing competition — he’s got two left
feet!
6. People in this factory produce many different things. are
Many different things __________________________ at this factory.
7. Our fan club gave us a small amount of money. little
We _______________________________ money from our fan club.

*Task 1

. , A–F
1–7. .
.

1. Why do the temperatures in different parts of our planet rise?

2. What kinds of changes are caused by global warming?
3. What are the impressive facts about various eco-friendly means of transport?
4. Which problems are not going to disappear by themselves?
5. Why is recycling becoming easier nowadays?
6. What are the current problems with the rainforests?
7. What are the aims of the new institution in Russia, connected with the protection
of country`s natural resources?

27
 A. Recycling is becoming easier and more widespread. Governments support
companies that recycle waste. Also, people prefer to buy things from companies that
make their products from recycled materials. Reports say that people worldwide are
starting to care more about what happens to waste products. For example, now
Americans recycle almost 35% of their waste, while in the 1990s the percentage was
much smaller.
B. In autumn 2004 a new governmental body was created in Russia to protect the
country’s natural resources. It’s called the Federal Ecological Service. The aims of the
new institution are the following: to prevent environmental pollution and to control
industrial waste. They say that the new governmental service has improved the state
system of environmental protection in Russia.
C. Climate change is on us. Ten years ago we only spoke about it, now it’s
happening before our eyes. Global warming is bringing unpredictable changes. The
Arctic sea ice is disappearing; glaciers are melting faster every year. Due to heavy rains
some rivers overflow, while others dry out. Disasters such as tornadoes and floods are
spreading. Strong hurricanes are becoming more common and more destructive.
D. People burn plenty of coal, oil and natural gas. As a result of this billions of tons
of carbon dioxide (CO2) are released into the atmosphere every year. CO2 is a
greenhouse gas that traps the sun's radiation within the atmosphere so the concentration
of CO2 increases. As a result of this, temperatures in different parts of the planet rise.
E. They are designed to work using electric power, without gasoline. It means that
they don’t pollute the atmosphere, cost less and reduce the need for oil. Such cars are
reliable and have interesting designs. However, they have a few bad points. Many have
a maximum speed limit of about 50 miles per hour. Most cities are not ready for the
appearance of such cars on their roads.
F. Environmental organisations have been discussing ways of saving the rain
forests for many years. However, we are still facing huge losses in the Amazon. People
think that rainforests have already had enough attention. They have been discussed in
the press for years. Unfortunately, the rainforest is still in danger and can be destroyed
completely.

.
A B C D E F

**Task 2
. , 10-
17 (1 - True),
(2 - False) ,
,
(3 - Not stated). ,
.

28
 What Can a Frog Tell Us?

When was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not
see none for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is
becoming less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous
members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, even in remote jungles on the far
side of the globe, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are
at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply over-sensitive to changes in
the ecosystem? Could their rapid decline in numbers be signalling some coming
environmental disaster for us all?
This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last
quarter century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland; home not
only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. Yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain
frog species are disappearing from rainforests in the Southern Hemisphere which are
barely touched by human hand. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is
known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in
temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a
vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent
insects at manage able levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants
to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently
warning us of a catastrophe.
An example of a bizarre occurrence regarding a species of frog dates from the summer
of 1995, when ' an explosion' of multi-coloured frogs of the species Rana
kleptonesculenta occurred in the Netherlands. Normally these frogs are brown and
greenish-brown, but some unknown contributory factor is turning these frogs yellow
and/or orange. Nonetheless* so far, the unusual bi- and even tri-coloured frogs are
functioning similarly to their normal-skinned contemporaries. It is thought that frogs
with lighter coloured skins might be more likely to survive in an increasingly warm
climate due to global warming.
One theory put forward to explain extinct amphibian species that seems to fit the facts
concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well-documented phenomenon which has
led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels. The ozone layer is meant to shield
the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a greater effect upon
frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide
temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.

1. Frogs are disappearing only from city areas.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

29
2. Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.
1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

3. Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

4. The frog’s natural habitat is becoming more and more developed.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

5. Attempts are being made to halt the development of wet marshland.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

6. Frogs are important in the ecosystem because they control pestilent insects.
1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

7. The multi-coloured frogs show abnormal behavior.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

8. There is convincing evidence, that the ozone layer is being depleted.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

Speaking
*Task 1

You are going to read the text aloud. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently,
and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2
minutes for reading aloud.

A
Recycling is a technology that helps protect the environment and cut down on
usage of raw materials. The steel, paper and glass industries recycle a lot. The
largest recycler is the steel industry. It recovers more than 70 per cent of its original
materials. For example, since 1988 they have produced the majority of new metal
cans from old ones. Metal parts for cars and planes are other examples of recycling
steel. Fragments of waste glass are widely used in construction. For producing
writing paper and pens, used packing boxes are an ideal material. They are cheap
and easy to recycle. Nowadays more and more recycling centers are appearing in
out towns and cities.

B
Would you like to take a flight on the solar plane? Global warming is a result of
human activity. In 1985 there was a big conference in Austria where 89 climate
researchers from different countries took part. After long discussions the scientists
declared that the climate of the planet had changed. Indeed, it is warmer now than
it was years ago. It can be clearly seen in the north. In the Arctic some places are
30
 ice-free now and polar bears have lost the place where they lived. The sea level
has risen as well. The situation is getting more and more serious. Global warming
is a great problem which needs to be solved in the near future.

*Task 2
You are going to take part in the telephone survey. You have to answer six questions.
Give full answers to the questions. Remember that you have 40 seconds to answer
each question.

Use the following phrases: in my opinion/view; to my mind; I’m convinced that;

personally, I think; to be honest; as far as I’m concerned; there is no doubt that;
actually; I’m absolutely sure; besides; moreover; for example.

1. How is global warming affecting your country?

2. Where and when do you have floods or droughts in your country?
3. What do you do to protect the environment?
4. What products or materials do you recycle?
5. How do people waste water or electricity in your country?
6. What do you do to save water or electricity?
7. How important do you think global warming is? Why?
8. Have you ever taken part in any ecological projects in your school?
9. What would you recommend to a person who wants to improve the ecological
situation in his or her city or town?

31
 Seminar 29

1. Grammar: Conditionals. Types 1, 2

2. Vocabulary: City life
3. Listening: Living in a new city
4. Word formation: City life

Grammar
Exercise
*1. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Present Simple or the Future Indefinite
Tense.
1. If Peter __________ (come) to my place, we__________ (go) to play in the yard.
2. If Peter__________ (not come) to my place, I __________ (watch) TV.
3. If Frank’s parents__________ (have) their holidays in summer, they __________
(go) to the seaside.
4. If they __________ (have) their holidays in winter, they __________ (stay) at
home.
5. If the fog _______ (thicken), Harold _______ (put up) the tent for the night.
6. When I _______ (finish) my work, I_______ (go) to the cinema.
7. We_______ (buy) this book as soon as our mother_______ (give) us some money.
8. When we _______ (come) to your place you_______ (show) us your present.
9. I_______ (return) you your ring when you_______ (ask) me.
10. I_______ (wait) for my friend until he_______ (come) from the shop.
11. My father_______ (start) writing before the sun _______ (rise).
12. As soon as you _______ (finish) your study I_______ (present) you with a new
flat.

*2. Use conditional 2 in the following sentences.

Example: If I knew his telephone number, I would ring him up now. (to ring)
If I knew English, I would speak to them. (to know)
1. If Jack were a polite man, he _________ in such a way. (not, to behave)
2. If Barbara __________ to my birthday party, I would be so pleased. (to come)
3. If I weren’t tired, I __________ you. (to join)
4. He ________ ill so often if he went in for sports. (not, to fall)
5. I would go to the sea-side if I _________ afford a holiday now. (can)
6. If you __________ready, he wouldn’t be so annoyed. (to be)
7. You _________ better if you walked more. (to feel)
8. If I ___________ a cold, I would take part in the competition. (not, to have)
9. I wouldn’t be angry with you if you ________ me all the time. (not, to interrupt)
10. I _____________the house if it weren’t so large. (not, to sell)

**3. Use First or Second Conditional. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. If he _____(run), he'll get there in time.
2. They would be rather offended if I ______ (not go) to see them,
3. If you took more exercise, you ______(feel) better.
32
4. If it _______(stop) snowing, we can go out.
5. If I was offered the job, I think I______ (take) it.
6. I'm sure Ann will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she_____ (refuse).
7. If you ______ (not go) away, I'll send for the police.
8. If I sold my car, I______ (not get) money for it.
9. The police______ (arrest) him if they catch him.
10. We_______ (not have) any money if we didn't work.

*4. Choose the correct answer.

If this theory about parallel universes 1) ____correct, it 2) _____that we’re living in
more than one universe at the same time. But if that 3) ______true – if I was doing
different things in different universes – 4) ______about it. And if I 5) _____about it,
how could it be me doing these things? If I had won the lottery last year in a parallel
universe and decided to sail round the world, how is that ‘me’? It doesn’t make sense!
And another thing. If I do something, it 6) ____consequences. For example, if I 7)
_____ study, I might not pass my exams. I can’t start thinking about different universes
where the consequences are different. If I just 8) _____about the universe I actually
live in, then I’m sure 9) _____okay!

1. A) will be B) is. C) would have been. D) has been

2. A) has meant. B) meant. C) had meant. D) means

3. A) will be B) was being. C) were. D) has been

4. A) I’d know B) I’ll know C) I have known D) I know

5. A) wouldn’t know B) don’t know C) won’t know D) didn’t know

6. A) would have B) would have had C) will have D) had had

7. A) won’t B) haven’t C) don’t D) hadn’t

8. A) think B) to think C) am thinking D) have thought

10. A) I’d be B) I’ve been C) I’d have been D) I’ll be

***5. Complete the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs given in the
box.
be/ forget/ get/ see /work/ call/ find/ leave/ take /want

1.If she____at five o’clock, she’ll be there by half past seven.

2. We ____ you if we have any problems.

33
3. It might not be a good idea to go out tonight if you _____ an important test in
the morning.
4. If you _____ ill all day, you shouldn’t come to the club tonight.
5. If you _____my wallet, call me on my mobile immediately!
6. Let’s get a different DVD if you ____ that one already.
7. If Sean _____ so hard lately, he’ll welcome the chance to have a few days off.
8. If you’re going into town, _____ a video for tonight while you’re there!
9. If you see Carol tonight, ______to say hello from me!
10. Don’t feel you have to come if you _____to.

***6. If a line is correct, put V. If there is an extra word in a line, write it out.
1 I’m an only child. People often say to me: “Wouldn’t you be a lot
2 happier if you have had brothers and sisters? But I don’t see it like that.
3 It’s true that if I had had a brother or sister, I would have someone closer
4 to my own age to talk to and play with at home, but I don’t think that’s
5 very important provided for you have close friends, which I do. If my
6 parents would had more children, they wouldn’t be able to spend so much
7 time with me. And we have great fun together! Also, except if I had a
8 brother or sister, I’d have it to share a bedroom with them. That might be
9 fun, but what would happen if I wanted to play my CDs and he or she had
10 to study -No, I don’t want a brother or sister unless it will happens, of
course. In that case, I think it’ll be the best thing in the world.

***7. Make up conditional sentences.

1. I’ll buy a colour film and take a lot of pictures
if_________________________________________________________________

2. I would have a party and we could dance to music

if_________________________________________________________________

3. I’ll go camping in the Lake District

if_________________________________________________________________

4. Molly’ll learn a lot of things

if_________________________________________________________________

5. I wouldn’t sit with you at the same desk

unless_____________________________________________________________

6. I’ll send her a letter as soon as

__________________________________________________________________
34
7. If he did his homework every day, he
__________________________________________________________________

8. If he comes in the afternoon, we

__________________________________________________________________

9. If you lived in a big city what

_________________________________________________________________?

10. If Milly gives me her address, I

__________________________________________________________________

11. If you don’t stop talking, the teacher

__________________________________________________________________

Vocabulary
City life
Cities and houses: block of flats, bungalow, city centre, cottage, detached house,
factory, flat, inner city, port, semi-detached, house, skyscraper, square, suburbs,
terraced house, town hall
Adjectives describing cities: busy, crowded, dirty, historic, lively, noisy, quiet
Extreme adjectives: ancient, boiling, dreadful, enormous, filthy, freezing, packed,
silent, stunning, tiny, breathtaking, gigantic, heaving, huge, massive, outrageous,
prehistoric, roasting, scorching, roasting, icy, spectacular, terrible

Vocabulary
Exercises
Cities and houses
*1. Write the words.
1. a house which is separate, not touching other houses________________________
2. a small house, usually in a village or in the country_________________________
3. a building for the offices of the local government__________________________
4. the area, where ships stop, where there are usually buildings__________________
5. an area where many people live, and there are often social problems there_______
6. an area away from the city center where richer people live___________________
7. a house which is attached to houses on both sides__________________________
8. a tall building where there are many homes
_____________________________________

*2. Match the extreme adjectives (1-14) with the normal adjectives (a-j). In some
cases, use the same letter more than once.
1. ancient a) bad
2. boiling b) beautiful

35
 3. dreadful c) big
4. enormous d) cold
5. filthy e) crowded
6. freezing f) dirty
7. packed g) hot
8. silent h) old
9. stunning i) quiet
10. tiny j) small
11. spectacular
12. outrageous
13. heaving
14. scorching

*3. Read the sentences with extreme adjectives. Then match the correct halves of the
rules.
The film was bad really.
The film was really awful.
The film was absolutely awful.
The film was quite bad.
The film was very bad.

1. We use totally, completely and a) with normal adjectives

absolutely

2. We use very and extremely b) with normal adjectives

3. We use really c) with extreme adjectives

4. We use quite and rather d) with both normal and extreme

adjectives

**4. Choose the correct modifying adverb.

1. They spent all morning in the museum which was very/absolutely enormous.
2. The market square is totally/rather silent at night.
3. After they’d played football, the boys were absolutely/very filthy.
4. The film we went to see last night was really/very dreadful.
5. Don’t go out without any sun cream on, it’s quite/absolutely boiling out there.

**5. Complete the sentences with the correct adjectives.

1. The view from our window wasn’t beautiful.
It was absolutely_______________________.
2. The city of Athens isn’t just old. It’s _____________.
It has existed for over 3,000 years!

36
3. It was very __________in the city yesterday –over 35 C.
4. It is _____________here in the winter.
5. At Christmas the shops in the city centre are totally _____________with people.
6. The streets are usually quite ______________ because nobody cleans them.

***6. Write a sentence of your own to describe each of the following.

1. something stunning you’ve seen recently
________________________________________________________________
2. a dreadful thing that happened to somebody you know
________________________________________________________________
3. an ancient place that you would like to visit
________________________________________________________________
4. a time when you got your clothes filthy
________________________________________________________________

Listening
*1. Listen to a radio programme about Erasmus project – a programme where
European students can go and study in a different country for up to a year. A student
called Eda describes her experiences of living in a new city. Complete this
information.
1. Eda is originally from__________.
2. On the project she’s been living in __________.
3. She’s been speaking a lot of ________ and _________.

*2. Listen again and complete the notes.

Eda has been living in the new city since a) ___________ and she is leaving in b)
_________. She likes the city because there are c) ___________, exhibitions and d)
_______. She also loves the countryside and e) __________. She thinks the best part
of her stay has been the f) _______. This is when people come together and make g)
_________. The worst part of her stay has been h) __________.

Word formation
*Task 1
. ,
, ,
.

London
London is the capital of the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland. London is one of
the biggest and most 1) ______(interest) cities in the world. Traditionally it is divided
into the West End and the East End. The West End is 2) ______(fame) for its avenues.
37
There are 3) ________(beauty) plane trees, big stores, rich mansions, hotels, theatres
and night clubs. The East End used to be a poor area filled with warehouses, factories,
slums and 4) _______(misery) houses. For the recent years this area has turned into a
new housing 5) ________(develop).

**Task 1
Sunny cottage
The bright, 1) _______(space) cottage is 2) _______(perfect) located in open and very
3) ________(picture)countryside. It is within walking distance of a village with a shop
and a school and it takes just 20 minutes to drive to the 4) _______(history) city of
Bath. It is light and 5) _______(air) in summer, yet cosy in winter. The cottage offers
a pleasant 6) ____(combine) of traditional and modern amenities, and provides an
excellent base for the 7) ______(surround) area. On the ground floor you will find a
living room with a 8) _______(wood) floor, and a modern 9) _______(fit) kitchen,
which is well-equipped with all necessary 10) ________(apply). Upstairs there are
three bedrooms and two shower rooms. In the drive there is a parking for four cars,
with 11) _______(addition) roadside parking.

38
 Seminar 30
1. Grammar: Revision. Conditionals.
2. Vocabulary: Revision. City Life
3. Reading:
4. Grammar/Word Formation:

Grammar
Revision
*1. Complete the text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Dear Unhappy,
Many young people face the same problems as you do. If you 1) ______(want) to lose
some weight, you should follow a balanced diet and eat lots of fruit and vegetables as
snacks. You shouldn’t go on a strict diet unless your doctors 2) ______(tell) you to do
it. Also, you 3) ______(see) great improvement in your fitness level and your skin if
you drink enough water. But I 4) _____ (avoid) drinking fizzy drinks if 5) _______
(be) you because they contain a lot of sugar. If you 6) _______(enjoy) exercising, you
can try joining a ports club and doing aerobics. The best way for you to get fit 7)
_______(be) to do it with friends if they also like sports. But also remember your
friends and family 8) _______ (not love) you less if you looked different! So if I were
you, I 9) ____________ (not worry) too much about my weight and appearance!

**2. Complete the text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Long Summer Break Under Threat

The Minister for Education thinks that if the summer break were shorter, children l)
______ (do) much better at school. “Imagine how you would feel,” he 2) _______ (tell)
a press conference last week, “if you 3) ______ (have) two months off work. You 4)
______ (spend) a lot of time trying to get used to 5) (be)_______ back at work. This is
exactly what we ask children 6) _______ (do) during the long summer holidays. If you
ask teachers, they 7) ______ (tell) you that when kids get back from their summer
break, they just 8) _______ (not carry) on from where they stopped in June. They 9)
_____ (have) to do the same things again. If the summer holidays 10) _____ (be)
shorter, this would not happen. If our proposal 11) _____ (go) ahead, we will introduce
a system based on five terms a year. This means children 12) ______(have) lots of
breaks with plenty of opportunities 13) _____ (relax) during the year. If we didn't have
these long summer holidays, we 14) _______ (do) much more work in our schools, so
we think it 15) _______ (be) time for a change.”

***3. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first,
using the word given. Use between TWO and FIVE words.
1.I’ll lend you my laptop if you promise to take care of it. (LONG)
39
I’ll lend you my laptop ______________________________ you promise to take
care of it.
2.If the weather doesn’t improve, I’m not going out. (UNLESS)
I’m not going out ______________________________ better.
3. I think you should go and see a doctor. (WERE)
If ______________________________________ go and see a doctor.
4. I'll call you the minute I arrive at the airport. (SOON)
I'll call you __________________________ I arrive at the airport.
5. I'm not going home in the rain. (UNTIL)
I won't go home ___________________________ raining.

***4. Complete the text using the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Difficult interview
I had a very difficult interview the other day, in fact it 1) _____ (should be, must have
been) the most difficult one of my life. I arrived an hour early - I know I 2) _____
(mustn't have to, didn’t have to), but I was too nervous. In fact, all the waiting made
me even more nervous, and 3) ________ (can't have been, might have been) better to
arrive just fifteen minutes before. Anyway, when the interview started I just 4)_______
(couldn't, didn't have to) find what to say I had asked my mother for advice about
interview technique, and she said, “If I 5)_______ (should be, were) you, I’d just be
yourself.” I know 6) _______ (should, need) be more confident, but it isn’t always very
helpful. After about five minutes I relaxed a little, but the questions were really
difficult. At the end they said they would 7) _______ (have to, be able to) let me know
the result of the interview by the end of the month, but I'm not very hopeful.

Vocabulary
Revision
City life
*1. Where do these people live?
1. We’ve only got neighbours on one side and they’re really nice.
_____________________________________________________________

2. Where we live, the view is great because we’re on the 12th floor. It’s not so good
when the lift doesn’t work though.
____________________________________________________________

3. Alice lives next door at number 41, and we’re number 43. Ben lives at 45. On the
other side. Sometimes I can hear them through the walls.
____________________________________________________________

40
4. We live here because my younger brother can’t walk very well or climb stairs.

*2. Put the extreme adjectives into the correct column.

breathtaking / crowded / gigantic/ heaving / huge / icy / massive/ outrageous/
prehistoric/ roasting / scorching / spectacular / terrible

enormous freezing boiling packed stunning ancient tiny dreadful

**3. Give the definitions of the following extreme adjectives.

Example: massive-very big
1) enormous_________________________________________________________
2) outrageous________________________________________________________
3) breathtaking_______________________________________________________
4) tiny______________________________________________________________
5) boiling___________________________________________________________
6) packed___________________________________________________________
7) freezing__________________________________________________________
8) stunning__________________________________________________________

***4. Rewrite the text. Swap the normal adjectives for extreme adjectives and use
these modifying adverbs (absolutely, completely, extremely, really, totally) to make
the text more interesting.
The day started well. We found a big quiet beach. The view was nice; we could see
some big mountains and an old castle. By midday the beach was crowded and the sun
was hot. The sand got too hot and burnt our feet so we decided to go to a small café
we’d seen earlier. When we went in, it was dark and quiet. It was also cold inside. A
tall man with a big nose and long dirty hair served us soup, which didn’t taste nice. We
left quickly without daring to ask what was in it.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________

41
 *Task 1

. , A–F
1–7. .
.

1. What is a favourable location for tourists?

2. Where was a special medicine from birds discovered?
3. Why do some people call Cheltenham a green town?
4. What are the annual events in Cheltenham?
5. Where can people take the waters in a historical building?
6. What name should people remember after visiting Cheltenham?
7. Where is tourism developing with care for the environment?

A. Cheltenham is a small, ancient town in England situated to the north-west of

Oxford. It lies below the highest point of the Cotswold Hills and above the level of the
River Severn. The town is also called «The Western Gateway». Thanks to its position
it has become a popular tourist attraction.

B. The Pittville Pump Room is the largest of the spa constructions in Cheltenham.
It is a magnificent, old house of classical style made of white stone. The Pump Room
was designed for balls and entertainments and, of course, for taking the medicinal
waters. Today, it is still used as a concert hall at festival time and for weddings, and of
course, visitors can still take the waters – if they so wish!

C. Tourism is highly developed in Cheltenham and the City Council has to reduce
the negative impact of tourists on the town. A lot has been done. The town has
developed walking, cycling and public transport routes as an alternative to cars. There
is a pool of bicycles that tourists can use for short distance journeys. The local services
try to recycle all the packaging, plastic bottles and batteries left by tourists.

D. Many famous people of the past have connections with Cheltenham. Gustav
Holst, a well-known English composer of the 19th century, was born in the town. His
house is now his birthplace museum. Visitors may learn a lot about Holst's life, his
music and his family. The famous Antarctic explorer Edward Wilson was also born in
Cheltenham. Now a statue of him stands in the Long Gardens.

E. The beauty and wonderful sights of Cheltenham continue to attract visitors from
countries all over the world. For many years people have enjoyed the beauty of
Cheltenham's parks, open spaces and the general greenery of the town. Cheltenham has
been described as ‘a town within a park’. Montpellier place, which is famous for its
wonderful flowers, lies in the centre of the town.

42
 F. Thousands of visitors come to Cheltenham to take part in the festivals which are
held in the town every year. The town organises literature, music, jazz and science
festivals, attracting names with a national and international reputation from each field.
Besides all this, for a week in March the town becomes the centre of the National Gold
Cup in horse racing.
.
A B C D E F

**Task 2
. , 1-8
(1 - True), (2 -
False) ,
, (3 - Not stated).
,
.

New Zealand
What is the name of the country which has volcanoes and rivers of ice, deer and sea-
elephants? It is New Zealand, called the Land of the Long White Cloud by the Maoris.
New Zealand is an island country. It is made up of some islands: the North and South
Islands and Steward Island, a small land mass just to the south of the South Island.
Most of its people live in North Island, and that is where you find big volcanoes like
Egmont and Tongariro and the boiling pools and geysers and lakes of bubbling mud.
Auckland, Christchurch and Wellington are the biggest cities. Wellington is the capital.
South Island is larger than North Island and has the highest mountains. There you can
find the snow-capped Southern Alps, rising 3.764 metres to the tip of Mount Cook
(named after Captain Cook, of course, because he visited the islands before sailing on
westwards and discovering the eastern coast of Australia).
South Island is very beautiful with its Alps and lakes, its glaciers and fiords. Have you
ever heard of Milford Sound? That is one of the most picturesque of the fiords, with
cliffs rising straight up out of the water, the whole scene reflected in the water. Down
there, too, are the Sunderland Falls, where water drops six hundred metres, making
these falls one of the highest waterfalls in the whole world. So you can see there is
plenty to look at in New Zealand. And plenty of things to do for tourists, because New
Zealand is also famous for its fishing, snow sports, mountaineering, sailing and hiking.
The climate is pleasant at all seasons, without much difference between winter and
summer. New Zealand does not have the terrible heat of Australian summers; the
oceans temper its climate and the mountains bring down quite a lot of rain.

43
What do the people do? Farm mostly. Dairy products, meat and wool are the main
exports. New Zealand ranks second only to Australia as an exporter of wool. There are
many factories there too, with hydro-electric stations to produce the power for them.
North Island is where you find the Maoris, the fine people who lived in these islands
hundreds of years before the white man came. Most of them live near Auckland.
The Maoris, a Polynesian people, are the aborigines of New Zealand. After long stays
in Indonesia and the South Pacific, which they explored for many years, they made
their great journey to New Zealand about the middle of the 14th century. They sailed
in double canoes open to all weathers. They knew the winds, the ocean currents and
the stars, and this earned them the name of Vikings of the Sunrise.
The capital of New Zealand since 1865, and one of its busiest ports, Wellington is at
southern end of North Island, lying among hills on the western side of a natural harbour.
It is the third largest city in New Zealand. Auckland (the former capital) is the first
largest city, and Christchurch is the second.
The kiwi is rather an unusual bird found only in New Zealand. It has no tail, almost no
wings, and its nostrils are situated near the end of its bill. No other bird lays an egg so
large in proportion to its size. Its egg is about one fifth of its own weight. This is a
tremendous size. In many countries, New Zealanders, too, are known as Kiwis, for the
bird is also the symbol of people of the two islands.

1. New Zealand is made up of three islands.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

2. Captain Cook discovered New Zealand.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

3. Sunderland Falls is the second highest waterfall in the world.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

4. The climate of New Zealand is mild due to the oceans.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

5. New Zealand is the main exporter of wool in the world.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

6. The Maoris were great sailors in Polynesia.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

7. The capital of New Zealand is the largest city.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

8. New Zealanders are often called ‘Kiwis’.

1) True 2) False 3) Not stated

44
 Grammar

. ,
, ,
. .

**Task 1
When my brother and I were small, our parents spent a lot of time CHILD
with us. They believed that 1) __________should learn something
new every day and every hour.
A weekend in our family meant that our parents 2) ________ us up WAKE
even earlier than on weekdays.
We had breakfast and set off to see some place of interest, or NOT /ASK
museum, or exhibition. Usually they 3) _______ us where we wanted
to go.
It was 4) ________ decision. THEY
One day they told us that we were going to visit a historical museum BE
which was a good distance away from the city. The day 5) ______
cold and gloomy.
The sky 6) _____________with heavy dark clouds. But the weather COVER
didn’t make our parents change their plan. “Are you ready to go?”
Dad asked
Mum 7) ___________ the sandwiches for us already. In case we get PACK
hungry and there’s no café nearby.
And what will we do if it 8) _______?” my brother asked quietly. RAIN
“Getting wet is not a problem,” Dad replied. “I’m sure you
understand that visiting a museum is much better for you than
watching TV at home.” My brother and I sighed. The film we wanted
to see so much was on TV on that very day. We looked at each other
and decided that we needed a plan.

**Task 2
It was a great day yesterday. My friends and I 1) ______ to see a GO
performance at the Bolshoi Theatre.

45
You certainly know that the Bolshoi Theatre is the 2) _________ FAMOUS
theatre in Russia and probably in the world.
But not everyone 3) _______ the history of the Bolshoi Theatre. KNOW
According to historical documents, it 4) ______ in March 1776 when BEGIN
Prince Pyotr Urusov was granted Royal permission to build a public
theatre in Moscow.
Catherine II, Empress of Russia, was fond of arts. She 5) _________ NOT MIND
having a new theatre in her country.
The original building of the theatre had a hall with almost 1,000 seats, BE
a stage and an orchestra pit. Directly over the stage there 6) _______
boxes where the most noble fans of the theatre had their seats.
The theatre has changed several times during 7) ______ history. IT
The building we can see today opened in 1825. It 8) _________ by DESIGN
architect Andrei Mikhailov who was also the architect of the Maly
Theatre. Since that time, the building has been rebuilt and renovated
several times. Now it looks beautiful from the inside and outside.
If I 9) __________ the opportunity to go there more often, I would do HAVE
it every week.

Word Formation
. ,
, ,
.
.

**Task 1
Last week I failed my driving test for the fourth time. EXAMINE
I knew I would have to retake my driving test as soon as I saw the
1) _____________.
He didn’t even say “hello” and didn’t seem very 2) ________. FRIEND
______
I was a little bit late as I had slightly 3) __________ how long it ESTIMATE
would take me to get there

46
In this 4) _________ city all the buses were packed and I had to wait CROWD
more than twenty minutes before a conductor would let me get on a
bus.
I knew apologizing would be 5) __________ so I just got in the car. USE
Luckily, I wasn’t feeling particularly 6) _________but this NERVE
horrible man stared at me in disbelief as I began to drive off. I put
the car into gear, but it went back so fast I couldn’t believe it -
straight into a wall.
I was so 7) __________ when he told me I had failed that I thought APPOINT
I might cry.

***Task 2
Most of life is a gamble. Very many of the things we do involve SATISFACTION
taking some risk in order to achieve a 1) __________result.
We 2) ________a new job TAKE
with an idea of the more 3) _______ consequences of our action. DIRECT
Marriage is certainly a gamble and so is the bringing into 4) EXIST
______of children, who could prove sad liabilities.
A journey, a business transaction, even a chance 5) ______may MARK
result immediately and ultimately in tragedy.
We gamble – against life, destiny, chance the 6) ________- call KNOWN
the
7) _________ opponent what we will VISIBLE
Human 8) _________ and progress indicate that we usually win. SURVIVE

*Task 3
You have to 1) __________ the exercise because the first time DO
you did it you made a lot of mistakes.
Sorry, I 2) _________what you said. I thought you said 30, not UNDERSTAND
13.
There are lots of advantages and 3) ___________ with ADVANTAGES
nanotechnology in food.

47
They’ve 4) _________ the flight –there aren’t enough seats for BOOKED
everyone
Food is still a terrible problem in many countries. Some people ESTIMATE
5) ___________ the problem and don’t think it’s so important.
The governments of the world need to 6) ____________ and OPERATE
work together.

***4. Complete these questions. Then answer them.

1. Have you ever m________something that somebody said to you in English? When?
2. Forget the good things. What do you think are the d___________of new technology?
3. Do you ever eat p_________ meals or do you always eat freshly prepared meals?
4. Have you ever had to r________an exam? Why?
5. When you work in a team, do you think that you c____________well?

31

48
 32

1. Grammar: Revision.
2. Vocabulary: Revision.
3. Word formation: Revision
4. Speaking:

**1. Translate the part of the sentence given in Russian into English. Write no more
than 4 words. Write only the translated words.

Sentence Your answer

1. As we had agreed he call for me in the

evening.
2. I meet him again.

3. You wash this sweater in hot water.

4. He, , the train.
5. I’m afraid I to help you.
6. He, , his wallet.
7. I take much luggage.
8. I to meet him because Ann had agreed
to do it for me.

***2. Complete each second sentence using the word given so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence. Write between two and five words in each gap.
1.The manager did not accept my proposal. (REJECTED)
My proposal ______________________________________ the manager.
2. They will ask to see your documents at the border. (SHOW)
You will _________________________________ your documents at the border.
3. It was unkind of him not to invite his girlfriend to the party. (SHOULD)
He ____________________________________ his girlfriend to the party.
4.People think that Beethoven was a great composer. (BELIEVED)
Beethoven ___________________________________ a great composer.
5. Perhaps, he can solve the problem. (MIGHT)
He _______________________________ solve the problem.
6. Mary grew up in Cleveland with her aunt and uncle. (RAISED)
Mary ____________________________ her aunt and uncle in Cleveland.

49
7. Youngsters under 16 are not allowed into the club. (GET)
You ____________________________ the club if you are under 16.
8. My uncle was driving the lorry when it crashed. (DRIVEN)
The lorry __________________________________ when it crashed.
9. After the play, they introduced us to the actors. (WE)
After the play, ____________________________ to the actors.

***3. Complete the summary of the graph by writing the correct form of the verbs in
brackets.
The number of men obtaining degrees in science from Callum University 1)
____(rise) since 1995, but the trend 2) ______ (not always be) steady. Between 1995
and 1997 the university 3) _______(experience) a slight increase from just over
4,000 science graduates to just under 5,000. This 4) ______(follow) by period during
which numbers 5) _____ (drop) a little and then 6) _____(remain) stable. However,
between 2000 and 2005 the faculty 7) _____(see) a dramatic increase in male
graduates, and by 2005 their numbers 8) _______ (reach) a peak of about 7, 800,
after which they 9) ______ (fall back) to their current figure of 6, 000.

Vocabulary
Revision
**1. Choose the correct word or phrase for each blank.
1.At the moment I'm reading a _____________________ about a family who escaped
from Germany during World War II.
2.Carbon emissions have _____________________ the atmosphere very badly.
3. If you work hard, you will definitely _____________________ a lot this term.
4. Dinosaurs have been _____________________ for millions of years.
5. I hate nothing more than long car _____________________ .
6. _____________________ looking everywhere, I simply couldn't find the car keys.
7. I have got a very _________________ skin, so I'm afraid I can't lie in the sun for
very long.
8. I would like to _________________ to the boss on behalf of all the employees.
9. Who _________________ you how to play so well?
10. Since the middle of the 1960s great _____________________ has been made in
technology.
11. I'm going to spend a few days with some ______________________ of mine who
live on the continent
12. People have been following that ____________________ tradition for centuries.
13. For her birthday she hopes to get some money ____________________ of a gift.
14. The ____________________ of the Antarctic will continue for the next decades.

50
15. I’d like to _________________ an appointment for tomorrow.
16. Don’t you know it’s ___________________ to speak when you’re eating?
17. When I get home from my holiday, I want to ___________________ about the
bad hotel service.

1 a) fiction b) literature c) writing d) novel

2 a) upset b) effected c) disturbed d) affected
3 a) reach b) achieve c) succeed d) gain
4 a) died out b) extinct c) disappeared d) endangered
5 a) voyages b) journeys c) trips d) excursions
6 a) although b) nevertheless c) however d) despite
7 a) sensible b) sense c) sensitive d) sensational
8 a) sorry b) forgive c) apologize d) regret
9 a) learned b) explained c) made d) taught
10 a) progress b) increase c) development d) growth
11 a) families b) companies c) relatives d) neighbors
12 a) aging b) ancient c) antique d) ageless
13 a) despite b) although c) instead d) in spite
14 a) exploration b) searching c) discovery d) inspection
15 a) have b) make c) do d) put
16 a) immoral b) unkind c) impolite d) illegal
17 a) object b) praise c) complain d) strike

**2. Fill in the correct form of make, do, have or get.

1. I wasn't able to sleep because someone was ____________ noise in the basement.
2. I ____________ lost on my way here, so that's why I'm late.
3. I couldn't ____________ any business with him because he isn't trustworthy.
4. I told her it was her turn to ____________ the shopping this week.
5. What are we ____________ for dinner tonight?
6. I'm sorry. You didn't pass. You ____________ too many mistakes.
7. My mother was very ill last week, but she is ____________ better
8.It's ____________ rather cold. Don't you think we should head back to the house?
9. I usually ____________ along rather well with my sisters. They don't
____________ any trouble when they're here.
10. I offered to ____________ the dishes, but she didn't let me.

51
 Word formation
**1. Complete the crossword with nouns formed from the words below.
Across
1. different
4. greet
6. employ
7.beautiful
11. friend
13.complain
14.dirty
15. historical

Down
2. contain
3. celebrate
5. electric
8. appear
9. discuss
10. collect
12. draw

52
**2. Use the word in brackets to form a new word that fits into each blank.
A recent study shows that the world's coral reefs have been showing signs of strong
bleaching due to global 1) __________________ (warm). In the 1980s bleaching
was a rare 2) ____________________ (occur) which came about every 25 years.
Now the rate has risen to about once every five years. 3) ____________________
(environment) predict that by 2050 bleaching will happen every year or two.
Bleaching is caused when warm water breaks down the algae inside the reefs. They
provide food for the corals and keep them 4) ____________________ (health).
When algae fall off, corals suffer a 5) ____________________ (lose) of colour and
can die within a short period of time. Even if the water 6) ____________________
(surround) the reefs gets colder again it may take years for the damaged reefs to
recover 7) ____________________ (complete).

Speaking
Task 1
You are going to read the text aloud. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently,
and then be ready to read it aloud. Remember that you will not have more than 2
minutes for reading aloud.
A
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean of the world. It covers the northern polar
region of the Earth. The Arctic region is a very cold place. The lowest recorded
temperature there is minus 68 degrees. In spite of the cold, a lot of animals live
on the Arctic ice. The polar bear is one of them. Now, due to global warming,
the polar bear is in a serious trouble. The thing is that polar bears hunt seals and
they need ice to do this. The bears wait for seals on the ice, hunt them in the
water and go back to the shore. If the ice is too thin, it breaks under the bears’
heavy bodies and they may drown. The situation is getting worse and some
researchers say the ocean may become ice-free as soon as 2050.

B
Snowdon is the highest mountain in Wales. It is located in a national park. It stands
at 1085 metres above sea level, and it is often described as the busiest mountain in
Great Britain. Snowdon is very popular with tourists. If you are strong and brave
enough to get to the top, you can enjoy wonderful views from there. On a clear
day, you can see as far as Ireland! During the summer months there is a café at the
top. There, tourists can get a welcome cup of tea, or soup if the weather is cold. If
you feel too tired to walk back, you can always take the train down the mountain.
The mountain railway was built in 1896. It is safe, and there have never been any
accidents on this route.

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 Task 2
You are going to take part in the telephone survey. You have to answer six questions.
Give full answers to the questions. Remember that you have 40 seconds to answer
each question.

Use the following phrases: in my opinion/view; to my mind; I’m convinced that;

personally, I think; to be honest; as far as I’m concerned; there is no doubt that;
actually; I’m absolutely sure; besides; moreover; for example.
Task 2
1. Where is your home town located?
2. What is your home town famous for?
3. What is your favourite place in your home town? Why do you like it?
4. What environmental problems do you have in your native city if any?
5. What would you like to improve in your home to make it a better place for living?

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 1

55
 2

Infinitive Past Tense Past

Participle

arise [ 'raiz] arose [ 'r uz] arisen [ 'riz( )n] ,

awake [ 'weik] awoke [ 'w uk awoken [ 'w uk n] ,

]
be [bi:] was,were [w z], been [bi:n]
[w :]
bear [b ] bore [b :] born [b :n] ,

beat [bi:t] beat [bi:t] beaten ['bi:tn]

become [b 'k m] became [b become [b 'k m]
'ke m]
begin [b 'g n] began [b begun [b 'g n] ( )
'gæn]
bend [bend] bent [bent] bent [bent] ,
bind [ba nd] bound [ba nd] bound [ba nd]
bite [ba t] bit [b t] bitten ['b tn] ( )
bleed [bli:d] bled [bled] bled [bled]
blow [blou] blew [blu:] blown [bloun]
break [bre k] broke [brouk] broken ['brouk n] ( )
breed [bri:d] bred [bred] bred [bred]
bring [br ] brought [br :t] brought [br :t]
build [b ld] built [b lt] built [b lt]
burn [b :rn] burnt [b :nt] burnt [b :nt] ,
burst [b :st] burst [b :st] burst [b :st] ,
( )
buy [ba ] bought [b :t] bought [b :t]
cast [k :st] cast [k :st] cast [k :st] ,
( )
catch [kæt ] caught [k :t] caught [k :t] ,

choose [t u:z] chose [t ouz] chosen ['t ouz n] ,

come [k m] came [ke m] come [k m]

cost [k st] cost [k st] cost [k st]
cut [k t] cut [k t] cut [k t]
dig [d g] dug [d g] dug [d g] ,

56
 Infinitive Past Tense Past
Participle

do [du:] did [d d] done [d n]

draw [dr :] drew [dru:] drawn [dr :n] ,
dream [dri:m] dreamt [dremt] dreamt [dremt] ,
drink [dr k] drank [dræ k] drunk [dr k]
drive [dra v] drove [drouv] driven ['dr v n]
eat [i:t] ate [e t, et] eaten ['i:tn]
fall [f :l] fell [fel] fallen ['f :l n]
feed [fi:d] fed [fed] fed [fed]
feel [fi:l] felt [felt] felt [felt]
fight [fa t] fought [f :t] fought [f :t]
find [fa nd] found [fa nd] found [fa nd]
fit [fit] fit [fit] fit [fit]

fly [fla ] flew [flu:] flown [floun]

forget [f r 'get] forgot [f r forgotten [f r 'g tn]
'g t]
forgive [f r 'g v] forgave [f r forgiven [f r 'g v n]
'ge v]
freeze [fri:z] froze [frouz] frozen ['frouz n]
get [get] got [g t] got [g t]
give [g v] gave [ge v] given ['g v n]
go [gou] went [went] gone [g n] ,
grow [grou] grew [gru:] grown [groun]
hang [hæ ] hung [h ] hung [h ] ,

have [hæv] had [hæd] had [hæd]

hear [h r] heard [h :rd] heard [h :rd]
hide [ha d] hid [h d] hidden ['h dn]
hit [h t] hit [h t] hit [h t]
hold [hould] held [held] held [held]
hurt [h :rt] hurt [h :rt] hurt [h :rt] ,
keep [ki:p] kept [kept] kept [kept] ,

kneel [ni:l] knelt [nelt] knelt [nelt]

knit [n t] knit [n t] knit [n t] ( )

know [nou] knew [nu:] known [noun]
lay [le ] laid [le d] laid [le d] ,

57
 Infinitive Past Tense Past
Participle

lead [li:d] led [led] led [led] ,

lean [li:n] leant [lent] leant [lent]

learn [l :rn] learnt [l :rnt] learnt [l :rnt]
leave [li:v] left [left] left [left] ,

lend [lend] lent [lent] lent [lent] ,

let [let] let [let] let [let]

lie [la ] lay [le ] lain [le n]
light [lait] lit [lit] lit [lit] ,

lose [lu:z] lost [l st] lost [l st]

make [me k] made [me d] made [me d]
mean [mi:n] meant [ment] meant [ment]
meet [mi:t] met [met] met [met]
mistake [mis'teik] mistook [mis'tuk mistaken [mis'teik(e)n
] ]
pay [pe ] paid [pe d] paid [pe d]
put [p t] put [p t] put [p t] ,
read [ri:d] read [red] read [red]
ride [ra d] rode [roud] ridden ['r dn]
ring [r ] rang [ræ ] rung [r ] ,
rise [ra z] rose [rouz] risen ['r z n]
run [r n] ran [ræn] run [r n]
say [se ] said [sed] said [sed]
see [si:] saw [s :] seen [si:n]
seek [si:k] sought [s :t] sought [s :t]
sell [sel] sold [sould] sold [sould]
send [send] sent [sent] sent [sent]
set [set] set [set] set [set] ,
shake [ e k] shook [ k] shaken [' e k n]
shine [ a n] shone [ oun, shone [ oun, n] , ,
n]
shoot [ u:t] shot [ t] shot [ t]
show [ ou] showed [ oud] shown [ oun]
shrink [ ri k] shrank [ ræ k] shrunk [r k] (
),

58
 Infinitive Past Tense Past
Participle

( ),
( )
shut [ t] shut [ t] shut [ t]
sing [s ] sang [sæ ] sung [s ]
sink [s k] sank [sæ k] sunk [s k]
sit [s t] sat [sæt] sat [sæt]
sleep [sli:p] slept [slept] slept [slept]
smell [smel] smelt [smelt] smelt [smelt] ,
slide [slaid] slid [slid] slid [slid]
sow [sou] sowed [soud] sown [soun] ,
smell [smel] smelled [smeld] smelled [smeld] ,
speak [spi:k] spoke [spouk] spoken ['spouk n]
spell [spel] spelt [spelt] spelt [spelt]

spend [spend] spent [spent] spent [spent]

spill [sp l] spilt [sp lt] spilt [sp lt]
spit [sp t] spat [spæt] spat [spæt]
split [spl t] split [spl t] split [spl t]
spoil [spo l] spoilt [spo lt] spoilt [spo lt]
spread [spred] spread [spred] spread [spred] (
)
stand [stænd] stood [st d] stood [st d]
steal [sti:l] stole [stoul] stolen ['stoul n]
stick [stik] stuck [st k] stuck [st k] ( ),
,

sting [sti ] stung [st ] stung [st ]

strike [stra k] struck [str k] struck [str k] ,

strive [stra v] strove [str uv] striven ['str vn] ,

swear [swe ] swore [sw :] sworn [sw :n]

sweep [swi:p] swept [swept] swept [swept] ,
swim [sw m] swam [swæm] swum [sw m]
take [te k] took [t k] taken ['te k n] ,
teach [ti:t ] taught [t :t] taught [t :t]
tear [te r] tore [t r] torn [t rn]
tell [tel] told [tould] told [tould]
think [ k] thought [ :t] thought [ :t]

59
Infinitive Past Tense Past
Participle

throw [ rou] threw [ ru:] thrown [ roun]

understan [ nd r understoo [ nd r understoo [ nd r 'st d]
d 'stænd] d 'st d] d
upset [ p'set] upset [ p'set] upset [ p'set] ,

( ),
wake [we k] woke [wouk] woken ['wouk n]
wear [we r] wore [w r] worn [w rn]
weep [wi:p] wept [wept] wept [wept]
wet [wet] wet [wet] wet [wet] ,

win [w n] won [w n] won [w n] ,

wind [waind] wound [waund] wound [waund] ,

,
( )
write [ra t] wrote [rout] written ['r tn]

60