S11 Final 2021

HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY
HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Structural Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed

Used Building Using ESEN 2015
By
1. Bruktayt Dagne
2. Buze Assefa
3. Fantaye Ketemaw
4. Hana H/Mariam
5. Semira Dejene
6. Zinash Bedru
Submission date, February 2021

Haramaya, Ethiopia
Supervised by
Mr. Mekuria M.
A Final year Project

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in
Civil Engineering
UNDERTAKING
We certify that the project titled “Structural Analysis and Design of G+5 mixed-used
building using ES EN 2015” is our own work. The work has not been presented elsewhere
for assessment. Where material has been used from other sources it has been properly
acknowledged/referred.
Name of Student Signature of Student

1. Bruktayt Dagne
2. Buze Assefa
3. Fantaye Ketemaw
4. Hana H/Mariam
5. Semira Dejene
6. Zinash Bedru
i
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, we would like to thank the almighty God for his unconditional love and his
protection in every aspect of our life.
We want also to give our deepest heartfelt gratitude to our Advisor Mr. Mekuria M.
Secondly it is our honor to thank all civil engineering department staff members who
encourage us.
Finally, we would like to express our heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to our parents
and friends for providing us with unfailing support and continuous encouragement
throughout our years of study and the process of our thesis.
ii
ABSTRACT
This project consists of the overall structural analysis and design procedures of G+5
mixed-use buildings based on ES EN 2015 (Ethiopian standard based on European
Norms). The structural design of this building involves the design of floor slabs, stairs,
beams, columns, foundation, and analysis of roof. The building has a flat roof slab system
and a one-way ribbed slab system for each floor. Live load and dead load analyses are
made according to ES EN 2015. After the minimum depth of slab for serviceability limit
state of deflection was determined, the slab was designed for different loads including self-
weight and live loads. Stairs and landings were designed as a one-way slab. Loads acting
on beams from slab reactions and walls directly resting on beams were added to the self-
weight of beams to find total load acting on beams. These were inserted and analyzed using
ETABS 2019.V19.6.2. To simplify the design procedure calculation is done using Excel
spreadsheets. Also, the size of the footing was determined from the bearing capacity of the
soil.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... II
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................... III
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. IV
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ VII
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ........................................................... IX
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1
1.1 General ................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objective .............................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Design criteria for buildings ................................................................................ 2
1.4 Design Consideration and Material Property ....................................................... 3
1.5 General Description of the Building .................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS AND ROOF DESIGN ........................... 8
2.1 Analysis of wind load .......................................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Mean wind .................................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Roughness coefficient ................................................................................... 9
2.1.3 Terrain factor ................................................................................................ 9
2.1.4 Orography factor ......................................................................................... 10
2.1.5 Wind turbulence.......................................................................................... 10
2.1.6 Peak velocity pressure ................................................................................ 11
2.2 Wind pressure on surfaces ................................................................................. 11

2.3 Wind load analysis for the wall of a building .................................................... 14
2.4 Analysis and design of roof slab ........................................................................ 18
CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF SLAB ............................................................................ 30
3.1 Design of ribbed slab ......................................................................................... 30

3.1.1 Loading ....................................................................................................... 32
3.1.2 Moment envelope analysis for ribs ............................................................. 32
3.2 Loading on Girders ............................................................................................ 35
iv
3.2.1 Analysis of Girders ..................................................................................... 35
3.2.2 Loading on beam ........................................................................................ 36
3.2.3 Beam analysis ............................................................................................. 37
3.3 Rib design .......................................................................................................... 37

3.3.1 Effective width computation....................................................................... 38
3.3.2 Girder design .............................................................................................. 43
3.4 Beam design ....................................................................................................... 44

3.4.1 Transverse reinforcement ........................................................................... 45
3.5 Detailing ............................................................................................................. 46

CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF STAIR .......................................................................... 49
4.1 Staircase ............................................................................................................. 49

4.2 Depth Determination .......................................................................................... 50
CHAPTER 5 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS ........................................................ 56
5.1 Lateral Load Determination ............................................................................... 56

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF BEAM .......................................................................... 61
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 61

6.2 Beam depth determination ................................................................................. 61
6.3 Design of Beam .................................................................................................. 62
6.4 Beam design for shear ........................................................................................ 66
6.5 Anchorage and lap length .................................................................................. 69
6.5.1 Anchorage length ........................................................................................ 69
6.5.2 Lap length ................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF COLUMN .................................................................... 75
7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 75

7.2 Classification of column .................................................................................... 75
CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION ........................................................... 85
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 85

8.2 Types of foundation ........................................................................................... 85
8.3 Selection of foundation type .............................................................................. 86
8.4 Design of footing pad ......................................................................................... 87
v
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................... 96
9.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 96

9.2 Recommendation ............................................................................................... 97
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 98
APPENDIX A .................................................................................................................. 99
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 stress and deformation characteristics for concrete ............................................ 4

Table 1-2 Unit weight of materials ..................................................................................... 5
Table 1-3 Story height ........................................................................................................ 6
Table 2-1 external pressure coefficients for flat slab........................................................ 13
Table 2-2 internal and external wind pressure .................................................................. 13
Table 2-3 External pressure coefficient for vertical wall ................................................. 17
Table 2-4 Internal pressure coefficient for vertical wall .................................................. 17
Table 2-5 Depth determination for roof slab .................................................................... 21
Table 2-6 Dead load of the roof slab ................................................................................ 22
Table 2-7 Moment distribution ......................................................................................... 23
Table 2-8 Adjusted moment distribution .......................................................................... 28
Table 3-1Dead load calculation ........................................................................................ 32
Table 3-2 Maximum support and span moment on girder ............................................... 36
Table 3-3 Number of bars for a different condition ......................................................... 40
Table 3-4 Space provided ................................................................................................. 42
Table 5-1 period values and soil factor(S) for spectra-1 ................................................... 58
Table 5-2 Seismic zone for Haramaya.............................................................................. 58
Table 6-1 Depth determination of beam ........................................................................... 62
Table 6-2 required anchorage length ................................................................................ 70
Table 6-3 Minimum anchorage length ............................................................................. 71
Table 6-4 Influence factor coefficient .............................................................................. 71
Table 6-5 Design anchorage length .................................................................................. 71
Table 6-6 Minimum lap length ......................................................................................... 73
Table 6-7 Design lap length .............................................................................................. 73
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1 Typical 2nd to 4th-floor plan .............................................................................. 6

Figure 1-2 3D view of the building .................................................................................... 7
Figure 2-1 keys for flat roofs ............................................................................................ 12
Figure 2-2 Roof slab plan ................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2-3 Moment distribution........................................................................................ 23
Figure 2-4 Adjusted moment distribution......................................................................... 26
Figure 2-5 Detailing of flat roof ....................................................................................... 29
Figure 3-1 Typical ribbed slab .......................................................................................... 30
Figure 3-2 Section view of ribbed .................................................................................... 31
Figure 3-3 Different loading condition moment diagram ................................................. 34
Figure 3-4 Reaction envelope diagram for rib ............................................................. 35
Figure 3-5 Moment envelope diagram for girder on axis C and D .................................. 36
Figure 3-6 Typical T-section ............................................................................................ 37
Figure 3-7 Shear envelope diagram .............................................................................. 40
Figure 4-1 Section view of the stair .................................................................................. 49
Figure 4-2 Stair detailing .................................................................................................. 55
Figure 5-1 Elastic and Design Spectrum Corresponding to the proposed building site . 59
Figure 6-1Beam on-axis Yo4............................................................................................ 63
Figure 6-2 Moment diagram for beams on axis Yo4 ........................................................ 63
Figure 6-3 Shear diagram ................................................................................................. 67
Figure 6-4 Basic tension anchorage length ....................................................................... 70
Figure 6-5Adjacent laps .................................................................................................... 72
Figure 7-2 Section view of C12 column detailing ............................................................ 84
Figure 8-1 Single isolated footing .................................................................................... 86
Figure 8-2Stress distribution on an isolated footing with eccentric loading .................... 88
Figure 8-3 Wide shear ...................................................................................................... 91
Figure 8-4 Perimeters for rectangular columns ................................................................ 93
Figure 8-5 Foundation detailing ....................................................................................... 95
viii
List of Abbreviation and Symbols
ES EN – Ethiopian Standard based on European Norm
𝐸𝑐𝑚 secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
𝐸𝑠 design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel
𝑓𝑐𝑑 Design compressive strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑘 Characteristics cylindrical compressive strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑚 mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 characteristics axial tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 Design tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑦𝑑 Design yield strength of reinforcement
f yk Characteristic tensile strength of steel
𝑄𝑘 Characteristics value of a variable concentrated load
𝑞𝑘 Characteristics value of a uniformly distributed load, or line load
𝛾𝑐 Partial safety factor for concrete
𝛾𝑠 Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel
∅ Diameter of reinforcing bar
ix
Structural analysis and design of G+5 mixed used building
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
A mixed-use building aims to combine three or more uses into one structure such as
residential, hotel, bank, shopping, and entertainment whatever the combination, it brings
together several uses within either one building or a small area. This project is dedicated
to the structural analysis and design of a G+5 mixed-used building that includes a cafeteria,
bank, shop, and is located at Haramaya.
The structure is executed in such a way that the building will remain fit with appropriate
degrees of reliability and in an economic way. It should sustain all the actions and
influences during execution and use. Therefore, the structural design focuses on structural
safety and serviceability with due durability. It must also optimize the cost expended in
building the structure and maintenance.
The design method employed was the limit state design according to the Ethiopian building
code of standard ES EN 2015.
1.2 Objective
The general objective of this project paper is the analysis and design of a G+5 building for
the purpose of mixed-use. The structural design of the building is based on the theoretical
knowledge we have gained throughout our academic years. The project consists of
 Design of roof slab
 Design of typical floor slab
 Design of stair
 Design of beams and columns
 Design of footing
B.Sc. Final Year Project Page 1

1.3 Design criteria for buildings
A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that it will, during its intended
life with appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way. [ES EN 1990-2015
section 2.1]
 Sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use, and
 Remain fit for the use which it is required
A structure shall be designed to have adequate
 Structural resistance
 Serviceability
 Durability
Durability: The structure shall be designed such that deterioration over its design working
life does not impair the performance of the structure below that intended, having due
regards to its environment and the anticipated level of maintenance.
Safety: implies the likelihood of partial or total collapse of the structure is acceptably low
not only under normally expected loads (service loads) but also under abnormal but
probable overloads (such as due to an earthquake or extreme wind). Collapse may occur
due to various possibilities such as exceeding the load-bearing capacity, overturning,
sliding, buckling, fatigue and fracture, etc.
Serviceability: The structure must be able to carry the design load safely without excessive
material distress and with deformations within an acceptable range. This is achieved by
using safety factors in the design of the element.
Costs: is an influential factor in the choice of most structures. The cost criterion cannot be
separated from the criteria of efficiency and construction. A highly efficient structure that
is not difficult to construct will probably be an economical one.
Limit States: -the relevant design situations shall be selected taking into account the
circumstances under which the structure is required to fulfill its function. In our case, we
take a persistent design situation which refers to the condition of normal use [ES EN
1990:2015 section 3].

1. Ultimate limit states: - the limit state that concerns the safety of people and the
structures.
2. Serviceability limit states: - Which deal with discomfort to occupancy or
malfunction, caused by excessive deflection, crack-width, vibration, leakage and
loss of durability, etc. It concerns the functioning of the structure or structural
members under normal use, the comfort of people, and the appearance of the
construction work.
1.4 Design Consideration and Material Property
Concrete: - The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its characteristic
compressive cylinder strength. It is denoted by concrete strength classes which relate to
the characteristic (5%) cylinder strength fck , or the cube strength fck ,cube determined at 28
days by using Class I workmanship.
Design compressive strength: - the value of compressive strength is defined as [ES EN

1992: 2015 equation 3.15]
f ck
f cd   cc
c Equation 1-1
 cc = is the coefficient taking account of long term effects on the compressive strength
and of unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. The recommended
value is 0.85.
 c =1.5for persistent & transient and 1.2 for accidental [ES EN 1992: 2015 Table 2.1]
Characteristic tensile strength: - refers to the axial tensile strength determined by tests
in accordance with a standard issued from the characteristic cylinder compressive strength
with an empirical relation The value of tensile design strength is f ctd , is defined as
𝟎.𝟎𝟓𝒇𝒄𝒌
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 = 𝜶𝒄𝒕 𝜸𝒄
Equation 1-2
 ct is the coefficient taking account of long term effects on the tensile strength and of
unfavorable effects resulting from the way the load is applied. The recommended value is
0.85. [ES EN 1992:2015 Table 3.1]

𝟐
( )
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝒇𝒄𝒌 𝟑 ≤ 𝑪𝟓𝟎/𝟔𝟎 Equation 1-3
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒎 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝒍𝒏(𝟏 + (𝒇𝒄𝒎 /𝟏𝟎)) > 𝑪𝟓𝟎/𝟔𝟎 Equation 1-4
𝒇𝒄𝒎 = 𝒇𝒄𝒌 + 𝟖 (𝑴𝒑𝒂) Equation 1-5
𝑬𝒄𝒎 = 𝟐𝟐[(𝒇𝒄𝒎 )/𝟏𝟎]𝟎.𝟑 Equation 1-6
𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒌, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕 × 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒎 𝟓% 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 Equation 1-7
Where:
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 is the mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑚 is the mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength
𝐸𝑐𝑚 is secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 is characteristics axial tensile strength of concrete
Reinforcement steel: - It is a high-strength and high-cost steel bar used in concrete

construction (e.g., in a beam or wall) to provide additional strength. When reinforcing steel
is used in concrete, the concrete is made to resist compression stress and the steel is made
to resist tensile stress with or without additional compressive stress. Design yield strength
of reinforcement
f yk
f yd 
s Equation 1-8
 s =1.15 for persistent & transient condition &1.0 for accidental condition in [ES EN
1992: 2015 Table 2.1]
Table 1-1 stress and deformation characteristics for concrete

Strength class of concrete
fck (𝑀𝑝𝑎) 25 30
𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 (𝑀𝑝𝑎) 30 37
𝑓𝑐𝑚 (Mpa) 33 38
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 (Mpa) 2.6 2.9
𝐸𝑐𝑚 (Gpa) 31 33
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘, 0.05 𝑀𝑝𝑎 1.8 2.0

For roof slab and foundation concrete grade of C30/37 is used.
For beam, floor slab, column elements concrete grade of C25/30 is used.
Grade of reinforcement S-400
Unit weight of material used
Table 1-2 Unit weight of materials
Materials Density (kN/m3)
Floor Finish 27
Plastering 25
Cement screed 23
HCB 14
RC 25
1.5 General Description of the Building
This paper outlines the static calculation of the structural design of a G+5 mixed-use
building. The building is architecturally designed to give service mainly for shopping,
guest houses, and other function. The building has two main entrances at the front and a
stairway is located on both sides of the building. The Foundation of the building is laid on
a 979.09m² plot area.
Location
Our building is located at Haramaya. Haramaya is a town in east-central Ethiopia located

in the East Haraghe zone of the Oromiya Region, the town has a latitude and longitude of
9⁰ 24‵ N and 42⁰ 01‵ E with an elevation 2047 m above sea level
Geometry
The building has different geometrical and structural arrangements consisting of 7 bays in
the x-direction and 6 bays in the y-direction. It consists of a flat slab roof, beams, and
columns, and ribbed slabs are adopted for the floor system. It has also a staircase to provide

a vertical circulation between floors. The building is regular in elevation having different
story heights.
Typical floor plan
Figure 1-1 Typical 2nd to 4th-floor plan
Table 1-3 Story height

Floor Story height (m)
Base to Ground -2.5
Ground to First 3.2
First to Second 3.2
Second to Third 3.2
Third to Fourth 3.2
Fourth to service floor 3.2
Service floor to roof 3.2

Structural building layout
Figure 1-2 3D view of the building

CHAPTER 2 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS AND ROOF DESIGN
2.1 Analysis of wind load
The wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should be
resisted by using appropriate design for different kinds of structural elements like roofs,
walls Wind actions are fluctuating with time.
They act directly on the external surfaces of enclosed structures and also act indirectly on
the internal surfaces. They must also directly affect the internal surface of open structures.
These effects are more magnified for structures with more openings and large surface area.
2.1.1 Mean wind
The mean wind velocity vm ( z ) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain
roughness and orthography and on the basic wind velocity, vb, and should be determined
using [ES EN 1991-1-4 2015 expression (4.3)]
vm ( z )  cr ( z )  co ( z )  vb Equation 2-1
Where:
cr ( z ) is the roughness factor
co ( z ) is the orography factor
vb is the basic wind velocity
Basic wind velocity, vb is the characteristics 10 minutes mean wind velocity, irrespective
of wind direction and time of year, at 10m above ground level in open country terrain with
a regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated obstacles with separation of a
maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain, permanent forests) [ES
EN 1991-1-4: 2015 Table 4.1]
The basic wind velocity shall be calculated from the expression

vb  cdir  cseason  vb,o Equation 2-2
Where :
vb ,o is the fundamental value of basic wind velocity, (for Ethiopia=22m/s)
cdir is the directional factor, the recommended value is 1.0.
cseason is the value of the season factor, the recommended value is

1.0.
Vb= 1*1*22=22m/s
2.1.2 Roughness coefficient
Use the following formula for the calculation of the roughness coefficient
z
cr ( z )  kr  ln( ) for zmin ≤Z≤ zmax Equation 2-3
zo
cr ( z )  cr  zmin for Z≤ zmin Equation 2-4
Where:
zo is the roughness length
kr is terrain factor depending
Since the actual height of the building, Z= 19.2m, is between zmin and 200m, we use the
following formula for the calculation of the roughness coefficient
z
cr ( z )  kr  ln( )
zo
2.1.3 Terrain factor
Terrain factor depending on the roughness length zo calculated using the formula given
below
0.07
𝑍0
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 [ ]
𝑍𝑜,∏
Where:
zo, 0.05m [Terrain category Ш, ES EN 1991-1-4: 2015 Table 4.1)]

zmin is the minimum height defined in [ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 Table 4.1]
zmax is to be taken as 200m, unless otherwise specified in the national ANNEX
The site is assumed to fall under category Ш because Haramaya town is classified under
suburban. Then from [ES EN 1991-1.4: 2015 table 4.1 for category Ш]
zo = 0.3m
zmin = 5m
zo, = 0.05m
0.3 0.07
𝑘𝑟 = 0.19 [ ] = 0.215
0.05
For 2047m above mean see level according to [ES EN1991:2015 sec1.4 table 4.1]
k r =0.215 Zo= 0.3

 =0.94
Z= 19.2
cr ( z ) = 0.215𝑙𝑛(19.2/0.3) = 0.894
2.1.4 Orography factor
co = 1.0
vm ( z )  cr ( z ) co ( z ) vb
vm ( z ) = 0.894*1*22=19.668m/s
2.1.5 Wind turbulence
The turbulence intensity lv ( z ) at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the

turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity.
The turbulent component of wind velocity has a mean value of 0 and a standard deviation
σv.
The standard deviation of the turbulence σv may be determined from [ES EN 1991-1.4:
2015 Expression 4.6]

  kr  vb  kl Equation 2-5
Where:
kl is the turbulence factor. The recommended value kl is = 1.0.
𝜎𝑣 𝑘𝑙
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) = 𝑣 =𝑐 𝑧 for 𝑧𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤z ≤ 𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑚 (𝑧) 0 (𝑧)∙ln( ⁄𝑧𝑜 )
lv ( z )  1/(1×ln(19.2/0.3)=0.24
2.1.6 Peak velocity pressure
The peak velocity pressure q p ( z ) at height z, which includes mean and short-term velocity
fluctuations, should be determined.
1
𝑞𝑝 (𝑧) = [1 + 7𝑙𝑣 (𝑧)] ∙ 𝜌𝑣𝑚 2 (𝑧)
2
q p ( z ) =[1+7×0.24]×0.5×0.94×19.6682=487.25kN
2.2 Wind pressure on surfaces
1, The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from
[ES EN 1991-1-4: 2015 Expression 5.1]
𝒘𝒆 = 𝒒𝒑 (𝒛) ∙ 𝑪𝒑𝒆 Equation 2-6

Where:
q p ( ze ) is the peak velocity pressure
c pe is the pressure coefficient for external pressure
2, The wind pressure acting on the internal surface of a structure, wi , should be obtained
[ES EN 1991-1-4: 2015 Expression 5.2]
wi  q p ( zi )* c pi Equation 2-7
Where :
q p ( zi ) is the peak velocity pressure

c pi is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure
External wind pressure coefficient ( c pe ) this coefficient depends on the size of the
loaded area, A, and as per the code it is given as;
Values of c pe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixing with an area per
element of 1m2 or less as cladding elements and roofing elements
Values of c pe,10 may be used for the design of the overall load-bearing structure of buildings
c pe  c pe,1   c pe,1  c pe,10  log10 A for 1 m2 < A < 10 m2
The roof type of our building is flat slab roof type.
Figure 2-1 keys for flat roofs

e= b or 2h which ever is smaller
where: b=crosswind dimenstion the value is14m

2h=2×19.2=38.4
So use e=b=13.8m
e/4=3.45 e/2=6.9 e/10=1.38
Area of zone F=e/4×e/10=3.45×1.38=4.761m2
Area of G=e/2×e/10=6.9×1.38=9.522m2
Area of H=(e/2-e/10) ×e=2×13.8/5×13.8=76.176m2
Area 0f I=e/2×e=13.8/2×13.8=95.22m2
Our roof type is flat roof with parapet
The reference height (ze), for flat roofs with parapets should be taken as h+ hp [ES EN
1991-1-4:2015 section 7.2.3]
Height of the building, h= 19.2m
Height of parapets, hp= 0.5m
(ze)= h+ hp=19.2+0.5=19.7m0
hp/h= 0.5/19.7=0.0253
Table 2-1 external pressure coefficients for flat slab

Zone
Roof type F G H I
Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1
With hp/h=0.025 -1.6 -2.2 -1.1 -1.8 -0.7 -1.2 ±0.2
Parapets hp/h=0.0254 -1.597 -2.197 -1.097 -1.797 -0.7 -1.2 ±0.2
hp/h=0.05 -1.4 -2.0 -0.9 -1.6 -0.7 -1.2 ±0.2
Table 2-2 internal and external wind pressure
Zone F G H I
Area(m2) 4.761 9.522 76.176 95.22
c pe,10 c pe,1 c pe,10 c pe,1 c pe,10 c pe,1
c pe,10 c pe,1
-1.597 -2.197 -1.097 -1.797 -0.7 -1.2 ±0.2
c pe -1.896 -2.444 -0.7 0.2 -0.2
c pi =0.7× c pe -1.327 -1.711 -0.49 0.14 -0.14
we =487.25 c pe -923.83 -1190.839 -341.075 97.45 -97.45
wi =487.25 c pi -646.68 -833.685 -238.75 68.215 -68.215

wnet  we  wi -277.15 -357.154 -102.325 29.235 -29.235
165.665 -165.665

Sample calculation
Cpe for zone F since the area is 1m2<A<10m2
c pe  c pe,1   c pe,1  c pe,10  log10 A
c pe = -2.197-(-2.197-(-1.597))log 4.761=-1.896
c pe for zone G since the area is greater
The maximum suction=-357.154 kN/m2

The maximum pressure=165.665 kN/m2
2.3 Wind load analysis for the wall of a building
The reference heights, ze for windward walls of rectangular plan buildings (zone D),
depend on the aspect ratio h/b and are always the upper heights of the different parts of
the walls.
Reference height, ze depending on h and b, and corresponding velocity pressure profile.

From [ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 figures 7.4] we have the following cases.
 Case 1: - A building, whose height h is less than b, should be considered to be one

part.
 Case 2: - A building, whose height h is greater than b, but less than 2b, may be
considered to be two parts, comprising; a lower part extending upward from the
ground by a height equal to b and an upper part consisting of the remainder.
 Case 3: - A building, whose height h is greater than 2b may be considered to be
in multiple parts, comprising: a lower part extending upwards from the ground by
a height equal to b; an upper part extending downwards from the top by a height
equal to b and a middle region, between the upper and lower parts, which may be
divided into horizontal strips with a height h strip as shown below.
For case 1:- when h < 𝑏 =19.2 < 37.37
𝑏 37.37
𝑒 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 {
2ℎ 38.4
Take e=37.37 m and d=26.20m e >d

A B
e /5 d-e/5
 Mean velocity
The mean wind velocity vm z  at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain
roughness and orography and on the basic wind velocity v b and should be determined
using ES EN 1991 1-4 2015 page 12
vm  z   cr z  co z  vb
Terrain factor ( k f )
Terrain factor depending on the roughness length zo calculated using the formula given
below
0.07
 z 
kr  0.19  o 
 zo 
The site is assumed to fall under category III because Haramaya is classified under
suburban.
Then from ES EN 1991 1-4 2015 table 4.1 pages 13 for category III
zo m  = 0.3 and z min = 5m zo = 0.05
0.07
 0.3 
kr  0.19   = 0.22
 0.05 
Since the actual height of the building, Z = 19.2m, is between Z min and 200m, we use the
following formula for the calculation of the roughness coefficient.
z
cr  kr  ln   = 0.22*ln*(19.2/0.3)= 0.915
 zo 

vm h  = 0.915*1*22m/s2 = 20.13m/s2
b
cr  b   0.22  ln   =0.22ln (37.37/0.3) =1.061
 zo 
vm h  =1.061*1*22m/s2=23.35m/s2
Wind turbulence
The turbulence intensity lv (z) at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity.
The turbulent component of wind velocity has a mean value of 0 and a standard deviation
σv.
The standard deviation of the turbulence σv may be determined using Expression (4.6)
from ES EN 1991: 2015 sec 1.4
𝛿 = 𝑘𝑟 ∙ 𝑣𝑏 ∙ 𝑘𝑙
Where KI is the turbulence factor. The value of KI may be given in the National Annex.
The recommended value is KI = 1.0.
v kl
lv ( z )   For z min ≤z ≤ z max
vm ( z ) co ( z ) ln( z zo )
z=b
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) =1/1×ln (37.37/0.3) = 0.21
v kl
lv ( z )   For z min ≤z ≤ z max
vm ( z ) co ( z ) ln( z zo )
z=h
𝑙𝑣 (𝑧) =1/1*ln (19.2/0.3)=0.24
Peak velocity pressure
The peak velocity pressure q p  z  at height z, which includes mean and short term velocity
fluctuations, should be determined.
𝑞𝑝(𝑧) = [1 + 7𝑙𝑣(𝑧)] × 0.5 ∙ 𝜌 ∙ 𝑣 2 𝑀(𝑧) = 𝑐𝑒(𝑧) ∙ 𝑞𝑏

Air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature and barometric pressure to be
expected in the region during wind storms. Which is 1.25 Kg/m3.
For flat terrain where C0 (z) = 1.0, the exposure factor Ce (z) is illustrated in Figure 4.2
from [EN ES 1991-1-4: 2015] as a function of height above terrain and a function of terrain
category.
So for the terrain category III and z= 19.2 m the exposure factor
Ce (z) is 2.1 q p is the basic velocity pressure given by
q p =0.5 ×p×Vb2= 0.5 ×1.25× 222=302.5KN/m2
q p = Ce (z)× qb = 2.1 ×302.5 = 635.25KN/m2

Table 2-3 External pressure coefficient for vertical wall
A B
h/d 𝑐𝑝𝑒 10 𝑐𝑝𝑒 1 𝑐𝑝𝑒 10 𝑐𝑝𝑒 1
1 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
0.733 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
< 0.25 -1.2 -1.4 -0.8 -1.1
Internal pressure wi
For a building with a dominant face, the internal pressure should be taken as a fraction
of the external pressure at the openings of the dominant face. The values are given
by expressions 7.2 from [ES EN 1991-1.4: 2015].
When the area of the openings at the dominant face is twice the area of the openings in the
Remaining faces,
Cpi = 0.7×Cpe
Table 2-4 Internal pressure coefficient for vertical wall
A B
Cpe -1.2 -0.8
Cpi -0.84 -0.56
Net wind pressure

The net wind pressure is the difference of the pressure on each surface taking into account
the signs. And there will be various net wind pressure combinations out of which the
severe cases are taken. The net wind forces are shown below:
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡=𝑞𝑝 (z)×(Cpe – Cpi)= 635.25 × (-1.2+0.84)= -228.69 KN/m2
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡= 𝑞𝑝 (z)× (𝑐𝑝𝑒 − 𝑐𝑝𝑖 ) = 635.25× (-0.8+0.56) =-152.46 KN/m2
2.4 Analysis and design of roof slab
A slab subjected to dominantly uniformed distributed loads may be considered to be one

way spanning if it is a central part of a sensibly rectangular slab supported on four edges
with a ratio of longer to shorter span is greater than 2 unless it was considered as two way
spanning. [ES EN 1992:2015 Art 5.3.1]
Figure 2-2 Roof slab plan

Concrete cover
The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the
nearest concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where
relevant) and the nearest concrete surface from [ES EN1992:2015 Art 4.4.1]

cnom  cmin  cdev Equation 2-8
Where:-
cnom is a nominal cover
cmin is a minimum cover
cdev is an allowance in design for deviation
Minimum cover cmin
Minimum cover, cmin shall provide in order to ensure
the safe transmission of bond forces
the protection of the steel against corrosion
an adequate resistance
The value for cmin described as [ES EN1992:2015 equation 4.2]
cmin,b

cmin  max cmin,dur  cdur ,  cdur , st  cdur ,add Equation 2-9

10m
Where:
Cmin,b minimum cover due to bond requirement,[ES EN 1992:2015 Art 4.4.1.2(3)]
Cmin,dur minimum cover due to environmental condition, [ES EN 1992:2015 Art

4.4.1.2(5)]
∆cdur, is additive safety element
∆cdur,st is a reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection
∆cdur,add is a reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection

But the recommended value of ∆cdur,ɣ , ∆cdur,st and ∆cdur,add is zero. [ES EN 1992:2015 Art
4.4.1.2(6,7,and 8)].
In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete,
the minimum cover should not be less than Cmin,b.
Assume use Φ10 longitudinal bar and 20mm nominal maximum aggregate size
Cover design for corrosion (Durability)
The condition of exposure is given to be XC4 for cyclic and wet-dry in which the concrete
surface subjected to water contact, not within exposure class XC2 from [EN ES 1992 1.1
2015 table 4.1] then the indicated strength of concrete is C30/37.
The recommended structural class (design working life 50 years) is S4 for the indicative
concrete strengths given in Annex E and the recommended modification to structural class
is given in Table 4.3N. And based on the above table the exposure class is reduced by 1 so
the structural class would be class S(4 – 1) = S3.
Therefore, the value of minimum cover required for the durability of reinforcement steel
Cmin,dur=25mm using [ES EN 1992:2015 table 4.4N]. Then;
Cmin=max{cmin,b=10mm,cmin,du=25mm,10mm}
Therefore Cmin = 25mm
The value of ∆𝑐𝑑𝑒𝑣 for use in a Country may be found in National Annex. The
recommended value is 10 mm.
Then cnom  cmin  cdev =25+10=35mm

Effective depth determination: serviceability requirement
The limit state of deformation may be checked by either:
 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section 7.4.2]
 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 section

7.4.3], with a limit value

l  o  o  
3/2
 k 11  1.5 f yk  3.2 f ck   1  if  ≤ o Equation 2-10

d      
l  o 1 ' 
 k 11  1.5 f ck  f ck  if  > o Equation 2-11
d     12
'
o 
Assume the slab is lightly reinforced (  =0.5%)
o  103 f ck =10-3× 30 =5.48×10-3
l  o  o  
3/2
Since  < o we use  k 11  1.5 f yk  3.2 f ck   1 

d      
3
l  5.48 103 2
=k(11+1.5 30 ×5.48×10-3/5×10-3+ 3.2 30  3
 1 )
d  5 10 
l
=20.52k
d
The above two expressions have been derived on the assumption that the steel stress, under
the appropriate design load at SLS at a cracked section at the mid-span of a beam or slab
or at the support of a cantilever, is 310Mpa, (corresponding roughly to fyk= 500Mpa).
Where other stress levels are used, the values obtained using these expressions should be
multiplied by 310/σs. It will normally be conservative to assume that
310 500 500

F1    =1.25
S f yk As, req 400
As, prov
l
=20.52k×1.25=25.65k
d
Table 2-5 Depth determination for roof slab
Panel Ly Lx Ly/Lx Type of L(mm) Boundary K 25.65k d(mm)
(mm) (mm) slab
P1 5.5 5 1.1 two way 5000 Interior 1.5 38.47 129.95
P2 5.5 5 1.1 two way 5000 End 1.3 33.34 149.97
P3 5 3 1.67 two way 3000 Interior 1.5 38.47 77.98
P4 5 3 1.67 two way 3000 Interior 1.5 38.47 77.98
P5 5.5 5 1.1 two way 5000 End 1.3 33.34 149.97
P6 5.5 5 1.1 two way 5000 End 1.3 33.34 149.97

From the above depth determination, we select the governing one d=149.97mm
∅
D=d+cover+2=149.97+35+5=189.97mm  190mm
D=190mm
d=190-35-5=150mm
Dead load
Table 2-6 Dead load of the roof slab
Material Dimension(m)*unit weight(kN/m3) Dead load (kN/m2)
Floor finish 0.02×27 0.54
Sement screed 0.02×23 0.46
RC slab 0.19×25 5.25
Plastering 0.02×25 0.5
Total dead load 6.75
Live load
Since the roof is inaccessible except for normal maintenance or other similar things, it falls
under category H. And accordingly to the nature of the roof which is a flat roof. From [ES
EN 1991 1.1: 2015 table 6.10]
𝑞𝑘=0.4kN/m2 and 𝑄𝑘=1.0kN
Design load for the slab
Comb 1 Pd=1.35Gk+1.5qk=1.35×6.75+1.5×0.4=9.71 kN/m2
Comb2 Pd=1.35Gk+1.5WL=1.35× 6.75 + 1.5(−0.357)=8.577kN/m2
Therefor from the above loading combinations we select the governing combination and
the governing combination is combination 2.
Use Pd=9.71 kN/m2
Determination of the span and field moment of individual panels
Depending on the type of panel support and field moment of the individual panel can be
determined by using the coefficient method.

M sx  sx Pd lx 2 Equation 2-12
M sy   sy Pd lx 2 Equation 2-13
Pd=9.71 kN/m2
Table 2-7 Moment distribution
P Type ly lx ly/lx ꞵsx,sup ꞵsx,span ꞵsy,sup ꞵsy,span Msx,sup Msx,span Msy,sup Msy,span
1 *** 5.5 5 1.1 0.047 0.036 0.037 0.034 11.409 8.739 8.982 6.797
2 **** 5.5 5 1.1 0.055 0.0412 0.045 0.034 13.351 9.953 10.924 8.254
3 ** 5 3 1.67 0.061 0.046 0.037 0.028 5.365 4.02 3.233 2.447
4 ** 5 3 1.67 0.0614 0.046 0.037 0.028 5.365 4.02 3.233 2.447
5 **** 5.5 5 1.1 0.055 0.0412 0.045 0.034 13.351 9.953 10.924 8.254
6 **** 5.5 5 1.1 0.055 0.0412 0.045 0.034 13.351 9.953 10.924 8.254
Where “*” Interior panel

“**” One short edge discontinuous
“***” One long edge discontinuous
“****” two adjacent edges discontinuous
Figure 2-3 Moment distribution
Adjust the unequal edge moment

Between panel 1 and panel 3
8.982−5.365
Change= × 100 = 67.4% > 10% use moment distribution
5.395
Member Stiffness DF
Joint B BA 𝐼 0.182I 0.35
5.5
BC 𝐼 0.333I 0.65
3
𝐼
Stiffness=KBA=5.5=0.188I
0.182𝐼
DFBA=(0.182𝐼+0.33𝐼)=0.35
BA BC
DF 0.35 0.65
8.982 -5.365
3.617
1.266 -2.35
7.716 7.716
The adjusted moment is 7.716kNm
Span moment on panel 1
M1= (8.982+6.979)-7.716=8.245kNm/m
M3=95.365+4.02)-7.716=1.669kNm/m
Between panel 1 and 2
13.351−11.409
Change= × 100 = 17.02% > 10%, use reinforcement distribution
11.409
Joint Member Stiffness DF

BA 𝐼 0.2I 0.5
5
BC 𝐼 0.2I 0.5
5

BA BC
DF 0.5 0.5
-11.409 13.351
1.942
-0.971 -0.971
-12.38 12.38
Span moment on the panel

M1= (11.409+8.739) -12.38=7.768kNm/m
M2= (13.351=9.953)-12.38=10.924kNm/m
Between panel 2 and 4
10.924−5.363
Change = × 100 = 98.4% > 10% use moment distribution
5.395
Member Stiffness DF
Joint BA 𝐼 0.182I 0.35
5.5
BC 𝐼 0.333I 0.65
3
BA BC
DF 0.35 0.65
10.924 -5.365
5.559
1.946 -3.613
8.978 -8.978

M1= (10.924+8.254)-8.978=10.2 kNm/m
M2= (5.365+4.02)-8.978=0.407kNm/m
Adjusted moment distribution

Figure 2-4 Adjusted moment distribution

Design for flexure
d=190-35-10/2=150mm along the longer direction

d2=190-35-10-10/2=140mm along the shorter direction
Assuming that Ǿ10mm reinforcement bar is used
𝜋𝑑2 𝜋×102
𝑎𝑠 = = =78.5mm2
4 4
f ck
f cd   cc =
0.85×30
= 17𝑀𝑝𝑎
c 1.5
f yk 400
f yd  =1.15 = 347.83Mpa
s
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 =2.9Mpa
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.26 × 𝑏𝑑 > 0.013𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘

2.9
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.26 × 400 × 1000 × 150=282.75mm2
𝑏∙𝑎𝑠 1000×78.5
𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 = =277.6mm use 𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 =270mm
282.75
3ℎ = 3 × 190 570
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =min { =𝑚𝑖𝑛 { = 400𝑚𝑚
400 400
𝑀𝑠𝑑 12.38×106
𝜇 = 𝑘=𝑓𝑐𝑑∙𝑏𝑑2 =17×1000×1502 = 0.03236
𝐾𝑧 = 0.5(1 + √1 − 2𝑘)=0.9835
𝑍 = 𝐾𝑧 ∙ 𝑑
𝑀
As=𝑍∙𝑓
𝑦𝑑

Table 2-8 Adjusted moment distribution
Secondary reinforcement = 20% As main
For panel 1 with 𝑀𝑠𝑑=12.38 then As=0.2 ∗241.25 = 48.25𝑚𝑚2 with a minimum spacing
Provide ∅10 with 𝐶|𝐶 270mm

Detailing
Figure 2-5 Detailing of flat roof
1= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 320𝑚𝑚 7= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 400𝑚𝑚
2= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 360𝑚𝑚 8= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 400𝑚𝑚
3= ∅10𝐶/𝐶360𝑚𝑚 9=∅10𝐶/𝐶 400𝑚𝑚
4= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 400𝑚𝑚 10=∅10𝐶/𝐶 300𝑚𝑚
5=∅10𝐶/𝐶400𝑚𝑚 11= ∅10𝐶/𝐶 360𝑚𝑚
6=∅10𝐶/𝐶400𝑚𝑚

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN OF SLAB
3.1 Design of ribbed slab
A rib is a slab system that consists of series of parallel reinforced concrete T beams framing
into reinforced concrete girders. The slab is the flange of the beam and the extended part
is the web. The extended part is known as ribs.
Ribs are made up of wideband beam running between columns with narrow ribs spanning
the orthogonal direction.
Figure 3-1 Typical ribbed slab

The main advantage of ribbed floors is the reduction in weight achieved by removing
part of concrete below the neutral axis. this makes these types of floors economical for
building with a long span with light or moderate loads.
The ribbed slab is more preferable due to the following reason
 In this type of slab, the tension stress is eliminated on the tension side of the slab.
The strength of concrete in tension is very small and so elimination of much of the
tension concrete is done by the use of pan forms.
 Economical where the live loads are fairly small such as apartment houses, hotels.
 Long slab spans can be constructed through ribbed Slabs. In many cases, long
spans are desirable in the building. Ribbed slabs are an easy solution for this
purpose.
 Provide architectural advantages. All the Electrical appliances can be installed

easily in the gap of the ribs which can be architecturally aesthetic.

 The slab thickness of ribbed slabs is less than other slab systems. Therefore, the
weight of the slab is reduced. This saving of weight can change in structural
characteristic.
 Lighter and stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab.
 Reducing the extent of foundations by reducing the ultimate load.
 They provide a very good form where slab vibration is a viable issue
Figure 3-2 Section view of ribbed

Ribbed slabs need not be treated as discrete elements for the purposes of analysis, provided
that the flange or structural topping and transverse ribs have sufficient torsional stiffness.
This may be assumed provided that:
Verifying if the general requirements for rib slab are met using ES EN.
 The rib spacing does not exceed 1500 mm this is satisfied in our case, as the center
to center spacing between the ribs is 400mm.
 The depth of the rib below the flange does not exceed 4 times its width.
 This also satisfied as 80 x 4 > 240 mm.
 The depth of the flange is at least 1/10 of the clear distance between ribs or 50 mm,
whichever is the greater 𝑡𝑓 mm mm, therefore, 60 mm
satisfies this requirement.
 Transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing not exceeding 10 times the overall
depth of the slab.
The minimum flange thickness of 50 mm may be reduced to 40 mm where permanent

blocks are incorporated between the ribs.

3.1.1 Loading
Table 3-1Dead load calculation

Material type A×unit weight Gk(kN/m)
Joist 0.2×0.08×25 0.4
self-weight of topping RC slab 0.4×0.06×25 0.6
Floor finish 0.4×0.03×27 0.324
Cement screed 0.4×0.02×23 0.184
Plastering 0.4×0.02×23 0.184
Partition and fitting 0.4×1.5 0.6
Ribbed block 0.4×2 0.8
Total load 3.092
Live load
Qk = 0.4m*4kN/m2=1.6kN/m
Design load
Gd= 1.35*Gk =1.35 *3.092kN/m =4.17kN/m
Qd = 1.5* Qk = 1.5*1.6kN/m =2.4 kN/m
3.1.2 Moment envelope analysis for ribs
I. Full design load
 the first and the last span length is 5m
 the second and the fourth span length is 5.5m
 the third span length 3m
W=6.57 kN/m
In this ribbed slab design axis A, B, C, D, E, and F used in place of axis Y01, Y02, Y03,
Y04, Y0, Y06, and Y07 respectively.

II. Maximum support moment at B and E
III. For maximum span moment at span AB and EF

IV. Maximum span moment at BC and CD
V. Only dead load acting
Figure 3-3 Different loading condition moment diagram
Maximum reaction envelope

Minimum reaction envelope
Figure 3-4 Reaction envelope diagram for rib
3.2 Loading on Girders
Assume Width of girders on axis A and F W=300mm and on-axis B, C, D, and E

W=600mm for all girders use D=300mm
Check for serviceability
Self-weight on axis A and F = 0.3 x 0.3 x 25 = 2.25 kNm
𝐺𝑘 = 1.35 x2.25 = 3.04 kNm
On axis B, C, D and E = 0.6 x 0.3 x 25 = 4.5 kNm
𝐺𝑘= 1.35 x4.5 = 6.08kNm
3.2.1 Analysis of Girders
For girder on-axis C and D
Loading self-weight = 6.08kNm
27.63 15.71
Reaction from the rib divided by rib spacing will be =69.1 kN/m and
0.4 0.4
=39.3kN/m
Total load W= 69.1+6.08 =75.18kN/m

To get maximum support moment at mid-span
M (kNm)
To get the maximum span moment
M (kNm)
Figure 3-5 Moment envelope diagram for girder on axis C and D
Table 3-2 Maximum support and span moment on girder
Girder Distributed load Maximum Maximum span

( kN/m) support moment ( moment ( kNm)
kNm)
On axis A and F 35.84 113.86 66.47
On axis B and E 106.91 171.32 92.85
On axis C and D 75.81 21.13 12.28
3.2.2 Loading on beam
Self-weight width= 200 mm

Depth= 300 mm
Since there are columns at the intersection of the beams and girders, the beams will only
support their own loads.
DL = 0.2 x 0.3 x 25 = 1.5 kN/m

Gk= 1.35 x 1.5 = 2.025 kN/m

3.2.3 Beam analysis
3.3 Rib design
Figure 3-6 Typical T-section

Cross-section at span
ℎ𝑓=60 𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑤=80 𝑚𝑚 ℎ=260 𝑚𝑚
Take cover 25 𝑚𝑚
12
𝑑=260−25−8− =221 𝑚𝑚
2

3.3.1 Effective width computation
𝒃𝒆𝒇𝒇, 𝒊 0.2bi 0.1lo 0.2lo Equation 3-1
For end span moment (sagging moment)
Lo=0.85L1 = 4250mm where L1=5000mm
b1=b2=160mm
beff1= beff2= 0.2b1+0.1Lo =457mm < 0.2Lo (850mm)
𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 = ∑ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑤 < 𝑏= 2×457 +80 =994mm < 400mm not ok
Therefore, use beff=400mm
 For interior sagging moment (+ve)
Lo=0.7L2 = 3850mm where L2=5500mm
b1=b2=160mm beff1= beff2= 0.2b1+0.1Lo =417mm< 0.2Lo (770mm) not ok
Therefore, beff=400mm
 For support hogging moment (-ve)
Lo=0.15 (L1+ L2) =1575mm where L1+ L2 = 10500mm
b1=b2=160mm beff1= beff2= 0.2b1+0.1Lo =189.5mm< 0.2Lo (315mm) ok
However, since it is a negative moment the width of the compression zone will be,
b=80mm
3.3.2Design of the T-section

Materials used in the project are
Concrete C 25/30 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05=1.5𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚=2.6𝑀𝑝𝑎, ɤ𝑐=1.5, 𝑓𝑐𝑘=25𝑀𝑝𝑎, 𝑓𝑐𝑢=30𝑀𝑝𝑎
0.85∗𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑= =14.167𝑀𝑝𝑎
1.5
Rebar S=400 𝛾𝑠= 1.15 𝑓𝑦𝑘=400𝑀𝑝𝑎
400
𝑓𝑦𝑑=1.15 =347.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.87
ɛ𝑦𝑑= 𝐸𝑠 = =1.74%
200
For maximum positive span moment AB and EF
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 11.69 KNm, beff =400mm, d= 221mm,
𝑀𝑠𝑑 11.69∗106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= = 0.0422
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 14.167∗400∗2212
𝜇𝑠𝑑 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚= 0.295 singly reinforced
𝐾𝑥=0.066 𝑋=𝐾𝑥 𝑑=14.586 𝑚𝑚 <ℎ𝑓 𝒅𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝒂𝒔 𝒂 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝐾𝑧=0.976 𝑍=𝐾𝑧𝑑=215.69𝑚𝑚 see Kx and Kz on appendix A table 5.3
𝑀𝑠𝑑 11.69∗106 𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓 = = 155.8 mm2
𝑦𝑑 𝑧 347.87∗215.69

0.26∗𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 29.88mm2 where 𝑏𝑡 = 𝑏𝑤 =80mm
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑠 Ok
𝜋𝑑2 𝐴
Using ∅12 𝑎𝑠 = =113.04 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑠 =1.37
4 𝑠
Use 2∅12 bottom bars
Table 3-3 Number of bars for a different condition

Condition 𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑘𝑥 X 𝑘𝑧 Z(mm) 𝐴𝑠 (mm2) 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑠 No of bar
For
support 0.3624 0.448 99.01 0.814 179.9 320.58 29.9 113.04 3∅12bar at
moment B top
and E
For
support 0.1837 0.248 54.81 0.897 198.24 147.475 29.88 113.04 2∅12bar at
moment C top
and D
For span
moment
BC and 0.0366 0.055 12.15 0.980 216.58 130.9 29.87 113.04 2∅12 𝑏𝑎𝑟
DE at bottom
3.3.3Shear design of the rib

Concrete shear capacity
Figure 3-7 Shear envelope diagram
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [𝐶𝑅𝑑, 𝑐.𝐾 (100𝜌1 . 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ) 1/3 +𝐾1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ] 𝑏𝑤.𝑑 > (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 +𝐾1 ∙ 𝜎𝑐𝑝 ]) 𝑏𝑤.𝑑
Where

0.18
𝐶𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= = 0.12
𝛾𝑐
200
𝐾=1+ √ ≤ 2.0 d=221mm
𝑑
K=1.95
𝐴𝑠
𝜌1 =𝑏 < 0.02
𝑤∙ 𝑑
155.8
𝜌1 ={80∗221} =0.00881, for the section with 2∅12 bars
𝑓𝑐𝑘 =25Mpa
𝐾1 =0.15
𝑁𝐸𝐷
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = <0.2𝑓𝑐𝑑 =0 ………. (𝑁𝐸𝐷 =0)
𝐴𝑐
3 1
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.035∙ 𝐾 2 ∙ 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2 =0.476
Therefore f𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 2∅12⟹𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 =11.59 k𝑁 >8.41 k𝑁
Diagonal compression checks for concrete
𝜶𝒄𝒘∙𝒃𝒘∙𝒁∙𝒗∙𝒇
𝒄𝒅
𝑽𝑹𝑫𝒎𝒂𝒙= Equation 3-2
(𝒄𝒐𝒕𝜽+𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽)
𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝑹𝑫,𝑺= 𝑺
∙ 𝒁 ∙ 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅∙ cot𝜽 Equation 3-3
𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑉𝑅𝐷(min) ={ 𝑉
𝑅𝐷,𝑆
Where
𝛼𝑐𝑤 =1 recommended value for non-prestressed member
Limit 𝜃 1≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ≤ 2.5, take cot𝜃=2.5, 𝑏𝑤 =80mm
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 14.164Mpa
Z= 0.9∙d=198.9mm

𝑉𝑅𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥 =46.62kN
Check this value with values from the shear envelope
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 >𝑉𝐸𝐷……...𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖on OK
Calculate the shear reinforcement
𝑨𝒔𝒘 ∙𝒇𝒚𝒅 𝟏
𝒃𝒘 ∙𝒔
≤ 𝟐 ∙ 𝜶𝒄 ∙ 𝒗 ∙ 𝒇𝒄𝒅 Equation 3-4
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75∙ 𝑑 ∙ (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼),𝛼 = 90°
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.75d =166mm
0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =0.001
𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝜋
𝐴𝑠𝑤 2x(∅62 )
4
S=𝑏 = =706.5mm > 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑤 ∙𝜌𝑤 ∙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 80∗0.001∗1
Shear reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉
=0.78∙𝑑∙𝑓𝐸𝐷
𝑠 𝑦𝑘∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝑠𝑤 ∙0.78∙𝑑∙𝑓𝑦𝑘∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 9742.92𝑘𝑁𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙 = =
𝑉𝐸𝐷 𝑉𝐸𝐷
Table 3-4 Space provided

Span Location 𝑉𝐸𝐷 ( kN ) 𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑙 (mm) S provide
AB Near A 13.11 743.16 ф 6 C/C 166 mm

Near B 20.45 476.42 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
BC Near B 19.85 490.83 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
Near C 17.2 566.45 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
CD Near C 9.8 994.2 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
Near D 9.8 994.2 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
DE Near D 17.2 566.45 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
Near E 13.66 713.24 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
EF Near E 20.43 476.89 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
Near F 13.7 738.1 ф 6 C/C 166 mm
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 707mm

𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75 *d = 0.75 * 221 = 165.6 → 166mm
Provide ф 6 C/C 166 mm throughout
Additional torsion force on the longitudinal reinforcement.
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗VEd∗cotθ, take 𝑉𝐸𝑑= 20.45(the largest value)
Δ𝐹𝑡𝑑=0.5∗20.45∗cot (45) =25.56kN
3.3.2 Girder design
On-axis C and D
For positive span moment from table 3.2 we have
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 12.28 kNm,𝑏𝑡= 𝑏𝑤 = 600 𝑚𝑚, D =300mm 𝑓𝑐𝑑 =14.167 Mpa,𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 347.87𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.6𝑀𝑝𝑎, use concrete cover 25, ∅16 𝑏𝑎𝑟 and ∅8 stirrup
16
d=300-25-8- 2 =259mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = =0.021
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2
𝜇𝑠𝑑 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚=0.295 singly reinforced
𝐾𝑧=0.974 𝑍=𝐾𝑧𝑑=252.266mm
see Kz on appendix table Design table for reinforced concrete structures
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓 = 139.93mm2
𝑦𝑑 𝑧
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑡 𝑑 = 262.63mm2 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 >𝐴𝑠 not Ok
𝑓𝑦𝑘
We use the minimum one
𝜋𝑑2 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
Using ∅16 𝑎𝑠 = =200.96mm2 𝑛 = =1.3
4 𝑎𝑠
Use 2 ∅16 bottom bar

For negative support moment from table 3.2 we have
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 21.13𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = =0.037
𝐾𝑧=0.975 𝑍=𝐾𝑧𝑑=252.53mm see Kz on appendix A table 5.3
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓 = 240.55mm2
𝑦𝑑 𝑧
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Using ∅16 𝑎𝑠 = =200.96mm2 𝑛 = =1.3
4 𝑎𝑠
Use 2 ∅16 bottom bar
Girder condition 𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝐾𝑧 Z 𝑀𝑠𝑑𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑏𝑤 As N(number

as of bar)
On +ve span 66.47 0.237 0.983 252.63 - 300 756.35 314 3∅20 bottom
axis A moment bar
and F -ve 113.8 0.405 0.814 209.19 82.81 300 1540 314 5∅20 bottom
support bar
moment
On +ve span 92.8 0.165 0.987 253.66 - 600 1051 314 4∅20 bottom
axis B moment bar
and E -ve 171.3 0.305 0.814 209.19 165.62 600 2349.72 314 8∅20 bottom
support bar
moment
3.4 Beam design
Negative support moment
From the figure we have 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 6.18 kNm bt = 𝑏𝑤=200 𝑚𝑚 𝐷=300 𝑚𝑚
12
d = 300-25-8- 2 = 261 mm

𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = =0.032
𝐾𝑧=0.982 𝑍=𝐾𝑧𝑑=256.3mm see Kz on appendix table
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑓 = 68.06mm2
𝑦𝑑 𝑧
𝑓𝑦𝑘
Using ∅12 𝑎𝑠 = =113.04mm2 𝑛 = =0.78
4 𝑎𝑠
Use 2∅12 bottom and topping bar for the total length of a beam
3.4.1 Transverse reinforcement
Secondary reinforcement is required for temperature and shrinkage.
𝐴𝑠2=20% 𝐴𝑠min
𝐴𝑠2=0.12% 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑏𝑎
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆= 𝐴 𝑠
𝑠
Use ∅8 bar 𝑐⁄𝑐 250mm

3.5 Detailing



CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF STAIR
4.1 Staircase
A stair is a set of steps leading from one floor of a building to another providing
communication between floors. They should be provided with natural light and proper
ventilation. Usually, the location of the stair is at the center of the building, while in our
project since a dual stair system is provided therefore the stair is located at both end hand
direction because we design a mixed-used building to reduce fluctuation of the user.
Basic components of the stair
Tread Riser Landing
Going Rise Flight
Figure 4-1 Section view of the stair

The available data we have are
Riser = 170mm
Tread = 300mm
Live load = 2kN/m2
Material: C-25, S-400

4.2 Depth Determination
l  p 1 p' 
 k 11  1.5 f ck  f ck  Equation 4-1
d  p  p 12
'
p 
According to EC-2 table, 7.4N take the value of K=1.0, concrete highly stressed ρ=1.5%
is for a simply supported slab of structural system
and assume the value of p’=0.5%
po  103  f ck  4.47 103
l 500
 11.67 Because we used S400 multiply the value by =1.25
d f yk
l
d
=14.5 and the overall width of the stair is l   =2.8
2.8
d =0.192  190mm
14.58
Using  14 and concrete cover 25mm, So D= 190  14  25 =222mm

2
Use D=220mm
1.5
Slope angle (  )= tan−1 ( 2.7)=29.05°
Loading
Dead load at stair by 1m strip width
Stair slab
Dslab  concrete  0.22  23  cos(29.05)  4.423kN
2cm plastering on the tread 0.02m  25  cos  29.05  1m  0.437 kN/m
2cm cement screed on the tread 0.02  23  cos  29.05  1m  0.402 kN/m
2cm cement screed on the riser 0.02  23  cos  29.05  1m  0.402 kN/m
2cm floor finish on the tread 0.02m  27  cos  29.05  1m  0.47kN/m
2cm floor finish on the riser 0.02m  27  cos  29.05  1m  0.47kN/m

Self-weight due to step per unit run
1 1
 riser   conc =  0.16m  25 1m =2kN/m
2 2
Total dead load DL=8.6kN/m
Live load at stair LL=2 kN/m
For 1m width strip 2 1m  2kN / m
Design load at the stair
Dead load= 1.35  8.6  11.61 kN/m
Live load= 1.5  2  3 kN/m
Pd 1.35 GK  1.5QK  14.61 kN/m
Dead load on the landing
Self-weight of the flight (landing slab)
Dslab conc 1mwidthstrip = 0.22  25 1m  5.5 kN/m
2cm plastering 0.02  23 1m  0.46 kN/m
2cm cement screed 0.02  23 1m  0.46 kN/m
2cm floor finish 0.02  27 1m  0.54 kN/m
Total dead load on the landing= 6.96kN/m
Live load on the landing
Live load= 2kN/m2
For 1m width strip 2 1m  2 kN/m
Design load at the landing
Dead load = 1.35  6.96  9.396 kN/m
Live load= 1.5  2  3 kN/m
Pd  1.35GK  1.5QK  12.4 kN/m

Design of landing beam
Loading on beam
Beam width= 0.3m
Beam depth= 0.2m
Self-weight of the beam= 0.3×0.2×25=1.5kN/m
2cm plastering 0.02×25×1=0.5kN/m
2cm cement screed 0.02×1×23=0.47kN\m
2cm floor finish 0.02×1×27=0.54kN/m
The total dead load of landing beam=3.01kN/m
Positive span moment

Msd
𝑀𝑠𝑑=0.26kN/m  sd   0.00102
fcdbd 2
M Ed z 60k
k 2
 0.0057  0.167.........OK  0.5(1  (1  ))  0.99
fckbd d 17
M Ed
Z=267mm As   100mm 2
z fyd
Provide 2Ø12 bars

Negative span moment
Msd
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 0.795𝐾𝑁/𝑚  sd   0.00311
fcdbd 2
M Ed z 60k
k 2
 0.002  0.167.........OK  0.5(1  (1  ))  0.99
fckbd d 17
M Ed
Z=267mm As   111mm 2
z fyd
Provide 2Ø12 bars

Design for flexure
d  190mm b  1000mm
0.85  25
C 25 / 30  fcd   14.16Mpa
1.5
According to ES EN 1992:2015
2
f ctm  0.3 fck 3  C 50 / 60 hence we use C 25 / 30
2
400
fctm  0.3  (25) 3  2.56 Mpa fyd   347.8Mpa
1.15
f ctm
Asmin  0.26 bt d  316.16mm2
f yk
Positive span moment

Msd  18.5kNm
Msd 18.5 106

 sd   0.036 <0.295 so it is singly reinforced
fcdbd 2 14.16 1000 1902
M Ed 18.5 106
k   0.02  0.167.........OK
fckbd 2 25 1000 1902
z 60k
 0.5(1  (1  ))  0.977
d 17
Therefore, z  0.97 190  185mm
M Ed 18.5 106
As    286.2mm
z fyd 185  347.8
As  Asmin ..........OK Use 14

b  as 1000 154
s=   560mm
As 274
3h 
Smax  min   𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥=400mm
400
So use  14 with c/c 400mm

3. Negative moment on the support A
𝑀𝑠𝑑=35.5kNm
z 1 60k
k  0.086  (1  1  )  0.92
d 2 17
Msd 35.5 106

Z= 0.92 190  174mm As    587.9  580
z fyd 174  347
b as 1000 154
Spacing=   265mm
As 580
Therefore provide 14 with c/c 265mm
4. Negative moment on the support B
Is provide the same with at support A because a negative moment of the two support is
the same.
Provide 14 with c/c 265mm

Detailing
Figure 4-2 Stair detailing

CHAPTER 5 LATERAL LOAD ANALYSIS
5.1 Lateral Load Determination
Mostly earthquake is the governing lateral load for frame analysis. In the case of the frame
system, lateral forces are resisted by frame action of beams, columns, and rigid joints.
While in the shear walls the lateral force is resisted by the wall itself in its major axes.
As per [ES EN 1998 1:2015] Elastic spectrum analysis can be applied to buildings
satisfying the following two conditions
1. The fundamental period of vibration T1 in the two main directions which are smaller
than the following values
4  Tc
T1   Equation 5-1
2.0  s
2. They meet the criteria for regularity in elevation specified [ES EN 1998 1:2015 art
4-2-3-3]
The fundamental period of vibration T1(S)
For a building with heights of up to 40m, the value of T1  see  may be approximated by
the following expression
T1  C1H 3/4 Equation 5-2
Where C1  0.075
H  19.20m
T1  0.075  19.20 
3/4
 0.687
Where
C1 is 0.085 for moment resistant space steel frames, 0.075 for moment resistant space
concrete frames, and for the eccentrically braced steel frame and 0.050 for all other
structures;

H is the height of the building. In m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid
basement
Check for elastic spectrum analysis
1) T1  2sec  0.687 sec < 2sec ] & [T1 < 4   0.6   0.687 sec  2.4 sec ], OK !
2) Elevation regularity conditions are met, OK! Both requirements are satisfied so,
elastic spectrum analysis can be used.
Ground Conditions
An appropriate investigation shall be carried out to identify the ground condition [ES EN
table 3.1 1998-1-2015]
 The construction site and the nature of the supporting ground should normally be
free from risks of ground rupture, slope instability, and permanent settlements
caused by liquefaction or densification in the event of an earthquake.
 Depending on the importance class of the structure and particular condition of the
project, ground investigation and/or geological studies to be performed to
determine the seismic action
 Ground types A, B, C, D, and E are used to account for the influence of local
ground conditions on the seismic action.
 Haramaya town is class C group.
 The site should be classified according to the value of the average shear wave
velocity, vs 30 if this is available. Otherwise, the value of standard penetration test
below-count (NSPT) should be used.
 For sites with ground conditions matching either one of the two special ground
types S1or S2, special studies for the definition of the seismic action are required.
 For S2 the possibility of soil failure under the seismic action shall be taken into
account.
 Special attention should be paid if the deposit is of ground type S1. a special study
to define the seismic action should be carried out, in order to establish the
dependence of the response spectrum on the thickness and vs. value of the soft
clay/silt layer
Therefore, the period values of the parameters and the soil factor for spectra-1 are given
in the table below:

Table 5-1 period values and soil factor(S) for spectra-1
Ground-type S TB(S) TC(S) TD(S)

C 1.15 0.20 0.6 2
Peak ground acceleration ag: this value depends on the earthquake zone for a given
town, in our project the building will be constructed in Haramaya. Therefore, it is
categorized on the seismic zone of H
Table 5-2 Seismic zone for Haramaya

Town Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Seismic Zone
Haramaya 41.9927 9.3414 4
Bedrock acceleration Ratio (αo= agR/g)

For zone 4=0.15 [ES EN 1998-1:201 Annex D Table D1]
𝑎𝑔 = 𝛼𝑜 . 𝛾 ′ 𝛾 ′ = 1 For category-III building [ES EN 1998 1:2015, Table 4.3]
𝑎𝑔 = 0.15 × 1 × 9.81 = 1.47𝑚/𝑠 2
Behavior factor (q): our building is a medium ductile, multi-story, and multi-bay building.
𝒒 = 𝒒𝒐 ∙ 𝒌𝒘 ≥ 𝟏. 𝟓 Equation 5-3
Where:𝑞𝑜 = 3𝛼𝑜 /𝛼1 for MRF systems……...…... [ES EN 1998-1:2015 Table
5.1].
𝑘𝑤 = 1 [ES EN 1998-1:2015 P(11)]
𝛼𝑜
= 1.3 [ES EN 1998-1:2015 P(5)]
𝛼1
𝑞 = 3 × 1.3 × 1 = 3.9 > 1.5 … … … 𝑂𝐾!
Calculation of design spectrum Sd(T)
𝑆𝑑 (𝑇) in our case [ES EN 1998-1:2015, Eqn 3.15 ]
2.5  TC 
TC  T  TD : Se (T )  ag  s     ag Equation 5-4
q  T 
2.5
Sd T   1.47 1.15   0.6 / 0.687   0.2 1.47
3.9
0.94  0.294........OK

Where
 is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum =0.2
Sd(T) is the elastic response spectrum;
T is the vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system;
ag is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag=1agR);
TB is the lower limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of
the
Figure 5-1 Elastic and Design Spectrum Corresponding to the proposed

building site

Base Shear Determination

The base shear is given by the following formula
Fb  Sd (T1 )m
Where fb is base shear
sd (T1 ) =ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1;
T1 is the fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral motion in the
direction considered;
𝑀 is the total mass of building above the foundation or above the top of ridge
basement computed in accordance with (3,2,4(2)).
 is the correction factor the value of which is equal to   0.85ifT1  2TC and the
building has more than two stories or   1.0 otherwise
Calculation of seismic weight of the building
According to [ES EN 1998:2015] the seismic weight of a building taking into account the
presence of masses associated with gravity loads are given by the combination below:
m1= 𝑮𝒌𝒊 + 𝝍𝑬𝒊𝑸𝒌 Equation 5-5

Where
𝜓𝐸𝑖 = 𝜑. 𝜓2, 𝑖
𝜑 = 0.5 For independently occupied stories and=0.8 for correlated occupancy.[ES EN

1998 1 table 4.2:2015]
𝜓2 = 0.3 For office use [ES EN 1990 table A1.1:2015]
The seismic weight of the building can be determined from ETABS software after
assigning mass source as specified load pattern option.

CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OF BEAM
6.1 Introduction
Beam is a horizontal structural member used to carry a vertical load, shear load, and
sometimes horizontal load. It is a major component of building structures.
6.2 Beam depth determination
Depth determination for both end span and interior span of continuous beam on axis XO2
l  o  o  
3/2
 k 11  1.5 f yk  3.2 f ck   1  if  ≤ o Equation 6-1

d      
l  o 1 ' 
 k 11  1.5 f ck  f ck  if  > o Equation 6-2
d     12
'
o 
Assume the concrete is highly stressed then 𝜌=1.5%
𝜌𝑜 = 10−3 √𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 10−3 × √25=5× 10−3
l  o 1 ' 
𝜌 > 𝜌𝑜 So we use  k 11  1.5 f ck  f ck 
d     12
'
o 
𝑙 5 × 10−3 1 0
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√25 + √25√ = 13.5𝑘]
𝑑 0.015 − 0 12 5 × 10−3
Because we used S-400 multiply the value by 1.25.
𝑙
= 13.5𝑘 × 1.25 = 16.88𝑘
𝑑

Table 6-1 Depth determination of beam

Beam L(mm) Structural system K l/d=16.88k d(mm)
B9 5000 End span of continuous beam 1.3 21.944 227.85
B24 5500 Interior span of continuous beam 1.5 25.32 217.22
B4 5000 End span of continuous beam 1.3 21.944 227.85
Governing depth d=227.85mm
Assume 16∅ for main bar and ∅8 for stirrup
Cover= 25mm
ℎ=d + cc+ ∅𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝+ ∅𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛/2=227.85+25+8+16/2=268.85mm
Use h=300mm
6.3 Design of Beam
Loading on beam (axis Yo4)
Beam width=200mm and Beam depth=300mm
Self-weight=0.2×0.3×25=1.5kN/m Design loads=1.35×1.5=2.025kN/m
Partition load=8.12+2.025=10.145kN/m

Figure 6-1Beam on-axis Yo4
Figure 6-2 Moment diagram for beams on axis Yo4

Span moment
From the beams on-axis Y04 the governing moment is found on the beam B32 (between
axis X01 and X02) as well as on beam B48 (between X06 and X07)
𝑀𝑠𝑑 =22.64kNm b=200mm D=300mm
𝑓𝑐𝑘=25Mpa 𝑓𝑐𝑑=14.17Mpa fctm=2.6Mpa f𝑦𝑘=400Mpa

fyd=347.826Mpa
d=300-25-8-16/2=259mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 22.64×106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 𝑓 = = 0.119 < 𝜇𝑠𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑚= 0.295 singly reinforced
𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 14.17×200×2592
K z = 0.5(1 + √1 − 2k)=0.5(1+√1 − 2 × 0.119)=0.936
Z = K z ∙ d=0.936× 259=242.54mm
Msd 22.64×106
As= = = 268.37mm2
Z∙fyd 242.54×347.83
0.26×fctm 0.26×2.6
Asmin = bd = × 200 × 259 =87.54mm2
fyk 400

As,min < As ……..Ok, so use 𝐴𝑠=268.37mm2
πD2 As
Use ∅16mm, as = =201.06 then number of bar = =1.33≈ 2 bars
4 as
Use 2∅𝟏𝟔𝐦𝐦 bar
Support moment
The governing support moment is found on axis Xo2
𝑓𝑐𝑘=25Mpa 𝑓𝑐𝑑=14.17Mpa fctm=2.6Mpa 𝑓𝑦𝑘=400Mpa

𝑓𝑦𝑑=347.826Mpa
d=300-25-8-16/2=259mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 30.73×106
𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 14.17×200×2592
K z = 0.5(1 + √1 − 2k)=0.5(1+√1 − 2 × 0.162)=0.911
Z = K z ∙ d=0.911× 259=235.97mm
Msd 22.64×106
As=Z∙f =235.97×347.83 = 275.83mm2
yd
0.26×fctm 0.26×2.6
Asmin = bd = × 200 × 259 =87.54mm2
fyk 400
Asmin < As ……..Ok, so use As=275.83mm2
πD2 As
Use ∅16mm, as = =201.06 then the number of bar = =1.37≈ 2 bars
4 as
Use 2∅𝟏𝟔𝐦𝐦 bars

Loading on beam
The beam is designed from the maximum moment envelope for beams on axis Xo2
Yo1 Yo2 Yo3 Yo4 Yo5 Yo6
Span moment
The governing moment is found on beam B3 (between axis Yo4 and Yo5)
𝑓𝑐𝑘=25Mpa fcd=14.17Mpa fctm=2.6Mpa 𝑓𝑦𝑘=400Mpa

𝑓𝑦𝑑=347.826Mpa
d=300-25-8-16/2=259mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 15.38×106
𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 14.17×200×2592
K z = 0.5(1 + √1 − 2k)=0.5(1+√1 − 2 × 0.081)=0.958
Z = K z ∙ d=0.958× 259=248.06mm
Msd 15.38×106
As=Z∙f =248.54×347.83 = 178mm2
yd
0.26×fctm 0.26×2.6
Asmin = bd = × 200 × 259 =87.54mm2
fyk 400
Asmin < As ……..Ok, so use 𝐴𝑠=178mm2
πD2 As
Use ∅16mm, as = =201.06 then number of bar = =0.885 bars
4 as
Use 2∅𝟏𝟔𝐦𝐦 for bars

Support moment on-axis Yo2
𝑓𝑐𝑘=25Mpa 𝑓𝑐𝑑=14.17Mpa 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚=2.6Mpa 𝑓𝑦𝑘=400Mpa

fyd=347.826Mpa
d=300-25-8-16/2=259mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 39.54×106
𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑑2 14.17×200×2592
K z = 0.5(1 + √1 − 2k)=0.5(1+√1 − 2 × 0.208)=0.882
Z = K z ∙ d=0.882 × 259=228.44mm
Msd 39.54×106
As=Z∙f =228.44×347.83 = 497. 6mm2
yd
0.26×fctm 0.26×2.6
Asmin = bd = × 200 × 259 =87.542mm2
fyk 400
Asmin < As ……..Ok, so use 𝐴𝑠=497.6mm2
πD2 As
Use ∅16mm, as = =201.06 then number of bar = =2.47 ≈ 3𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
4 as
Use 3∅𝟏𝟔𝐦𝐦 for bars
6.4 Beam design for shear
The main aim of this section is to determine the shear stress in beams at the critical sections
stated in ES EN 1992: 2015 and providing adequate shear reinforcement. As per ES EN
1992-1-1:2015 article 6.2.1(3) in regions of the member where 𝑣𝑒𝑑 ≤ 𝑣𝑟𝑑 no calculated
shear force is necessary. Where 𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 the design shear force and 𝑣𝑟𝑑 is the design shear
resistance of concrete without shear reinforcement.
As a sample calculation beams on-axis Yo4 will be used to show the design procedure as
per ES-EN

Figure 6-3 Shear diagram

For the beam between axis Xo1 and Xo2 (B32): the shear stresses at critical sections are
extracted from ETABS.
𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 35.26kN
Check for diagonal compression failure with the max value of allowed by the
code). For members with vertical shear reinforcement the design resistance value
𝑉𝑟𝑑, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 is given by [ES EN 1992−1−1: 2015, Eqn 6.9]
𝜶𝒄𝒘∙𝒃𝒘∙𝒛∙𝒗𝟏∙𝒇𝒄𝒅
𝑽𝒓𝒅, 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = Equation 6-3
𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝜭)+𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝜭)
𝛼𝑐𝑤 = 1
𝑓𝑐𝑘 25
v1 = v =0.6∙ [1 − 250] =0.6∙ [1 − 250] = 0.54
Z = K z ∙ d=0.936× 259=242.54mm 𝑏𝑤 = 200mm
Cot (22o) = 2.5 & tan (22o) = 0.404
1×200×242.54×0.54×14.17
𝑉𝑟𝑑, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × 10−3 = 127.82kN> 35.26kN
2.5 +0.404
Diagonal compression failure is not possible, i.e. the depth provided is OK!

Check for the requirement of calculated shear reinforcement:
For members without shear reinforcement, the design value of shear resistance is given by
[ES EN 1992 -1-1: 2015, Eqn. 6.2a]
𝑽𝑹𝒅, 𝒄 = [𝑪𝑹𝒅, 𝒄(100ρ1*𝒇𝒄𝒌)1/3] 𝒃𝒘*d Equation 6-4

0.18 0.18
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = = = 0.12
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 2.6
ρ1 = 0.26 = 0.26* = 0.0017
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = ([0.12 × (100 × 0.0017 × 25)1/3 ] 200 × 259) × 10−3 = 10.06kN
But, the above value should be greater than the minimum resistance value
𝑽𝒓𝒅, 𝒄, 𝒎𝒊𝒏 = (𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏) ∙ 𝒃𝒘 ∙ 𝒅 Equation 6-5

𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒌𝟑/𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒌𝟎.𝟓 Equation 6-6
200 200
𝑘 = 1 + √( ) ≤ 2 = 1 + √( ) = 1.88 < 2 𝑂𝐾!
𝑑 259
𝑣 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.035×1.881.5×250.5 = 0.45
𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.45 ×200×259 ×10-3 = 23.31kN > 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 (10.06kN)
Since the value of 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 is less than the minimum the 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐,𝑚𝑖𝑛 as the value of thus
calculated shear reinforcement is required.
Calculation of shear reinforcement:
For members requiring the design of shear reinforcement, the area of shear reinforcement
can be calculated from the spacing of the shear links and it is given by: [ES EN 1992-1-1:
2015, Eqn. 6.8]
𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝑉𝑒𝑑 35.26×103

= 𝑓𝑦𝑑∙𝑧∙cot(𝛳) = 347.83×242.54×2.5 = 0.167
𝑆𝑣
Assume 8mm diameter of two vertical shear links, (=22o and = 89.999o) the longitudinal
spacing: The area of two leg links:
𝜋𝐷 2 𝜋×82
𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 2 × = 2×( ) = 100.48mm2
4 4

𝐴𝑠𝑤 100.48
𝑆𝑣 = 0.209 = = 480.78mm
0.209
Check for the maximum longitudinal spacing of shear reinforcement 𝑠𝑣,𝑚𝑎𝑥 [ES-EN 1992-
1-1: 2015, Eqn.9.6N]
𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75d (1+cot())= 0.75×259×(1+0.00017)) = 194.28mm
Since the nominal longitudinal spacing is greater than the maximum spacing allowed the
maximum longitudinal spacing is provided as the nominal spacing.
𝑠𝑙,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑= 190mm
Check for a minimum percentage of shear reinforcement 𝜌𝑤, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 [ES-EN 1992-1-1:
2015, Eqn.9.5N]
0.08√𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.08×√25
𝝆𝑤, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = = 0.001
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
The basic ration of shear reinforcement 𝜌𝑤 [ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.9.4N]
𝐴𝑠𝑤 100.48
𝜌𝑤 = 𝑆∗𝑏𝑤∗sin(𝛼) = 190×200×1 = 0.0026
𝜌𝑤 > 𝜌𝑤, 𝑚𝑖𝑛, the assumed reinforcement is OK!
Provide ϕ8mm bars over the span length @ 190mm C/C
6.5 Anchorage and lap length
6.5.1 Anchorage length
The reinforcing bar shall be anchored so that the bond force is safely transmitted to the
concrete avoiding longitudinal cracking or transverse reinforcement shall be provided if
necessary. [ES EN 1992:2015 section 8.4.2]

Figure 6-4 Basic tension anchorage length

The design anchorage length 𝑙𝑏𝑑 is
𝒍𝒃𝒅 = 𝜶𝟏 𝜶𝟐 𝜶𝟑 𝜶𝟒 𝜶𝟓 𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒒𝒅 ≥ 𝒍𝒃,𝒎𝒊𝒏 Equation 6-7

The required anchorage length 𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑
lb,rqd = (∅𝟒)(𝒇𝒃𝒅
𝝈𝒔𝒅
) Equation 6-8
𝝈𝒔𝒅 = 𝟑𝟒𝟕. 𝟖𝟑𝑴𝒑𝒂
𝒇𝒃𝒅 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 × ղ𝟏 ∙ ղ𝟐 ∙ 𝒇𝒄𝒕𝒅 Equation 6-9

Where
ղ1 is a coefficient related to the quality of the bond condition and the position of the bar
during concreting (ղ1 = 1 when good condition are obtained)
ղ2 is related to the bar diameter (ղ2 = 1 for ∅ ≤ 32𝑚𝑚)
𝛼𝑐𝑡 ∙𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘,0.05 0.85×1.8

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.02Mpa
𝛾𝑐 1.5
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 2.25 × 1 × 1.× 1.02 = 2.295𝑀𝑝𝑎
347.83
𝑙𝑏, 𝑟𝑞𝑑=(Ø/4) (𝛿𝑠𝑑/𝑓𝑏𝑑) =(16/4)× ( 2.295 ) =606.24mm
Table 6-2 required anchorage length

∅ 8 10 14 16 20 24
𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 303.11 378.9 530.46 606.24 757.8 909.8
Minimum anchorage length
For tension reinforcement

0.3𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 0.3 × 606.24 = 182𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10∅ …… for Ø=16mm{ 10 × 16 = 160𝑚𝑚
100𝑚𝑚 100𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 181.87 ≈ 190𝑚𝑚

For compression reinforcement
0.6𝑙𝑏,𝑟𝑞𝑑 0.6 × 606.24 = 363.74𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 10∅ ……….for Ø=16mm { 10 × 16 = 160𝑚𝑚
100𝑚𝑚 100𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑏𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 363.74 ≈ 370𝑚𝑚
Table 6-3 Minimum anchorage length

∅ 𝑙𝑏𝑑,𝑚𝑖𝑛
Tension compression
8 100 190
10 120 230
14 160 320
16 190 370
20 230 460
24 280 550
Table 6-4 Influence factor coefficient

Coefficient 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝛼4 𝛼5
In tension 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7
In compression 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 -
The design anchorage length, 𝑙𝑏𝑑 for tension reinforcement for Ø16
𝑙𝑏𝑑,𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =1× 1 × 1 × 0.7 × 0.7 × 606.24=297.3mm> 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 190𝑚𝑚 … 𝑜𝑘!
The design anchorage length, 𝑙𝑏𝑑 for compression reinforcement for Ø16
𝑙𝑏𝑑,𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =1× 1 × 1 × 0.7 × 606.24=424.37mm> 𝑙𝑏,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 370𝑚𝑚 … 𝑜𝑘!
Table 6-5 Design anchorage length

𝑙𝑏𝑑 𝑙𝑏𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
∅ Tension(mm) Compression(mm) Tension(mm) Compression(mm)
8 148.52 212.18 150 220
10 185.66 265.23 190 270
14 259.93 371.32 260 380
16 297.3 424.37 300 430
20 371.32 530.46 380 540
24 445.6 636.57 450 640

6.5.2 Lap length
Forces are transmitted from one bar to another by:-
 Lapping of bars, with or without bends or hooks

 Weddings
Mechanical devices assuming load transfer in tension-compression only. [ES EN 1992- 1-

1: 2015 section 8.7.2]
The arrangement of lapped bars should comply with figure 6.3
 The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than 4  or 50mm
otherwise the length should be increased by a length equal to the clear space where
it exceeds 4∅ or 50mm.
 The longitudinal distance of two adjacent laps should not be less than 0.3 times the
lap length, 𝑙𝑜.
Figure 6-5Adjacent laps

The design lap length is
lo  1 23 56lb,rqd  lo,min Equation 6-10
𝟎. 𝟑𝜶𝟔 𝒍𝒃,𝒓𝒒𝒅
𝒍𝒐,𝒎𝒊𝒏 ≥ 𝒎𝒂𝒙 { 𝟏𝟓∅ Equation 6-11
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
0.3𝛼6 𝑙𝑏, 𝑟𝑞𝑑 0.3 × 1.4 × 606.24 = 254.62𝑚𝑚

𝑙𝑜, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 { 15∅ … . . 𝑓𝑜𝑟 ∅ = 16𝑚𝑚 { 15 × 16 = 240𝑚𝑚
200𝑚𝑚 200𝑚𝑚
𝑙𝑜, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 254.62𝑚𝑚 ≈ 260𝐦𝐦

Table 6-6 Minimum lap length
∅ 𝑙𝑜,𝑚𝑖𝑛 (mm)
8 130
10 160
14 230
16 260
20 320
24 390
The design lap length, 𝑙𝑜 for Ø16 bars.
Values of 𝛼1 𝛼2 𝛼3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛼5 maybe taken from [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 table 8.2] which is
described herein the appendix while the value of  6 = ( 1 )0.5 but 1  0.65lo .
25
Assume 50% of the bar lapped at appoint  6  1.4 [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 table 8.3]
𝑙𝑜 = 1 × 1 × 1 × 0.7 × 1.4 × 606.24 = 594.12 > 𝑙𝑜, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 260𝑚𝑚 … 𝑜𝑘!
Table 6-7 Design lap length

∅ 𝑙𝑜 (mm) 𝑙𝑜 provided(mm)
8 297.05 300
10 371.32 380
14 519.84 520
16 594.12 600
20 742.64 750
24 891.2 900

Detailing

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF COLUMN
7.1 Introduction
Column is a vertical or inclined structural member supporting the axial compressive load
with or without moment. The cross-sectional dimensions of the column are generally
considerably less than its height. It supports vertical loads from the floors and roof and
transmits this load to the foundation.
7.2 Classification of column
Based on lateral Reinforcement

 Tied columns: where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed within closely spaced
lateral ties,
 Spiral columns: where the main longitudinal bars are enclosed within closely
spaced and continuously wound spiral reinforcement.
Based on the nature of Loading

 Columns with axial loading (applied concentrically)
 Columns with uniaxial eccentric loading
 Columns with biaxial eccentric loading
Based on Slenderness Ratio
Slenderness’ is the geometrical property of a compression member which is related to the

ratio of its ‘effective length’ to its lateral dimension. Also, it provides a measure of the
vulnerability to failure of the column by elastic instability (buckling) in the plane in which
the slenderness ratio is computed.
Generally depending on whether slenderness effects are considered insignificant or not:
Short columns:-are column with low slenderness ratios, i.e. it is relatively short and
stocky columns, invariably fail under ultimate loads with the material (concrete, steel;
reaching its ultimate strength, and not by buckling
Slender (long) columns:-are Columns with very high slenderness ratios in danger of
buckling accompanied with large lateral deflection under relatively low compressive
loads, and thereby failing suddenly. Here columns buckle and the additional moments
caused by deflection must be taken into account in the design.
Design codes attempt to preclude such failure by specifying ‘slenderness limits’ to

columns. Stability effects must be considered in the design of compression members.
The internal forces and moments may generally be determined by elastic global analysis
using either: -First-order theory, using the initial geometry of the structure, or Second-
order theory taking into account the influence of the deformation of the structure.
First-order theory may be used for the global analysis in the following cases:
(a) Non-sway frames
(b) Braced frames
(c) Design methods that make indirect allowances for second-order effects.
Axial load and moments extracted from ETABS:
The sample column is column C-12 with cross-section 400 × 400𝑚𝑚 on 2nd floor
P = 1243.2𝑘N
Moment about plane 2-2
Mo1 = 105.7083kN-m
Mo2 = −131.23kN-m
Moment about plane 3-3

Mo1 = −71.9065kN-m
Mo2 =103.8292kN-m
Where: Mo1 and Mo2 are end moments and always Mo2 greater than Mo1.
Material property
𝐶25/30
𝐹𝑐𝑑 = 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘/𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 25/1.5 = 14.167𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐹𝑐𝑡𝑚 = 2.6𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑆 = 400
𝐹𝑦𝑑 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘/𝑠 = 400/1.15 = 347.826𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑠 = 200𝐺𝑝𝑎
𝐸𝑐𝑚 = 31𝐺𝑝𝑎
Where: -
𝐸𝑐𝑚 is secant modulus of elasticity of concrete
𝐸𝑐 is the tangent modulus of elasticity of normal weight concrete at a stress of 𝜎𝑐 =0

and at 28 days
𝐸𝑠 is the design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel

𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.826
𝐸𝑦𝑑 = = 2×105 = 1.739 × 10−03
𝐸𝑠
Check slenderness limit
In the x direction
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
λlim = ……………………… [ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.5.13N]
√𝑛
A = 0.7, B = 1.1, C = 1.7 – rm
𝑀𝑜1 105.7083
𝒓𝑚 = = = −0.805
𝑀𝑜2 −131.23
𝐶 = 1.7 − (− 0.805) = 2.5
𝑁𝑒𝑑 1243.2 × 103

𝒏 = = = 0.548
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (400 × 400) × 14.16
20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.5

𝝀𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = = 52.09
√𝑛 √0.548
Calculate slenderness ratio ( λ ):-
The slenderness ratio is defined by:
𝒍𝒐
λ= ………………………………….…. [ES-EN 1992-1-1 : 2015, Eqn.5.14]
𝒊
For braced members, the effective length lo is given by:
 k1   k2 
o  0.5l
llo 1  * 1 
 0.5  k 1   0.5  k 2  [ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.5.15]
..................
EI
(
)column
Ki  l
2 EI
 ( l )beam
ℎ𝑏 3 400 × 4003
𝑰 − 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 2.13 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12

𝑏ℎ3 200×3003
𝑰 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑥 = = = 0.45 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 (for beams at top and bottom)
12 12
2.13×109
3.2
K1 = 2×0.45×109 2×0.45×109
= 1.85
( )+( )
5 5
2.13×109
3.2
K2 = 2×0.45×109 2×0.45×109
= 1.85
( )+( )
5 5
The dimension of the beams for K2 is the same as K1, thus K1 = K2 = 1.85
Effective length
For braced member
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + 0.5+𝑘1] × [1 + 0.5+𝑘2]
1.85 1.85
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5 × 3200√[1 + ] × [1 + ] = 2859.57𝑚𝑚
0.5 + 1.85 0.5 + 1.85
𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2.13×109 2859.57
𝜆= 𝑖 = √𝐴=𝑖 = √ 400×400 =115.379 𝜆 = 115.379=24.78 𝜆lim=52.09
𝑖
Therefore 𝜆<𝜆lim the column is short (Non-slender) thus, second-order effects can be
neglected.
Check slenderness limit
In the y-direction
20𝐴𝐵𝐶
λlim = …………………………[ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.5.13N]
√𝑛
A = 0.7, B = 1.1, C = 1.7 – rm
𝑀𝑜1 −71.9065
𝒓𝑚 = = = − 0.692
𝑀𝑜2 103.8292
𝐶 = 1.7 − (−0.692) = 2.392

𝑁𝑒𝑑 1243.2 × 103

𝒏 = = = 0.548
𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 (400 × 400) × 14.16
20𝐴𝐵𝐶 20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.392

𝝀𝑙𝑖𝑚 = = = 49.75
√𝑛 √0.548
Calculate slenderness ratio ( λ ):-
The slenderness ratio is defined by:
𝒍𝒐
λ= …………………………………..…. [ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.5.14]
𝒊
For braced members, the effective length lo is given by:
 k1   k2 
o  0.5l
llo 1  * 1 
 0.5  k 1   0.5  k 2  [ES-EN 1992-1-1: 2015, Eqn.5.15]
..................
EI
(
)column
Ki  l
2 EI
 ( l )beam
ℎ𝑏 3 400 × 4003
𝑰𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = = = 2.13 × 109 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
𝑏ℎ3 200×3003
𝑰 − 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 − 𝑥 = = = 0.45 × 109 𝑚𝑚4 (for beams at top and bottom)
12 12
2.13×109
3.2
K1 = 2×0.45×109 2×0.45×109
= 1.43
( )+( )
3 5.5
2.13×109
3.2
K2 = 2×0.45×109 2×0.45×109
= 1.43
( )+( )
3 5.5
The dimension of the beams for K2 is the same as K1, thus K1 = K2 = 1.43
Effective length
For braced member

𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5𝑙√[1 + 0.5+𝑘1] × [1 + 0.5+𝑘2]
1.43 1.43
𝑙𝑜 = 0.5 × 3200√[1 + 0.5+1.43] × [1 + 0.5+1.43]=2785.49mm
𝑙𝑜 𝐼 2.13×109 2785.49
𝜆= 𝑖 = √𝐴=𝑖 = √ 400×400 =115.37 𝜆 = =24.14 𝜆lim=49.75
𝑖 115.37
Therefore 𝜆<𝜆lim the column is short (Non-slender) thus, second-order effects can be
neglected.
Eccentricity calculation:
Accidental eccentricity (ea):- [ES EN 1992-1-1:2015 P.5.1.9]
𝒍o
ea = 400 …………………….
2859.57
ea = = 7.14mm (in x-direction).
400
2785.49
ea = = 6.96mm (in y-direction).
400
Equivalent first order eccentricity
In the X direction
0.6 ∗ 𝒆o2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝒆o1

ee = Maximum .of { , where:-
0.4 ∗ 𝒆o2
𝑀𝑜1 105.70×106
eo1 = 𝑵ed = 1243.2×103 =82.02 𝑚𝑚
In x-direction
𝑀𝑜2 −131.23×106
eo2 = 𝑵ed = = −105.55𝑚𝑚
1243.2×103
0.6 × (−105.55) + 0.4 × (82.02) = −33.53

ee = Maximum .of {
0.4 × (−105.55) = −42.22
ee = 42.22𝑚𝑚 ………………………….in x- direction
0.6 ∗ 𝒆o2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝒆o1

ee = Maximum .of { , where:-
0.4 ∗ 𝒆o2

𝑀𝑜1 −71.90×106
eo1 = 𝑵ed = 1243.2×103 = −57.83𝑚𝑚
In y-direction
𝑀𝑜2 103.82×106
eo2 = 𝑵ed = 1243.2×103 = 83.51𝑚𝑚
0.6(83.51) + 0.4 × (−57.83) = 26.97

ee = Maximum of {
0.4 × (83.51) = 33.40
ee = 33.40𝑚𝑚 ………………………….in y- direction
Total eccentricity (etotal): -
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥 = 7.14 + 42.22 + 0= 49.37𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒2
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦 = 6.96 + 33.40 + 0= 40.37𝑚𝑚
Since the column is non-slender in both directions the value of second-order moments (e2)
is very small and it is ignored.
Design loads: -
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = Ned * 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑥  1243.2 × 49.37 × 10−3 = 61.37𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = Ned * 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙,𝑦  1243.2 × 40.37 × 10−3 = 50.18𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Msd,x 61.37×106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑥 = fcd∗b∗h2 = 14.167×400×4002 = 0.067
Msd,y 50.18×106
𝜇𝑠𝑑,𝑦 = fcd∗b∗h2 = 14.167×400×4002 = 0.055
Ned 1243.2×103
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = fcd∗b∗h2 = 14.167×400×4002 = 0.0013 𝑠𝑎𝑦 0.0
Use ∅𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 16𝑚𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅ 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 8𝑚𝑚
𝑑′= 0.5*(cover + (0.5*øl) + ø𝑠)  0.5 × (35 + (0.5 ∗ 16) + 8) = 51𝑚𝑚

𝑑′ 51
= = 0.127, 𝑠𝑎𝑦 0.1
ℎ 400
Using the above calculated parameters reading the mechanical steel ratio () from [Design
Aid ES EN 1992-1-2:2015] from biaxial interaction chart No.9
𝑑′
For = 0.1 𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 0.0 𝜇𝑠𝑑, 𝑥 = 0.067 𝜇𝑠𝑑, 𝑦 = 0.055
ℎ
=0.1
ω∗fcd∗b∗d 0.1×14.17×400×400
As, tot = = = 651.81𝑚𝑚2
fyd 347.83
Check with maximum and minimum reinforcement allowed: -
0.1∗Ned
As, min = Maximum of { fyd
0.002 ∗ Ac
0.1×1243.2×103
= Maximum of. { 347.83 = 357.41𝑚𝑚2
2
0.002 × 400 × 400 = 320mm
𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 ∗ 𝐴𝑐  0.08 × 400 × 400 = 12800𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 < As < 𝐴𝑠, 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ……………. OK!
On each face provide 𝐴𝑠, 𝑡𝑜𝑡/4  651.81/4 = 162.95𝑚𝑚2
The above is a sample calculation and the rest of the calculations are included in
the Appendix section.

Figure 7-1 Section view of C12 column detailing

CHAPTER 8 DESIGN OF FOUNDATION
8.1 Introduction
Foundation is one of the essential parts of the structure.it is defined as that part of the
structure that transfers the load from the structure constructed on it as well as its weight
over a large area of soil in such a way that the amount does not exceed the ultimate bearing
capacity of the soil and the settlement of the whole structures remains within a tolerable
limit. Foundation is the part of the structure on which the building stands.
Foundation should fulfill the following objectives
 Distribute the weight of the structure over a large area of soil.
 To avoid unequal settlement.
 Prevent the lateral movement of the structure.
 Increase structural stability
8.2 Types of foundation
In general, all foundations are divided into two categories: -
 Shallow foundation
 Deep foundation
Shallow foundations: - are foundations situated beneath the lowest part of the structure
near to the ground level to distribute the structural load over a considerable base area at a
foundation bed. Since spread foundations (shallow foundations) are constructed in open
excavations they are termed an open foundation.
Shallow foundations are classified into the following types: -
 Individual footing or isolated footing
 Combined footing
 Strip footing
 Raft or mat foundation

Individual or isolated footings: - they are used to support individual columns. Isolated
footings can be stepped type, simple type, or slope type, having projection in the base
concrete.to support a heavy load, reinforcement is also provided at the base. The
reinforcement is provided in the form of steel bars and is placed in both directions.
Figure 8-1 Single isolated footing
8.3 Selection of foundation type
In selecting the foundation type the following point must be considered
 The function of the structure
 Loads it must carry
 Subsurface condition
 Cost of foundation in comparison with the cost superstructure
The requirement in the design of the foundation are:
The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil. The settlement
of the structure should be within the permissible limit.
The proportion of shallow foundation depending on
Soil strength parameters (ϕ and C): ϕ is the angle of internal friction and C is cohesion.
Depth of footing the depth of embedment must be at least large enough to accommodate
the required footing thickness. The depth is measured from the lowest adjacent ground
surface to the bottom of the footing.
The required area of the footing subsequently the proportions will be determined using
presumptive allowable soil pressure and/or the soil strength parameters  and C.

Structural consideration: the last stage in the design of the foundation is the structural
design. One should check the adequacy of the thickness of the footing and provide the
necessary reinforcement to withstand punching shear, diagonal tension (wide beam shear),
and bending moment.
8.4 Design of footing pad
The footing for a single column may be made square in the plan but where there is a large
moment acting about its axis it may be more economical to have a rectangular base.
The safe bearing pressure value is a serviceability value as it is used to control the
settlement of the foundation.
Design information the stress distribution (contact pressure distribution) is assumed to be

linear and assuming square footing and from the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.
Consider a square footing pad under the column on the axis
From frame analysis using ETABS, we have the following foundation column axial forces.
Axial load, P=2419.8784kN……………………. for the serviceability limit state
Axial load, P=3128.8kN………………………...for the ultimate limit state
Area proportioning
The soil type is medium dense sand and gravel; the bearing capacity determined for the
soil is 300𝑘𝑝𝑎.
Factor of safety (F.S);
𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 3128.8

𝐹. 𝑆 = = = 1.29
𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 2419 8784
𝜎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐹. 𝑆. 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1.29 × 300 = 387𝑘𝑝𝑎
Eccentricity at service load
𝑀𝑋 147.602
𝑒𝑥 = = = 0.061
𝑃 2419.8784

𝑚𝑦 98.037
𝑒𝑦 = = = 0.041
𝑃 2419.8784
To calculate the stress at the four corners of the footing from the calculated dimensions
two conditions must be satisfied.
Figure 8-2Stress distribution on an isolated footing with eccentric loading

The maximum stress must less than or equal to the allowable bearing capacity.
Trial dimension B=2.5
6𝑒𝑥 6𝑒𝑦
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃⁄𝐴 × (1 + − ) ≤ 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐵 𝐵
= 2419.8784⁄2.52 × (1 + 6 × 0.061⁄2.5 + 6 × 0.041⁄2.5) = 481.8 ≤ 300 ...not ok
Trial dimension B=3.2
= 2419.8784⁄3.22 × (1 + 6 × 0.061⁄3.2 + 6 × 0.041⁄3.2) = 281.45 ≤

300…………ok
The minimum stress must be greater than zero.
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × (1 − − )>0
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵

= 2419.8784⁄3.22 × (1 − 6 × 0.061⁄3.2 − 6 × 0.041⁄3.2) = 214.02 > 0…….ok
Since both conditions are satisfied to take B=3.2 and the difference between the
eccentricity in both axes for both limit states are very small, therefore a square footing is
ideal i.e. B=L=3.2m is acceptable.
Eccentricity for ultimate load
𝑀𝑥 141.4099
𝑒𝑥 = = = 0.046
𝑃 3128.8
𝑀𝑦 91.2153
𝑒𝑦 = = = 0.023
𝑃 3128.8
Now the stress at the four corners of the footing can be calculated from the ultimate loads
using the following equation.
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑦
𝜎= × (1 ± ± )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = × (1 + + )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
= 3128.8⁄3.22 × (1 + 6 × 0.046⁄3.2 + 6 × 0.023⁄3.2) = 344.96𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑖𝑛𝑡1 = × (1 − + )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
= 3128.8⁄3.22 × (1 − 6 × 0.046⁄3.2 + 6 × 0.023⁄3.2) = 292.41𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × (1 + − )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
= 3128.8⁄3.22 × (1 + 6 × 0.046⁄3.2 − 6 × 0.023⁄3.2) = 318.69𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃 6 × 𝑒𝑥 6 × 𝑒𝑥
𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = × (1 − − )
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵
= 3128.8⁄3.22 × (1 − 6 × 0.046⁄3.2 − 6 × 0.023⁄3.2) = 266.13𝑘𝑝𝑎

344.9 + 292.41 + 318.14 + 266.13

𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 305.4𝑘𝑝𝑎
4
Wide beam shear
Wide beam shear:-According to ES EN 1992-1-1:2015, Article 6.2.1(8) the Critical section

for shear is at a distance d from the face of supports in both directions.
𝑃⁄𝐴 < 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑃
𝐴>
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐴 = 2419.8784⁄300 = 8.066𝑚2
Provide a 3.2×3.2 square footing A=10.24𝑚2
For the ultimate limit state
pu
Ultimate earth pressure, q  where: Pu is the ultimate gravity load and A is the pad
u
A
area
𝑞𝑢 = 3128.8⁄10.24 = 305.55𝑘𝑝𝑎
Wide shear
The vertical shear force is the sum of the load acting outside the section considered.
Shear stress is checked at a distance d from the face of the column.

Figure 8-3 Wide shear
 Shear stress is
𝑣 = 𝑉 ⁄(𝑙𝑑) ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐
Where 𝑙 is the length L or width B of the base as the pad is square.
It is normal practice to make the base sufficiently deep so that shear reinforcement is not
required. The depth of the base is often controlled by the design for shear. If the shear
stress calculation indicates the need for shear reinforcement, the solution is to increase the
depth of footing until no shear reinforcement is required. The rule for members not
requiring shear reinforcement is covered in clause section 6.2.2 of the ES EN. From
equations (6.2a), (6.2b) and (6.3N) of ES EN 1992-1-1:2015].
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐∙ 𝑘(100 × 𝜌1 . 𝑓𝑐𝑘 )1⁄3 ≥ (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜. 𝑜35 × 𝑘 1.5 × √𝑓𝑐𝑘 )
200
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄𝛾𝑐 , 𝑘 = 1 + √ ≤2
𝑑
Data used for calculation
Axial load=3128.8kpa
Concrete cover=50mm
Column dimension=400 × 400𝑚𝑚
Pad dimension=2.5×2.5
Bar dimension=∅24mm
Assume a 600mm thickness footing, the average effective depth will be
𝜙
𝐷 = 𝑑 − 𝑐𝑐 − ⁄2 𝐷 = 600 − 25 − 24⁄2 = 563
200
𝑐𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.18⁄1.5 = 0.12 𝑘 = 1 + √563 = 1.596 < 2

𝐴𝑠𝑡
ρ= = 0.01
𝑏𝑤 ∙ 𝑑
1⁄
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = [0.12 × 1.596(100 × 0.01 × 25) 3] ≥ (𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0.035× 1.5961.5 × √25)
= 0.56𝑀𝑝𝑎 ≥ 0.353𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑉𝐸𝑑⁄
Vertical shear, 𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 𝑙𝑑 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐
𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 𝐵 × (𝐵⁄2 − 𝐶 ⁄2 − 𝑑) × 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
= 3.2 × (1.6 − 0.2 − 0.563) × 305.55 − (0.563 × 3.2 × 0.4 × 25) = 800.37𝑘𝑁
𝑣𝐸𝐷 = 800.37⁄(3.2 × 0.563) = 0.444𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑣𝐸𝐷 = 0.444 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.56………………………….ok!!! No need for shear

reinforcement.
Punching shear
The two checks on shear stress are:
1. at the perimeter of the column
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 × 𝑢𝑑 × [0.6(1 − 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⁄250)] × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⁄1.5
𝑢𝑑 =Perimeter of the column= 2(𝑐1 + 𝑐2 ), 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are side dimensions of the column.
𝑢𝑑 = 4 × 0.4 = 1.6
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 × 1.6 × [0.6 × (1 − 25⁄250)] × 25⁄1.5 = 7200𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7200𝑘𝑁 > 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 3128.8𝑘𝑁 ………………depth is adequate
2. at the perimeter 𝑢1 at 2d from the column face:

Figure 8-4 Perimeters for rectangular columns

𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = ⁄(𝑢 . 𝑑)
1
𝑢1 = 2 × (𝑏 + ℎ) + 4 × 𝜋 × 𝑑
= 2 × (400 + 400) + 4𝜋 × 563 = 8674.87𝑚𝑚
The area within the perimeter,𝐴 = (400 + 4 × 𝑑)2 − (4 − 𝜋)(2 × 𝑑)2
𝐴 = 5.945 × 106 𝑚𝑚2
Therefore the punching force 𝑉𝐸𝑑 = 𝑞𝑢× (𝐵 2 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
305.55 × (3.22 − 5.946) = 1306.53𝑘𝑁
𝑣𝐸𝑑 = 1306.53⁄(8.674 × 0.563) = 0.267𝑀𝑝𝑎
𝑣𝐸𝑑 < 𝑉𝑅𝑑 ……………………..ok!!!................depth is adequate
Reinforcement
Bending moment, M at the face of the column due to bearing pressure qu
1 2
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = × (𝐵⁄2 − 𝐶 ⁄2) × 𝑞𝑢
2
𝑀𝐸𝐷 = 0.5 × (1.6 − 0.2)2 × 305.55 = 299.44𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑
𝜇𝑠𝑑 =
𝑓𝑐𝑑 × 𝑏 × 𝑑 2

299.44 × 106
= = 0.038
25 × 1000 × 5632
1 − 60 × 𝜇𝑠𝑑
𝑘𝑧 = 0.5(1 + √ )
17
1 − (60 × 0.038)
= 0.5 × (1 + √ ) = 0.637
17
𝑧 = 𝑘𝑧 . 𝑑 = 0.637 × 563 = 358.74𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑 299.44 × 102

𝐴𝑠 = = = 2399.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑑 358.74 × 347.82
0.25 × 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 0.25 × 2.6

𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏. 𝑑 = × 1000 × 563 = 914.875𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 ………………………….ok!!!
Use ∅24𝑚𝑚 bar, the spacing will be
𝑏. 𝑎𝑠 1000 × 452.38
𝑆= = = 188.8𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 2399.8
Use ∅24 𝑚𝑚 𝑐 ⁄𝑐 180𝑚𝑚 spacing in both direction.

Detailing
Figure 8-5 Foundation detailing

But we recommend that to use combined footing instead of this isolated footing.

CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
9.1 Conclusion
This project gives us to understand the theoretical concept that we learn in the class
towards practical with related to structural design and such project gives for us a great
appreciation for the future career after graduation in civil engineering especially, to
construct and design the different building.
To be safe and economical structural design, social and environmental factors as well as
the function of the building should be studied. For design and analysis of this G+5 mixed-
used building is based on the limits set by ES EN 1992: 2015 and engineering judgments.
On analysis of this project, many compliable calculation works were compiled with
ETABS 2019 software and the result was compared with hand calculation
For the design of the member, the initial assignment of the load is basic for the whole
design in the selection of design critical members and load combination.
Finally, this project leads us to read different reference books, ES EN manual, and ETABS
software to capture knowledge on design and analysis of the safe and economical structure.
That means it enables us to apply theoretical knowledge to practical one and also it makes
us develop engineering judgments and decision

9.2 Recommendation
Now, days it is well known that analysis and design of any engineering structure are
supported with design software, as we recommend that it would have been better if design
software course is given for civil engineering student as a subject in order to make the
students familiar with different software.
Since the condition is not suitable to meet each other because of pandemic disease (corona
virus) this affects our working environment.

REFERENCES
ES EN 1991:2015 Actions on structures-part 1-1: General actions –Densities, Self-weight,

Imposed Loads for Buildings
ES EN 1991:2015 Actions on structures-part 1-4: General Actions –Wind actions
ES EN 1992:2015 Actions on structures-part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings
Design AID- ES EN 1992:2015 design AID FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Reinforced concrete structures lecture notes

APPENDIX A
Bending moment coefficients for two way spanning rectangular slabs

Design table for reinforced concrete structures
Design table for C12/15-C50/60

Value of 𝜶𝟏 , 𝜶𝟐, 𝜶𝟑 and 𝜶𝟓

ETABS result for column
STOREY COLUM B(mm) H(mm) AREA( COMB P(kN) M2- M3- I(mm4) i(mm)
N ID mm2) 2(kNm) 3(kNm)
TOP BOT TOP BOT
ROOF c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -33.9458 34.675 -36.112 25.773 213333 115.470
LEVEL Max 163.13 3333 0538
75
5TH c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -36.3218 31.757 -46.744 40.904 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 686.00 3333 0538
07
4TH c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - 64.018 53.913 -67.734 56.688 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 1190.1 3333 0538
928
3RD c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -83.15 67.283 -89.451 70.106 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 1691.3 3333 0538
837
2ND c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -131.23 105.7 -71.906 103.829 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 1243.2 3333 0538
205
1ST c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -152.62 137.01 -91.429 100.296 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 1493.1 3333 0538
99
GROUND c12 400 400 160000 ENVELOP - -145.598 139.02 - 93.888 213333 115.470
FLOOR Max 2912.2 100.186 3333 0538
133
STOREY COLUMN K1X K2X K1Y K2Y LOX LOY λx λy

ID
ROOF LEVEL c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
5TH FLOOR c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
4TH FLOOR c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
3RD FLOOR c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
2ND FLOOR c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
1ST FLOOR c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
2 2 7
GROUND c12 1.85185185 1.85185185 1.43790849 1.437908497 2859.84252 2787.183811 24.76696273 24.13771985
FLOOR 2 2 7
STORE COLU M01X M02X M01Y M02Y rmx rmy n λlimx λlimy slendernes
Y MN ID s
X-dir Y-
dir
ROOF c12 -33.9458 34.675 - 36.11 - - 0.0719707 153.78383 138.55601 short sho
LEVEL 25.77 2 0.9789704 0.7136962 33 23 32 rt
3 4 78
5TH c12 -31.757 36.321 - 46.74 - - 0.3026402 72.064351 72.085088 short sho
FLOOR 8 40.90 4 0.8743234 0.8750641 47 96 72 rt
4 09 79
4TH c12 53.913 64.018 - 67.73 0.8421537 - 0.5250727 18.231417 53.916032 short sho
FLOOR 56.68 4 69 0.8369208 04 95 38 rt
8 96
3RD c12 -7.6055 19.65 - 89.45 - - 0.7461811 37.207552 44.279640 short sho
FLOOR 70.10 1 0.3870483 0.7837363 34 07 02 rt
6 46 47
2ND c12 -105.7 131.23 - 103.8 - - 0.5484667 52.099357 49.751393 short sho
FLOOR 71.90 29 0.8054560 0.6925425 27 79 23 rt
6 69 46
1ST c12 -137.01 152.62 - 100.2 - - 0.6587487 49.289353 49.552559 short sho
FLOOR 91.42 96 0.8977198 0.9115916 65 64 5 rt
9 27 89
GROU c12 -139.02 145.59 - 100.1 - - 1.2847697 36.069762 35.829500 short sho
ND 8 93.88 86 0.9548208 0.9371369 55 4 07 rt
FLOOR 8 08 25
ROOF c12 -33.9458 34.675 - 36.11 7.1496062 85.020304 6.9679595 88.543713 92.169911 95.511672
LEVEL 25.77 2 99 96 28 13 26 65
3
5TH c12 -31.757 36.32 - 46.7 7.149606 21.17887 6.967959 27.25594 28.32847 34.22390
FLOO 18 40.9 44 299 052 528 886 682 839
R 04
4TH c12 53.913 64.018 - 67.73 7.1496062 50.391835 6.9679595 22.764042 57.541441 29.732002
FLOOR 56.68 4 99 68 28 93 97 46
8

3RD c12 -7.6055 19.65 - 89.45 7.1496062 5.1719784 6.9679595 21.154513 12.321584 28.122473
FLOOR 70.10 1 99 22 28 9 72 43
6
2ND c12 -105.7 131.23 - 103.8 7.1496062 42.222598 6.9679595 33.406463 49.372204 40.374422
FLOOR 71.90 29 99 49 28 29 78 82
6
1ST c12 -137.01 152.62 - 100.2 7.1496062 40.884034 6.9679595 26.867416 48.033641 33.835376
FLOOR 91.42 96 99 88 28 87 18 4
9
GROU c12 -139.02 145.59 - 100.1 7.1496062 19.998260 6.9679595 13.760805 27.147866 20.728764
ND 8 93.88 86 99 43 28 23 73 75
FLOOR 8
STOREY COLUMN ID P(KN) M02X M02Y msdx Msdy

ROOF LEVEL c12 -163.1375 34.675 36.112 15.0363689 15.5815355
5TH FLOOR c12 -686.0007 36.3218 46.744 19.43335493 23.47762511
4TH FLOOR c12 -1190.1928 64.018 67.734 68.48540994 35.38681526
3RD FLOOR c12 -1691.3837 19.65 89.451 20.84052756 47.56589317
2ND FLOOR c12 -1243.2205 131.23 103.829 61.38053712 50.19431013
1ST FLOOR c12 -1493.199 152.62 100.296 71.72378498 50.5229502
GROUND FLOOR c12 -2912.2133 145.598 100.186 79.06037855 60.36658441
STOREY COLUMN msd,x msd,y vsd w d" As.t(mm^ As.min(m as(mm^2 As.provided(m no. of
ID 2) m^2) m^2) bar
ROOF c12 0.01658 0.01718 0.00017 0.1 0.1 651.5941 320 201 804.24 6
LEVEL 384 5113 9927
5TH c12 0.02143 0.02589 0.00075 0.1 0.1 651.5941 320 201 804.24 6
FLOOR 3343 383 6601
4TH c12 0.07553 0.03902 0.00131 0.1 0.1 651.5941 342.13428 201 804.24 6
FLOOR 3601 8657 2682 46
3RD c12 0.02298 0.05246 0.00186 0.1 0.1 651.5941 486.20723 201 804.24 6
FLOOR 5335 1148 5453 65
2ND c12 0.06769 0.05536 0.00137 0.1 0.1 651.5941 357.37769 201 804.24 6
FLOOR 7529 0069 1167 24
1ST c12 0.07910 0.05572 0.00164 0.1 0.1 651.5941 429.23681 201 804.24 6
FLOOR 5254 2531 6872 92
GROUND c12 0.08719 0.06657 0.00321 0.1 0.1 651.5941 837.14841 201 1206.36 6
FLOOR 6895 9225 1924 34

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HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY

HARAMAYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Structural Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed

Submission date, February 2021

A Final year Project

Name of Student Signature of Student

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. IV

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ VII

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... VIII

LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND SYMBOLS ........................................................... IX

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1

1.1 General ................................................................................................................. 1

2.1 Analysis of wind load .......................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 Roughness coefficient ................................................................................... 9

2.1.3 Terrain factor ................................................................................................ 9

2.1.4 Orography factor ......................................................................................... 10

2.1.5 Wind turbulence.......................................................................................... 10

2.1.6 Peak velocity pressure ................................................................................ 11

2.2 Wind pressure on surfaces ................................................................................. 11

3.1 Design of ribbed slab ......................................................................................... 30

3.1.2 Moment envelope analysis for ribs ............................................................. 32

3.2 Loading on Girders ............................................................................................ 35

3.2.2 Loading on beam ........................................................................................ 36

3.2.3 Beam analysis ............................................................................................. 37

3.3 Rib design .......................................................................................................... 37

3.3.2 Girder design .............................................................................................. 43

3.4 Beam design ....................................................................................................... 44

3.5 Detailing ............................................................................................................. 46

4.1 Staircase ............................................................................................................. 49

5.1 Lateral Load Determination ............................................................................... 56

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 61

6.5.2 Lap length ................................................................................................... 72

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN OF COLUMN .................................................................... 75

7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 75

8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 85

9.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 96

Table 1-1 stress and deformation characteristics for concrete ............................................ 4

Figure 1-1 Typical 2nd to 4th-floor plan .............................................................................. 6

ES EN – Ethiopian Standard based on European Norm

𝐸𝑐𝑚 secant modulus of elasticity of concrete

𝐸𝑠 design value of modulus of elasticity of reinforcing steel

𝑓𝑐𝑑 Design compressive strength of concrete

𝑓𝑐𝑘 Characteristics cylindrical compressive strength of concrete

𝑓𝑐𝑚 mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑘 characteristics axial tensile strength of concrete

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚 Mean value of axial tensile strength of concrete

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 Design tensile strength of concrete

𝑓𝑦𝑑 Design yield strength of reinforcement

f yk Characteristic tensile strength of steel

𝑄𝑘 Characteristics value of a variable concentrated load

𝑞𝑘 Characteristics value of a uniformly distributed load, or line load

𝛾𝑐 Partial safety factor for concrete

𝛾𝑠 Partial safety factor for reinforcing steel

∅ Diameter of reinforcing bar

 Design of roof slab

 Design of typical floor slab

 Design of beams and columns

B.Sc. Final Year Project Page 1

1.3 Design criteria for buildings

A structure shall be designed to have adequate

B.Sc. Final Year Project Page 2

1.4 Design Consideration and Material Property

days by using Class I workmanship.