There are 3 groups of rules and policy that serves as a foundation of the multilateral trading system —

market access

They are based from the principles of Non-Discrimination in WTO

This will be discuss further later

Let us define first what a tariff is—

*Read custom duties*

The purpose of Article II in 1 GATT 1994 is to ensure…

Tariff Concessions are the result of…

Here’s an overview regarding the schedule of concessions as well as the rules in application

*Read summary*

The next one is quantitative restriction

*Read def*

- As a general rule, unlike tariffs, quantitative restrictions on trade in goods are forbidden

Although there are 2 types of rules as regards to quantitative restrictions—

1. Goods
2. Services

For the last— Non-tariff barriers are…

There are 3 types of non-tariff barriers

1. Protectionist barriers — designed to protect certain sectors of domestic industries at the

expense of other countries
a. This will make other countries have a hard time on competing with locally produced
goods and services
b. Few examples of this are:
i. Licensing
ii. Quotas
iii. Import deposit
2. Assistive policies — designed to protect domestic companies and enterprises without directly
restricting trade with other countries
a. It gives international companies a certain requirements or criteria before they can be
allowed to import certain goods in the market
b. Examples of this are:
 i. Custom procedures
ii. Packaging and labeling requirements
3. Non-protectionist policies — not designed to restrict the trade of goods and services, but may
contribute to free trade restrictions
a. These are policies designed to protect the health and safety of the people and animals,
as well as the environment
b. A concrete example of this are WTO Agreements
i. *Read WTO Agreements*

Moreover, it can also be seen in the GATT itself — in Article VIII of GATT 1994—

Aside from these rules, are the principles of transparency and justiciability which serve as a foundation
as well to trade relations

*Read principles*