Contents e 1, The first law 2. Specific heat capacity Chapter 2 3. Application to processes The First Law of 4, Examples Thermodynamics 1. The first law ee a + Internal energy (U): all inner energy in the system. wa + Energy: ‘can notmeesure absolute U But con determine the change of = Kinetic eneray {or process (AU) Bam ‘Work (A) and heat (Q): two types of recelving and t = ftetaeney transferring energy ofthe system. Notation inthe force books) Jout's Apparatus for Determining the weer Mechanical Equivalent of Heat 1. The first law 1. The first law ‘Sign of Heat and Work ‘Sign of Heat and Work oS 2mm —_ stenoses ams + epe 1. The first law 1. The first law In any process of a closed system, Uisa state function: ichange of internal energy is equal to heat, that the system is received, oy DAv-e 4G Ae A ( minus work, that the system does to a. ‘the surroundings. ‘AU-Q-A {The principle of conservation of energy) >1. The first law Differential form: dU =60-6A Where: “d": differential of a function (for state function) “8° : small variations of the quantity (nota state function: Q and A) m=1kg ar=1°C Specific heat = 5 kI/kg °C A Sk The ike IRON WATER 2030°C 2030°C aA A asia 32K susK (Constant-yolume and constant- pressure specific heats and c, (values given are for lium 238, 2. Specific heat capacity Molar heat capacity of ideal gases: C,=G+R Exarnple In the figure, the gas absorbs 400 J of heat and at the same ‘ime does 120 J of work on the piston, What isthe change in internal energy ofthe system? Qs positive: +400 J (Heat IN) Wu =120 J Wleponte 2K O07 t AU=Q-W Q, 400} - 120) 400 J capacity Real heat capacity Constant-pressure heat capacity Constant-volume C heat capacity ‘Average heat t c (5q,= Car 2. Specific heat capacity + For ideal gases or low-pressure gases (dilute gas: ae aes com on (mice pn te Gy =3nR (wonlinear polyatomic die gas) 2. Specific heat capacity C=C, +R? @ T mot ideal gas (Ty Pp¥) > No 1 mol ideal gas (7, 4, P, +P, V;) 1 mol ideal gas (7, +a, Py VI-d¥) 0) -509-Bap- Cpar =a outa, 82) - Boy =u =p =n (cet amc 3) otsatermad ccna tapers Us. uin)-e¥) +200) 2pm2. Specific heat capacity AIR AIR m=1kg m=1kg 300 > 301K | | 1000 > 1001 K A a 0.718 kJ 0.855 kJ 2. Specific heat capacity + Constant- pressure specific + heats for some gases + Effect of temeprature: (Debye's rule) Cp= ay +a,.T+a,T? Cp= ay + a,.T +a,.T2 or: Cp=ayta,.T+a,T?+a,T? (a, 1 from Physico-chemisry handbook) 3. Application to processes 3. Application to processes 3. Application to processes au =50-54 oA= pav i, a => dU =60~-paV = aU =0-{" pav Assumption: only mechanical volumetric work i” 3. Application to processes allsochorie (V= const hay dV = 0) dV =094, -f pdV -0 => [o,=a 3. Application to processes b.lsobarie (p= const or dp = 0) = 4° pay = p(V,-¥,)= pay 3 Q,-AU+A,=AU+paAV=aU+ Av) = A(U + pV) = AH > Q,=AH tay is tbe sum of intemal energy andthe product of PY «Isobar (deal gas) Ideal gas equation PV akT A,-p A= Api) ~ Atak) RAT = Av,=9-an Ar ar Ar 7 eallmol.K 14 JImoLK 082 | atmimol K R: Ideal gas constant, R.3. Application to processes 3. Application to processes «. Polytropie process 4. Isothermal (ideal gas) Joe at (or del gat) Internal energy of ideal gu jut depends on temperature: U - 1) See yi 6 sexy (Ada conan, ue 0) wen: se antsy 0 3. Application to processes 3. Application to processes clytropie process «.Polytropic process pee ey | = | x Per cont 3100 Othern=-2 =|) 400 (eol.a7a.15%) Stop 2: Constntvolume heating 4 Stop + lntnema expansion 20, m0835%) oUa0.15%) 1 mol 4. Examples EXAMPLE 216 Lambie r= 38 16kand Vo 2100 Dees em depend on oer cet + Asystem consisting of 2 ‘mol of argon expands adiabatically and reversibly from a volume of 5 Land a temperature (0f 373.15 K toa volume of 201 Fins the final temperature, Assume ‘argon to be an ideal gas with C, equal to 3nR/2 regen 76 al so pri mustEXAMPLE 217 Axyecominingo 0m) moofaroerpunde aah aden fava ‘ofS sate of 78.18 Kolm 20001 Fad hea epatr ‘Aue sin tobe el wih Ctl 82. 7 = = —— ————E nates om Sr anton 1 che ga tn Fe wet 1. Tre gn hw com pene 0 ohare 2 Teper regr arrd conen tt (aia erent tte Bae FEEL Bg nid Se et pa et 1 Collate wer dbs acne contin of 0. agen samedi, ‘not oxpnis motel and rer ee alae of SDL w scum OUI separ o 315K 1 Galea intel of othe rae rc.