A • IJ 1 1

INT.ltHA OOH.IJ.
Designation: 0638 1
Derechos do autor de ASTM lntemat1onal.
Reproducción distribuida por FONDONORMA
bajo licencia ASTM.
Tell: (0212) 201,77,11 Fu: (0212)
201.77.17

Standard Test Method for

1
Tensile Properties of Plastics
Jfu-, ,l.>.nJ.ml 1, r-vued undcr thc nved Jc"1g,n..H1un Oó18 the numbcr unrnediutcly lollowlng the dL \1gn.1uon intln.Jléi rhe ycur oí
0

la..,t revieron A number in r,Jn:nthc,c, rndrcutcv thi: }CM uf lu,1 n:t1ppruvul A

11ngm.1.I adopuon or, m the ce,c ol revi-ron. lhc )'t:J.r ol
ir.u¡x-n.�npt cp--1lon te) md.cne-, an ednonul 1.h.in�c vrnce t.hc 111..,1 re, 1,10n or rcapproval

flin \ldnd<1nl has b,·t11 e1¡,pnA·t,I fvr us,· b_\ ugtnnt.t of thl' U.S Ot•purtmn1t uf Otfemr.

l. Scope• consider the precautions and limitauonv of thrs method found

1 1 Th1; test method covers the determinauon of the tensile in Note 2 and Section 4 befare considcnng these data for
properties of unreinforced and reinforced plasucs in the form engineering design.
of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested 1 . 5 The values statcd in SI units are to be regarded
under defined condiuons of pretreatrnenr, temperature, as standard. The values given in parcnthcscs are for
humidity, and testing machine speed. information only.
1.2 !his test method is applicable for testing materials of 1.6 This standard does not purport ro address ali of
any _th1ckn�ss up to 14 mm (O.SS in.). However, for the safety concems, if any, associated with its use. lt is
testing specirnens in the form of thin sheeting, including film the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
less than appro priate safety and health practices and detennine the
1.0 mm (0.04 in.) in thickness, ASTM standard D882 is the applica biliry of regulatory /imitations prior to use.
preferred test method. Materials with a thickness greater
than 2. Referenced Documents
1 -l mm (O.SS in.) shall be reduced by 2
2. 1 ASTM Standards:
machining. D229 Te,t Mcthods for R1gid Sheet and Plate Ma1c1ials
1 .3 This test method includes the option of Used for Elet.:tncal lnsulauon
determining D412 Test Method, for Vulcamzcd Rubbcr and Thcrmoplm,
Poisson' s ratio at room temperature. uc Ela,tomer;-Tcn,ion
D618 Pracuce for Conditioning Pla,tic, for Tc,ting
NOTE 1-:-This standard and ISO 527-1 address the same subject rnatter,
but differ in technical content. D651 Test Mcthod for Test for Tens1 le Strcngth of Moldcd
3
NOTE 2-Th" test method 1s not mtended to cover precise physical Elcctncal lnsulating Matcrials (Withdrawn 1989)
procedures. 11 is recogmzed that the constant rate of crosshead movement D882 Test Method for Ten,ile Propertie, of Thm Pla,tic
type of test leaves much to be desired from a theoretical standpoint, that Sheeting
wide differences may exist between rate of crosshead movement and D883 Termmology Rclatmg to Pta,11<.:,
rate of vtrain bctween gage marks on the specuncn. and that the testing D1822 Tc,t Method for Ten;ile-lmpact Encrgy 10 BrcaJ...
speeds vpecified drsguise important effects charactenstic of materials
m the plastic state. Further, 11 1s realized that variauons in the thicknesses
Plastic, and Electncal ln,ulatmg Matcnals
of test spccírnens, which are permmed by these procedures, produce D3039/D3039M TeM Method for Tcn,ilc Propcrtic, of Poly
variations in the vurtace-volurne ranos of such specrmens, and that these mer Matnx Compo,11c Materiab
variauons may mfluence the test results. Hence, wherc directly D4000 Cla,sification System for Spec1fymg Pta,tic Matcn
comparable resulis are devired, ali varnples should be of equal als
thicknesv. Special addtuonal tests vhould be used wherc more precise D4066 Cla,,1ficat1on Sy,tem for Nylon lnJecuon and 6\tru
phyvical data are needed
'10n Materiab (PA)
NOTE 3- Thrs test method may be used for testing phenoltc
molded resm or larmnated materials. However, whcre these materials are
D5947 Tes! Method, for Physical D1men,ion, of Salid
used as electncal ínsulauon. such material, vhould be tevted ,n Pla,t1cs Spec1mcn,
accordance wuh Te,t Methods D229 and Test Method D651 E4 Pracucc, for Force Yeri ficauon of Teslmg Machmc,
NoTE 4--For iensile propenies of resm-mainx cornposues remíorced
with oncnted conunuous or discontinuous high modulus >20-GPa
(>3.0 x 10 6 -p,i) fibers. tests vhall be rnade in accordancc with
Test Mcthod D3039/D3039M.
1 . 4 Test data obtained by this test rnethod have been
found to be useful in engmeering design. However, 11 is
importan! to

2
For refcrcnccd ASTM !tLandards. v1su Lhc ASTM wcb!<tllc. www Olilm.org. or
1 Th1, Le,t melhod 1s under the junsdicuon oí ASTM Comrmuee D20 on cont:ict ASTM Cu!ttomcr Scrv1cc at i,crv1ce@nslm.org For Am1ual Book o/
Plasucs and 1, thc drrect responvrbuny of Subcomrmuee D::!O 10 on Mechamcal ASTM Sta11dards volume míormauon. rcfcr to lhc stnndard'!t Document Summa.ry
Properues Current ediuon approved Dec. 15. 2014. Pubhched March 2015 pagc on thc ASTM web!t1tc
Origrnally approvcd m 1941 L:H,l prevtcus edition approved m 2010 a� 0638 'Thc last approvcd vcrs1on oí th1s h1,toncal M.anda.rd l.!i refcrcnccd
• 10. DO1: on
10.1520/D0638-14 www.astm.org.
 •A Summary oí Changes section appeurs al the end oí this standard
Copyright OASTM lnternauonal 100 Barr Harbor Onve. PO Box C700. Wesl Conshohocken. PA 19428•2959 Umt8d Stales
 • 0 6 3 8 -1 4
E83 Pracuce for Vcrificauon and Classification of been seriously questioned. The exact stress-strain characteristics of plastic
Exten materials are highly dependenl on such factors as rate of application
of
someter
Systcms
E 132 Tc,1 Mcthod for Poisson ':, Rano at Room "'Availnble írom American National Stnndards Institutc (ANSI). 25 W. 43rd St.,
Ternpcrature 4lh Floor. Ncw York. NY 10036. hup.//www.:msi.org.
E69 l Pracucc for Conducting an lnterlaboratory Study
to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ISO Standard:"
ISO 527-1 Determination of Tensile Propcrties

3. Terminology
3 .1 Definicions-Detinitions of terrns applying to this
test method appear in Terrninology D883 and Annex A2.

4. Significance and Use

4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile
property data for the control and specification of plastic
materials. These data are also useful for qualitative
characterization and for research and development.
4.2 Sorne material specifications that require the use of
this test method, but with sorne procedural modifications
that take precedence when adhering to the specification.
Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material
specification before using this test method. Table 1 in
Classification D4000 lisis the ASTM materials standards
that currently exist.
4.3 Tensile properties are known to vary with
specimen preparation and with speed and
environment of testing, Consequently, where precise
comparative results are desired, these factors must be
carefully controlled.
4.4 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without
also testing the method of preparation of that material.
Hence, when comparative tests of materials per se are
desired, exercise great care to ensure that al! samples are
prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to
include the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for
referee purposes or comparisons within any given series
of specimens, care shall be taken to secure the
maximum degree of uniformity in details of
preparation, treatrnent, and handling.
4.5 Tensile properties provide useful data for plastics
engi neering design purposes. However, because of the
high degree of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate
of straining and environmental conditions, data obtained
by this test method cannot be considered va lid for
applications involving load-time scales or environments widely
different from those of this test method. ln cases of such
dissirnilarity, no reliable estimation of the lirnit of usefulness
can be made for most plastics. This sensitivity to rate of
straining and environment necessitates testing over a broad
load-time scale (including impact and creep) and range of
environmental conditions if tensile prop erties are to suffice
far engineering design purposes.
NoTE 5-Since the existence of a true elastic lirnit in plastics
(as in
many other organic rnaterials and in many metals) is debatable, the
propriery of applying the term "elastic rnodulus" in its quoted, generally
accepted definition 10 describe the "stiffness" or "rigidity" of .ª plastic
has
stress. ternperature, previous history of specimen, etc. Howevcr,
stress strain curves for plastics, detcnnincd as describcd in this test
rnethod. almost always show a linear region at low stresses, and a
straight linc drawn tangent to this poruon of the curve pcrmits
calculation of an elastic modulus of the usually defined 1ype. Such a
ccnstant is useful if its arbitrary nature and dependence on time,
temperature. and similar (actors
are
realized,
S. Apparatus
5. l Testing Machine-A testing machine of the
constant
rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising
essentially
the
following:
5 . 1 . 1 Fixed Member-A fixed or esseotially
stationary
member carrying one
grip.
5 . 1 . 2 Movable Member-A movable member carrying
a Other techniques that have been faund useful, particularly
second
grip.
5.1.3 Grips-Grips far holding the test specimen
between the fixed member and the movable member of
the testing machine can be either the fixed or self-aligning
type.
5 . 1 . 3 . 1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed
and movable members of the testing rnachine. When this
type of grip is used take extreme care 10 ensure that the
test specimen is inserted and clamped so that the long
axis of the test specimen coincides with the direction
of pull through the center line of the grip assembly.
5. 1. 3 . 2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed
and rnovable members of the testing machi ne in such a
2
manner that they will move freely into alignment as soon
as any load is applied so that the long axis of the test
specimen will coincide with the direction of the applied
pull through the center line of the grip assembly. Align the
specimens as perfectly as possible with the direction of
pull so that no rotary motion that may induce slippage
will occur in the grips; there is a limit to the amount of
misalignment self-aligning grips will accornrnodate.
5.1.3.3 The test specimen shall be held in such a way
that slippage relative to the grips is prevented insofar as
possible. Grip surfaces that are deeply scored or serrated
with a pattem similar to those of a coarse single-cut file,
serrations about 2.4 mm (0.09 in.) apart and about 1 .6
mm (0.06 in.) deep, have been found satisfactory far
most therrnoplastics. Finer serra tions have been found
to be more satisfactory far harder plastics, such as the
therrnosetting materials. lt is irnportant that the serrations
be kept clean and sharp. Should breaking in the grips
occur, even when deep serrations or abraded specirnen
surfaces are used, other techniques shall be used.
with smooth-faced grips, are abrading that portien of the
surface of the specirnen that will be in the grips, and
interposing thin pieces of abrasive cloth, abrasive paper, or
plastic, or rubber coated fabric, commonly called hospital
sheeting, between the specimen and the grip surface. No. 80
double-sided abrasive paper has been found effective in many
cases. An open-mesh fabric, in which the threads are coated
with abrasive, has also been effective. Reducing the cross-
sectional area of the speci men may also be effective. The
use of special types of grips is sometimes necessary to
eliminare slippage and breakage in the grips.
5 . 1 .4 Drive Mechanism-A drive mechanism far
imparting
a uniform, controlled velocity to the movable member
with
 �@f 0 6 3 8must
-14
rneet at least Class C (Practice E83) requirements, which
respcct 10 the -tationary rncmbcr, Thi, velocity " 10 include a fixed strain error of 0.001 strain or :t 1.0 % of
be rcgulated n, spcciticd in Sccuon 8. the
5 . 1 . 5 Load lndicator-s-r« suuublc loud-indicating mecha índicated strain, whichever is
greater.
rusrn capable of sho« 111g thc 101nl tcnsrlc loud curricd by
thc
1c,1 spccuncn whcn hcld b) the grips, This rncchnnism shnll
be csxcntially free of inertia lug al thc spccified rute of
tcsung und shall indicare thc load with nn accurucy of
:t 1 % of thc indicated valuc, or bcttcr, Thc accurncy of the
testing rnachinc shnll be vcrilicd in accordancc with
Practices E4.

NOTE �E,pencnce has. shown Lhnt rnany tesung mnchmev now in

use are incapable of rnairuaming accuracy for ns long o, the periods
bctween inspecnon recommendcd in Practices E4. Hence, it is
recommended that each mnchine be studied individually and verified
ns often n, rnay be found necessary, ll frequently will be necessary
10 perform thi, luncuon daily,

5 . 1 . 6 The ñxed member, movable member,

drive mechanism, and grips shall be constructed of such
rnaterials and in such proportions that the total elastic
longitudinal strain of the systern constituted by these parts
does not exceed 1 % of the total longitudinal strain between
the two gage marks on the test specimcn at any time during
the test and at any load up to the rated capacity of the
machine.
5.1. 7 Crossbead Extension Indicator=A suitable
extensión indicating mechanism capable of showing
the amount of change in the separation of the grips,
that is, crosshead movement. This mechanism shall be
essentially free of inertial lag at the specilied rate of
testing and shall indicate the crosshead movement with
an accuracy of :t I O % of the indicated value.
5.2 Extension fndicator (extensomcter)-A suitable
instru ment shall be used for determining the distance
betwecn two designated points within the gauge length of
the test specimen as the specimen is stretched. For
referee purposes, the exten someter must be set at the full
gage length of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 1 . lt is
desirable. but not essential, that this instrument
automatically record this distance, or any change in it, as a
function of the load on the test specimen or of the
elapsed time from the start of the test, or both. lf only the
latter is obtained, load-time data must also be taken. This
instrument shall be essentially free of inertia at the
specilied speed of testing. Extensometers shall be classified
and their calibration periodically verilied in accordance with
Practice E83.
5.2.1 Modulus-of-Elasticiry Measurements-For modulus
of-elasticity measurements, an extensometer with a maximum
strain error of 0.0002 mm/mm (in.fin.) that automatically and
continuously records shall be used. An extensorneter
classified by Practice E83 as fulfilling the requirements
of a B-2 classification within the range of use for modulus
measure ments meets this requirement.
5.2.2 Low-Extension Measurements+Pet elongation-at
yield and low-extension measurements (nominally 20 % or
less), the same above extensometer, attenuated to 20 %
extension, is acceptable. In any case, the extensorneter system

5.2.3 High-Extension Meas11reme111s-For making measurc
rncnts u1 clongations grcater than 20 %, mcasuring
tcchniqucs with error no greatcr thun :t I O % of thc
rncasured valuc are acccptnblc.
5.3 Mic,vmeters-Appnratus for rneasuring the width
and thickncss of thc test specimcn shall comply with the
require ments of Test Method D5947.
6. Test Specimens
6.1 Sheet, Plate. and Molded Plastics:
6.1 . 1 Rigid and Semirigid P/astics-The test specimcn
shall conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 1 . Toe
Type 1 specimen is the preferred spccimen and shall be
used where sufficicnl material having a thickness of 7 mm
(0.28 in.) or less is available. The Type lJ specimen is
recommended when a material does not break in the narrow
section with the preferred Type J specimen. The Type V
specimen shall be used where only limited material
having a thickness of 4 mm (0.16 in.) or Iess is available
for evaluation, or where a large number of specimcns
are to be exposed in a limited space (thermal and
environmental stability tests, etc.). The Type IV specimen
is generally used when direct comparisons are required
between materials in different rigidity cases (that is,
nonrigid and semirigid). Toe Type lll specimen must
be used for ali rnaterials with a thickness of greater than
7 mm (0.28 in.) but not more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
6.1.2 Nonrigid Plastics-The test specimen shall conform
to the dimcnsions shown in Fig. 1 . Toe Type IV specimen
shall be used for testing nonrigid plastics with a thickness
of 4 mm (0.16 in.) or less. Toe Type lll specimen must be
3
used for ali materials with a thickness greater than 7 mm
(0.28 in.) but not more than 14 mm (0.55 in.).
6.1.3 Reinforced Composites-The test specimen for
rein
forced composites, including highly onhotropic
laminates, shall conforrn to the dimensions of the Type I
specirnen shown in Fig. l .
6. 1. 4 Preparation-Methods of preparing test
specimens
include injection molding, machining operations, or
die cutting, from materials in sheet, plate, slab, or similar
forrn. Materials thicker than 14 mm (0.55 in.) shall be
machined to 14 mm (0.55 in.) for use as Type Ill
specimens.
NOTE 7-Tesl results have shown that for sorne materials such as
glass cloth, SMC, and BMC laminates, other specimen types
should be considered 10 ensure breakage within the gage length of
lhe specirnen, ns mandated by 7.3.
NOTE 8-When preparing specimens from certain cornposite
laminares such as woven roving, or glass cloth. exercise care in
cutting the specimens parallel to the reinforcemenL The
retnforcemcnt will be significantly weakened by cutting on a bias.
resulting in lower larninate properties, unless testing of specimcns in
a direction other than parallel with the reinforcement constitutes a
variable bcing studied.
Non: 9-Specimens prepared by injection molding may have
differenl ICnsile properties 1han specimens prepared by machining
or die-cutting because of the orientation induced. Th.is effcct may be
more pronounced
in specimens with narrow sections.
6.2 Rigid Tubes-The test specimen for rigid tubes shall
be as shown in Fig. 2. Toe length, L, shall be as shown in the
table in Fig. 2. A groove shall be machined around the outside
of the specimen at the center of its length so that the wall
section after
 .. 0 6 3 8 - 1 4

t---------
LO---------i
"TYPES 1, 11, 111 & V

�...-rr,.......,� ___,f �
-l j.T
l

o
LO
1YPE IV

Specimen Dlmenslons lar Thlckness, T. mm

(ln.)A
7 (0 26) or under Over 7 10 14 (O 26 lo 0.55), mcl 4 (O 16) or under
Inmenstcns (see draw,ngs) Tolerances
Type I Type II Type 111 Type 1v• Type ve.o
W-W1dth al narrow sect1onE.F 13 (O 50) 6 (O 25) 19 (O 75) 6 (0.25) 3 1 6 (O 125) ,.0,5 (:0.02)8·c
l-Lenglh al narrow secuon 57 (2 25) 57 (2 25) 57 (2 25) 33 (1.30) 9.53 (0.375) :0.5 (:0.02)c
WO-W1dth overall, m1n° 19 (0.75) 19 (O 75) 29 (1 13) 19 (O 75) + 6 4 ( + O 25)
WO-W1dth overall, m1n° 9 53 (0.375) + 3 1 8 ( +0 . 1 2 5)
LO-Length overall, m1nH 165 (6 5) 163 (7 2) 246 (9 7) 115 (4,5) 63.5 (2.5) no max (no max)
G-Gage length' 50 (2 00) 50 (2 00) 50 (2 00) 7 62 (O 300) ,.O 25 (:0.010)c
G-Gage length' 25 (1.00) :O 13 (,.0.005)
D-D1stance between grlps 115 (4 5) 135 (5 3) 115 (4.5) 6�(25)' 25 4( 1.0 ) :5 (,.O 2)
R-Rad1us of flllet 76 (3.00) 76 (3.00) 76 (3.00) 14 (0.56) 12.7 (0.5) :1 (:0.04)c
RO---Outer radrus (Type IV) 25 (1.00) :1 (:O 04)

"rtuckness. T. shall be 3 2%: 0.4 mm (O 13 .:t O 02 1n.) lar all types ol moldad speclmens, and lar other Types I and II spec.mens where possibíe 11 specirnens
are machlned
from sheets ar platas, thIckness, T, shall be the thlckness ot Ihe sheet ar plata provtded thís does not exceed the range stated lar the mtended specimen
type Far sheets of nomlnal trucknass greater than 14 mm (0.55 1n.} lhe speclmens shaU be machIned to 1 :1: o 4 mm (O 55 :1: o 02 In.) in th1Ckness. lor use
w1th the Type 111 specmen. Far ◄
sheets of nomlnal th1ckness between 14 and 51 mm (O 55 and 2 In.) approxnnatety equal amounts shall be machlned lrom each surface For thicker sheets
both surfaces o! the specunen shall be machmed. and the locaUon ol the spectmen wrth relerence to the ongmat thIckness of the sheet shall be noted Tok!
rances on thIckness less than
14 mm (O.SS In.) shall be tnose standard lor the grade ol matenal tested
8For the Type IV soecimen. the interna! wtdth ol lhe narrow secucn ol the die shall be 6 00 :1: o 05 mm (O 250 :1: O 002 m.} The drmenstooe are essent1ally !
hose of Die
C ln Test Methods 0412
oYne Type V speclmen snau be machmed ar die cut to lhe drmenstcne shown, ar moldad In a mold whose cavrty has mese dunensions The dImens10ns shatt
be:
W = 3 16 : O 03 mm (O 125 : 0.001 1n ),
L • 9.53 : o.os mm (0.375 : 0.003 m.).
G = 7 62 :1: O 02 mm (O 300 :1: 0.001 In.). and
R = 1 2 . 7 : O.OS mm (O 50 0: O 003 In.)
The other tolerances are lhose In the table
"SupportJng data on the mtroducucn of the L specrmen al Test Method 01822 as rhe Type V speclmen are avallable from ASTM Headquarters Request AR
020-1038
E"fhe lolerances al the w1dth al lhe center Wc: shall be ...o 00 mm, -0.1 O mm ( +0.000 In., -0.004 m.) compared wrth Wldth W at other parts ot the reduced
secUon Any
reoucuen 1n W at lhe center shall be gradual, equa11y on each srde so that no abrupI changes m dlmenston resulL
FFor moldad specimans. a draft of not over 0.13 mm (0.005 I n) Is allowed lar eII11er Type I ar II specimens 3 2 mm (O 13 1n ) ln tmckness See diagram below and
thls shall be taken mto account when catculallng wIdth o! !he specunen Thus a typlcal sectlon ol a moldad Type I specimen. having lhe maxlmum a11owable drah,
could be
as follows
Goverall w1dths greater lhan the meumum mdicated are used lar sorne matenals Jn arder to avoid breaking In the gnps
'"'Overall lengths greater than the mlnlmum mmcated are used lar sorne malenals ro avold breaklng in the gnps ar 10 sausty speoat test reqwrements
'Test marks ar 1mtIal extensometer span.
-When selt-11ghtemng gnps are used, lar hIghly e,ctens1ble polymers. the d1stance between gnps wIH depend upon the types ol gnps used and may not be cnucal
11
mainta1ned umlorm once chosen.

1
12 83 mm, max
••••• (O.SOS In.) -····
,.-0.13 mm, max
(0.005 In.)

12 70mm
(0.500 In.)

FIG. 1 Tenslon Test Speclmens lor Sheet, Piste, and Molded Plastlcs
4
 • D638-14
ness. Th1, groovc shall consist of a straight section 57.2 mm
(2 25 m.) in lcngth wuh a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each
end joining II to thc outsrdc diamctcr. Stecl or brass plugs
having diameters such that thcy w1II fil snugly insidc thc

1
tubc and having a lcngth equal to the full jaw lcngth plus 25
mm ( 1 in.)
89 mm, mln. shall be placed in thcpreven!
ends of the spccirnens to
(J.S0 In.) crushing. They can be located convcnicntly in the tubc by

+-o
separating and supporting them on a thrcaded metal rod.
Details of plugs and test assembly are shown in Fig, 2.
6.3 Rigid Rods-The test specimen for rigid rods shall be as
shown in Fig. 3. The length, L, shall be as shown in the
SI mm, mln.
(2.00 m.) table in Fig. 3. A groove shall be machined around the
specimen at the center of its length so that the diameter of
�7�,"!,mRad. the machined portian shall be 60 % of the original nominal
1n.) diameter. This groove shall consist of a straight section 57 .2
Machlne to mm (2.25 in.) in length with a radius of 76 mm (3 in.) at each
L
S7mm end joining it to the outside diameter.
60o/oof
(2.2S In.)
Onglnal 6.4 Ali surfaces of the specimen shall be free of
Nominal
-} -1ommRad . Wall Thidmess visible ñaws, scratches, or imperfections. Marks left by
R.S. (3.00 In.) coarse rna chining operations shall be carefully removed with a

l
SI mm, mln.
1.6 mm
Rad. (0.063
fine file or abrasive, and the filed surfaces shall then be
smoothed with abrasive paper (No. 00 or finer). The finishing
sanding strokes shall be made in a direction parallel to the
In. )
long axis of the test specimen. Ali flash shall be removed from a
molded specimen, taking great care not to disturb the
molded surfaces. In machining a specimen, undercuts that
would exceed the dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. I shall
�89

_I_
be scrupulously avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid
other common machining errors.
6.5 lf it is necessary to place gage marks on the specimen,
this shall be done with a wax crayon or lndia ink that will
mm, mln.
not affect the material being tested. Gage marks shall not
be scratched, punched, or impressed on the specimen.
6.6 When testing materials that are suspected of anisotropy,
duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having
their
DIMENSIONS OF TUBE SPECIMENS
long axes respectively parallel with, and normal to, the
Standard lenglh,
Lenglh of Radial Total Calculaled suspected direction of anisotropy.
L,
Nominal Wall ot Specimen to
Sections, Min1mum
Be Ttuckness
2R.S Lenglh ol Specirnen
Used lar 89- 7. Number of Test Specimens
mm
(3 s-m.) JawsA 7 . 1 Test at least fi ve specimens for each sample in the
mm(ln.) case
0.79 ('hz) 13.9 (0.547) 350 (13 80) 381 (15) of isotropic
354 (13.92) 381
381 (15)
1 2(1/,e)
1.6 (1/..) 1917.0 (0.670)
6 (0.773) 356 (1402) (15)
2.4 (fu) 24.0 (0.946) 361 ( 1420 ) 381 (15) 7.2 For anisotropic materials, when applicable, test five
3.2 (1/,) 27.7 (1.091) 364 (14 34) 381 (15) specimens, normal to, and five parallel with, the principie
4.8 (1/,a) 33.9 (1.333) 370 (14.58) 381 (15)
6.4 (¼) 39 O (1 536) 376 (14 79) 400 (15.75) axis of an isotropy.
380 (14.96) 400 (15 75)
7.9 W••l 43.5 (1.714)
7.3 Discard specimens that break at sorne flaw, or that break
9.5 ('V,) 47.6 (1.873) 384 (15.12) 400 (15.75)
11 1 (7/,a) 51.3 (2.019) 388 (15.27) 400 (15.75) outside of the narrow cross-sectional test section (Fig. 1 ,
12.7 ('h) 54 7 (2 154) 391 (15.40) 419 (16.5)
dimension "L"), and make retests, unless such flaws constitute
a variable to be studied.
AFor Jaws greater than 89 mm (3.5 1n.). the standard lenglh shall be lncreased
by twlce the lenglh ol the jaws mlnus 178 mm (7 1n.) The standard length . Non l�Before testing, aH transparent specimens should be inspected
permns a shppage of approxlmalely 6 4 lo 12 7 mm (0.25 lo O 50 1n.) 1n m a polanscope. Those which show atypical or concentrated strain
each ¡aw wh1le mamtalnlng the maxlmum lenglh of lhe ¡aw grip panerns should be rejected, unless the effects of these residual strains
constitute a variable to be studied.
FIG. 2 Diagram Showing Location of Tube Tension Test
spect
mens in Testing
8. Speed of
Machine Testing
8.1 Speed of testing shall be the relative rate of motion
of the grips or test fixtures during the test. Toe rate of motion
machining shall be 60 % of the original nominal wall of the driven grip or fixture when the testing machine is
thick-
running
5
 o D638-14
TABLE 1 Deslgnetlons for Speed ol Testlng"

Nominal

89 mm, ClassItlca! Speed of Tesling, S1ra1nc Rate

mm, Spec,men et mm/mIn (1n /mIn) Star1 or
3.50 lon8 Type Test.

-t-
mm/mm- mln
(lnAn mln)

Rlg1d and 1, 11, 111 rods 5(02)•25 % O1

in.) Semirigld and tubes
50 (2) • 1 0 % t
500 (20) • 10 % 10
IV 5 (0 2) • 25 % 015
50 (2) . 1 0 ¾ 1 5
51 mm, min. 500 (20) et 10 % 15
(2.00 in.) V 1 (O 05) • 25 % o1
10 (0.5) et 25 %
t Nonngld 111
100 (5)ct 25 %
50 (2) et 1 0 %
10
1
R.S.

-
500 (20) et 10 % 10
IV 50 (2) • 1 0 % 1.5
500 (20) et 10 % 15
L
Machlne to
mm 60%of
(2.25 in.) Original Nominal "Select the lowest speed that produces ruptura In 0.5 to 5 mm for !he
i..._ & ¿ Dlameter speclmen geomelry be1ng used (see 8 2).

-+R
"rhe 1ni11al rate ol stralning cannot be calculated exacliy for dumbbell-
E

�
�
shaped
R . S. E;; "see Termlnology 0883 Jo, del1n1t1ons.

speclmens because of extenslon. both In the reduced secnon outslde the

gaga
lenglh and ,n the illlets. This mmal stram rete can be measured from the ,nu,al
slope
51 mm, min. ol the tensUe stram-versus-nme d1agram
(

12.00 in.)
the speed is not specified, use the lowest speed shown in
Table I for the specimen geometry being used, which
gives rupture within 0.5 to 5-min testing time.
8.3 Make modulus determinations at the speed selected
for the other tensile properties when the recorder
89 mm, min.
response and resolution are adequate.
(3.50 in.)

_ 9. Conditioning
9. 1 Condirioning-Condition the test specimens in accor

DIMENSIONS OF ROO SPECIMENS

Total Calculated Standard length,
L, ol
Nominal o,am- Length ol M,ntmum Spec,men to Be
Radial Used dance with Procedure A of Practice D6 I 8, unless
eter Sectlons. Length of Specimen lor 99-Jmm �- otherwise
2R.S. 5-,n.)
aws specified by contrae! or the relevan! ASTM material
mm (in.) specifica
tion. Conditioning time is specified as a mínimum.
Tempera
3.2 ('/o) 19.6 60 9 (2 356 398 (15.65)
4.7 ('/,e) (0.773) 398) (14.02) 403 (15.87)
6.4 ('/,) 24.0 66 4 361 408 (16.06)
(0.946) (2.615) (14.20) 412 (16.24)
9.5(¼)
71 4 364 (14
12.7 ( ½ ) 27.7
(2.812) 34)
15 . 9 ( ¼ (1.091)
) 76 O
33.9 370
(2.993)
19.o W•) (1.333) (14.58)
22 2 (7/a 39.0 (t 376
) 536) (14.79)
25.4 (1) 43 5 (1 380 (14
31.8 (1'/,) 714) 96)
38 1 (1 ½ ) 47 6 384 (15
42 5 (11/,) (1.873) 12)
50.8 (2) 51.5 (2 388 (15
019) 27)
54 7 (2 154) 391 (15
40)
381 (15) 41 9 (16.5)
ture accord unless specified ditferently by contract or material speci
381 (15) 432 (17)
381 (15) and ance fication.
381 (15) hurnidi with 9.2 Test Conditions-Conduct the tests at the same
400 (15 75)
ty Section tempera ture and humidity used for conditioning with
400 (1 5 75)
400 (15 75) toleran 7 of tolerances in accordance with Section 7 of Practice D6 I 8,
400 (15 75) ces Practic unless otherwise specified by contract or the relevant ASTM
419 (16 5)
shall e material specifica tion.
4 1 9 ( 165 )
419 (16 5) be in D618
10. Procedure
"For jaws greater than 89 mm (3 5 m.), the standard length shall be lncreased 10 . 1 Meas ure the width and thickness of each
by tw,ce the tength of the ¡aws mmus 178 mm (7 ,n.). The standard length spccimen to the nearest 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) using the
permlls a shppage of approx,mately 6.4 to 12.7 mm (O 25 to 0.50 ,n.) ,n each
jaw whlle maIntalning the max,mum length of !he ¡aw gnp applicable test mcthods in D5947.
1 0. 1 . 1 Measure the width and thickness of ñat
FIG. 3 Diagram Showing Locatlon ol Rod Tension Test specimens at the center of each specimen and within 5 mm
Specimen
In Testing Machine of each end of the gage length.
1 0 . 1 . 2 For injection molded specimens, the actual
measure ment of only one specimen from each sample will
idle may be used, if it can be shown that the resulting suffice when it has previously been demonstrated that
speed of testing is within the lirnits of variation allowed. the specimen-to specimen variation in width and
8.2 Choose the speed of testing from Table 1 . thickness is less than 1 %.
Determine this chosen speed of testing by the specification 1 0. 1.3 For thin sheeting, including film less than 1.0
mm
for the material
(0.04 in.), take the width of specimens produced by a Type
being tested, or by agreement betwcen those concemed.
When IV
die as the distance betwecn the cutting edges of the die in
the

6
 • 0638-14
narrow section. For ali other specimens. measure the actual
width of thc ccnter pon ion of the specimen to be tested,
unlcss it can be shown that the actual width of the specimen
is the same as that of the die within the specimen
dimension tolerances given in Fig. 1 .
10.1.4 Meas ure the diarneter of rod specimens, and
the inside and outside diameters of tube specimens. to the
nearest
0.025 mm (0.001 in.) at a minirnum of two points 90º
apart; malee these measurements along the groove for
specimens so constructed. Use plugs in testing tube
specimens, as shown in
Fig. 2.
10.2 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machi ne,
taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the
grips with an imaginary line joining the points of attachment
of the grips to the machine. The distance between the ends
of the gripping surfaces, when using flat specimens, shall be
as indicated in Fig. 1. On tube and rod specimens, the location
for the grips shall be as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. Tighten
the grips evenly and firmly to the degree necessary to
prevent slippage of the specimen during the test, but not to
the point where the specimen would be crushed.
10.3 Attach the extension indicator. When modulus is
being
determined, a Class B-2 or better extensorneter is required (see
5.2.1).
NOTE 11-Modulus of materials is detennined from the slope of the
linear portion of the stress-strain curve. For most plastics, this
linear portion is very srnall, occurs very rapidly, and must be
recorded automati cally. Toe change in jaw separation is never to be
used for calculating modulus or elongation.
10.4 Set the speed of testing at the proper rate as required
in
Section 8. and start the machine.
10.5 Record the load-extension curve of the specimen.
10.6 Record the load and extensión at the yield point (if
one exists) and the load and extension at the moment of
rupture.
NOTE 12-lf it ,s desired to rneasure both modulus and Iailure
properties (yicld or break, or both), it may be necessary, in the case of
highly extensible materials, to run two independent tests. The high
magnification extensornetcr nonnaJJy used 10 determine properties up to
the yield point may not be suitable for tests involving high extensibility.
lf allowed to remain attached to the specimen, the extensometer could be
pennanently damaged. A broad-range incremental extensometer or hand
rule technique may be needed when such rnaterials are taken 10
rupture.
11. Calculation
1 1 . 1 Toe compensation shall be made in accordance
with Annex A 1, unless it can be shown that the toe region
of the curve is not due to the take-up of slack, seating
of the specimen, or other artifact, but rather is an authentic
material response.
J 1.2 Tensile S1re11gth-Calculate the tensile strength by
dividing the max.imum load sustained by the specimen in
newtons (pounds-force) by the average original cross-sectional
area in the gage length segment of the specimen in square
metrcs (square inches). Express the rcsult in pascals (pounds
force per square inch) and repon it to three significant
figures as ten si le strength at yield or tensile strength
at break, whichever term is applicable. When a nominal
yield or break
load Iess than the rnaximurn is present and applicable, it
is
often desirable to also calculate, in a similar manncr, thc
corresponding tensile stress at yield or tensile stress at
break and repon it to three significan! figures (see Note
A2.8).
11.3 Elongarion values are valid and are reponed in cases
where uniforrniry of deformation within the specimen gage
length is present. Elongation values are quantitatively relevan!
and appropriate for engineering design. When non-uniforrn
deformation (such as necking) occurs within the specimen gagc
Iength nominal strain values are reponed. Nominal strain
values are of qualitative utility only.
11 . 3 . 1 Percent Elongation-Percent elongation is the
change in gage length relative to the original specimen gage
Iength, expressed as a percent. Percent elongation is calculated
using the apparatus described in 5.2.
1 1 . 3 . 1 . 1 Percent Elongation at Yield-Calculate the
percent
elongation at yield by reading the extensión (change in gage
Iength) at the yield point. Divide that extensión by the original
gage length and multiply by 100.
1 1 . 3 . 1 . 2 Percent Elongation at Break-Calculate the
per
cent elongation at break by reading the extensión (change in
gage length) at the point of specimen rupture. Divide that
extension by the original gage length and multiply by 100.
11 . 3 .2 Nominal Strain-Nominal strain is the change in
grip separation relative to the original grip separation
expressed as a percent. Nominal strain is calculated using
the apparatus described in 5.1.7.
1 1 . 3 . 2 . 1 Nominal srrain at break-Calculate the
nominal strain at break by reading the extensión (change
in grip separation) at the point of rupture. Divide that
extensión by the original grip separation and multiply by 1
OO.
1 1 . 4 Modu/us of Elasticiry-Calculate the modulus of
elas ticity by extending the inirial linear portion of the
load extensión curve and di viding the ditfereace in stress
corre sponding to any segment of sectioa on this straight line
by the corresponding ditference in strain. Ali elastic modulus
values shall be computed using the average original cross-
sectional area in the gage length segment of the
specimen in the calculations. The result shall be expressed in
pascals (pounds force per square inch) and reponed to three
significant figures.
1 1 . 5 Secant Modulus-At a designated strain, this shall
be calculated by dividing the corresponding stress (nominal)
by the designated strain. Elastic modulus values are preferable
and shall be calculated whenever possible. However, for
rnaterials where no proportionality is evident, the secant
value shall be calculated. Draw the tangent as directed in A 1 .3
and Fig. A 1.2, and mark off the designated strain from the
yield point where the tangent line goes through zero stress.
The stress to be used in the calculation is then determined
by dividing the load extension curve by the original average
cross-sectional area of the specimen.
1 1 . 6 For each series of tests, calculate the arithmetic
mean of ali values obtained and repon it as the "average
value" for the particular property in question.
1 1 . 7 Calculate the standard deviation (estirnated) as follows
and repon it to two significant
figures:
s= Y(LX 2
- nX ')!{n - 1 )
 (1)

7
 • 0638-14
"hcrc: TABLE 3 Tensile Stress at Break, 103 psi, for Elght Laboratorles,
1·
= csurnated standard Five Materlals"
'(
= deviation, value of single Mean s, SR 1, IR
observation, Polypropylene 2 97 1 54 1.65 437 4.66
= number of observations, and Cellulose acetate butyrate 4 82 o.osa 0.180 O 164 0.50
92 13
x= Acryhc 9.09 O 452 O 751 1 27
aríthmetic mean of the set of observations. 20.8 0.233 O 437 0.659 1 24
Glass-remíorced polyester
1 1 .8 See Annex A I for information on toe compensation. Glass-re1nforced nylon 23.6 0.277 0.698 0.784 1.98

11.9 See Annex A3 for lhe determination of Poisson 's ""Tens1/e strength and elongat1on at break values obtaioed for
Ratio. unrelnforced propylene plasncs generally are h1ghly variable due to
lnconsrstencies In necklng
12. Report or "drawmg• of the center sectton of the test bar Since tenslle strenglh
and elongatlon at y¡eld are more reproducible and relate In most cases to the
1 2 . 1 Repon the following information: practica! usetulness of a molded part, they are generally recommended for
speciñcatlon
1 2. 1.1 Complete identification of the material tested, purposes.
includ ing type, source, manufacturer' s code numbers,
form, principal dimensions, previous history, etc.,
1 2 . 1.2 Method of preparing test specimens, TABLE 4 Elongatlon al Break, %, for Etght Laboratories,
Five
1 2 . 1 . 3 Type of test specimen and dimensions,
MaterialsA
1 2 . 1 .4 Conditioning procedure used,
Mean s, SR 1, IR
1 2 . 1 . 5 Atmospheric conditions in test room, Glass-ramtorced polyester 3 68 0.20 2 33 O 570
1 2 . 1 . 6 Number of specimens tested: for 6.59
anisotropic materials, lhe number of specimens tested and Glass-relnforced nylon 3 87 O1O 2 13 0.283
6.03
the direction in which lhey were tested, Acryllc 13.2 2.05 3.65 5.80
1 2 . 1.7 Speed of testing, 10.3
12.1.8 Classification of extensometers used. A Cellulose acetate butyrate 14 1 1.87 6.62 5.29 18.
7
description of measuring technique and calculations Polypropylene 293 o 50 9 119.0 144.0 337
O
employed instead of a mínimum Class-C extensometer
system, "'Tenslle strenglh and elongat,on at break values obtalned for
unrelnforced propylene plastics generalty are h,ghly variable due to
1 2 . 1 . 9 Tensile strength at yield or break, average value, mconststencíes 1n necking or "drawlng" of the center secnon of the test bar.
and standard deviation, Slnce tenslle strength and elongatlon al y1eld are more reproducible and relate
in most cases to rhe pracncal usefulness ol a molded part, they are generally
1 2 . 1 . 1 O Tensile stress at yield or break. if recommended for specmcatlon
applicable. purposes
average value, and standard deviation,
1 2 . 1 . 1 1 Percent elongation at yield, or break, or
nominal strain at break, or ali three, as applicable,
average value, and standard deviation, 13. 1 . 1 Tables 5-8 are based on a round-robin test
1 2 . 1. 1 2 Modulus of elasticity or secan! modulus,
average conducted by the polyolefin subcommittee in 1988,
valu é , and standard deviation, involving eight polyethylene materials tested in ten
1 2 . 1. 1 3 If measured. Poisson •s ratio, average value, laboratories. For each material, ali sarnples were
stan dard deviation, and statement of whether there was molded at one source, but the individual specimens
proportion ality within the strain range, were prepared at the laboratories that tested them. Each
1 2 . 1 . 1 4 Date of test, and test result was the average of five individual deterrninations.
1 2 . 1 . 1 5 Revision date of Test Method D638. Each laboratory obtained three test results for each
material. Data from sorne laboratories could not be used for
5
13. Precision and Bias various reasons, and this is noted in each table.
1 3 . 1 Precision-Tables 2-4 are based o□ a round-robin 13.1.2 Tables 9 and 10 are based on a round-robin
test conducted in I 984, involving five materials tested by test conducted by lhe polyolefin subcommittee in 1988,
eight laboratories using the Type J specirnen, ali of nominal involving lhree materials tested in eight laboratories. For
0.125-in. thickness. Each test result was based on five each material, ali samples were molded at one source,
individual determinations. Each laboratory obtained two test but the individual specimens were prepared at the
results for laboratories that tested thern, Each test result was the
each material. average of five individual determina tions. Each laboratory
obtained lhree test results for each material.

TABLE 5 Tenslle Yield Stress, for Ten Laboratorles, Eight

Materials
� Supponing dala are avarlable from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR.D20- Test
Values Expressed In psi Units
1 1 2 5 for thc 1984 round robrn and RR.D20-1170 for lhc 1988 round robm, Material Speed.
1n./mln Average s, SR R
TABLE 2 Modulus, 1 o• psi, for Eight Laboratories, Flve Materials LOPE 20 1544 52.4 64.0 146.6 179.3
LOPE 20 1894 53.1 61 2 148.7 171.3
Mean s, SR 1, IR LLOPE 20 1879 74 2 99.9 207 8 279 7
Polypropylene O 210 O 0089 0.071 0.025 0.201 LLOPE 20 1791 49.2 75.8 137.9 212.3
Cellulose acetate butyrate 0246 0.0179 0.035 O 051 O 144 LLOPE 20 2900 55 5 87.9 155 4 246.1
Acryllc 0.481 O 0179 0063 0051 O 144 LLOPE 20 1730 63.9 960 178.9 268 7
Glass•relnforced nylon 1.17 00537 0.217 O 152 0614 HOPE 2 4101 1961 371 9 549.1 1041.3
Glass•re1nforced polyester 1 39 00894 O 266 0253 0.753 HOPE 2 3523 175 9 478.0 492.4 1338.5

8
 • 0638-14
TABLE 6 TensUe Yleld Elongallon, lor Elght Laboratories, Elght TABLE 10 ElongaUon at Yleld, "'• lor Elght Laboratories, Toree
Materials Materials
Test ValJes Expressed in Pen:ent Ur>ts Mean S,
MalenaJ 5peed,
3 65 0.27 062 0.76
n.nw, Average s, SR Celluose acetate butyrate
1.75
R 4.89
LOPE 20 170 1.26 316 3.52 884 Aayt,c
Polypropylene 8.79 O 0.21
45 0.55
5.86 0 5 9 16.5
127
LOPE 20 1� 6 1 02 2.38 2.86 6.67
LLDPE 20 15.7 1.37 2.85 3.85 7.97
llDPE 20 1 66 1.59 3..30 4.46 9.24 ry
LLDPE 20 11.7 1.27 2.88 3.56 8.08
TABLE 11 Poisson's Ratio Repeatabllity Data lor One Laborato
LLDPE 20 15.2 127 2.59 3.55 7.25 and Two Polypropylene Materials
HOPE 2 9.27 140 2.84 3 91 7.94
HOPE Villles Expressed as a Dmensoooless Raoo
2 9.63 1.23 2.75 3.45 7.71 Malenals
Average Sr r
pp •1 Chord O 412 0.00 0.1)26
PP •1 leasl 0.413 9
0.011 0.032
TABLE 7 Tensile Break Strass, lor Nine Laboratories, Six Squares
Test pp •2 Chord 0.391 0.009
VaAJes Expressed on psi Uruts
Materials Squares
Ma!enaJ Speed,
in.hnin Average s, SR
R
LOPE 20 1592 52.3 74.9 146.4 209.
LOPE 20 66.6 7
1750 102.9 186.4 288.1
LLDPE 127.1 219.0 13.1.4.1 S,is the within-laboratory standard deviation of
LLDPE 20 2840 78.6 143.5 220.2 the average: I, = 2.83 Sr (See 13.1.4.3 for application of
LLDPE 20 1679 4 0 134.3
8 47.0 95.96 131 6 Ir)
LLDPE 20 2660 119. 1 166.3 333.6 465 13.1.4.2 SRis the between-laboratory standard deviation
of
the average: /R=2.83 SR. (See 13.1.4.4 for application of
IR.)
TABLE 8 Tensile Break Elongation, for Nine Laboratories, Slx
Materials 13.1.4.3 Repearabiliry-In comparing two test results
Test for the same material, obtained by the same operator
VaAJes Expressed on Percent Unrts
Matenal Speed. using tbe same equipment on the same day, those test
on./rmn Average s, SR R
results should be judged not equivalent if they dilfer by
LOPE 20 567 31.5 59.5 882
166.6 more than the I, value
LOPE 20 569 61.5 892 172.3 for that material and condition.
249.7
LLDPE 20 890 25.7 113.8 71.9 13.1.4.4 Reproducibiliry-In comparing rwo test results
318.7 for the same material, obtained by different operators using
LLDPE 20 64.4 6.68 11.7 18.7
32.6 dilfer ent equipment on different days, those test results
LLDPE 20 803 25.7 104.4 71.9
292.5 should be judged not equivalent if tbey ditfer by more
LLDPE 20 782 41.6 96.7 116.6 tban the IR value for that material and condition. (This
270.8
applies between different laboratories or between different
equipment witbin tbe same laboratory.)
13.1.4.5 Any judgment in accordance with 13.1.4.3
TABLE 9 Tensile Stress at Yield, 103 psi, lor Eight Laboratories,
and
Toree Materials
13.1.4.4 will have an approximate 95 % (0.95) probability
Mean s, of
being correct,
Polypropylene 3.63 0.161 0.062 13.1.4.6 Other formulations may give somewhat
Cellulose acetate butyrate 0.022 0.227 0.456 different
Al:(,/,>c 5.01 0.317 0.164
0.058 0.642 results.
10.4 0.190 13.1.4.7 For further information on the methodology used
0.067 0.897 in
this section, see Practice E69 l.
13.1.4.8 Toe precision of this test method is very dependent
1 3. 1. 3 Table 11 is based on a repeatability srudy upon the uniformity of specimen preparation, standard prac
involving a single laboratory. Toe rwo materials used were tices for which are covered in other documents.
unfilled poly propylene types. Measurements were performed
by a single technician on a single day. Each test result is 13.2 Bias-There are no recognized standards on which
an individual determination. Testing was run using rwo Type to base an estímate of bias for this test metbod.
B-1 extensom eters for transverse and axial measurements at
14. Keywords
a test speed of
5 mm/min. 14.1 modulus of elasticity; percent elongation; plastics:
13.1.4 In Tables 2 -1 1. for the materials indicated, and Poisson 's Ratio; tensile propenies: tensile strength
for
test results that derived from testing five specimens:
9
 • D638-14
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)

Al. TOE
COMPENSATION
A l. 1 ln a typical stress-strain curve (Fig, A I . I ) there is
a toe r�gion, that does not represent a property of
¿
the material. lt 1s an artifact caused by a takeup of slack
and alignment or seating of the specimen. ln order to obtain
correct va�ues of_ such parameters as modulus, strain, and
offset yield point, this artifact must be compensated for
to give the corrected zero point on the strain or extension
axis.
A 1.2 ln the case of a material exhibiting a region
of Hookean (linear) behavior (Fig. AI.I), a continuation
of the linear (CD) region of the curve is constructed
through the zero-stress axis. This intersection (8) is the
corrected zero strain point from which ali extensions or
strains must be measured, including the yield offset (BE),
if applicable. The
elastic modulus can be determined by dividing the stress at
any point along the line CD (or its extension) by the strain
at the same point (measured from Point B, defined as zero-
strain).
A 1.3 In the case of a material that does not exhibit
any linear region (Fig. A 1.2), the same kind of toe correction
of the zero-strain point can be made by constructing a
tangent to the maximum slope at the inflection point (/-f). This
is extended to intersect the strain axis at Point B', the
corrected zero-strain point. Using Point B' as zero strain, the
stress at any point (G') on the curve can be divided by the
strain at that point to obtain a secant modulus (slope of Line
B' G'). For those materials with no linear region, any attempt
to use the tangen! through the inflection point as a basis for
determination of an offset yield
point may result in unacceptable error.

A B E
NO'Tl!l-
Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph,
NO'Tl! 1-Some chart recorders plot the mirror image of this graph.
FlG. A1.1 Material with Hookean Region
FlG. A1.2 Material with No Hookean Reglen

10
 � 0638 -14

Al. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS ANO SYMBOLS RELATING TO TENSION TESTING OF PLASTICS

A2. I elastic /imit-the greatest stress which a material is A N

capablc of sustaining without any permanent strain remaining I /
upon complete releasc of the stress. lt is expressed in force per yield strength = ... MPa (psi). or yield strength al 0.1 % offset ... MPa
unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-force per square inch). (pSI).
Nors A2. l-Measured values of proponional lirnit and elastic
limit vary greatly wilh Lhe sensitivity and accuracy of the testing
equipmeru, eccentricity of loading, the scale 10 which the stress-strain
diagrarn is
plotted, and other facrors. Consequently, these values are usually replaced
by yield strength.

A2.2 elongation-the increase in length produced in the

gage length of the test specimen by a tensile load. lt is
expressed in units of length, usually millimetres (inches). (Also
known as extension.)
_NOTE _A2.2-El�ngation and strain values are valid only in cases
where uniformity of specimen behavior within the gage lenglh is
present. In the case_ of _materials exhibiting necking phenomena, such
values are only of qualitative utility after auainment of yield point. This
is dueto inability 10 ensure that necking will encompass the entire
length beiween the gage marks prior lo specimen failure.

A2.3 gage length-the original length of that portion of the

specimen over which strain or change in length is
determined.

A2.4 modulus of elasticity-the ratio of stress (nominal)

to corresponding strain below the proportional limit of a
material. It is expressed in force per unit area, usually
megapascals (pounds-force per square inch). (Also known as
elastic modu lus or Young ·s modulus).
NOTE A2.3-The stress-strain relations of many plastics do not
conform to Hooke' s law lhroughout the el astic range but deviate
therefrom even al stresses well below the elastic limit. For such
rnaterials the slope of the tangent to the stress-strain curve at a low
stress is usuaJly taken as the modu1us of elasticity. Since the existence
of a true proportional lirnit in plastics is debatable, the propriety of
applying the term "modulus of elasticity" to describe the stiffness or
rigidity of a plastic has been seriously questioned. Toe exact stress-
strain characteristics of plastic materiaJs are very dependent on such
factors as rate of stressing, temperature, previous specimen history,
etc. However, such a value is useful if its arbitrary nature and
dependence on time. ternperarure, and other factors are realized.

A2.5 necking-the localized reduction in cross section

which may occur in a material under tensile
stress.

A2.6 offset yield strength-lhe stress at which the strain

exceeds by a specifi ed amount (the offset) an extensión of the
initial proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. lt is
expressed in force per unit area, usually megapascals (pounds
force per square inch).
NOTE A2.4-This measurement is useful for rnaterials whose
stress strain curve in the yield range is of gradual curvature. Toe offset
yield strenglh can be derived from a stress-strain curve as follows (Fig.
A2. l ):
On the strain axis lay off OM equal 10 the specified offset.
Draw OA tangent 10 the initial straight-Iine portian of the stress-
strain
curve.
Through M draw a line MN parallel lo OA and locate the intersection
of
MN with the s1ress-strain curve.
Toe stress al the point of intersection r is lhe "offset yield strength ...
The
specified valué of the offset must be stated as a percent of the original g_age
Iength in conjunctioa with lh� strength value. Example: 0.1 % offset
 /
------./,
I
---- A2.9 percent reduction of orea (nominal}--the
difference between the original cross-sectional area measured at
the point of rupture after breaking and after ali retraction
/ / r has ceased, expressed as a percent of the original area.
/ /
/ / A2.I0 percent reduction of orea (true}--the difference
l. / be tween the original cross-sectional area of the test specimen
/
/ and the mínimum cross-sectional area within the gage boundaries
/ prevailing at the moment of ruprure, expressed as a percentage
/ OM = Spedfied of the original area.
/ Offset
A2. I I Poisson 's Ratio--The absolute value of the ratio of
/ transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain resulting
/
from uniforrnly distributed axial stress below the proportional
o M lirnit of the material.
Strain
FIG. A2.1 Ottset Yield Strength A2. l 2 proportional limit-the greatest stress which a mate
rial is capable of sustaining without any deviation from
proponionality of stress to strain (Hooke's law). It is expressed
in force per unit area, usually megapascals (pounds-force per
square inch).
A2.7 percent e/ongation-the elongation of a test specimen
expressed as a percent of the gage length. A2. l 3 rote of loading-the change in tensile load carried
A2.8 percent elongation at break and yield: by the specimen per unit time. lt is expressed in force per
unit time, usually newtons (pounds-force) per minute. The
A2.8. I percent elongation at break-the percent elongation initial rate of loading can be calculated from the initial slope
at the moment of rupture of the test specimen. of the
A2.8.2 percent elongation at yield-the percent elongation load versus time diagram.
at the moment the yield point (A2.22) is attained in the test
specimen.

11
 • D638-14
A2 14 _rare ofsrraining-the change in tensile strain per urut
urne. lt os expressed either a, strain per unit time,
usually mctres _per metre (inches per inch) per minute, or
percent elon�a!Jon per umt time, usually percent elongation per
minute. The iruual rate of straming can be calculated from
the initial slope of the tensile strain versus time diagram.
NOTE A2.5-The imtral rate oí strarmng is synonymous wilh thc
rate oí crosshead movement divrded by the iruual distance between
crossbeads only in a machme wuh constam rate of crosshead rnoverneru
and when the specimen has a uruform onginal cross secuon, does not
"neck down." and does not slip m the jaws
A2.15 rate o] stressing (nominal)-the chanze in
tensile stress (nominal) per unit time. lt is expressed in force
per unit area per unit time, usually megapascals (pounds-
force per square inch) per minute. The initial rate of
stressing can be
calculated from the initial slope of the tensile stress
(nominal)
versus time diagram.
NOTE A2.6-The rrnual rate of stressmg as detenrnned m this
manner
has only lirrnted physical sigmficance II does, however, roughly descnbe
the average rate at which the rruual stress (nominal) camed by the test
specimen is apphed It 1s affected by the elasticity and ñow
characrensucs of the rnaterials beong tested. At the yield pomo. the rate
of stressing (true) may conunue m have a posiuve value 1f the
cross-secuonal area 1s
decreasmg
A2. l 6 secaru modulus-the ratio of stress (nominal) to
corresponding strain at any specified point on the stress-strain
curve. lt is expressed in force per unit area, usually
rnegapas cals (pounds-force per square inch), and reponed
together with the specified stress or strain.
NOTE A2.7-This measurement 1s usually employed in place of
rnodulus of elasucity rn the case of materials whose stress-strain
diagram doce; not dernonstrate proporuonality of stress to strain.
A2. l 7 strain-the ratio of the elongation to the gage
length of the test specimen, that is, the change in length per
unit of original length. lt is expressed as a dimensionless
ratio.
A2. l 7 . 1 nominal strain at break-the strain at the
moment
of rupture relative to the original grip separation.
A2. l 8 tensile strength (nominal)---the maximum tensile
stress (nominal) sustained by the specimen during a tension
test. When the máximum stress occurs at the yield point
(A2.22), it shall be designated tensile strength at yield. When
the maximum stress occurs at break. it shall be designated
tensile strength at break.
A2. l 9 tensile stress (nominal)-the tensile load per unit
area of mínimum original cross section, within the gage
boundaries, carried by the test specimen at any given
moment.
It ,s expressed in force per unit arca. usually megapascals
(pounds-force per square inch).
N01c A2.8-The expression of tensüe propcrues in terms of
thc rmrumum original cross secrion 1� almost universally used m pracuce
In thc case of rnatenals exhibiting high extensibiluy or necking. or
both (A2.16). nominal stress calculations rnay not be mcamngful beyond
thc yield pomt (A2.22) due to thc extensive reducuon in cross-sectionat
area that ensues Under sorne circurnstances II may be desirable to
express the tensile properties per umt of minimum prevailing cross
secuon These properties are called true tensile properues (that is. true
tensile stress. etc.),
A2.20 tensile stress-strain curve-a diagram in which
val ues of tensile stress are plotted as ordinales against
correspond ing values of tensile strain as abscissas.
A2.2 I true strain (see Fig. A2.2) is defined by the following
equation for &7:
t7= JLdLIL = lnLIL. (A2 1 )
L,
where:
dL = increment of elongation when the disrance between the
gage marks is L,
L. = original distance between gauge marks, and
L = distance between gauge marks at any time.
A2.22 yield poi111-the first point on the stress-strain curve
at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase
in
stress (Fig. A2.2).
NOTE A2.9-0nly materials whose stress-strain curves exhibit a
pornt of zero slope may be considered as havmg a yield point.
NoTE A2 ) �orne materials exhibit a distinct "break" or dhcontinuity
in the stress-strain curve in the elastic region. To.is break 1s not a
yield point by defirution. However, this poinr may provc u.seful for
material characterizarion in sorne cases.
A2.23 yield strengrh-the stress at which a material
exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality
of stress to strain. Unless otherwise specified, this stress will
be the stress at the yield point and when expressed in relation
to the tensile strength shall be designated either tensile
strength at yield or tensile stress at yield as required in A2.18
(Fig. A2.3). (See offset yield strength.)
dL
t=
� -- ------------J J
- L -------i ,I
4)
FIG. A2.2 lllustration ol True Straln Equation
 12

---------�----��----------------�---------�-----------.J
 �t' D638 - 1 4 Mlnlmum crosa-secucnat area at any time
Original cross-sectlonal araa
lncrement ol cross-secuonal aree
A Cross-sectlonal area at potnt ol ruptura measured
altor braaklng speclmen
Cross-sectronal area al polnt ol ruptura, measured al the
moment of ruptura
B
,---------------
1
e (!.f
Time
lncrement of time
1 o Tensile stress
1 lncrement ol stress
1 /\o
ºr True tenslle stress
YIELD ªu Tenslle strength at break (nominal)
PO ºur Tensile strength al break (true)
- -- e Stra,n
IN T E (!.e lncrement of strain
, -- ·1
<u Total stra,n, al break
1 Cr True stram

·------- %El
Y.P.
Percentage elongatlon
Yield polnt
E Modulus ol etasucity

A & E = TENSILE STRENGTH AT BREAK A2.25 Relations between these various terms may
ELONGATION AT BREAK be defined as follows:
B = TENSJLE STRENGTH AT YIELD o W/A0
ELONGATION AT YIELD or W/A
au W/A 0 (where W ,s break1ng load)
C = TENSILE STRESS AT BREAK our W/Ar (where W Is breaking load)
ELONGATION AT BREAK l!.LA.0 = (L -
LJIL0
D = TENSILE STRESS AT
<u (Lu - L J/L0
YIELD ELONGATION AT <r Í[ dUL=/nUL
YIELD %Et l(L - L JIL,J x 100 0 = e x 100
STRAIN Percent reduction of area (nominal)= [(AJ> -Au)/Anl X 100
FIG. A2.3 Tensile Designations Percent reduction of area (true) = [(A, - Ar)/A ) x TOO
0
Rate of loading = D. W//J.t
Rate of stressing (nominal)= /J.cr//J. = (D. W]/A )//J.t
A2.24 Symbo/s-The following symbols may be used Rate of straining = /J.e//J.t = (/J.L/L )/J.t 0

for the above terms: For the case where the volume of 0
the test specimen does
not
Symbol Term change during the test, the following lhree relations hold:
w Load
l!. W lncrement ol load
L Distance between gage marks al any lime
or= o ( I +t) = ( A2.2)
0L/L 0

0 Ongonal dostance between gage marks

LuL Dlstance between gage marks at moment of ruptura
ot: lncrement of drstance between gage marks =
A = A/( 1 +t)
elonqanon

AJ. MEASUREMENT OF POISSON'S RATIO

A3.1. Scope A3.2. Referenced Documents
A3. l . l This test method covers the determination of Pois
A3.2. l ASTM Srandards:2
son 's ratio obtained from strains resulting from uniaxial
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testmg
stress only.
D883 Termmology Relating to Plastics
A3. l .2 Test data obtained by this test method are D5947 Test Methods for Physical Dirncnsions of Sohd
relevant Plasucs Specimens
and appropriate for use in engineering design. E83 Practice for Verification and Classificauon of Extcn
A3. l .3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as someter Systerns
the standard. The values given in parentheses are for E 132 Test Method for Poisson •� Ratio at Room
information only. Temperature
E69 I Practice for Conducting an lnterlaboratory Study to
NoTE A3.1-Th,s s t a n d a r d " not equivalent to ISO 527-1. Determine the Precision of a Test Mcthod

13
 o D638-14
molding the matenal into the spccirncn shapc to be
E I 0 I : ! Pr ,11,c tur vcní ic 1111111 ot l e lllll' l 1,1111< ,11ul \ tested.
p«1
Non A3.4-When prepanng specimcnv from certain
m, n \ltl!n111�nt l ndct Icnvrlc .111d C11111prL ,11 e \ ,1 rl cornposue larni
) or ,L \ppit,,ltlllll natev ,uch a, wovcn rovmg, or glavs cloth. care must be
exercised m
\1.2.2 ISO Stundard '
ISO S:! · 1 Dct: r1111n-1tlllll ol lbi-ik
Propcrtic-,
\J.3. Tcrminolo�
\3 1 1 D,j11111w111-Defin111on, of tcrm, applymg to th1,
tc,t rncthod appcar in fcrmmology D883 and Anncx A2 of this
<tandard

\3.4. Signiticance and Use

A3.4 1 When uniaxial tcnsile force 1s applied to a solid,
the
,olid xtrctchcs in the direction of the applied force (axially). but
11 also contracts in both dimensions perpendicular to the
applied force. lf the solid is homogcneous and isotropic,
and thc material remams elastic under the action of the
applied force, the transverse stram bears a constaru relationship
to the axial strain. This constant, called Poissori's ratio, is
dcfined as the neganve ratio of the transverse (negative) to
axial strain under uniaxial stress.
A3.4.2 Poisson's ratio is used for the design of structures in
which ali dimensional changes resulting from the application
of force need to be taken into account and in the application
of the generalized theory of elasticity to structural analysis.
Nora A3.2-The accuracy of the determmation of Poisson's ratio 1s
usually lirnned by the accuracy of the transverse strain rneasurernents
because the percentage errors m lhese measurernents are usually greater
than in the axial strain measuremcnts. Since a ratio ralher than an
absolute quanuty as measured, it is only necessary 10 know accurately
the relative value of lhe calibration Iactors of the cxtensorneters. Also, in
general, lhe value of the applied loads need 001 be known accurately,

A3.5. Apparatus
A3.5 1 Refer to 5 . 1 and 5.3 of this standard for the
require
rnents of thc testing machine and
rnicrometers,
A3.5.2 For mcasurcment of Poisson's Ratio use either a
bi-axral cxtcnsomctcr oran axial extensometer in combination
with a transverso extensorncter. They must be capable of
rccordmg axial strain and transverse strain simultaneously. The
cxtcnsornctcrs shall be capable of measuring the change in
strains with an accuracy of 1 % of tne relevan! value or better.
Non, A3.3-Sua,n gagcs are used as an alternauve method to mensure
axial and iransvcrsc strain: howevcr, proper techniques Ior rnounung
vtrain gauge, are crucial to obtaimng accurate data. Consult strain
gauge supphers for mstrucuon and trarnmg ,n theve special
techniques.

A3.6. Test Specirnen

A3.6. I Spemnen-The test spccirnen shall conform 10
the drrncnsions shown in Fig. 1 . Thc Type I specimen is
the prcfcrrcd spccimcn and shall be uscd where sufficient
material having a thickncss of 7 mm (0.28 m.) or less 1s
available,
A3.6.2 Preparation-Tc,t specimens shall be prepared
by machmmg opcrations, or die cutting, from materials in
sheet, platc, slab, or similar form or be prepared by

u111n� lhl• ,pc,11m:n11 purnllcl 10 tia: rcmlorccmem. unlc" te-ung of
f..
,pclUlll'n, 1n 11 duccuon oihcr rhun JMrnllcl Wllh thc rcmforccmcnt
l'On,111uh:, u vunnblc hc1n� ,1uJ1cU
1
N1111 A 1 � Spccuncns prcporcd hy 1nJcc111,n moldmg havc dillcrcnt rcn-ue
prupcr11c, thun ,pcL1mcn, prcp.rrcd by rnachmmg nr die-cuumg bccuuvc
ni rhe oncmuuon rnduced Thrv cucci 1, mure pronounccd in
-pccuncn- wuh nurrow secuonv
A3.6.3 Ali surfaccs of thc spccrrncn shall be free of visrblc ñaws,
scratchcs, or impcrfccuons. Markv lcft by coarsc rna chining
opcrations shall be carefully removed with a hne file or abrasivc. and
the filed surfaccs shall thcn be smoothcd wuh abrasive papcr (No.
00 or finer). The ñmshmg sanding strokcv shall be made in a
direction parallel to the long axis of the test specimen. Ali flash shall
be removed from a molded spccimen, taking great care not to
disturb the molded surfaces. In machining a specimen, undercuts
that would exceed thc dimensional tolerances shown in Fig. 1 shall
be scrupulously avoided. Care shall also be taken to avoid other
common
machining errors.
A3.6.4 Jf it is necessary to place gage marks on the
specimen, this shall be done with a wax crayon or India ink that will
not affect the material being tested. Gauge marks shall not be
scratched, punched, or impressed on the specirnen.
A3.6.5 When testing materials that are suspected of anisotropy,
duplicate sets of test specimens shall be prepared, having their long
axes respectively parallel with, and normal to, the suspected
direction of anisotropy.
A3.7 Number of Test Specimens
14
A3.7. I Test at least five specimens for each sample in
the
case of isotropic materials.
A3.7.2 Test ten specimens, five normal to, and five
parallel with, the principie axis of anisotropy, for each
sample in the case of anisotropic materials.
A3.8. Conditioning
A3.8. I Specimens shall be conditioned and tcsted in accor
dance with the requrrement shown in Section 9 of this standard.
AJ.9. Procedure
A3.9. I Measure the width and thickness of each specimen
to the ncarcst 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) using the applicable
test methods in D5947. Follow the guidelines specified in
1 0 . 1 . 1 and 10.1.2 of this standard.
A3.9.2 Poisson's Ratio shall be determined a t a speed of
5
mm/min.
A3.9.3 Place the spccimen in the grips of the testing
machine, taking careto align the long axis of the specimen and
the grips with an imaginary line joining the points of attach
ment of the grips to the machine. The distance between thc
ends of the gripping surfaces, when using flat specirnens,
shall be as indicated in Fig. 1 . Tighten the grips evenly and
firmly to the degree necessary to prevent slippage of the
specimcn during the test, but not to the point where the
specimen would be crushed.
�------------------------------------------------�----------
�
-0 D 6 3 8 - 1 4
A3.9.4 Attach the biaxial extensorneter or the axial nnd
trnnsverse extensometer combination to the specimen. The
transverse extensorneter should be anached 10 the width of
the
specimen.
A3.9.5 Apply a small preload (less thnn 5 N) to the
A3.10.1. I For those materials where there is proportionaliry
of stress to strain nnd it is possible to determine a modulus
of elasticity, a straight line is drawn through each set of
points
within the load range used for determination of modulus. and
the slopes dt 0
dP nnd dz, / dP. of those lines are deterrnined.
/

s�tmen_ at a crosshead speed of O. 1 mm/mio. This Toe use of a least squares method of calculation will reduce
preload errors resulting from drawing lines. Poisson's Ratio, lµl, is then
"�11 eliminate nny bending in the specimens. calculated as follows:
AJ.9.6 Rebalance the extensorneters 10 zero.
lµI = (A3. I )
A3.9.7 Run the test at 5 mm/min out to a minimum of0.5 (dt/dP}/(dt/dP)
% whcrc:
strai� before re�oving the extensorneters, simultaneously re
cording the stram readings from the extensometers at the de, change in traasverse
same applied force. The precision of the value of
strain, de. change in axial stram, and
Poisson's Ratio will depend on the ournber of data
poirus of axial and transverse strain taken. lt is dP change m applied load;
recomrnended that the data collection rate for the test be ¡µ1 = (dt,)/(dt.) (A3.2 )
a minimum of 20 points per
second (but preferably higher). This is particularly important A3. I 0.1.2 Toe errors that are introduced by drawing a
for rnaterials having a non linear stress to strain curve. straight line through the points are reduced by applying the
least squares method.
A3.9.8 Make the toe compensation in accordance with
A3.10.l.3 For those materials where there is no proportion
Annex A 1 . Determine the maximum strain (proportional
ality of stress to strain evident determine the ratio of de , I
limit) at which the curve is linear. If this strain is zreater than
0.25 % the Poisson's Ratio is to be determ.ined anywhere in dt0 when ae; = 0.002 (based on axial strain range of 0.0005
this linear portion of the curve below the proportional to
limit lf the material does not exhibir a linear stress to 0.0025 mm/mm) and after toe compensation has beeo made.
strain relationship the Poisson 's Ratio shall be determined lµI = dt,)/0.002 (A3.3)
within the axial strain range of 0.0005 to 0.0025 mm/mm (0.05
to 0.25 %). If the ratio is deterrnined in this manner it shall be AJ.11. Report
noted in the report that a region of proportionality of stress to
A J. 1 1. 1 Report the following information:
strain was not evident.
A3. I I. I. I Complete ideotificatioo of the material tested,
NOTE A3.6--A suitable method for detenninntion of lincarity oí including rype, source. rnanufacrurer' s code numbers, form,
thc stress to strain curve is by m:lking a series of tangent modulus principal dimensions, previous history, etc.,
measurc menlS at differcnt axial strain tevels. Va.lucs equívalenr al each
strain level mdicate lineariry, Va.Jucs showing a downw:ird t.rcnd with
A3. l 1. l.2 Method of prepariog test specimeos,
incrcasing strain level indicatc non lineariry, A3.1 l. l .3 Type of test specimen nnd
dimeosioos. A3. l l. l.4 Conditioning procedurc
AJ.10. Calculation used.
A3. l l. l .5 Atmospheric conditions in test room.
A3. IO. I Poisson 's Ratio-Toe axial strain. t A3. l l. l .6 Number of specimens tested.
indicated by
0
the axial extensorneter, and the transverse strain, i;. indicated A3.l 1.1.7 Speed of testing,
by the traosverse extensometers, are ploned against the A3. l 1 . l .8 Classification of exteosometers used. A descrip
applied tion of measuring technique aod calculations employed.
load. P. as shown in Fig. AJ. l.

12
11
10
w 9
::' 8 --- Axial Strain, Ea
�"'
111
7
6
.fl 5
..:!
o
e"'
4
3 -<J
□
2 □
□
1 □ � Transverse Strain, Et
0---
o
 o 1 2 3 4 5 6
Applied Load,
P
AG. A3.1 Plot of Stralns Versus Load for DetermlnaUon of Polsson's Ratio

15
 � D638- 14
,\3 1 1 1 9 Poissons ratio, average value. standard on precision and bias cannot be givcn, Because uns test methotl
de, ianon. and staternent of whcther there wa, proponionality
does not contam a round-robin based numerical precisión
"1thm thc stram runge,
and bias statcment, it shall not be used as a referee test
A J . 1 1 . 1 10 Date of test, and
method m case of dispute. Anyone wishing to parucipate m
A3 1 1 1 1 1 Revisión date of Test Method D618.
the develop ment of precision and bias data should contact
\3.12. Precision and Bias the Chairman. Subcomminee D20.1 O Mechanical
Properties, ASTM lnternational, 100 Barr Harbor. We,t
A3 12 1 Precisio11-The repcatabilny standard Conshohocken, PA
deviation ha, been determincd to be the following (see Table 19428.
A3. I .) An atternpt to develop a full precision and bias
statemeru for this A3.13 Keywords
test method will be made at a later date. For this reason, axial strain: Poisson 's ratio; transverse strain
data

Derechos de autor de ASTM lntemational.

Reproducción distribuida por
FONDONORMA bajo licencia ASTM.
Te�· (0212) 201.77.11 Fax: (0212) 201.77.17

16
 0 D638-14
TABLE A3.1 Polsson's Ratio Baaed on One Laboratory
Maienal Extensome1er Type Average VA
8
Ve ,e
0 031
Aº
PP Copolymer 2-i)Olnt O 408 O 011
PP Copolymer 4-j)oint o 392 O 010 O 028
PP Homopolymer w,tll 20 "- Glass 2-i)Oint o 428 O 013 O 036
PPHomopolymerw1tll20%Glass 4-j)oont 0 410 001 5 0042
�. • W1lhln labora1ory standard dev,auon lo, the mdrcated matenal. 1t 1s obtamed by hrst poo&1ng the w1th-laboratory standard devia.Uons of !he tes! results from aU lhe
part.ictpat1ng taboratones
S, - {[(S,)'+(S,)'+ +(S,)')in}'ª
2 2) 112
°SR = between-laboratones reoroducibmry, expressed as standard deviaUon S R= [S, + SL
Cr- = wtthln-laboratory cnucat lnterval between two test results = 2 e >e S,
°A = between-laboratones cnucat mterval between two test results = 2 8 x SR

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee D20 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(0638 - 10)
that may impact the use of this standard. (December 15, 2014)
( l / Revised Note I since changes were made to ISO 527- (3) Made sorne editorial changes.
1, and it is no longer equivalen! to this standard. (4) Moved Tables 2-5 to Section 13 on Precision and Bias.
/2/ Removed pennissive language. (5) Revised Summary of Changes section.

ASTM lnternat,onal takes no poslflon respecting the valld,ry of any patent rlghts assened In connectJOn wtth any lrsm msntlonsd In
thls standard Users ot lhiS standard are expressly adv1sed that determlnallon of the va/ldIty of any such patent rlghts, and lhe rlsk
of lnfnngement of such nghts. are entirely the,r own responsJb1lIty

Thls standard IS subJect to rev,sIon at any t,me by the responslble techn/caf commmee and must be reviewed evs,y llve years
and Jf not teveea. eIther reapproved or w1thdrawn Your comments are 1nv1ted either for rev1slon of thIs standard or for addluonal
Slandards and should be addressed to ASTM lntemat1onal Headquaners Your comments w,fl rece/ve careful conslderatJon ata
meeting of thB respons,ble technical comm,nee, whIch you may attend II you leef lf'lat your comments have nor receivea a fair
heanng you should
make your wews known to tne ASTM Comm,nee on Standards, at the address snown below

ThIs standard Is copyrlghted by ASTM lntemat10nal, 100 Ba" Harbo, Onve. PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
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