04 Ai 150

Innovation Fundamentals.
New Technologies
Carles Gómara
@cgomara
cgomara
cgomara@hotmail.com
1
AI
A.I.
DEFINITION
2
Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence (1956)
1956 A.I.
"The study is to proceed on
the basis of the conjecture
that every aspect of learning
or any other feature of
intelligence can in principle be
so precisely described that a
machine can be made to
SIMULATE it.”
Source : https://medium.com/cantors-paradise/the-birthplace-of-ai-9ab7d4e5fb00
3
The CHINESE ROOM Argument
Does being A.I.

human-like mean
you are intelligent?
Chinese Room
Source: Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com and own
https://outflowstheshade.wordpress.com/2017/03/26/how-did-searle-and-turing-impact-the-philosophical-background-of-artificial-intelligence/
4
A.I.
INTELLIGENCE
The ability to learn, understand,
and make judgments or have
opinions that are based on
reason.
Source: Cambridge Dictionary
5
DEFINITION
A.I.
Definition of
Artificial Intelligence
6
DEFINITION
A.I.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence
Mark
Zuckerberg exhibited by machines.
vs In computer science, an ideal "intelligent"
Elon Musk machine is a flexible rational agent that
perceives its environment and takes actions that
maximize its chance of success at some goal.
Source: wikipedia
http://www.forbes.com/sites/robertadams/2017/01/10/10-powerful-examples-of-artificial-
intelligence-in-use-today/2/#18dc4dc31697
https://econsultancy.com/blog/67745-15-examples-of-artificial-intelligence-in-marketing/
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-best-examples-of-artificial-intelligence
7
AI BUZZWORDS
Supervised Learning Neural Networks A.I.
Machine Learning
Reinforcement Learning
Turing Test
AIoT
Data Mining Data Science
Algorithms
AI
Unsupervised Learning
Chinese Room Narrow AI
AIaaS
Data Analytics
General AI
Weak AI Deep Learning
Strong AI
Source:
8
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) + ML + NN + DL
A.I.
Machine
LearningA.I.
9
MACHINE LEARNING (ML)
Machine Learning, a self-adaptive A.I.

algorithm that gets increasingly better
analysis and patterns with experience or The goal of ML
with new added data is to predict
results based
It uses methods from neural networks, on incoming
statistics, operations research and physics data
to find hidden insights in data without
being explicitly programmed where to
look or what to conclude.
www.investopedia.com and www.wikipedia.com

SAS https://www.sas.com/en_nz/insights/articles/big-data/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-deep-learning-and-beyond.html
10
A.I.
Machine
LearningA.I.
Neural
Network
11
NEURAL NETWORK
A neural network is a kind of machine learning inspired by the workings of the human A.I.
brain. It’s a computing system made up of interconnected units (like neurons) that
processes information by responding to external inputs, relaying information between
each unit. The process requires multiple passes at the data to find connections and
derive meaning from undefined data.
Neural networks have the ability to adapt to changing input so the network produces
the best possible result without the need to redesign the output criteria.
www.investopedia.com and www.wikipedia.com and

12
A.I.
Machine
LearningA.I.
Neural
Network
Deep
Learning
13
Deep Learning
Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, utilizes Neural A.I.

Networks to carry out the process of machine learning.
The differences between Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning https://medium.com/ai-in-plain-english/data-science-vs-artificial-intelligence-vs-
machine-learning-vs-deep-learning-50d3718d51e5
14
QUIZ of DEFINITIONS !!!!
A.I.
• Machine Learning
• Data Science
• AI
• Neural Networks 1 2 3 4 5
• Deep Learning
• Data Mining 7
• Big Data
Source: Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com and own .
The differences between Data Science, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning https://medium.com/ai-in-plain-english/data-science-vs-artificial-
intelligence-vs-machine-learning-vs-deep-learning-50d3718d51e5 15
DEFINITION
What is Big Data?

Big data refers to data that is so large, fast or complex that it’s difficult or impossible to process
A.I.
using traditional methods.
What is Data Mining?

It is a set of various methods that are used in the process of knowledge discovery for distinguishing
the relationships and patterns that were previously unknown. Data mining is thus a process which
is used by data scientists and machine learning enthusiasts to convert large sets of data into
something more usable.
What is Data Science?

It is an umbrella of several techniques that are used for extracting the information and the insights
of data. Includes everything that is associated with the cleansing, preparation and final analysis of
data. Data science combines the programming, logical reasoning, mathematics and statistics.
https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html 16
DEFINITION
A.I.
1. AI
2. Machine Learning
3. Neural Networks
4. Deep Learning 1 2 3 4 5
5. Data Science
6. Big Data 7
7. Data Mining
17
AI
A.I.
TRADITIONAL
COMPUTING
VS
ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
X 18
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE vs Traditional Computing
A.I.
Traditional computing
vs
Artificial Intelligence
19
Traditional Computing
DETERMINIST A.I.
Determinism is a philosophical theory that states
that all human acts and actions are conditioned
before they are executed.
Cause and Effect

Rule + Data = Result
20
Traditional Computing
A.I.
Basketball robot can't miss at half-time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mnK-1Und_0 40 sec . Total 1:40 min
The Development Diary of CUE, the AI Basketball Robot: Second story https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/28595150.html
X 21
A.I.
Basketball robot can't miss at half-time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mnK-1Und_0

The Development Diary of CUE, the AI Basketball Robot: Second story https://global.toyota/en/newsroom/corporate/28595150.html
22
MODERN AI
A.I.
One of the reasons why modern AI methods
actually work in the real world - as opposed to
most of the earlier good old-fashioned methods
in the 1960-1980s - is the ability to deal with
uncertainty.
Source: Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com
23
Traditional Computing vs ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A.I.
Data
Data
???
Data
Data Accurate
Rule + Data Data Data = Result
Data Data Result
X Data
???
24
Deterministic Games: Tic Tac Toe, Checkers, and Chess
A.I.
Rule + Data =
Prediction
Result
25
UNSUPERVISED
A.I.
Rule + Data
Assumption = =
+ Data
Result
Prediction
Try to Discover
Cause-Effect
relationships
26
UNSUPERVISED
A.I.
Assumption + Data
Rule + Data = =
Prediction
Result
Image: Hot, humid, stormy week ahead for Northeast Ohio: 5-day weather forecast https://www.cleveland.com/news/erry-2018/08/21dd9074f32892/hot-humid-stormy-week-ahead-fo.html
27
A.I.
Traditional Computing Artificial Intelligence
All Rules + Assumption +

All Data Some Data
= =
Accurate Prediction
Result
28
A.I.
Traditional Computing Artificial Intelligence
Accurate
Probability
Result
%
29
AI
A.I.
WHY
NOW
30
BRIEF TIMELINE OF AI
A.I.
AI Expert AI Intelligent Machine Learning

Symbolic reasoning systems Agents
Winter Winter (Statistical AI)
Turing test Alpha Go
Increase in Big Data & Compute Power
Source: Is a new AI winter coming? Maybe it is AI spring time instead. https://medium.com/@dpereirapaz/is-a-new-

ai-winter-coming-maybe-it-is-ai-spring-time-instead-b28a26beecb6
31
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
A.I.
Cheap chips
Faster
Computer BIG More Data
Smaller Power DATA
Less cost
IoT
32
BIGGER COMPUTERS
2018
1mm
1mm
7nm tech
IBM just unveiled the ‘world’s smallest computer’ https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/3/19/17140116/ibm-worlds-smallest-computer-grain-of-salt-solar-powered

https://www.elespanol.com/omicrono/tecnologia/20180319/ordenador-pequeno-mundo-ibm-grano-sal/293222260_0.html
https://www.adslzone.net/2018/03/19/ibm-ordenador-mas-pequeno/ 33
BIGGER COMPUTERS
2021
Human
red blood cell:
7.000 nanometers
in diameter
Chip
2 nanometers
Virus
on average are 14
nanometers diameter
The basics of microchips https://www.asml.com/en/technology/all-about-microchips/microchip-basics
X 34
A.I.
BIG
BIG
IoT
Thing
IoT
s
A.I. Senso
DATA Cloud
DATA
Computing
Sensors
rs
5G Da
4G
4G DATA
Data
ta
35
35
A.I.
A.I.
A.I. eats BIG DATA
36
A.I.
A.I.
DATA is the most important
Things to avoid:
• Too few DATA
• Too much DATA
• DATA bias
• Misunderstand the DATA you have
37
A.I.
A.I.
Things to avoid:
• Too few DATA
• Too much DATA
• DATA bias
38
A.I.
A.I.
39
A.I.
A.I.
Data Science/Machine Learning

Project Lifecycle
40
5 Steps of a AI project lifecycle
A.I.
Understanding Obtain
Understanding Obtain// Scrub / Explore
Model Data
Interpreting
Data Data
thetheProblem
Problem Collect Data
Collect Data Clean Data
Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

Best Machine Learning as a Service Companies https://jelvix.com/blog/machine-learning-as-service-companies
Building the Machine Learning model https://figshare.com/articles/figure/Building_The_Machine_Learning_Model/11492316
Beginner’s Guide to Data Science Pipeline https://medium.com/@thakurinbox/beginners-guide-to-data-science-pipeline-ecb5bedd970b 41
Data Acquisition Methods
A.I.
There are four methods of acquiring Convert or
Purchase
data: Data Certification Transform
Licensing issues Legacy Quality
• Collecting new data Technical Issues
• Converting/transforming legacy data Business Needs
• Sharing/exchanging data Business Rules
• Purchasing data Data Standards
Accuracy Requirements
Cost
Currency of Data
This includes automated collection (e.g., Time constraints
of sensor-derived data), the manual Contract/Volunteer Format Data Organization
Records Requirements
recording of empirical observations, and - Skills
- Frequency Completeness of Data
obtaining existing data from other Quality Assurance Methods
Share or
sources. Collect Exchange
Source: Data Acquisition Methods https://www.usgs.gov/products/data-and-tools/data-management/data-acquisition-methods
42
Small Data and AI
A.I.
Examples of sources of Small Data:
• The behavior of followers on social networks.
SMALL • Transactions made at your Point of Sales

(POS/TPV).
• Visits to your website and browsing through the
DATA A.I. •
•
pages.
The information related to your suppliers.
The data of your advertising campaigns.
• Tracking of work reports and customer
relationships.
• Vehicle fleet movements
Source: https://javierlenero.com/que-es-small-data/
43
A.I.
A.I.
Things to avoid:
• Too few DATA
• Too much DATA
• DATA bias
44
DATA TYPES
1. Structured Data A.I.

• CRM records
• Order history
• Billing records
• Machine generated (IoT)
• Census data
• Etc.
2. Unstructured Data
• News
• X-Rays
• Images
• Recordings
• Products reviews
• Etc.
Source: Demystifying Artificial Intelligence http://nirvacana.com/thoughts/2017/12/27/demystifying-artificial-intelligence/

How many data types can you name? https://towardsdatascience.com/how-many-data-types-can-you-name-a5f8869066ca
45
The GOOD, THE UGLY, AND THE BAD
A.I.
FAKE
BIG Dirty DATA
DATA
DARKData
DATA
Source: http://www.expansion.com/economia-digital/companias/2017/11/23/5a14209d46163f82058b4605.html
46
Limite Futur
A.I.
Understanding Obtain / Scrub

Scrub // Explore
Model Data
Interpreting
the Problem Collect Data Clean Data Data Data
Clean Data

A.I.
A.I.
Things to avoid:
• Too few DATA
• Too much DATA
• DATA bias
48
BIAS
A.I.
AI has a bias problem. This is how we can solve it

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/to-eliminate-human-bias-from-ai-we-need-to-rethink-our-approach/
49
GO
GRANMA
A.I.
AI has a bias problem. This is how we can solve it

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/01/to-eliminate-human-bias-from-ai-we-need-to-rethink-our-approach/
50
GO
GRANMA
A.I.
51
A.I.
A.I.
Things to avoid:
• Too few DATA
• Too much DATA
• DATA bias
52
A.I.
Understanding Obtain / Scrub / Explore Interpreting

the Problem Collect Data Explore
Clean Data Data
Data
Model Data
Data

Missing Bullet Holes
A.I.
https://medium.com/@penguinpress/an-excerpt-from-how-not-to-be-wrong-by-jordan-ellenberg-664e708cfc3d
https://onebiteblog.com/finding-the-missing-bullet-holes/
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survivorship-bias.png 54
ABUELA
Model Training
Model
Testing &
Model A.I.
Tunning
Validation

the Problem Collect Data Explore
Clean Data Model
Data Model
Data Data Data
Data

A.I.
Interpreting
Model / Visualizing
Data
the Problem Collect Data Clean Data Data Data
Data

What makes a good data visualization?
INTERESTINGNESS
Revelant
USERFULNESS
Usable A.I.
Meaningful STORY Fitting
GOAL
New (concept) Eficient
(function)
Research
Proof of concept
INTEGRITY Script Prototype Template
Article
BEAUTY
Accuracy INFORMATION
Outline
VISUAL FORM Structure
Consistency (data) Schematic (metaphor)
Scamp/storyboard Appearance
Honesty Wireframe Detailed sketch
Harmony
Successful
Plot visualization Rough sketch
Art
Boring Useless
Eye candy
Data art
Source: What makes a good data visualization? https://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/what-makes-a-good-data-visualization/

Data Science From Scratch https://medium.com/@mattybv3/learn-data-science-from-scratch-curriculum-with-20-free-online-courses-8cff96d6cbe5
57
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
A.I.
Cheap chips
Faster
Computer BIG More Data
Smaller Power DATA Less cost
IoT
Algorithm
58
Types of Machine Learning Algorithms
Supervised
Fraud detection
Image Classification
Customer Retention
A.I.
Learning Diagnostics
Forecasting (Weather, Market, etc.)

Labeled Data.
Amazon Mechanical Turk Predictions (Advertising popularity, Population
Generative Adversarial Networks growth, etc.)
Process Optimization
Machine
(GANs)
Unsupervised
Recommender Systems
Targeted marketing
Learning
Customer segmentation
Learning Structure discovery

Data is NOT labeled Meaningful compression
Big data visualization
Reinforcement Real-Time decisions

Game AI
Learning Learning Tasks

Skill Acquisition
No Data but we have an environment Robot Navigation
to interact with. Rewards.
Machine Learning Algorithms https://www.educba.com/machine-learning-algorithms/

Types of Machine Learning Algorithms in One Picture https://www.datasciencecentral.com/profiles/blogs/types-of-machine-learning-algorithms-in-one-picture
Coding Deep Learning For Beginners https://towardsdatascience.com/coding-deep-learning-for-beginners-types-of-machine-learning-b9e651e1ed9d
Supervised vs. Unsupervised Learning and use cases for each https://medium.com/@dkatzman_3920/supervised-vs-unsupervised-learning-and-use-cases-for-each-8b9cc3ebd301 59
AI
A.I.
USE
CASES
60
A.I.
Sectors ?
Business areas ?
61
DEFINITION
Artificial
A.I.
Big Data
“Intelligence
is like teenage sex:
everyone talks about it,
nobody really knows how to do
it, everyone thinks everyone
else is doing it, so everyone
claims they are doing it…”
Dan Ariely (2013)
62
A.I.
EXAMPLES
• The goal is to REACH people’s ability
• The goal is to EXCEED people's ability
63
USE CASES
A.I.
• Communication
• Images
• Data processing
• Decision making
64
A.I.
COMMUNICATION
The goal is to REACH people’s
ability
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Speech
65
Natural language processing (NLP)
A.I.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the
ability of computers to analyze, understand and
generate human language, including speech.
The next stage of NLP is natural language
interaction, which allows humans to
communicate with computers using normal,
everyday language to perform tasks.
https://www.michaelchimenti.com/tag/cnn/
66
TURING TEST
Turing Test A.I.

1950
Imitation Game The goal is to
REACH people’s
ability
¿? ¿?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test
67
CAN A COMPUTER TALK LIKE A HUMAN ?
A.I.
BLA, BLA,
TURING BLA, BLA,
TEST BLA, BLA,
BLA, BLA ...
Source. Wikipedia. Alan Turing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing#Early_computers_and_the_Turing_test

Image: https://www.autodraw.com/
68
¿PUEDE UNA MÁQUINA HABLAR COMO UNA PERSONA?
A.I.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D5VN56jQMWM
https://ai.googleblog.com/2018/05/duplex-ai-system-for-natural-conversation.html?m=1 4 min
Google Duplex: An AI System for Accomplishing Real World Tasks Over the Phone Start 3 min
69
Alpha GO
PERSONAL ASSISTANT
A.I.
70
PRIVATE BUTLER
A.I.
71
A.I.
IMAGE RECOGNITION
The goal is to REACH people’s
ability … and EXCEED it
72
COMPUTER VISION
A.I.
Computer Vision relies on pattern
recognition and deep learning to recognize
what’s in a picture or video.
When machines can process, analyze and
understand images, they can capture
images or videos in real time and interpret
their surroundings.
https://www.michaelchimenti.com/tag/cnn/
SAS https://www.sas.com/en_nz/insights/articles/big-data/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-deep-learning-and-beyond.html 73
SUPERVISED
A.I.
TED Talks. How we teach computers to understand pictures | Fei Fei Li https://youtu.be/40riCqvRoMs
74
SUPERVISED
A.I.
TED Talks. How we teach computers to understand pictures | Fei Fei Li https://youtu.be/40riCqvRoMs
75
IMATGE RECOGNITION
A.I.
One picture
every 200
milliseconds
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageNet
76
SUPERVISED
A.I.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Cat Dog Cat Dog Dog Cat
Source: Explaining supervised learning to a kid (or your boss). Cassie Kozyrkov
https://towardsdatascience.com/explaining-supervised-learning-to-a-kid-c2236f423e0f
X 77
SUPERVISED
1 A.I.
ID Label R1 G1 B1 R2 G2 B2 Etc.
1 Cat 23 56 100 12 56 44 ...
Cat
78
SUPERVISED
1 2 3 4 5 6 A.I.
Cat Dog Cat Dog Dog Cat

ID Label R1 G1 B1 R2 G2 B2 Etc.
1 Cat 23 56 100 12 56 44 ...
2 Dog 11 34 89 67 44 32 ...
Instance (example, observation, …) 3 Cat 89 54 34 16 46 01 ...
4 Dog 120 6 50 79 11 28 ...
5 Dog 78 98 29 22 63 85 ...
6 Cat 22 49 37 77 96 45 ...
Feature Feature type792
SUPERVISED – MACHINE LEARNING
1 • Identify patterns A.I.

• Assumption
• Model (Receipt)
Triangle + Double Y +
Black Circle = CAT
• Training Model with
more Data
• Test the model with

different Data,
Tunning the Model.
Cat 75% Cat
• Machine Learning
X 80
AIPLOY VISION
A.I.
https://youtu.be/XMdct-5bERQ Duration: 2:35 min
81
IMATGE RECOGNITION
A.I.
82
FACE RECOGNITION
A.I.
http://www.hertasecurity.com/en
83
Big Brother .. For fishes ??
A.I.
http://www.lavanguardia.com/internacional/20180503/443196686690/china-puntuacion-ciudadanos-delitos-sociales.html
https://blog.x.company/introducing-tidal-1914257962c3
84
HEALTH
A.I.
Source: http://news.stanford.edu/2017/01/25/artificial-intelligence-used-identify-skin-cancer/
Another case: UK BIOBANK Body composition images on 6,000 participants now available for research
http://www.ukbiobank.ac.uk/2018/01/body-composition-images-on-6000-participants-now-available-for-research/
85
Arts Selfie by Google
A.I.
https://artsandculture.google.com/camera/selfie
86
Arts Selfie by Google
A.I.
https://artsandculture.google.com/camera/selfie
87
Google Cloud Vision. Drag and Drop
A.I.
https://cloud.google.com/vision/docs/drag-and-drop
88
SUPERVISED
Supervised learning A.I.

When you train an AI model using a supervised learning method you provide the machine with
the correct answer ahead of time. Basically the AI knows the answer and it knows the
question.
The machine has a "supervisor" or a "teacher" who gives the machine all the answers, like
whether it's a cat in the picture or a dog. The teacher has already divided (labeled) the data
into cats and dogs, and the machine is using these examples to learn. One by one. Dog by cat.
This is the most common method of training because it yields the most data: it defines
patterns between the question and answer.
If you want to know why something happens, or how something happens, an AI can look at
the data and determine connections using the supervised learning method.
Source:
Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com
Machine Learning for Everyon https://vas3k.com/blog/machine_learning/
89
ImageNet
A.I.
14 million
labeled images
Source: http://www.image-net.org/
90
ReCAPTCHA
A.I.
91
Sorting Tomatoes by color
A.I.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AcRL91DouAU
1:5 min
92
A.I.
DATA PROCESSING
The goal is to EXCEED people's
ability
93
ANALYTICS (AI)
A.I.
How can we
make it happen?
Business Intelligence
What will Prescriptive
happen?
analytics
Why did it Predictive
happen?
analytics
VALUE
What did it
happen?
Diagnostic
analytics Machine Learning
Descriptive
analytics
HINDSIGHT FORESIGHT
DIFFICULTY
Source: Graphic. Gartner

What is Analytics? How is it evolving? https://research.aimultiple.com/what-is-analytics/
94
ANALYTICS (AI)
A.I.
Descriptive Analytics (What happened?):
Showing what is actually happening based on given data; often usually
via dashboards and reporting tools.
Diagnostic Analytics (Why did it happen?):

Analyzing past performance to determine not only what happened,
but why it happened.
Predictive Analytics (What could happen?): Describing

what scenarios are likely to occur, often in a predictive forecast.
Prescriptive Analytics (What should we do?):

Making suggestions about what should be done and their basis.

X 95
What did it happen?
A.I.
How can we
make it happen?
happen?
analytics
happen?
analytics
VALUE
What did it
happen?
Diagnostic
Descriptive
Descriptive
analytics
analytics
HINDSIGHT FORESIGHT
DIFFICULTY

96
AI first detected the Wuhan virus epidemic
An artificial intelligence detected the Wuhan

virus before anyone else
A.I.
Natural Language
A.I.
Processing (NLP)
https://www.lavanguardia.com/tecnologia/20200129/473201406158/inteligencia-artificial-china-wham-virus-corona.html
97
Why did it happen?
A.I.
How can we
make it happen?
happen?
analytics
Diagnostic
happen?
analytics
VALUE
What did it
Diagnostic
happen?
analytics
Descriptive
analytics
HINDSIGHT FORESIGHT
DIFFICULTY

98
SOCIAL NETWORKS
A.I.
Source: 20 cognitive biases that screw up your decisions https://www.businessinsider.com.au/cognitive-biases-that-affect-decisions-2015-8

99
SMART CITY
A.I.
100
What will happen?
A.I.
How can we
make it happen?
happen?
analytics
Predictive
Predictive
Why did it
happen?
analytics
analytics
VALUE
What did it
happen?
Diagnostic
Descriptive
analytics
HINDSIGHT FORESIGHT
DIFFICULTY

101
A.I.
It is not magic.
It is mathematics.
102
CUSTOMER SEGMENTATION
A.I.
Discover
Cause-Effect
relationships
103
EMAIL
A.I.
• Predictive Text
• Spam
104
HEALTH
A.I.
A.I. identifies tumors in
colorectal cancer patients A.I.
with 93% accuracy
Source: Radiology Business
https://www.radiologybusiness.com/topics/artificial-intelligence/ai-colorectal-cancer-convolutional-neural-network
https://www.imagia.com/
https://arxiv.org/pdf/1612.00799.pdf 105
HEALTH
Artificial intelligence predicts which cancer A.I.

patients will respond to immunotherapy
WITH 75% RELIABILITY A.I.
Vall d’Hebron Instituto de Oncología (VHIO)
“The goal is to move

towards precision
medicine”
Source: La Vanguardia https://www.lavanguardia.com/ciencia/20210126/6199181/inteligencia-artificial-predice-que-pacientes-cancer-responderan-inmunoterapia.html
106
www.AutoDraw.com
A.I.
https://www.autodraw.com/
107
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE
A.I.
108
Predictive Maintenance (PdM)
Normal Predictive Preventive Reactive

Big
Operation Data
OPTIMAL Ultrasonic
Vibration
Failure
starts
Early
Signal Audible
A.I.
Performance
More Sound
Signals
Hot
NOT Touch AIoT
SELECTIVE SELECTIVE
BROKEN BROKEN
AI Time
AI
Cost to
Repair
Source: Predictive Maintenance: Two Sides Of A Coin by Tobias Schneider-Pungs https://myengineers.blogspot.com/2015/09/predictive-maintenance-two-sides-of.html

https://poweredbyrx.com/resource/FMEA-The-Heart-of-Equipment-Maintenance-2093.html B
Predict and Prevent: Improving Your Maintenance Strategy https://www.hanarasoft.com/preventive-maintenance-vs-predictive-maintenance/
109
UNSUPERVISED
Unsupervised learning: A.I.

Unsupervised learning means the machine is left on its own with a pile of
animal photos and a task to find out who's who. Data is not labeled, there's
no teacher, the machine is trying to find any patterns on its own.
There are no labels or correct outputs. The task is to discover the structure
of the data: for example, grouping similar items to form “clusters/groups”,
or reducing the data to a small number of important “dimensions”.
In unsupervised learning the goal is to find similarities and differences

between data points.
Source:
110
HOW WOULD YOU GROUP THEM?
A.I.
Source:
111
UNSUPERVISED
A.I.
Source:
112
CLASSIFY THEM INTO 2 GROUPS
A.I.
Source:
113
UNSUPERVISED
A.I.
Source:
114
UNSUPERVISED
Insights A.I.
Source:
115
ROLL THE DICE AGAIN …
A.I.
Source:
116
APOPHENIA
A.I.
Apophenia is the
tendency to perceive
meaningful connections
between unrelated things.
Source: wikipedia
117
CAUSALITY AND CORRELATION
Causality: A.I.
Is the relationship between causes and effects. Einstein's theory of special and
general relativity, causality means that an effect can not occur from a cause that is
not in the back (past) light cone of that event. In other words, an effect cannot
occur before its cause.
Correlation:
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal
or not, between two random variables.
“Correlation does not imply causation" refers to the inability to legitimately deduce a
cause-and-effect relationship between two variables solely on the basis of an
observed association or correlation between them.
Source: Wikipedia
118
A.I.
Source: https://www.vox.com/2014/5/13/5710874/the-best-illustration-youll-see-that-correlation-doesnt-equal
119
Ice Cream Sales & Shark Attacks A.I.

If we collect data for monthly ice cream sales and
monthly shark attacks around the United States
each year, we would find that the two variables are
highly correlated.
Does this mean that consuming ice cream causes
shark attacks?
Not quite. The more likely explanation is that more
people consume ice cream and get in the ocean
when it’s warmer outside, which explains why
these two variables are so highly correlated.
Although ice cream sales and shark attacks are
highly correlated, one does not cause the other.
Source: Correlation Does Not Imply Causation: 5 Real-World Examples https://www.statology.org/correlation-does-not-imply-causation-examples/
120
How can we make it happen?
A.I.
How can we
make it happen?
Prescriptive
happen?
Why did it Predictive analytics
analytics
happen?
analytics
VALUE
What did it
happen?
Diagnostic
Descriptive
analytics
HINDSIGHT FORESIGHT
DIFFICULTY

121
A.I.
Take decisions
(and self-learning)
The goal is to EXCEED people's
ability
122
Deterministic Games: Tic Tac Toe, and Chess
A.I.
123
Deterministic Games: Tic Tac Toe
A.I.
Source: Tic Tac Toe: Understanding the Minimax Algorithm https://www.neverstopbuilding.com/blog/minimax
124
ALPHA GO
A.I.
http://www.lavanguardia.com/ciencia/20171019/432171399410/inteligencia-artificial-alphago-zero-juego-go-deepmind.html
125
DEALING WITH UNCERTAINTY
A.I.
VS
¿Rule? + ¿Data? =
Result (Prediction)
126
MODERN AI
A.I.
One of the reasons why modern AI methods
actually work in the real world - as opposed to
most of the earlier good old-fashioned methods
in the 1960-1980s - is the ability to deal with
uncertainty.
Source: Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com
127
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING
Reinforcement learning A.I.

One method of teaching a machine, just like a person, is to use reinforcement learning. This
involves giving the AI a goal that isn’t defined with a specific metric, such as telling it to “improve
efficiency” or “find solutions.” Instead of finding one specific answer the AI will run scenarios and
report results, which are then evaluated. The AI takes the feedback, rewards and punishments as
signals for positive and negative behavior, and adjusts the next scenario to achieve better results.
Is a type of machine learning technique that enables an agent to learn in an interactive

environment by trial and error using feedback from its own actions and experiences. The goal is to
find a suitable action model that would maximize the total cumulative reward of the agent.
Since, it requires a lot of data, therefore it is most applicable in domains where simulated data is
readily available like gameplay, robotics.
In robotics and industrial automation, RL is used to enable the robot to create an efficient
adaptive control system for itself which learns from its own experience and behavior
Source:
X Reinforcement Learning 101 https://towardsdatascience.com/reinforcement-learning-101-e24b50e1d292 128
A.I.
New STATE
ACTION
Punishment
Reward
Source: Demystifying Artificial Intelligence http://nirvacana.com/thoughts/2017/12/27/demystifying-artificial-intelligence/
X 129
REINFORCEMENT LEARNING is used in cases when your problem is not A.I.

related to data at all, but you have an environment to live in.
Nowadays used for:
• Games
• Robots (also robots vacuums …)
• Self-driving cars
• Automating trading
• Enterprise resource management

130
ALPHA GO ZERO
A.I.
Artificial intelligence no
longer needs people
https://medium.com/@Synced/alphago-zero-approaching-perfection-d8170e2b4e48
X 131
Autonomous Vehicle
A.I.
http://nowdaily.com/why-self-driving-cars-are-the-future/
132
IBM WATSON
A.I.
80% of health data
are unstructured.
A.I.
Watson Health can
see them
Medical data are
expected to
double every 73
days by 2020
133
IBM WATSON
A.I.
A.I.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Xcmh1LQB9I
8 min
X 134
Designing Chips
A.I.
Google says its artificial intelligence is faster and better than humans at laying out chips for artificial intelligence https://www.theregister.com/2021/06/09/google_ai_chip_floorplans/
Google is using AI to design its next generation of AI chips more quickly than humans can https://www.theverge.com/2021/6/10/22527476/google-machine-learning-chip-design-tpu-floorplanning
A Google AI Designed a Computer Chip as Well as a Human Engineer—But Much Faster https://singularityhub.com/2021/06/15/a-google-ai-designed-a-new-computer-chip-in-hours-and-its-fast-and-adaptable/
135
Designing Chips
A.I.
How long is the wiring in an A380?

The A380 is by far the most complex commercial jet
that Airbus has ever built. It is equipped with 100,000
different wires, totaling 530 kilometers, or 330 miles,
in length, that perform 1,150 separate functions.
X 136
AI
A.I.
LAST • From Digital to Physical
but • AI as a Service (AIaaS)
• Narrow AI & General AI
NOT • Singularity
• AI Ethics
LEAST
138
ROBOTS and AI
A.I.
from Digital
to Physical
139
WHAT SEEMS EASY FOR HUMANS IS DIFFICULT FOR MACHINES
A.I.
What seems easy for
humans is difficult for
machines.
• Robots learning to catch things
• Robots learning to harvest
• Playing curling ….
Source: Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki

Robots learn Grasping by sharing their hand-eye coordination experience with each other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V05SuCSRAtg
Robot uses machine learning to harvest lettuce https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EFC3OvkVKaQ
Robot lending a cyber-hand to Cornwall’s cauliflower harvest https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/03/03/meet-robot-lending-cyber-hand-cornwalls-cauliflower-harvest/ 140
A.I.

Robots learn Grasping by sharing their hand-eye coordination experience with each other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V05SuCSRAtg 45 sec
A.I.

Robots learn Grasping by sharing their hand-eye coordination experience with each other https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V05SuCSRAtg 2 min
AI Robot Beating World-Class Curling Competitors
A.I.
Watch a Robot AI Beat World-Class Curling Competitors https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/watch-a-robot-ai-beat-world-class-curling-competitors/ 1:30 min
143
AI as a Service
A.I.
AI as a Service
AIaaS
Source: Artificial intelligence: Cheat sheet https://www.techrepublic.com/article/artificial-intelligence-cheat-sheet/?ftag=CMG-01-10aaa1b
144
Embedded AI use case
A.I.
AI Trends To Watch In 2019 https://www.cbinsights.com/research/ai-trends-2019/

146
A.I.
Narrow AI
refers to AI that handles one task
General AI
refers to a machine that can handle any intellectual task
Source: What is AI? Everything you need to know about Artificial Intelligence https://www.zdnet.com/article/what-is-ai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-artificial-
intelligence/
147
NARROW AI vs GENERAL AI vs SUPER AI
A.I.
Narrow AI General AI
(that exhibit (that is genuinely intelligent
intelligent behaviors) and self-conscious)
Weak AI Strong AI
Distinguishing between Narrow AI, General AI and Super AI https://medium.com/mapping-out-2050/distinguishing-between-narrow-ai-general-ai-and-super-ai-a4bc44172e22

What Is Artificial Intelligence? Examples and News in 2019 https://www.thestreet.com/technology/what-is-artificial-intelligence-14822076
Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com 148
NARROW AI vs GENERAL AI vs SUPER AI
A.I.
Artificial Super Intelligence: will surpass human

intelligence in all aspects — from creativity, to general wisdom, to
problem-solving.
Distinguishing between Narrow AI, General AI and Super AI https://medium.com/mapping-out-2050/distinguishing-between-narrow-ai-general-ai-and-super-ai-a4bc44172e22

What Is Artificial Intelligence? Examples and News in 2019 https://www.thestreet.com/technology/what-is-artificial-intelligence-14822076
Elements AI. Reaktor and the University of Helsinki. www.elementsofai.com 149
A.I.
Artificial
Super Intelligence
150
Technological Singularity
A.I.
Technological
Singularity
The technological singularity (or simply, the singularity) is a
hypothetical point in time at which technological growth
becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in
unforeseeable changes to human civilization
Source: Technological Singularity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity
151
Artificial Super Intelligence
A.I.
2001: a space odyssey

HAL 9000
152
Isaac Asimov's "Three Laws of Robotics“ + zeroth law
Isaac Asimov (1942) famously proposed “three laws of robotics” that

would guide the moral action of machines: A.I.
0. A robot may not injure humanity, or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.
1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction,
allow a human being to come to harm.
2. A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings
except where such orders would conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such
protection does not conflict with the First or Second Laws.
Source: Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laws_of_robotics
X 153
A.I.
Ethics of A.I.
X 154
EXAM
A.I.
• Which the 4 most commons uses of Artificial
Intelligence?
155
Thank you
Carles Gómara
@cgomara
cgomara
cgomara@hotmail.com

04 Ai 150

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Innovation Fundamentals.

Does being A.I.

Supervised Learning Neural Networks A.I.

Machine Learning, a self-adaptive A.I.

www.investopedia.com and www.wikipedia.com

www.investopedia.com and www.wikipedia.com and

Deep learning, a subset of machine learning, utilizes Neural A.I.

What is Big Data?

What is Data Mining?

What is Data Science?

Cause and Effect

Basketball robot can't miss at half-time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mnK-1Und_0

All Rules + Assumption +

AI Expert AI Intelligent Machine Learning

Turing test Alpha Go

Increase in Big Data & Compute Power

Source: Is a new AI winter coming? Maybe it is AI spring time instead. https://medium.com/@dpereirapaz/is-a-new-

IBM just unveiled the ‘world’s smallest computer’ https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/3/19/17140116/ibm-worlds-smallest-computer-grain-of-salt-solar-powered

The basics of microchips https://www.asml.com/en/technology/all-about-microchips/microchip-basics

A.I. eats BIG DATA

Data Science/Machine Learning

Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

Source: Data Acquisition Methods https://www.usgs.gov/products/data-and-tools/data-management/data-acquisition-methods

SMALL • Transactions made at your Point of Sales

1. Structured Data A.I.

Source: Demystifying Artificial Intelligence http://nirvacana.com/thoughts/2017/12/27/demystifying-artificial-intelligence/

BIG Dirty DATA

Understanding Obtain / Scrub

Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

AI has a bias problem. This is how we can solve it

AI has a bias problem. This is how we can solve it

Understanding Obtain / Scrub / Explore Interpreting

Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

Understanding Obtain / Scrub / Explore Interpreting

Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

Source: 5 Steps of a Data Science Project Lifecycle https://towardsdatascience.com/5-steps-of-a-data-science-project-lifecycle-26c50372b492

Source: What makes a good data visualization? https://www.informationisbeautiful.net/visualizations/what-makes-a-good-data-visualization/

Forecasting (Weather, Market, etc.)

Learning Structure discovery

Reinforcement Real-Time decisions

Learning Learning Tasks

Machine Learning Algorithms https://www.educba.com/machine-learning-algorithms/

Turing Test A.I.

Source. Wikipedia. Alan Turing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing#Early_computers_and_the_Turing_test

Cat Dog Cat Dog Dog Cat

Cat Dog Cat Dog Dog Cat

Instance (example, observation, …) 3 Cat 89 54 34 16 46 01 ...

4 Dog 120 6 50 79 11 28 ...

1 • Identify patterns A.I.

• Test the model with

https://youtu.be/XMdct-5bERQ Duration: 2:35 min

Supervised learning A.I.

Source: Graphic. Gartner

Diagnostic Analytics (Why did it happen?):

Predictive Analytics (What could happen?): Describing

Prescriptive Analytics (What should we do?):

Source: Graphic. Gartner

Source: Graphic. Gartner

An artificial intelligence detected the Wuhan

Source: Graphic. Gartner

Source: 20 cognitive biases that screw up your decisions https://www.businessinsider.com.au/cognitive-biases-that-affect-decisions-2015-8

Source: Graphic. Gartner

Artificial intelligence predicts which cancer A.I.