a (s70lAouFSs @ A 2 on 00K or malogand Digital Pe Applications KeVanfiha wey Assignment 2 Ece-c SZ _ (ae — — : + UW) | Oraw the circutk oF an ‘instrument amplifies. Discuss the a) chataclesistics of the circuit and show how the Voltage. goin con be varied. Also Shou the method of nulling common mode ovtputs and how the de ovtpot voltage can be level shifted dn a number of industsial and consumer applications, one is vequired to measure and contol physical quantihes. Some typical examples are measuament and conbol of temperature , humidity ght inkensity , wales flow etc- these Physical quanti hes gre usually measvied with the help of transducets- The output of transducer has to be amplified $0 that it can drive the indicatoy ov display system this function Is pev formed by an “ Anstumentation Amplifier”. Instromentation operationat ampli 3- let US See the conshuction, of Anshumentation oP- Ame, A AV Y yo >_> R Re “AB Vo “ Na o———-—_]- Re Age dnstumentation oP-amP Scanned with CamScannerK-Vanitha a weno. © transducey Rr + AR | | ] | : | tt ne 3 OP- Amp Indicator | tng tru ment - of | vy, [ation display | | Aeoplifier: device Fig: dastromentaton amplifier using chonsducey bridge the im portant charackatsticg of an ‘insbumentaton amplifias ave;- 10) thigh gain accurcrey ©) High cmee Gin) High gai Stability with low lemperature coefficient |v) low pc offset (v) low ovtput impedance | Now, consides the basic differential! amplifies ag shown belovo, dt con be ecacky easily seen that the outpot voltage Vo is given | OV» "Scanned with CamScannerKvanitha ee ssomoure @ Re Vo: - Pe ye vals &) [ve] ci ve Rt R+Rs, Rg Mo = -Rafvy- 1 a +1) ve) & ( ‘ a Yes S R3, For Ries = RilRy we obtain \y- & (Va-v) — @) R, Now consider the insteumentation op- ‘amp Figure 1- let og amatoysis it AL fmode A Vv At node B-Vvy At node G-v, At node O-vy At node ¢-va At node H-v, APelying ohms law between node E & node F, 2 =Vig q 2 No.-Vos _ Rh + Rat Res, Hewe, consider dnput corsent is ideally Bro, lee Re, = Rp, 2 Re From ey © Be Mug <6) Re +key Now d observe nodes & & Hy Te Vor Vy Rey = VM ~@ Re Scanned with CamScanner(BA O\AONER K-Vanitha. @ fiom ey O & @ Vor- Vox WV SRR Rey Vor Von = (RRP +R) CU-Va) _ Re Now, from ey O AS we Know "pg" &g an sublractor Vo = Be (vox - Yor) cachang OF voltages in ey @ Von -Vo, = (2RE +R) Ca-Vi) Ce when Vo for the Ax ts { vo, -vor) Vor & [ (anata (u¥) | es dn the civcvit oF Figure @, sovicee Ve sees an inpot impedance = Ry+ Rg and the impedance seen by sovice vy iis only R,. ‘This low impedance may load the éignal source | heavily . therefore, high resistance buffer is used proceedi n each input 40 avoid this loading effect as shown in fgurdD | nhe operational amp A, and Aa have differential input | voltages as geo. tow Vaz V, + that ig, under Common mode | condition, the voltage across Rey will be Ze10. Ag no cosrenk | (ows Absough Re, and Rf, Rpar the non - inverting amplifier | Scanned with CamScanner(2) a ‘BA O1AOY. FR = __Kvanitha Al acts as voltage follower + do its ouput Vo, = i, However | i Wty, evrrent flows (ha ough Ren RRB RE» and (Vo,-Vos) | vs greater than (>) (vs-Vs+ therfore this corrent has ditfese Mhial gain and cmek more compared +0 ‘the Single opamp Civeutt of figure ®: the voltage gain Cor) difference gain of this inshum. entahon op- Ame can be varied by replacing the vesistor Rey resistance by O . potentiomelky ag shown in Figure ©. the Tesistance Rey, However should never be made ge10, as thts will make the gain ino Practical cixcvit, a fixed sesistane in semtes with Poknhometes is used 8a place of Re- Due +o the use of Dtrect coupling, the oc Voltage level at the ovtput of intermediate stage 18 well above ground potential - theiekore level Shitting Cirevit ts vseg to shift the Oc level at the output downard to 310 With respect to gzound: &1plain the astable and monostable multivibyatoy using op-amp with a meat diagram. Astable multi vibrator tasing op-AmP. Astable multivibravator wont have any Stable state and both the states are quasistable- the civevit shown in below fq °3 am oscillator used to genevale square waveform as shown in below fig. infinity: To avoid such a sitvation | Scanned with CamScannerKevanithe \ 6 NAOIAOUFE, @ figi- Square wave form. > the circutt ts similar to inverting comparator where inpot voltage is Ve and TeFerenct is BVo- | > ushen output {8 +Vsat, the integration civeurt formed | by feed hock vesistor, capacitor charges up to B Vsat« | | -> when output imput voltage Ve (vi) increases beyond Ble, MrViek + ‘the ovtput voleage switches over from + ypbeto -Vsat Scanned with CamScannerK:\Vanitha —— —E = — aorhouee © voy the integrator civeit fries to charge the capacitor towards ~-Vsat and when capacitor voltoge Ve veashes. tess than - Vast level then Vic Ue) < Uzee (Bye) make the output Switch over Form —Vsat to + Vsat- Veet) = BVsat- Time perod =F = are ln [ 48 ) 6 J. FRR, Boos Te 1d RC (© Ratner, Boone 7 ‘, | L fad —— = = fo | cy Dy = Wp EM i L Figs monostable multivi brakor —y gn monostable muttivibrator ‘there ts only one stable Stale and one quasi stable stale. 7, By applying triggering pulse these will be a tiansformation |\n_ovtput from aveat to unstable (-Vsat) . Gist eo ea Scanned with CamScannerKVani tho: | 1% AOIAOUER ~Vsat -y let us consider the operation of ciscvit’ which fs shown above, when the ovtpot ts stable (ie Vo: tsar) the feedback voltage to the mon- investing terminal blw aVsat due to which the voltage at the inverting terminal ts Positive. and makes the diode Dy operale in forward bias ~> Because of this capacitos voltage is equal to diode voltage Vo- > when the tiggesing polse Vin Cv) tg applicd across cy and | Ru, voltage across the non loverting terminal will be less | than Vp(oAVv) makts the ovtput voltage switch ovea from tvsat to —Vsat since the condition Vi less than Vref Statishas ~y Because of this condition (Vor -Vsat) , the diode By gets reverse A . 2 Re biased and the cBpacitor change veto (-BVsat) (8+ %)| ushen voltage atvoss capacttos becomes less than “BVast , ethe output will switch over from -Vot to tVsak T/Re Vsat | Ve = {Vsat +W) e Scanned with CamScannera) K:vani tho — sqoinoues @ vi Time petiod T= Reln [4 viet} | Bj t+ Vo. FRR Be Fe Reln ret | i ' ty) Veat>”Mo T= Retin (2) toxplain the block diagram oF an operational amplifier with dhe hep of a d ragvarn Indicaking the various building blocks. An operational amplifier Cop-amp) ts. direct coupled high qaio omplitier cansisting of one oy more d ievental ampli- fins, followed. by a level translator and an, ovtput stage. dt ts a versatile device that can be used to amplify ac as well as de input circuits & designed for computing mathema- tical functions oddition, Sobleaction, multiplication, inkegration je differentiation. With the addttion of Suitable external feedback components., the oP-amp can be used for' a voriety OF applications . such as amplifiers . oscitlators compavators and ionteg regulators active filers Block diagram vepresentation dy a operational amplifiey. Yo —_] pire Die | BuF Fer and ovtpue 7 ye Amp. Amp | levd translabol stoge [~* 4 Block Schematic of an Op-amp mA rar RR Scanned with CamScanner(8 Ol AOUFS _ - ee ___k:Vanitha_( common TC op-amps osu ally consists of -four conned | blocks a8 Shown % above figure. the first two stages | are cascaded diffevental amplifiers and ave designed to provide high gain and high foput resistance: The third state acts as Buffer as well as level shifter. the botfer fs usually an emmiter follower ushose input impedances ‘ts very high So that it prevents loading of the high gain Stage | tthe level shifler adjusts the de voltages So that ovtpot voltage ts geno for yero inputs. The odjustment of de level is vequired as the gain Stages are divect coupled: As tt ig mot possible to fabvicale larger value oF capacitors , all acs ave divect covpled usually. the output stoge is designed to Provide a low ovtput Impedance as demanded by the ideal —op-camp| characteristics + the ovtput voltage shoold swing sy mmebsicoully with vespect to gyound To allow” such symmetsical, swing the amplifier is. provided both ve jand - ve Svpply Voltages. Pouser Supply voltage of #5v a7 Common: Additionally , op-amp generally incosporates cirevitey to provide drift compens- ation and frequency compensation. Vee tig i Basic differentiat arnPlifity qiBasi Scanned with CamScanneran (B401AO4FE (Gp) , 7 Kevan tha, | Ha) Draw the circuit of investing and mon jnverting amplifies | . © 4 ° | Using op-amp and derive an expression for their gain: | Ub)| Sketch and explain a typical gain versus frequency quaph for | Jan operational amplifier: | 4a) daverting omplificr using _of-amp 5- | Re | _o V9 = T" daverting amplifier using op-amp L Reece le Volkage at node ‘g’ is ‘va. ge we Consider. the above opamp as an tdeg oP-ampP then Vy =o \ynd- Va so for an ‘deal op-amp tf the Voltage at the lerminal | (1407) fs yo. then corresponding. current is also 3e10 | Apply kel at node ‘a’ we can unite T,- Taa Tp ‘ Ty): Tp Scanned with CamScannerGI OIAOUF-E —______K-vanitha | “V2. Vo RQ Re Vo = -vy RE Rg Vo | _ & Vi “ 7 &) Sign indicates phase shift of olp > Voltage gain depends on the *atio of ep and k by selecting Rp &R, required gon ‘can, be calculated -y dF Re re, , then gain >I dE Re Ip voltage and gain independent of open loop gain MA Haverting, amplitiertasing._0p- AMP let the volkage at node a ts Va + dF we consider | the below op-amp as an tdeal op-amp then Vg 20 Y-Vazo. @ Scanned with CamScannerron tnverting amplifier “V2 Va Yi Cr) Va = Yor Re Aga) TN fnverlang amplifier (Ry =o) ain can be unity when R, = resolbing form of +ttg (a) Nee) avoret Me be ovtput fottows the tnput- 2 voltage qain tadependent of open_loop gato Ghote K:Vanitho. Vo Re Vo Rr 8 Scanned with CamScannerCb) NGO [NOEL a Keyan tha “Y Desired voltage gon obtorned by ‘Selecting Rake 7 Voltage gain always gueaks than one. Vol tage (01) gain versus frequency graph. Aypical 6, Voltage Cor > byp ical goin Bi et os ree pes Ta to! 10° 10° yo? 10% 10% 108 frequeny in Hea by ohren this frequency response curve we can see that the product of the gain against frequenty ts constant ot any point! along the evrve- Also that the unity goin Code) frequency alse | elerevines the gain of the omplifher at any Point along the | eorve: this constant ts generally Known as the tain Gandwidih product cB ep. - | 1, GBP = Gain x Bondwidth = Ax Bw. Scanned with CamScanner“Hor example, from the graph above the gan oF the Amplifier at took ig Is given as ©0d8 oF 10, then -the gain bandwidth product a calculated as OBR = Ak Bw = 10 x100,0004y = 1;000,000, Wh ty i ii € operational amplifies gor at (ky = Gode oF 1000 yi GBP = ArBW s 1,000 X 1,000 ty = 1,000,000 Some tthe ‘typicat qaio of the operational amplifier can be found by Using formula Voltage gain Cov) typical gain(aj= Move age gain Cor) Hypical goin je Mut and in d@ qiven Os 20 log (A) 07 Q0 = in de Scanned with CamScanner Ie101 AOU FE — —___&-vanitha. ‘@