ool Ke vonil ho Antenna and wave propagation ‘Vanitha nite 4 ' . 8IOWACyr2 Assignment =e |) (@) toxplain the yarns velakd to Antenna W Directivi ty dD Beam solid angle cit) Radiation Tntenst ry (b) illustrate the concept of oscillahons fiom the dipole antenna with neat diagram. Ha)} Divectivity :- Dive ctivity is equal to ratio of max power density of | it's average value over a sphere OD: P68, beax (dimension less ) PCO,Davg Raho ns) the average power density over a sphere is P an PCO) avg 5 Sor 6 i. (0,4) sing de dg 4-0 g=0 e4 an a “vn ; °(8,9) 49 (wis) aco Fe £0) O- PCO, 46) max ' ais ass (Od) ao PCo,g)d2 a SS COO a “ Sn at (8,4 mar . un | 7. - ut | P,.C4 Jd. Th Ss C94 da VIA —ybearm avea Po CO, g) = Novmalized: power pattern. Scanned with CamScannerKVanitha vein fe D thus the direchve Fy fs the ratio of axa of sphese (yn 5x) to beam area wa of the anlenna > dmatier the beam area, the larger Ihe divech vity D gf an antenna vadiates over only half oven a spheve then Hhe beam area 2, = at then O- AE oz Wt =a (= 3:01d84) a ae 2 d@i = dedbles over isotvoprc > for ideal tsoopic ankenna A=4n Sy O- a & fox all actual antenna 7! > for Simple short dipole 4+ 264 4n Csr) D= "5 (v96 dBi). | Gi) Beam solid angle ee at is also known as beam Atea:- According to the standard definakon , ‘Beam avea ts the | Solid angle Ahvough which all the power tadiakd by the anknna would steam wf P(e, %) maintained its marimum value over -24 | land was geno else where” she yodiaked beam of the antenna comes ovt from an angle lat the anktnna, Know as solid angle, ushewe the powtt ; . ° , is maximum. this “solid Beam Angle” is Tadiohon tntensity at is represented by WA Jered aS the © Beam area”. Ankensihy (0,4) should be maintained athe Solid beam angle oA, ane vad ation constant and maximum throughout -|445 value being geno elsewhere Scanned with CamScannerkK Yanitha ©) r - . — - (A ONO power radialed = PCp,4) OA walls Beam angle fs a set of angles between Abe half pouses point /of the main tobe. Mathematical foxpresstons- the mathematical expression for beam area is, arin oa § Pr (9,0) da wats do = dinededp wats where | + MA ig the solid beam angle * Gis the fonction of angulay patern +d ty 4the funchon of radial distance units; vy units of Beam Area ts ‘watts’. Git) Radiation Tokensity ;. " Radiation intensity” is defined as the powes per untt “solid angle” Radiation emitted from an antenna whith ts parheylar divechion, indicates the maximum Sntensihy of that antenna. The emission of vadiation to a maximum possible extent es Nothing radiation tnbensify. Mathematical expression y- Radiation ‘otensity is obtained by multiplying the ower yadiakd with the square of the radial distance. U= 1% Wad where, su is the rodiation ntens hy Scanned with CamScannerlankenna: the funchon of radial distance 15 also indicated as ¢- Ky. * IaolAo4rs W) ey ts the radial distance + Waad ts The powry radiated The above equation denotes the radiation intensity of an junttst- the unit of radiation intensity % watts] Skvadian tor) watts | vadiar?, fields fom oscillation dipole s- | A charge moving with uniform velocthy allows a shaight tonductor doesn't radial , a charge moving back & forth in the simple harmonic motion atong the Conductor ts affected to accelesathon & declatation & then sragfiales- Yo explain the concept that how vadiaton takes place From dipole antenna is shown cay. Here we are consides in only one electric line out of many electric lines for urdessiandlg purpose: j let us consider that the dipole has equal chatiges of opposite sign oscillations ue & down in harmonic motions with a Sepesahon 4 none Ak time t20, charges cit max seperation < © have maa acceleration y- At thist the Sec [: current is O° I At time t=" the charges are moving towards each othey | | | te a | Scanned with CamScanner@) A) KVonitha We101AoyFe AL 42 %%T opposile happens & 1 14 Ox % acctlavahon °s Oo Verma I -o tor An oscillokions ustth dipole with move fields hounefiguae | bri: A smoker is displaying his copabilihes of making Ifngs | Fok smoke. AS the ins move forthe, they Size %, sith 1e53 Amok | density. this onalogy conforms to dishibukons of eleckic Feld intensity of forthe!s farther distonces for the souret i govaluate electric and magnetic treld components from an alanating current elements: blechic field component :- a le} Je a i mn a ‘According to maxwell's equation yyt= oe] =| e E ee oF So) vector component tos this is S28 = (oxt)y = 3. (Hgpsing) - 2 %) -@ do, | Sine volt 2 (1 H6)]- O | ae 2g a a - 29H = (yewy: 1 [2 (He). 2, ain} -@ | Putting Ho=0 in ey @ ae Hg ‘s also Scanned with CamScanner @KVan me | IOI ONE Ney (vey? 3 eu ees 1 OS wey } ) | a tein} of ut o ve) A jut | uy sinmiby Cosas | J. Gyn?) ysine CE iv ia oe dey. HAALCOSE [ twsinwhr , cost } at uns 42 a dntegrale on both sides faery = TAkwose {pa 4. ose je . ans ee 7 cx = Tateore [ weswts 4 Sint | ane wer? wis Pat cos (asw6 sinwt | | eae yw cw? ws ants from © 3 Mee. Cvs )o = + [-a cn] (Hao) safe | 4[-2[ Adusino( -wsinwty 4 toswty }) Fdssine | -wsinwt) 4 OS ot G at ut a - tf 2 cadtsine { weirs _ (os =) I, aa uti c v | = ‘dieing (3% { cpsemuate ] -2 ( cast!) ty b- Of, Subst tute and apply a for mula | | (ayy (vse eat ) Scanned with CamScannerK-vanitha @ 5 ——— enero 16 A OIAOW FS d€e 2 Tdlsine) Ww coswe,(-). (x (cost) cosuits) ot ut < c dy ae 1 | 0 _ Fdk sind ( ~12 ~4 sinwt, (-W) - coswt?) a © Abt siae [wr cosut, - [-1 snot (2) -covwt gy Unys cS 4a J : -W Cos Fy } | S deo = Idtsine [et cosw,t, - (- sinus (4g ) cos )) dt | | ums FOO cee | \ | | Eo = fdtsin [ -w?sinwt | wos wt + enw | | Unrs wert wer wie £9 = Idlsine [esenal , wswt Suny | uns 24 ce ws the component (9x) iS O magnetic Field component - | mPa ae me ts | ‘Yo find the electromagnetic Field at p(v,0,¢) arbitayy point, the magnetic vectou polential A ts to be calculaked- da Td Aer an oy let the current exciked in current element ts | Ay a bsipeae| | L = Im cosw(t-t ) VK: © 1 {2 3 ae ——. ie a Ay = Be Fab 08 Ct He) Psino] > 2 % eo Ay vA@ ssino Ag! Hy Me we Scanned with CamScannerK-Vonttha i _ IAA FS wow the magnehc field is given by Be AL = VXA | Ay sinecosd sinosind cose \( Ay 3° Ao |= |-cosecosd cossing §- ging [ss [2 | Aq - Sing cos D Ay Ax ak though the cylindricat co-ordinale syskm (~~ #,4) | sa enough fox a covsent element ,ft ts necessary tO the rodiation pattin ta 3 dimensional spherical co-ordinate (18,4) % Ag +o be +ransformed +0 spherical co-oadinale syste Ar = Az 88, Ap = —Aysino, Ag +0. | DxA is spherical co-ordinate syslem OXA = (9x Av )oa + (vxA)ode + (XA) gag | VA) de hess 2 A(t 2A -] eine [au (Atsine) - 35 no)ox + +[ imo sq ET) 2 1 3 = 2 (rag)aor (2620) 2m} ag | Sine Agzo se 40; os 0. COxXA)y ap = mtg = 4( X(140)- 3 (A) ay potting the values of Ao & Av xa LS [2 (4C-Agsine) - 3, (axc080))] A Scanned with CamScanner Qgee KYantho a wenaimon ee Substitule Ax Volve VXA = a3 (-r no Tak cosul w)f- a (cos0%4 z eee =e on uy ae = ALTOS (c sing) (wsinwtt -*) }) “(= 5198 (05 wo 4- a) wasnt “Fi y 4a ‘4 = MEAL Sin8 (-weimoctong 50 i) ure c oy Hence the magnetic field H ts given by oie : Ne = + (vxA)g (axa) g = MANE Hy = yl xadg Hg - Tdtsine = wainw(t- Ue) cosw(t-%) at aT qe the above equation exists only mq divechon lek “y= io = secene W sinwt , cos W (tr uq Cy Pe Scanned with CamScannerkeVanitha \ero1hourg _ (3) 3 }a) State & prove reed procity Iheovem Of On Gnleona and | explain ‘its applicahon | 9 (b) &paln about antenna field zones | | 3a)| Reciprocity theorem s- | aStakment :- an any lineay and bilateral network | Consisting the Utnear and btlateral impedance the vaho of | voltage v applied between any two terminals to the wrenk | P measured to any branch ig sume ag the vato v to? | obtained by interchanging the positions of vattoge SOUT E | and the ammely used for current measurement ahe watio v to @ is generally called transfex impedancy| Reve both the voltage source and geio ammeky ave assumed to have 3e10 impedances. this theorem holds good iF both, voltage source and ammeler have same intesnal impedances this theorem is equally useful in the eivcuit theory as wall as field theory. let us consider that the antenna system is represented a8 O H-leaminal network with pair of terminals lat input ond another pots oF terminals at the output: dt ts lalso catled tuo pot network as pate of terminal Ys defined as port: the four ktminal representation of the antenna System ts as shown figure below. . Scanned with CamScannerrr ae KVanttha (i) A GIAON FR | Antenna | Md bysieen | Y- teaminal representation of cntenaal sy slern chom this |V 2 44, + ZiaTs Ves tiTy4 4127, 9) 2 WV t¥ave Sg = Yay taaVe hos according to the rectprocity theorem for the lineay and bilateral networks, the conditions of the reciprocity a the | Network are Zig=%ay OY Vig Yar oF Zins Zy- | | the impedonces Zin and 2 ae called motval impedence | | the yatio. of @ short which ate tndividvatty the vaho of [open circuit voltage at one port to the covsent at other |pore Similarly odmittances Yin and Ya are called transfer ladmi torces which are fadividvatly , the ratio of a short civeuled corrent at one port 40 the voltage at other port ‘Hloally the impedances Zio and Za are called transfer impedances which ave Individually the vatio of an open | clrevit voltage at one port to a short ctrevit current at Other port. Scanned with CamScannerr sy Vanttha (2) \B40IAOu Eg. 3 a Fig;- T- network, case ti) z- let us find response %g of voltage € in the position tn below Figore FN a 2 Zep = (valle) +% dy Pa | > Zari x called € z pie = Za%gt Zitat Zgy 3 | ez T, = Figs. actoatiy Aiquee | | (f+ 0.23 2 F% *4%% LyX by Ly + Zz Z y . ay case Cit) t- uohen position of source ve € SH land veponse ive f are tnterch anged then qh € , 4 47, i vant (Zlls) + Hy 2 BASIE FH TD, Ut . 1 _ E43 pneuerereas . ‘ SBE 2 mth, 14 fig Inlerthanged fg theorm is preys. From the above tt con Scanned with CamScanner— KVonithag,) —— verona Applecations of Reciprocity theorem. 1) equal hy of divechional pallerns -— the divéectioml pavern of an antenna as a recieving antenna {S Tdentical to that luohen used 08 a branamitting antenna | ‘(a) &quivalence of transmitting and recieving onkennat Trape- danees— the impedance of an fsolaled antenna used for hansmilting as wal as recieving purpose iS identical”. (3) equally of effectve Length: 3b) antenna field goness- The fields axound an ankenna may be divided into 2 principal wesponses, one neay the anknna called mear field or) foesnel Bone amd one at large distance catled the 4reld ov fraunhofer gone. bounda vy slope oF antena gion “« the boundary blw a now he taken to be tadius Re 92cm) L=max- dimension antenna A= wave length Cm) + dn the far, the freld components are transverse to 4he vodial dixection oom the amlenna ts alt power Flow is direcked vod ially outward ~y dn fo field he shape of field patierns independent of the distance > im neat held , the Shape of titld patierns depend on | distance: a _ Scanned with CamScannerKVanttho, IAIN LE —» Jn near field the shape of field pattem depens on di stance -+ dn near Field components are longitudinal to the Hyadial diyecti on > qhe power flow is not entirely lodial On below fgoae poles oF spheve acts 0S 4 veflector and the waves expanding pexpendicular to dipole tn the weg fon os the spheve resulk in power leakage so that it makes lhe antenna in that vegion asa partially Hans parent pole We eon tenn Lely, few ret ayn h yn ttre XK Boundary sphere pole: (acts os teflector fot Aly dipole anknna, -the energy ts stored at one instant of time tn electric teld, mainly near the ends of antenna Cox) mat charge tegions, while a + period lates the energy ig Stored In mognetic ield mato ly meaa the centre of antenna or maximum cotrent veg ion. @® Scanned with CamScanner“Vonitha 1 teyothourt, @ W) [Deve an expression for vadiahon sesigtance of half wave dipole antennay $)) dn Wertgran dipole we assumed that the current dishibutioe 8 oniform throughout the length. But in proctcol wie hove Studied that at the ends of the antenna current is ol ay Max at the antee of atenno te, current fs not untforrn “though out the length. Hence particularly Uertizian dipole ig not “used Proctcally Used antennas are half wave dipole & qualey wove dipole monopole: | A hatFwove dipole (Aix) antenna moy be defined a5 “A Symmelsical antenna in which the 2 ends are at | | cxlernot potential relative to mid point. | A Ab ankenna is a tondamentat yvatio antenna of metal vod oy tube oa thin wive consists of g fess each of equal Langth Xb | | | A quarter wove Monopole (Aly) consists singley conned W nt ingewa) qe Ins! x= "| + § Ly -aesin ptt? elt ve dpe Scanned with CamScanner@ expressed as av chain cH Herlgion dipoles > Fig: current distibotion ona unter fed dipole a nhis disibution odsvmes ‘that ‘Ihe current vanishe: wo end points fe zs th chix distsibution adsume thot 4wo end paints 12 2 > tigi- Hal wove dipole: 4 Vy for ditferent 3° (|i) Mon unifonn (tren J dithi bation 5 B CSotin(e(-7)} mes = Ol=% ayy a) seal a x Solvers 2 ) Ae a ~ OL= arb mteana 5 at the ton diferent “2° the current vonishts ot the shown tm above Figure, rhe pla of current distribution oe | for o half wave dipole |” T= Socoskor' @, 7:)l > the current distribution ~rolgsz's My ~ s¥ ak 4ig:-farfield approximate tor hait a Auipae wal Scanned with CamScannerK:-vanthe. 7) wseaoyts Faas ay uatiatdas', 7 eh -@ fiom the above Figur’, for the fos teld catylatiun R= 7-2 'ens0 for it # phase variation and 3 fos amplitude tem | danas Mol da! go TkoR od ko 7 e050 © (Sub ey @ to cyQ@) | dA= a3 Mofo “Na sos P 1g Shot e056 4,1 +0 | “aT v | the vector polenta for the half cave dipole can be euritlen as Ax a's UoSo cheat a toskor! ¢ Sor e058 g,! | or 1 Fly A= af Moto ¢@ ike -IKowW 9 aos (1/,0058) _ Q | pee “aT Ty Kosin=O From the equation kt feet iw) (-sine Made] Ud ie ( ( [2 fine docy ° su > cine Py = 36567 [Lol > 1) the radiation Tesistance of the halt wave dipole ankennd ts, 36:565K22 = 31350. ls) } (ay eateulate the max effective aperture of an antenna which ts operating at wavelength of am and has divectuity Is too~ cb) An antenna has a vadialed resistance of 732 a loss of radia 4s. SF the pout? gain is go.caleulak divechvily and ef ficiency Lof—om—antenno—__ Lg Scanned with CamScanner5) [Van itha - oo 18-4 oon te @) G'VEM, wavelength (X= am, divechvihy O= 60 | week Welmax = Mo qn ( 0 =wo, Azan) dmax = 12)? yo at = 100 v = Busuel given radiation resistance Ry = 33.0 Loss resistance Ry = 4a and power gata (&) = 20. | wk? f&-ud - O whee me Rr 2 38 = Ff oatas. Rr +Ry aatt ge cFFicren ay nef = Oral Xoo Soom @ Scanned with CamScanner