gatt yo X0" L Ww) §) gore “Assignment t Define the following . vas | Ud Acewrvacy Gidprecigion iii) Thaeshold civResolution lv) Eavor: | UW Aceoracy = dt is the closeness with which an inskoment | Yeading approaches to the “teve Ualue of the quanity that | is beng measured: dn othes words accvvacy that the degree | oF exactness Celoseness) of a measviment compared to the | sxpected (desived) value: Accuracy in other words indicates | the maximum esos, which will not be exceeded a8 assured) by the manvfactuy oF ‘the {astoumenks- Ci) precision s- the meaning may be given as shaaply ov clearly | defined. dt is the measure oF ordea or degree to which a particular pavameley is measuted + A vottoge reading expressed oS 15+Q3u7 volts ig an precise value. therfore pveetaion indicates the degree or number of decimal places bo whith 0 paviticular quantity can be measured. | ext. Te Blk is a accorak value OF correct value - Qut the Te BWdsTF Ws @ preCtsfon valve: | Git) threshold s- dE ta the miniovum vatue to which fnstsumen u sesponds hen the input is generally increased From the 3e%o | vale: 4c ig also defined as the amount of measurement change | | | wequived before oO measuring instiument yeacks to a change in the measurement ovtpot q produces a specific result. Scanned with CamScanner Solechontes Measurments b Tish mentation kevanttha Te ~ ~ ~ B01 ADK FE © 4&:Vanitha i chee pee lsacAouire, © [OY Resototion;- Resolution ts the smallest charge in the measuved | Valve to which the instsument can measure C01) %espond- 4% athe smatiest charge the instroment an measure Ext- A laov voltmeter may not be able f measure (oo my | only whin the miminum input is osv the needle may | deFlect 07 the reading changes from O+ Ang inpot less than | OSV may have no effect on the instrument. therefore, the | yesolution for that particulay insbument ig oS v- (1) 1101s the difference between the true value and the measured value fg catled evrvoy- Jt is also defined as @ measure of the estimated difference between the observed or calculated value of o quantly and its tsue value: fA = Am-Ab where Pa = éx00t, Am = measured value Ag + True valve- the ertors are classified of dipferent types: errors Systematic Random earot eur or dnstoumental enuitonmental €1Y07 evi08 abseFvationd| | toadi 1g [| effect _ instru ents Qross e4t07 L_Jinterner sherri | | ay fostouments_ Scanned with CamScanner8) |(8) stondoid deviation Ce) varianu: do simple words the evvor ts defined as Qeviation From the fue value cf the measured variable} and in general several techniques moy be used to minimize | the effects oy errors: . a | The following values ane obtained from the measusments tb | the value of a vesistor , FAD, WEYO, UpQo, W918, 8 WHEGO, WUD, UGH, (YH5-2 caleulate the “follow ing | | Q) Aathmetic mean Lb) Deviation (0) AveYage Diviation Given the 7 number & values ave obtained frome the | Measur ments of the value dy Tesietor, those values ave TUF9.0 1494140 [HANGO | UFNO, 4650, 1KHNGO, WU G dD, 4446.0 and Ud 2 Here we have 4 measured values & resistor 5 ie "24 Wr us consider « Hy UY F UO EY HG OR LA UY HTD Kee MINED, Ge LUPUD, AEs MIG, XQ=14F yO we have +0 find Aathemetic mean, duuiation, average diviation Standatd deviation, Yoriance- (0) Arthematic mean s~ WrkKet atthamatic mean Y= Sox Net. n Xe Abt FO a go, He EAA H TZ ERY HLH AAG Kab MQANT q Scanned with CamScannerKVantt (5400 ES % = WM ‘AND 1g.0 4 AWS 4 We q KR = VARA = 1TH GOG66} 4 1-466666R Wt ¥) deviation ;- the deviation can be obtained from Arithmetic | mean as dy 2%-% dae%a-® ro dn = Xn-*% At last the algebraic som of all deviations most be 3070. Now, the deviation vf value x, 4 ts dye XH = (UQ- INE HUG CEEEL di = 0:9 666 the deviation cf value %2, ts da = %y- KH = (UF = (UF UEC EEE daz -0-066 the deviation of value x3, is da = %g-K = 17g ~ (HF -UEGEEST dg = -0.433- {he deviation of value ry, ts dy = xy-% 2 UT = 1U7-UEEsest dy =. 01366, the deviation of value us ts G5 ty -K = MAS ~1UT UE GECER ds = 0/083 Scanned with CamScanner FIN T YIU 9 GAS "@ MeK-Vanitha, tqordo4ee_ | © ahe deviation ak value aq, 18 des Ve He MG MANN 6 R664 dys Oras The deviahon af value 14, TS dy = ArH = Ward - 494666669 dy = -01066 The deviation of Value xg, ts dg = ag - R= wag ~ HIN GEEGEF | dg = 0133 | the deviation ty value xq, ts dq = Xq- Es tygis — WH UGE EEE? dq = 0-033" | | Go, Now d,= -0:266 da 2 0.066, dg=- 0-033, dy +- 0-366 ,ds=01083 3 46 = onas, ta = 0-066 , dg = 01133, * dqz 01033 (w Average Devial Deviation lai) + dat» - + Lda) one Ag weet Davge A [dla ldal + Fdal 4 Lagl + lst + (del + [dg |+lds L+ Idq] jo. Qovg. OE 4 Dovg 01266, 4010664043340" Ce akaemuanan + 0-133 + 0-033, 4 Or loqges 864 | ~4q ano | — [Avesoge dwiation < 069 | ee Scanned with CamScannerreyaniia orononse @ (A) Stondard lahon fe): Worked Standmd deviahan (Ce) . Jarret Fp dy? v a e . WAP av dy addy ads? ede t dy ade’ tdg? Vn-1 © = [eo 66)*s (0066) (0.433) Cosge)s Cor03a)"¥(01 38) 4 (-0° 066)? } + Co13ay’ +(0-033)* v Vaz} ( Yna) because Sg. forussuer for Small deviahon ng) v6 SF = O9CIG | i + st : — | Stondoxd deviation & = 9.089 4 al a (6) Voranu (e+) ae | ' vationu Co) = (standard deviation) * | " yoniance Ce 2)= C0989)’ = 0-08.27 Cn eeeneemneraam > o. | yoriani (6+) ig 0-089 em | Scanned with CamScannerke Van ttho. 1a omnong ! ()) fxplain about pw asonval galvanomete with the help Torque aqmaben? A) Definahon =< The galuanomeler ta the device used for detect ri athe presen ef small cursent and voltage and for sneasurn there mogni tude: the galuanomeley is mainly used 19 Ene bridges and polentiometer where they indicake the null deflection 07 3v10 cor7rent: principle oF galvanomeler:- the pokntiomeler is based on the promise that the corvent $bStaing cotl is kept between the mognehe field experiences a torque- |conskucton of galvanometer $- | the consuchon of O Arrival galvanomeley ig Shown below upper suspension x moving cor von core a lz] I S Arad | (Z| | owt | , Ef lower Suspension Nv | / f : “f “voncor permenomh magnet Ay te D- avaval qatuaname ler Scanned with CamScanner(8 FO(AOUFE - k-Vanitha Here the moving coil, Suspension -§ permenant mag net are | he main parts of the gsivanometer- moving coil s- the moving coil fs the corsent carrying part & the qalvanomeler- dt fs rectangular or cixcular and has Hthe norak tors of fine coppea wire: The coil is freely moved | about its vertical axis oy symmehy between the poles oy & permenant mognet- ‘the iron cor provides the low teluctand j4lox path and hena provides the strong field mognebic for | Hhe coil to move in. | Mivsors- The suspension carries a small eH misror which) costs ihe beam of light » the beam of light placed on the scale by which the deflection is measored- Suspensions- the coil is suspended by a Hat ribbon which caries the cuatent to the coil. the othey coment conrying ci] is the Lower suspension whose torque effect is neglisrble. The upper suspension coll ts made up of gold or copper wie which is made in the form of a tibbon. the mechanical strength sk the wive ig not very strong 4 and hence the gatvanomeley | handle corefully without any jurks- Petmenant magnet s- dn O- Arsontal galvanome ter normal peome- | nent magnets are used for providing magnetic Aveld. Afley | is generated there due to Hox genwaked the magnetic Areld is generated and measored- the corent deviation or the torque working a qatuamometer i let Ld - the Length of respective vertical and horizontal side & the wilin meker B- flox density im aix gap wb|m> Scanned with CamScannereho eg® N- norof cols iN toms in the cor] 1 current thsough moving cotl in Amphere. k- Spring constant of suspension , Nm] gad Op - final steady Stale deflection of moving coil in | -yadiance when the corsent flows through the coil, tt expe- lenencs a torque which ts expressed as | Wa = Force x Distance the force on each side dy the cofl ts given os 5 F2NBD) Hence detecting torque, becomes, 4, - Neitd a id= NB AT where, Az aud from this we can say NL BLA ove the constant of galvannome os Id=G 5 called digplacement constant of the galvanomeley and thes walue fs equal NeAzNB1d cine Gig whe controlling torque exeritd by the Suspension at deflection O¢ tg Te = Kk Oe for final steady deflection | eT KOp- ae Wenet, taal Steady deflection, Scanned with CamScannerr Ww) | | §)) ISOLATES, _kevans tha ( @ with a meat ketch mainte +ne Operation es dual Slope tnlegian | ype digital voltmeter” Oval Alope integrates type Digital voltmeler3- Gor accurate voltage measutment, vamp - type oum’s Tequise precise Tamp voltages and prectce time periods both fF which can be difficult to maintarn» the dual slope Kakeqrator pve vibrating eliminates circuit + ‘the lotegrator capacitos ts first charged from he analog input Voltage. And then discharge at a constant ale to qive a time inpok and then discharge at a constant yale to give a time period that is measured digitally « the chovqe and discharge vesult ia two (voltage versus time) slopes, which given the citcuit tS name Oval Shape. constant “clock cotrente source generator { frequen bieuer! | [- —. f—[arteael tsar —} ot a Register ig ----! Bw-to Rese seven lent} drivegys Ua99 len Glock diag ror ty Oval - slope - dnkeqraton fig. Syst type Digital vottmeky. Scanned with CamScanner~ KeVeunttha, _ A 18 JOA OW PE > | oo | I "] polses: i [] PULL WU LL tes $$$ $_________—__} ce Tonal Waveform “17 7 Soop _ i “Hare woortiage | Oval Shope | courkirg._ ‘a 4-4] ramp fromy-s— ~~ - te rain raanae integrator Bociossit detector 9 ovtpur = | gi Aysten waveform Lt A dual slope integrator ovm charges a capocttor tp % voltage (We) propotional to Vi, the discharges tt at a constant rok the discharge time Cts) te measvsed deg itall She syste ts largely independent of Variations in the clock frequency ond is easily calibrated. y: athe contol wavetorms for the integrators ts devived Fro Ane cock genexator by ose of a frequency divider. dusing tie tr, the integrator capacitos is charged negatively from Vi, giving a negative qeirg wamP, this produces a voltage Cvo) that is divectuy propotiohal to Vr, the constany corrent sovrce §% then switched tato the circuit to discharge, thus prodvcing a Positive qorrg_tamp voltage. Scanned with CamScannerKw Van tha — 8 NOH GO | The eno - exossing detector is a voltage jompartatoy jthat gives 0 high output when tale gratoy output waveform i megative and vise-versa. the counting circle ave ese [to yoro by the positive going edge ty contsol waveat ta, So the output of the counting cixevits ig a dV grtal measor- ment oy time ta Since ta is direct propotional to Vo and Vo is directly Popotional to vi, the ootput isa (gital meosuament xf the omalog - input. However, the voltmekey is quile easily calibrated ‘by opplying an acwrately know input voltage and adjusting the constant surrent source tO qiven an ovtpot veading that equals. the applied voltage iP the clock genevalor Prequeny dviFts, TE inevedse ox decreases times t; and ta In pT opottion | and does not affeck the acwwracy mm measorment- Scanned with CamScanner Bi