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CSAT Questions
1. At the heart of agroecology is the idea that agroecosystems should mimic the biodiversity
levels and functioning of natural ecosystems. Such agricultural mimics, like their natural
models, can be productive, pest-resistant, nutrient conserving, and resilient to shocks and
stresses. In ecosystems there is no ‘waste’, nutrients are recycled indefinitely. Agroecology aims
at closing nutrient loops, i.e., returning all nutrients that come out of the soil back to the soil
such as through application of farmyard manure. It also harnesses natural processes to control
pests and build soil fertility i.e., through intercropping. Agroecological practices include
integrating trees with livestock and crops.

1. Consider the following:

1. Cover crops
2. Fertigation
3. Hydroponics
4. Mixed farming
5. Polyculture
6. Vertical farming Which of the above farming practices can be compatible with agroecology,
as implied by the
passage?
(a) 1, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 6 only
(d) 4 and 6 only

Ans. (a)
Option (a) is correct: The passage mentions that agroecology-friendly farming practises include
integrating trees with livestock and crops. Cover cropping, mixed farming, and polyculture are
all examples of this.
Option (b) is erroneous: Fertigation and hydroponics farming practises are artificial methods
that are incompatible with the agroecological systems mentioned in the passage.
As a result, these can be removed.
Option (c) is erroneous: This option can also be eliminated if the above argument is applied.
Option (d) is erroneous: The passage mentions agroecology, which aims to close nutrient loops
by returning nutrients that have been removed from the soil back to it. Vertical farming, like
hydroponics, is soilless and thus incompatible with agroecology.

2. Computers increasingly deal not just with abstract data like credit card details and databases,
but also with the real world of physical objects and vulnerable human bodies. A modern car is a
computer on wheels; an aeroplane is a computer on wings. The arrival of the “Internet of
Things” will see computers baked into everything from road signs and MRI scanners to
prosthetics and insulin pumps. There is little evidence that these gadgets will be any more
trustworthy than their desktop counterparts. Hackers have already proved that they can take
remote control of internet connected cars and pacemakers.

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2. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most critical inference that can be
made from the passage given above?
(a) Computers are not completely safe.
(b) Companies producing the software do not take cyber security seriously.
(c) Stringent data security laws are needed.
(d) The present trend of communication technologies will affect our lives in future.
Ans. (d)

Explanation:
The first statement is incorrect: The computers are vulnerable to risks or threats of intrusion;
however, the passage does not establish that they are not completely safe. This is an outlandish
claim.
The second statement is incorrect: Though the passage mentions hacker security breaches, it
does not go far enough to establish that software companies are not taking cyber security
seriously.
The third statement is incorrect: The need for stringent data security laws can be inferred
indirectly due to rising vulnerabilities and threats of data breaches in the event of a hacker
takeover. The more critical inference of the passage, however, is a result of recent trends in
communication technologies and their complexities.
The fourth statement is correct: This is the most appropriate critical inference of the passage, in
which new trends in various communication technologies have infused visible complexities
through the integration of computers in various fields of life, as well as mentions of the arrival
of the Internet of things, which will undoubtedly affect lives in the future.
Hence Option (d) is the correct answer.

3.A social and physical environment riddled with poverty, inequities, unhygienic and insanitary
conditions generates the risk of infectious diseases. Hygiene has different levels: personal,
domestic and community hygiene. There is no doubt that personal cleanliness brings down the
rate of infectious diseases. But the entry of the market into this domain has created a false
sense of security that gets conditioned and reinforced by the onslaught of advertisements.
Experience in Western Europe shows that along with personal hygiene, general improvements
in environmental conditions and components like clean water, sanitation and food security
have brought down infant/child death/infections rates considerably. The obsession with hand
hygiene also brings in the persisting influence of the market on personal health, overriding or
marginalizing the negative impact on ecology and the emergence of resistant germs.

3. On the basis of the passage given above, the following assumptions have been made:

1. People who are obsessed with personal hygiene tend to ignore the community hygiene.
2. Emergence of multi-drug resistant germs can be prevented by personal cleanliness.
3. Entry of the market in the domain of hygiene increases the risk of infectious diseases.
4. Scientific and micro-level interventions are not sufficient to bring down the burden of
infectious diseases.
5. It is community hygiene implemented through public health measures that is really

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effective in the battle against infectious diseases.

Which of the above assumptions are valid?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4 only

Ans. (c)
Option (a) is erroneous. - Statement 1 is an exaggeration, and the passage does not prove that
people who are preoccupied with personal hygiene neglect community hygiene. Furthermore,
there is no mention of multi-drug resistant germs, only resistant germs that are resistant to
personal hygiene alone. As a result, Statement 2 is a false assumption.
Option (b) is incorrect because the passage implies that personal hygiene reduces the incidence
of infectious diseases. Furthermore, while the market's entry into this domain has created a
false sense of security, there is no evidence that it increases the risk of infectious diseases per
se. As a result, statement 3 is a false assumption.
Option (c) is correct: Western European experiences have demonstrated the direct role of
community hygiene through public measures that are effective in reducing infectious disease
and death rates. As a result, Statement 5 is a reasonable assumption. The essence of the
passage infers that scientific and micro-level interventions relating to personal and domestic
hygiene are insufficient to reduce disease burdens.
As a result, statement 4 is a valid assumption.
Option (d) is incorrect- Statements 1 and 2 are eliminated as a result of the above deductions,
making this option incorrect, though statement 4 is a valid assumption.

4. Consider all 3-digit numbers (without repetition of digits) obtained using three non-zero
digits which are multiples of 3. Let S be their sum.
Which of the following is/are correct?
1. S is always divisible by 74.
2. S is always divisible by 9.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (c)
3, 6, and 9 are three non-zero digits that are multiples of three.
We can make 3!, or 6 three-digit numbers, with these three digits.
So S = 369 + 396 + 639 + 693 + 936 + 963 = 3996 is their total.
S is divisible by both 74 and 9 as we can see.

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5. There are two Classes A and B having 25 and 30 students respectively. In Class-A the highest
score is 21 and lowest score is 17. In Class-B the highest score is 30 and lowest score is 22.
Four students are shifted from Class-A to Class-B.
Consider the following statements:
1. The average score of Class-B will definitely decrease.
2. The average score of Class-A will definitely increase.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Ans. (a)
The average is the product of the sum of the observations and the number of observations.
Because four students have been moved from class A to class B, the average of class B will
undoubtedly fall, as the range of marks for class A is lower than the range of marks for class B.
That is, the new students must have lower marks than the previous Class B minimum marks.
The first statement is correct.
However, we can't be certain about the grades of the four students who were moved from class
A.
They may have scores close to 21, resulting in a drop in Class A's average score. If they achieve
a grade of 17 or higher, the average Class A grade will rise. As a result, we are unable to predict
whether the average of class A will rise or fall. The second statement is incorrect.

GENERAL STUDIES

1. Consider the following assertions about the Liquidity Trap:

1. It is a situation in which interest rates are extremely low and savings rates are extremely
high.
2. In this situation, the most effective tool for influencing interest rates is monetary policy.
3. Following covid-19, numerous economies throughout the world are affected by liquidity trap.
Which of the above statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

1. Correct Option: (b)

Statement 2 is incorrect: In a liquidity trap, the monetary policy is powerless to
affect the interest rate.

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2. Which of the following is included in the Government of India's capital receipts?
1. Government borrowings from the Reserve Bank.
2. Income from foreign governments' interest payments
3. Receipts for disinvestment
4. Central Government loans and advances to State Governments.
Select the correct answer code:
a) 1, 2, 3
b) 1, 3
c) 1, 3, 4
d) 1, 2, 3, 4

2. Correct Option: (b)

The Annual Financial Statement is required by Article 112 of the Indian Constitution to separate
government revenue expenditures from other expenditures. As a result, the government
budget is divided into two parts: revenue and capital.
Capital receipts and capital payments are included in the capital budget.
Loans raised by the government from the public, known as market loans, borrowings by the
government from the Reserve Bank and other parties through the sale of Treasury Bills, loans
received from foreign governments and bodies, disinvestment receipts, and loan recoveries
from state and union territory governments and other parties are all included in the capital
receipts.
Capital payments include capital expenditures on assets such as land, buildings, machinery, and
equipment, as well as investments in stocks, bonds, and other securities, as well as loans and
advances made by the central government to state and union territory governments,
government companies, corporations, and other parties.

3. Consider the following statements:

1. A Money Bill cannot be rejected or amended by the Rajya Sabha.
2. The Rajya Sabha cannot vote on the Grants Demands.
3. The Annual Financial Statement cannot be discussed in the Rajya Sabha.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

3. Correct Option: (b)

The Rajya Sabha may debate the Annual Financial Statement. It cannot vote on Grant Demands.

4. A Parliamentary System of Government is one in which

(a) all political parties in the Parliament are represented in the Government
(b) the Government is responsible to the Parliament and can be removed by it
(c) the Government is elected by the people and can be removed by them

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(d) the Government is chosen by the Parliament but cannot be removed by it before
completion of a fixed term

4. Correct Option: (b)

In a Parliamentary form of government executive is responsible to Lok Sabha and parliament in
general.

5. Which of the following statements best describes "carbon fertilization"?

(a) Increased plant growth due to increased
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
(b) Increased temperature of Earth due to increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
(c) Increased acidity of oceans as a result of increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere
(d) Adaptation of all living beings on Earth to the climate change brought about hr the increased
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

5. Correct Option: (a)

The carbon fertilization effect (CFE) is in principle the larger amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere from anthropogenic emissions that aids growth of plants.

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